公共自行车概要设计说明书
公共自行车项目可行性说明
最近这几年，随着生活水平的不断提高以及外地人越来越多地来按在扎根落户，按在市内的机动车数量不断增加，去年有统计称按在每户人家就拥有一辆私家车，有的家庭甚至购买了两辆到三辆汽车，随之而来的交通拥堵问题也不容忽视。
尤其是按在地铁等城市建设项目像雨后春笋般纷纷开工建设后，按在市交通状况更加严峻。
公共自行车，随用随借，循环使用，不仅居民可以享受出行的便捷，也给外来旅游者提供一种有效的辅助交通工具。
将自行车纳入公共交通领域，将其作为一种“低碳排放”的绿色交通方式越来越受到全世界许多城市的推崇，它是一种能有效的节约道路资源，减少环境污染，缓解“市民出行难”，“停车难”，打造“绿色城市”而提供的低碳交通方式。
“加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，提高生态文明水平”是国家、地方经济的发展动向和目标准则，自行车出行作为一种准公共交通系统，是城市综合交通体系的重要组成部分，其无碳排放、短途便利和有益健康的独有优势符合时代要求，社会效益与生态效益显著。
构建绿色出行和低碳交通体系,正在成为篷勃发展的新型城市建设潮流。
国际上，巴黎、伦敦、都柏林、悉尼和墨尔本等世界大城市正积极发展和逐渐引进公共自行车免费使用项目；近几年，公共自行车项目在国内也呈蓬勃发展之势，全国各地，各类型城市都在推广自行车绿色环保交通的系统项目，并作为展示城市精神文明建设和创建“两型社会”打出的一张新的“城市名片”。
为进一步完善**市综合交通管理体制, 探索绿色公共交通发展模式，努力构建多层次、一体化、换乘方便的城市公共交通体系，将**建成一个绿色的花园城市，结合**市实际条件和市民出行需求，在**市开发建设以公共自行车免费租赁为服务模式的社会公共服务系统，并将此逐步建成一个良性循环、社会价值长效稳定的便民、惠民项目。
发展公共自行车系统，对于**市减少碳排放、禁摩、配合政府绿道网络建设，形成健康科学的城市生活方式，以及“两型社会”建设都有十分重要的意义。
公共自行车系统分析与设计
公共自行车租赁管理系统分析与设计一、系统简介及主要功能公共自行车管理系统面向公共自行车管理中心开发，主要用于实现租赁过程和车辆人员管理自动化，本系统由车辆信息管理、用户人员管理、租赁记录管理、用户卡注册、充值、注销功能四个功能模块组成，其中管理员拥有系统最高权限，协调系统的正常运作，并直接与系统交互。
图1系统功能表二、小组成员及分工三、需求模型图2系统用例图用例规约：四、分析模型类图：描述系统内的实体类与类之间的关系其中，参与者分为用户和管理员，每一名用户对应一张属于自己的用户卡，并通过用户卡与系统交互，用户卡可存储租车记录与充值记录，也可以与自助终端机交互完成租借与归还任务，管理员拥有较高权限，可帮助用户注册、充值、注销用户卡，也可以管理自行车信息，租车记录会出现超出时限的现象，系统将自动根据罚款细则进行记录并在用户卡中扣除金额。
图3类图顺序图：充值顺序图：管理员通过ID登录到系统，完成身份验证，管理员通过刷卡向系统传输用户卡信息，并手动输入金额，保存信息并完成充值。
图4充值顺序图租车顺序图：用户通过租车自助终端机刷卡验证身份，取得自行车，终端机会自动更改所租用自行车的租借状态，并生成租车记录存储到租车记录档案中。
图5租车顺序图还车顺序图：用户通过租车自助终端机刷卡验证身份，归还自行车，终端机会自动更改所租用自行车的租借状态，并生成还车车记录存储到租车记录档案中。
: 管理员图6还车顺序图五、设计模型：包括设计阶段的类图、顺序图及相关说明图7设计阶段实体类图图8表现层类图图9控制层类图图 10领域类图图 11租车顺序图:User图 12还车顺序图图 13充值顺序图六、 总结及感想信息系统分析与设计是利用现代信息技术没处理组织中的信息、业务、管理和决策等问题，并未组织目标服务的综合系统。
通过上机课程中小组内的设计自己的系统，使我们感受到一个项目的的灵魂在于前期对系统的设计，中期的分析与后期的实施。
(完整)公共自行车系统设计与实现
公共自行车系统设计与实现1。
设计目标通过先进的智能技术，实现自行车的自动租借、异地还车、用户和车辆管理、租借点无人管理等，在保障用户借还自行车的方便性、快捷性、安全性得同时，采用更合理的方案以节约成本，提高系统的性价比。
2。
系统结构本文所设计的系统由管理中心、租借点主控制器、车位分控制器的三层结构组成。
如下图所示，首先，管理中心的中央管理系统可以实现用户信息管理、车辆监控、报表生成等功能，并且通过GPRS网络实现与个租借点的实时通信，以完成系统数据库的同步。
再者，各个租借点控制层包括主控制器、刷卡终端、电源（开关电源、备用电源）等，目的是实现整个租借点的车位和车辆管理。
最后，车位分控制层包括自行车、电子锁、车身电子标签读头等，主控层与分控层之间通过RS485通信。
下面对其中的关键技术点进行介绍：（1)主控制器：对租借点的车位控制器、GPRS等外设进行控制，完成管理中心的数据同步；（2）GPRS模块：使用GPRS无线网络实现中央管理系统与各租借点间的通讯;（3）车位分控制器：对刷卡信息、电子锁锁止信息、自行车检测信息进行处理；（4）电子锁：在系统确认用户有效刷卡后，车位控制器向电子锁发送开锁指令，电子锁打开,用户可自行取车；还车时，将车身上锁扣推入电子锁锁槽，电子锁将车锁死；（5）读卡器：每个车位各一个，用户借还自行车上在上面刷卡，具有读写功能；(6）识别器:通过车身电子标签检测车位是否有车，有哪辆车，保障了租借卡与自行车的正确绑定;（7）电源：用于给主控制器、车位控制器等供电。
3。
工作原理和流程本系统旨在应用先进的计算机、通信技术，实现对自行车租借点的智能化管理，所以下面从用户的角度来推演系统工作的具体流程。
（1）办理租借卡：用户凭相关证件和押金，到指定地点填写申请表，办理租借卡；（2)租借点借车：用户持租借卡可以到任意租借点刷卡借车，借车具体过程如下：1.在租借点主控制面板刷卡，刷卡有效后，主控制器向卡内写入借卡时间和车辆信息,取车指示灯亮，提示用户到指定车位取车；2.系统延迟5秒开车位锁,同时将刷卡信息和开锁信息发送到管理中心，系统绑定租借卡和车辆信息。
城市公共自行车系统的规划与设计
城市公共自行车系统的规划与设计城市公共自行车系统是城市交通绿色出行的一种重要方式，目前全球已有超过500个城市推行了公共自行车系统。
在我国，公共自行车系统已经覆盖了超过300个城市，成为城市公共交通新亮点。
公共自行车系统的设计与规划，关系到城市绿色交通的推广，具有非常重要的意义。
本文将从计划设计、服务效果、投资收益等方面，对城市公共自行车系统的规划与设计进行探讨。
一、计划设计城市公共自行车系统的规划和设计，首先需要确定本地的出行需求和公共自行车服务的定位。
同时还需要考虑以下几个方面：1.骑行路线：公共自行车系统的用户主要分为两种，一类是上下班、购物等固定需求的临时用户，另一类是旅游观光等临时游客。
在确定骑行路线时，需要考虑用户的出行需求和地理位置布局，建议设置骑行线路的标准，包括骑行时间、骑行距离、骑行路况等信息。
2.自行车租借点：自行车租借点是公共自行车系统的服务核心，需要在市区各个集中区域、商业中心、公园、景区、交通换乘节点等场所设置自行车租借点，方便用户在需要时进行自行车的租借和归还。
3.自行车数量：根据城市规模和用户使用情况，需要合理规定自行车数量。
不能出现车辆过多或过少的情况。
一定的储备量可以满足节假日客流量增大的情况。
4.租车时长：主要是为了方便用户再租车的时候，能够清楚知道自己应该选择什么样的租车模式以及租车时长。
5.自行车款式：自行车的款式和功能也需要考虑到用户的不同需求，在满足基本骑行需求的同时，也可以考虑给旅游用户提供特殊的车型。
二、服务效果城市公共自行车系统要达到良好的服务效果，需要考虑以下几个方面：1.易用性：公共自行车系统的使用过程应该非常方便，让用户能够快速的完成租车和归还等基本操作。
2.服务质量：城市公共自行车系统的服务质量直接影响用户的使用体验，应该保证自行车的质量和安全。
同时，需要保持自行车的整洁和维护，严格按照保鲜期限进行维修，满足用户对各种车型的选择需求。
3.安全性：公共自行车系统必须保证自行车的安全性，主要是在借用时进行车辆检查，发现问题时及时整改和维修。
