考研英语(阅读)-试卷28
考研英语（阅读）-试卷28(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：In 1956, when the cold war was at its peak, America deployed a "secret sonic weapon", as a newspaper headline put it at the time. That weapon was Dizzy Gillespie, a famed jazz musician, who was given the task of changing the world"s view of American culture through rhythm and beat. Crowds poured into the street to dance. Cultural diplomacy died down after the cold war ended. But the attacks of September 11th 2001 convinced the State Department to send out America"s musicians once again to woo hearts and minds with melody. Rhythm Road, a program run by the State Department and a non-profit organization, Jazz at Lincoln Centre, has made informal diplomats out of both musicians and audiences. Since it began in 2005, musicians have travelled to 96 countries. One band went to Mauritania, a country in northwestern Africa, after last year"s coup; many depart for countries that have strained relationships with America. The musicians travel to places where some people have never seen an American. Jazz, so participants in the program, is well-suited to diplomacy. It is collaborative, allowing individuals both to harmonize and play solo—much like a democracy, says Ari Roland, who plays bass for a band that left New York to tour the Middle East on March 31st. Jazz is also a reminder of music"s power. It helped break down racial barriers, as enthusiasts of all colors gathered to listen to jazz when segregation was still the law of the land. The State Department spent 10 million US dollars on cultural diplomacy programs in the year to September 30th 2008. But most expect funding for the initiative to increase under Barack Obama, who pledged his support for cultural diplomacy during his campaign. Rhythm Road now sends out hip-hop and bluegrass bands as well. There are some dissenters. Nick Cull, the director of the Public Diplomacy Program at the University of Southern California, thinks that these diplomatic projects would be more productive if they were not administered by the same agency that oversees the country"s foreign-policy agenda. And there is also clamor for Mr. Obama to appoint a secretary of culture in his cabinet. What good, they ask, is sending American culture abroad, when the country is not giving it proper attention at home?（分数：10.00）(1).Why was Dizzy Gillespie regarded as a "secret sonic weapon" in 1956?（分数：2.00）A.He was deployed to help the U.S. gain the victory of the cold war.B.He was assigned to beat enemies at the peak of the cold war.C.He had the power to influence the world during the cold war.D.He could help to reshape a new image of American culture to the world. √解析：解析：事实细节题，考查因果细节。
根据Dizzy Gillespie定位到第一段，该题难点是段中并没有明显的因果信号词，而是用who引导的定语从句来表达因果逻辑，强调了由于迪兹·吉莱斯皮通过节奏和拍子来改变世界对美国文化的看法，所以他就是“秘密声音武器”，故选D项。
(2).What is the position of cultural diplomacy in American politics?（分数：2.00）A.It has always been highly valued throughout history.B.It was a vital weapon in the second half of the 20th century.C.It was neglected for decades after oace being successful. √D.It was welcomed by American citizens during the war.解析：解析：推理判断题。
根据cultural diplomacy定位到第一段，该段提到文化外交在冷战结束后逐渐冷却，9·11事件的爆发才促使美国重拾对文化外交的重视，故选C项。
(3).The word "well-suited"(Line 1, Paragraph 3)most probably implies（分数：2.00）A.the participants of the program are all well dressed.B.jazz music is collaborative as well as individual.C.the participants are suitable for the program.D.jazz music best represents the democratic spirit. √解析：解析：语义理解题。
根据题干直接定位到第三段。
要结合上下文来理解，该词所在的句子后面紧接着的句子是起解释说明作用的，即因为爵士乐和民主政治很相像，从而推断出爵士乐很适合用来开展外交，故选D项。
(4).The Rhythm Road program（分数：2.00）A.only involves professional musicians.B.is a cultural and political program. √C.aims at America"s opponent countries.D.sends out mainly bands of Jazz music.解析：解析：事实细节题。
根据Rhythm Road定位到第二段。
该段中提到这项计划是由国务院和一家非赢利组织林肯中心爵士乐社共同开展的，从而使得音乐家以及观众共同成为了民间的外交家，故可以合理推得Rhythm Road这一项目既涉及文化，又涵盖政治，故选B项。
(5).The last paragraph suggests that（分数：2.00）A.the cultural democracy programs are not successful and productive at all.B.Barack Obama fails to realize his pledges for support to cultural democracy.C.the government should emphasize American culture only at home.D.authorities should give more attention to American culture domestically. √解析：解析：推理判断题。
考研英语模拟试卷28(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语模拟试卷28(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)1．People often wonder why historians go to so much trouble to preserve millions of books, documents and records of the past. Why do we have libraries? What (1)_____ are these documents and the (2)_____ books? Why do we (3)_____ and save the actions of men, the negotiations of statesmen and the (4)_____ of armies? Because, sometimes, the voice of experience can (5)_____ us to stop, look and listen. And because, sometimes, past records, (6)_____ interpreted, can give us (7)_____ of what to do and what not to do. If we are to create (8)_____ peace forever, we must seek (9)_____ origins in human experience and in the record of human (10)_____. From the story of the endurance, courage and (11)_____ of men and women, we create the inspiration of youth. From stories of the Christian men, right down to Budapest’s heroic men of today, history records the suffering, the self-denial, the loyalty and the heroic (12)_____ of men. Surely from these records there can come help to mankind in our (13)_____ and perplexities, and in our yearnings (14)_____ peace. The (15)_____ purpose of history is a better world. History gives a warning to those who would (16)_____ war. History (17)_____ inspiration to those who seek peace. (18)_____, history helps us learn. Yesterday’s records can keep us from (19)_____ yesterday’s mistakes. And from the pieces of mosaic assembled by historians come the great printings (20)_____ represent the progress of mankind.A．rightB．goodC．importantD．fine正确答案：B解析：上下文的理解。