公共自行车系统规划与管理措施说明书
Management Measures of Public Bicycle SystemMA yue1,a ZHU Xiao-ning2,b1Room 1102, Building 8, JiaoDadong Road 18, HaiDian Distict, BeiJing 100044 China2 Room 603, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, BeiJing 100044Chinaa bKeywords: Planning; Public bicycle; Management measuresAbstract. Good urban planning can make people have a healthy life style. Otherwise the establishment of urban structure once, wanting to change the impact of urban layout to urban traffic is difficult. When planning, consider walking, bicycle, public transport, car and so on by turn. Give the special opinions for the implementation prospects, to say that the bicycle will have a high demand in the future. From the points of propaganda risk, policy risk and financial risk say the risk of public bicycle facing in the future. In order to decrease the degree of risk and have a good future, the system should strengthen the planning and management, social consciousness and propaganda, and management and operation. These measures will help the public bicycle system more reasonable, and make sure the system develops smoothly.IntroductionThe urban planning has a long and structural role on its development. The urban planning will affect the urban economy, because for the material environment, once established, it is difficult to change. Good urban planning can make people have a healthy life style, which can reduce the power consumption in the production, living and other aspects in order to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. Nowadays in some cities the traffic conditions are not very good, even can say very crowded. The mostly reason is that when planning transportation is not considered well. The urban structure once established, it is difficult to change the traffic problems brought by the urban structure layout with some measures.With the urban process accelerating the population constantly transfers to the urban leading to the urban expanding to the surrounding area. It expands the range of life. In the surrounding of urban owing to the public traffic is poor, the travel distance of people is always long. Some people are unwilling to choose the public traffic with poor service, which makes the ratio of car higher. The residential area planning and design have a clear and obvious boundary, and the management of entrance is basically closed. The public traffic not benefiting for the people travel is excluded outside the residential area. The residential area is too big, to some extent, which encourages the car travel and limits the walking and bicycle travel. Meanwhile in our country the planning owners belong to different administration organizations resulting in the bad cohesions in longitudinal and horizontal planning, which make a serious influence on the integrity of planning.Researches generally show that the common laws of sustainable traffic land used planning are that reducing the demand of travel and the distance of travel, supporting walking, bicycle, public traffic, and then limiting the use of car. Our country puts forward the policy of the priority to the development of public traffic, under the premise of the priority of important traffic corridor. The comprehensive public traffic all priority is difficult to achieve. According to the situation of today’s urban and the development policy of future urban, the construction of urban should firstly be helpful for walking and bicycle using, encourage the public traffic with high performance-price ratio, at the same time pay more attention on improving the urban image and controlling the development of car. In other words urban construction firstly considers walking construction with good environment, secondly considers the bicycle construction to use conveniently, in these bases advocate the construction of public traffic, and finally considers the urban image improving engineer and development of car travel.In the whole transportation especially focus on the bicycle travel, nowadays even if the bicycle is common in the urban, the transfer ratio of bicycle still lower. In our country many cities have or begin to build rail transit system. The cost of the construction is very high. If the bicycle system can combine to the rail transit system, it not only reduces the cost of system construction, but also expands the service radius of system.Relative to the public traffic with fixed-point, alignment and timing, bicycle travel has big flexibility. Bicycle can enter small lanes while public travel not. According to statistics, sometimes for traffic jams and other factors, the motor travel always needs more time than bicycle travel. In our country the layout of many cities are single center. The radius of urban land is 6-10km. In this range bicycle travel always has many advantages. On basis of our country economic level and living condition, single center will last a long period. With the expansion of urban area, the demand of bicycle travel will transfer to other transportations, but meanwhile new short distance demand of bicycle travel will occur. ProspectsA rising trend of daily short transport. For the public transport “last mile” problem, public bicycle has a good advantage, which can make up the insufficient of public transport not arriving at the destination and be the short transport substitute for walking. It will be favor for people. Because of some residential area being too big, and the problem of public traffic planning, some public traffic lane cannot arrive at the destination of people. This leads to the people having a long distance to walk, even giving up the choice of using public traffic, and choosing the car travel. The establishment of public bicycle solves this problem in some extent.Demands increasing when to or off working. High peak is during the time people going to or off working. This lets the urban traffic having been crowded more load, and the traffic flow is slow. Working people of short distance experience a long time delayed on the road, then they more and more apt to the convenient flexible bicycle travel. Bicycle has a small size, without the lane limiting, and has a high flexibility. In one word the establishment of public bicycle benefits for the people. It has many potential demands.Aid tourism business optimization and development. Riding bicycle to tour is not only convenient to sightseeing scenery of any places, but is a manner to exercise. It is the choice of fashionable young people. In some tourism and recreational area the establishment of public bicycle can meet some people demands. Meanwhile bicycle travel that is a green, meets the standard of protection to the environment and reducing pollution. Riding bicycle can let the people enjoy the scenery and custom of visiting places at any time without considering the parking position. You need not to stop your feet.Risk PredictionPropaganda risk. The change of consumers maybe result in the bicycle rent being shelved. Therefore this brings