考研英语(一)模拟试卷28(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语（一）模拟试卷28(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Karl V on Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devised the system of Latinised scientific names for living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to【C1】______people into his system, he put them into a group called Homo and Linne’s hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens.【C2】______the group originally had a second member, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and the pictures show it to be covered【C3】______hair. Modern【C4】______are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Man’s lofty 【C5】______, and the chimpanzee is now referred to【C6】______Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no【C7】______that chimps are humans’nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what makes humanity special are ever to be【C8】______, understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species,【C9】______it is here that the【C10】______must originate. One half of the puzzle has been【C11】______for several years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this week’s Nature【C12】______the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting【C13】______answers to age-old questions【C14】______, the publication of the chimp genome may be something of an【C15】______. There are no immediately obvious genes—present in one, but not the other—that account for such characteristic human【C16】______as intelligence or even hairlessness. And【C17】______there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had already been discovered. But although the preliminary comparison of the two genomes【C18】______by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not【C19】______any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for【C20】______ 1．【C1】A．slotB．pledgeC．plotD．scrutinize正确答案：A解析：本题是一道语意逻辑推导题，考查上下句子之间的语意关系和动词的辨析与使用。
2009年考研英语真题阅读理解试题(附答案、解析、翻译)
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
考研英语模拟试卷281(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语模拟试卷281(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Like all the huge metropolises of the world, there are lots of diversions both outdoors and indoors in Chicago. The Art Institute of Chicago has one of the world’s 【1】art collections, including more French Impressionist paintings than even in the Paris Louvre itself. The Field Museum of Natural History and the Museum of Science and Industry are also great historical and cultural treasure houses to【2】as well as entertain children and adults【3】In the Field Museum one comes【4】a surprisingly big collection of Chinese exhibits from the ancient【5】to the early century. The Sears Tower and the Buckingham Fountain are the pride of the Chicagoans;【6】having 110 storey’s is said to be the highest tower in the world and the【7】is the largest fountain in the United States. Lake Michigan is for yachting in summer time,【8】the highlights of Chicago life all the year round are concerts, operas and plays【9】by the city’s orchestra, opera houses and theatres. In summer, especially around the Independence Day, July 4th, many festivals and fairs are given outdoors, which,【10】crowds and crowds of people, with their parades, fireworks,【11】concerts, water-skiing and good foods. But with all its attractions and beautiful spots Chicago is also a city【12】for crimes. All the dwelling houses are【13】with three doors and visitors have to speak through microphone【14】in the wall to the residents before they can get admitted. In the streets there are white-color telephones. When one finds oneself【15】, he needs only to knock the receiver【16】the hook and the next instant the police will【17】. If one does not drive a car, it may well be dangerous for him or her to go out alone in the evening. At first I did not take this warning seriously.【18】, my two encounters with the Black people【19】dusk in the neighborhood were so unpleasant and frightening that I have【20】shut myself evenings in my room, in almost all studying, imposing a curfew on myself.1．A．smallestB．smallerC．greatestD．greater正确答案：C解析：考查固定搭配与上下文逻辑关系。
2017年考研英语%28一%29完整真题及答案解析
2017年考研英语(一)完整真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility(敏感性) to developing the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually __14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that others are there to help___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin(后叶催产素), often called"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A]Besides[B]Unlike[C]Throughout[D]Despite介词辨析。
考研英语真题试卷阅读
考研英语真题试卷阅读阅读部分（共40分）一、阅读理解（共30分，每题2分）A节（共20题，每题2分）Passage 1In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). The rapid development of AI has brought about significant changes in various sectors, including healthcare, transportation, and education. However, with the advancement of technology, there are also concerns about the potential negative impacts of AI on society.Questions:21. What is the main topic of the passage?22. Which areas have been affected by the development of AI according to the passage?23. What are the concerns mentioned in the passage regarding AI?Passage 2The concept of sustainable development has becomeincreasingly important in today's world. It emphasizes the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social equity. Many countries have adopted policies and practices that promote sustainable development, aiming to create a better future for all.Questions:24. What does the passage mainly discuss?25. What does sustainable development focus on?26. What are the goals of sustainable development policies?Passage 3Cultural diversity is a rich source of creativity and innovation. It is essential to respect and value the unique cultural heritage of different communities. Promotingcultural diversity can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious society.Questions:27. What is the main idea of the passage?28. Why is cultural diversity important?29. What can be the result of promoting cultural diversity?B节（共10题，每题2分）Passage 4The rise of social media has transformed the way people communicate and interact with each other. It has also created new opportunities for businesses to reach out to theircustomers. However, the use of social media has raisedprivacy concerns and the spread of misinformation.Questions:30. What is the focus of the passage?31. How has social media changed communication?32. What issues are associated with the use of social media?二、新题型（共10分）Task 1: Information MatchingRead the following statements and match them with the corresponding passages from the previous section. Each statement can only be used once.33. The passage that discusses the impact of AI on employment.34. The passage that talks about the importance of environmental protection.35. The passage that highlights the benefits of cultural exchange.Task 2: SummaryWrite a brief summary of the main points discussed in the reading passages. Your summary should be no more than 100 words.注意：以上内容仅为示例，实际考研英语真题试卷的阅读部分会根据考试大纲和命题要求有所不同。
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题
2019考研英语二阅读理解真题今天小编为大家提供2019考研英语二阅读理解真题，考研英语阅读理解分为四部分，一起来看看吧！希望这些题目都难不倒你！2019考研英语二阅读理解真题text1Text1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child's growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren't born knowing how to say "I'm sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends - and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It is deeply uncomfortable - it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Yet this understanding is outdated. "There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve," says Amrisha Vaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, adding that this revival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren't binary -feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about our goodness, can encourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto,suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shorfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given a chance to shared them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn't magically become more sympathetic to the other child's deprivation" That's good news, " Malti says. " We can be prosocial because we caused harm and we feel regret,”英语二阅读题21.Researchers think that guit can be a good thing because it may help____A) foster a child`s moral developmentB) regulate a child`s basic emontionsC) improve a child`s intellectual abilityD) intensity a child`s positive feelings22.According to paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be____A) inexcusableB) deceptionC) addictiveD) burdensome23.Vaish hold that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness thatA)emotions air context-independentB)an emotion can playopposing rolesC)emotion are socially constructiveD)emotional stability can benefit health2019考研英语二阅读理解真题text2Text 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap—but it involves striking a subtle balance. Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 —financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber, burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels, or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they've focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.26. “One of the harder challenges” implies ___A. global climate change may get out of controlB. forests may become a potential threatC. people may misunderstand global warmingD. extreme weather conditions may arise27. To maintain forests as valuable "carbon sinks", we may need to _A.preserve diversity of speciesB. lower their present carbon-absorbing capacityC. accelerate the growth of young treesD. strike a balance among different plants28.California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to ___A. restore its forests quickly after wildfires.B. cultivate more drought resistant trees.C. find more effective ways to kill insectsD. reduce the density of some of its forests29. What is essential to California's plan according to para. 5?A. To obtain enough financial supportB. To carry it out before 2020C. To handle the areas in the serious danger firstD. To perfect the emission-permit auctions30.the author's attitude toward California's plan can be best described as ____A. supportiveB. ambiguousC. tolerantD. cautious2019考研英语二阅读理解真题text3Text 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workersvisa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn’t change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today’s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won’t be returning to the farm.In a study published in 2013, economist Michael Clemens analyzed 15 years of data on North Carolina’s farm-labor market and concluded, “There is virtually no supply of native manual farm laborers” in the state. This was true even in the depths of a severe recession.Mechanization is not the answer either—not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy farms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for thevisas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren’t allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, which remove some workers and drive others underground.Petitioning each year for laborers—and hoping the government provides enough, and that they arrive on time—is no way to run a business. In a 2012 survey by the California Farm Bureau, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by movingoperations to Mexico. Without reliable access to a reliable workforce, more growers will be tempted to move south.According to a report by the Partnership for a New American Economy, Americans are consuming more fresh produce, which is good. But a rising share of it is grown elsewhere. In 1998-2000, 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent. Rural U.S. communities that might have benefited didn’t.In effect, the U.S. can import food or it can import the workers who pick it. The U.S. needs a simpler, streamlined, multi-year visa for agricultural workers, accompanied by measures to guard against exploitation and a viable path to U.S. residency for workers who meet the requirements. Otherwise growers willcontinue to struggle with shortages and uncertainty, and the country as a whole will lose out.31.What problem should be addressed according to the first two paragraphs?A. discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B. biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C. flaws in US immigration rules for farm workers.D. decline of job opportunities in US agriculture.32. One trouble with US. Agriculture workforce is___A. the rising number of illegal immigrants.B. the high mobility of crop workers.C. the lack of experienced labors.D. the aging of immigrant farm workers.33. What is the much-argued solution to the labor shortage in US farming?A. To attract younger laborers to farm work.B. To get native US workers back to farming.C. To use more robots to grow high-value crops.D. To strengthen financial support for famers.34. Agriculture employers complain about the H-2A visa for its____?A. slow granting procedures.B. limit on duration of stay.C. tightened requirements.D. control of annual admissions.35. Which of the following could be the best title for this text?A. US Agriculture in Decline.B. Import Food or Labor?C. America Saved by Mexico?D. Manpower vs. Automation?2019考研英语二阅读理解真题text4Text 4Arnold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: It’s easy to beat plastic. They’re part of a bunch of celebrities staring in a new video for World Environment Day-encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use Plastic staples to combat the plastic crisis.If only I’d realized that we can buy our way out of the problem except we can’t.The key messages that have been put together for World Environment Day do include a call for governments to enact legislation to curb single-us plastics. But the overarching message is directed at individuals: Lead with your wallets.The problem of perpetuating this individualistic narrative is that it's not going to get us very far and the plastics crisis we face is immense. Our oceans are blighted by the stuff. It's in our drinking water (including bottled water), and we could even be breathing it in.I'm not dismissing individual actions like ordering straw-free drinks at bars, or opting for a reusable water bottle over a cup that's going in the trash as soon as you've used it. I can't imagine not at least trying to minimize my own plastics footprint, whether it's lugging home my newly-refilled gallon bottle of washing-up liquid every few months, or buying packaging-free food, clothing and toiletries where possible.On their own, however, none of these things is enough.Part of my worry about leaving it up to the individual is that we're all just guessing at what's going on out there-and that's if we haven't been scared off from doing anything to start