risks to the market of bicycle rent. However the changes of rivals will also make bicycle having competitive advantages stand out and occupy a large market share. The market is rapidly changeable. Not guarantee that the consumers demand and the competitors whether or not change, and when to change. So we must make a complete set of effective propaganda strategies to avoid the potential risks of market.Policy risk. Although government at present advocates the green travel, encourage the public traffic and strongly support the bicycle rental industry. With the rapid development of economy, life rhythm speeding up and the improvement of environment gradually, the policy maybe have some changes. Nowadays people pay more attention on environment protection and sustainable development, but with the time passing it is hard to say the policy whether or not will tilt.Financial risk. Financial risk is a real problem that the public bicycle system must face during the management process. This risk is objective existence, only through taking effective measures to reduce the risk, but not completely eliminate the risk. The establishment of public bicycle system is to alleviatethe urban traffic congestion. The establishment and maintenance of the system need much money, if only depending on the rent to maintain the system is hard. It needs to undertake financial risks.The Management Measures of Public BicycleThe prospect of public bicycle system is more optimistic, but there are still all kinds of risks. Trying to reduce the risks, improve the feasibility of implementation and strengthen the management measures of the system. Specific measures are as follows:1.Enhance planning and management.In order to enhance planning and management it will increase the degree of the following four aspects, namely the infrastructure settings related with bicycle, the road setting of motor and bicycle, lease point planning and the cooperation with related department.1) Strengthen the infrastructure settings related with bicycle. The whole urban planning should based on the development situation and trend of urban traffic, the population and travel characteristics, and the policy of urban development and other comprehensive situations. On the basis of the specific conditions of different regions take different policies. In the urban center with high people flow intensity, maybe set up bicycle routes according to real conditions. Enhance the ability to gather or scatter the people flow in the urban center. Encourage the transfer and improve the utilization ratio of public traffic. However outside the downtown the environment of bicycle travel is bad. The land resource is relatively loose. In order to be sure the safety of bicycle users, maybe consider to set up the special-purpose roads for the bicycle. So that the interference between motors and bicycles is reduced, this enhances the security, and at the same time improves the travel efficiency. But in the suburb of the urban, because of the distance from working area usually is further. The travel means cannot be only the bicycle, can choose public traffic to transfer, so as to improve the travel efficiency.2) The road setting of motor and bicycle. In our urban the road settings with the motor and bicycle separated are less. Even if the road is separated, when into the practice, only less people abide. It often happens that motors preempting the road of bicycles. What’s more, the road management is not serious in our country. This