with in the face of such a huge challenge. As consumers, we have littleidea about how much plastic has been used and discarded along the supply chain, for example. It's also hard to compare, say, going to a bulk store that sells plastic-free products but requires you to drive some distance versus a more Iccal shop where you may end up taking home some packaged items.There’s also a time and cost issue.Realistically, I'm not going to start making my own laundry detergents so I can avoid the plastic bottles they come in, and there can be extra costs associated with environmentally friendly products.My biggest concern with leaving it up to the individual, however, is our limited sense of what needs to be achieved On their own, taking our own bags to the grocery store or quitting plastic straws, for example, will accomplish little and require very little of us. They could even be detrimental, satisfying a need to have "done our bit" without ever progressing onto bigger, bolder, more effective actions---a kind of "moral licensing" that allays our concerns and stops us doing more and asking more of those in charge.While the conversation around our environment and our responsibility toward it remains centered on shopping bags and straws, we're ignoring the balance of power that implies that as "consumers" we must shop sustainably, rather than as "citizens" hold our governments and industries to account to push for real systemic change. Nowhere in World Environment Day 2018's key messages is there anything about voting for environmentally progressive politicians, for example. Why not?It’s important to acknowledge that the environment isn’t everyone’s priority-o r even most people’s. We shouldn’t expect it to be .In her latest book, Why Could People Do Bad Environmental Things, Wellesley College professor Elizabeth R.De Sombre argue that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large numbers of people is for the change to be structural.This might mean implementing policy such as a plastic tax that adds a cost to environmentally problematic action, or banning single-use plastics altogether. India has just announced it will” eliminate all single-use plas tic in the country by 2022.” There are also incentive-based ways of making better environmental choices easier, such as ensuring recycling is at least as easy as trash disposal.De Sombre isn’t saying people should stop caring about the environment. It’s j ust that individual actions are too slow, she says, for that to be only, or even primary, approach to changing widespread behavior.None of this is about writing off the individual. It’s just about putting things into perspective. We don’t have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action (and rein in polluting business), alongside engaged citizens pushing for change. That’s not something we can buy.36. Some celebrities star in a new video toA. demand new laws on the use of plasticsB. urge consumers to cut the use of plasticsC. invite public opinion on the plastics crisisD. disclose the causes of the plastics crisis37. The author is concerned that “moral licensing” mayA. mislead us into doing worthless thingsB. prevent us from making further effortsC. weaken our sense of accomplishmentD. suppress our desire for success38. By pointing out our identity as “citizens,” the authorindicates thatA. our focus should be shifted to community welfareB. our relationship with local industries is improvingC. we have been actively exercising our civil rightsD. We should press our governments to lead the combat39. De Sombre argues that the best way for a collective change should beA. a win-win arrangementB. a self-driven mechanismC. a cost- effective approachD. a top down process40. The author concludes that individual effortsA. can be too aggressiveB. are far from sufficientC. can be too inconsistentD. are far from rational。
考研英语阅读,这样做才有效 28 Giant Dam
考研英语阅读，这样做才有效28 Giant Dams1)Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing water to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.2)The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert （维护...权威）themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.3)But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left--all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.4)And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of（险些...）sending in the troops in their contention(争执) over a dam on the Danube. The huge complexwill probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.5)Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.6)Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.Questions:1 According to the paragraph 1, what is the possible reason for giant dam projects?作者在第一段提到：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing water to do our bidding(obey us) so fascinating. （可能是人类长期受到洪涝干旱的摆布才使得让洪水服从人类的念头那么让人着迷。
考研时文阅读(28)
考研时文阅读(28)Background Information家庭和社区介入治疗可以帮助每个家庭成员认识和解决家庭中的问题，促进相互理解、相互帮助，避免患者在治疗后又回到一个病态家庭中去；也可以帮助患者摆脱依赖，同时也消除患者给家庭成员造成的心理创伤。
When the cure is not worth the costThanks to research by the National Institutes of Health and academic scientists during the last three decades, we now have proven treatments for depression, addiction and other mental disorders. But all too often clinicians do not use them.Without financial incentives to provide treatments that are known to work, many mental health professionals stick with what they know, or pick up on the latest fad, or even introduce their own untested innovations--which in turn are spread by testimonials and credulous news media coverage.Similarly, one of the most common approaches to alcoholism treatment involves having counselors and fellow alcoholics confront patients and force them to identify themselves as alcoholics. But research finds that the more a counselor confronts, the more a patient drinks and the more likely he is to drop out of treatment. And no association between accepting the label "alcoholic" and quitting drinking has been found. Counselor empathy---not confrontation-is connected with recovery.According to a review by the Institute of Medicine in 2006, only 10.5 percent of alcoholics received "care consistent with scientific knowledge" of the disorder; similarly, 43 percent of children in psychiatric hospitals are given antipsychotic medication despite not suffering from psychosis. Tough boot camps for troubled teenagers--which have been proven to be ineffective and potentially harmful--thrive, while "multi-systemic family therapy," which effectively treats teenagers at home, is available only through the juvenile justice system.Take the well-known approach featured on the cable TV reality show "Intervention" aimed at getting addicts and alcoholics into treatment. Here, the family and sometimes the employer gather with a counselor, confront the addict and threaten to shun him or fire him if he doesn't enter a rehabilitation center. A 1999 study compared this style of intervention ---which can backfire and lead to broken families---to a less confrontational approach known as "community reinforcement and family training," which is aimed at helping the family nurture the addict's own motivation. More than twice as many families succeeded in getting their loved ones into treatment ( 64 percent) with the gentler approach than with standard intervention (30 percent). But no reality shows push the less dramatic method, and it is difficult to find clinicians who use it.If we want to provide genuine help for the 33 million Americans with mental health and drug problems, giving more no-strings-attached money to providers via insurance mandates is not the answer. It is dangerous to blindly bolster useless and even harmful treatments while failing to support proven therapies. Coverage must be tied to outcomes and evidence. And payment should be dependent, at least in part, on health improvements, not just services received. We need parityin evidence-based treatment, not just in coverage.核心词汇thanks to 由于，因为(后常接短语)depression 沮丧，萧条，忧郁症addiction 上瘾，成瘾；be addicted to 对…上瘾mental disorders 精神失常，精神紊乱clinician 临床医生；clinic 诊所incentives 鼓励，，动力，优惠措施professionals 职业工作者，amateur 业余工作者pick up 捡起来，接人，学会fad 时尚，潮流in turn 反过来testimonial 证明书，奖状credulous 容易相信别人的，易信的news media coverage 新闻媒体报导approach n. 方法，方式；v. 靠近，走近，接近intervention 干预aimed at 目的在于addicts 上瘾的人alcoholics 酗酒者shun 躲开，躲避，避开rehabilitation 康复，修复nurture 培育，培养，教育identify…as…. 把….看作是….drop out of 退出empathyconsistent with 与…一致psychiatric 精神病的psychosis 精神病mandate 指令，要求，命令bolster n. 垫子v. 支持be tied to 与…相联系be dependent on 依靠，取决于at least 至少，in part 部分地not just 不仅仅核心词汇：depression n. ①沮丧，消沉；②（经济）萧条，不景气Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression ( ①) controlled, cataracts removed in a30-minute surgical procedure.［2003年阅读4］髋骨不行了可以更换，临床忧郁症得到了控制，白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题(附答案)
2018考研英语阅读理解练习题（附答案）Text 1It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers —but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,”said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails”language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn —how to think logically through a problem andorganize the results —apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers —in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes —for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want —the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that —the better.21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____.A. complete future job trainingB. remodel the way of thinkingC. formulate logical hypothesesD. perfect artwork production22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____.A. experienceB. academic backgroundsC. career prospectsD. interest23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____.A. help students learn other computer languagesB. have to be upgraded when new technologies comeC. need improving when students look for jobsD. enable students to make big quick money24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____.A. compete with a future army of programmersB. stay longer in the information technology industryC. become better prepared for the digitalized worldD. bring forth innovative computer technologies25. The word “coax”(Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____.A. challengeB. persuadeC. frightenD. misguideText 121 答案 B remodel the way of thinking.Reshape 重塑remold 重塑Mold 名词-模型模子动词-形成塑造解析：此题是文中人物观点题。