contributes to the phenomenon accruing. The phenomenon of mixed traffic is serious on some roads. This always leads to the traffic accidents happening. With the number of motors increasing, the bicycle road becomes more and more narrow. Mixed traffic decreases the road cap urban, and also brings potential security dangers. Set up the bicycle route or specific-purpose road for bicycle on both sides of the motor road based on the actual situation. The road isolated can make the motors and bicycles travelling on their own roads. Meanwhile strengthen the road management. These measures let motors and bicycles isolated get thoroughly carry out.3) Lease point planning. The position of lease points whether or not reasonable is the key factor to success. In order to be convenient for the users to quickly find lease points, the lease points should have clear signs and labels. The number of bicycles parking places in the lease points should be bigger than the number of bicycles. This will benefit the bicycles exchange storage during the lease points. The bicycles need not to be returned in the original point, increasing the bicycle liquidity and readjusting the number of bicycles with the direction and flow by the managers. It also leaves more space for further expansion.4) Strengthen cooperation with related department.The public bicycle system involves many departments, such as planning, traffic even the manufacturers of bicycles. The cooperation and the degree of interest coordination between the departments depend on the system whether or not smoothly. Therefore, strengthen the coordination and communication during the departments. If there is a problem, timely reflect to the corresponding departments. How to divide the right of lease points land and how to bring the social capitals in order to decrease the risks of government and other problems all need to consult with the related departments. Strive to get the policy with many benefits.2. Enhance the social consciousness and propaganda. In order to enhance the social consciousness and propaganda it will increase the degree of the following two aspects, namely the identification degree and the degree of propaganda.1) Increase identification degree. The urban develops more rapidly nowadays and the population is also more and more large. With the traffic more and more crowded, advocate the public traffic in order to ensure the travel efficiency. The bicycle travel as green traffic can make some related measures to play its advantages fully. Many people think that the bicycle is the performance of economic backwardness, and it can hinder our country developing forward. This wrong view leads the people reject the bicycle fundamentally. The utilization of bicycles is lower. Wanting to change this condition, firstly need to change the view to the bicycle. Prove the advantages of bicycles with the real and reliable data. Make people use the bicycle to travel consciously, and widen the market of public bicycle.2) Strengthen the propaganda. The uses of bicycle are generally classified into the short trip, transfer and fitness. According to the purpose and characteristics of travel, propagandize with purpose. The public bicycle system cannot be implemented in some areas mainly because of the degree of propaganda is low. The people don’t learn about the system, even know nothing. This results in the possibility of the system being killed. Strengthen the propaganda of the system through the following measures.○1 Network propaganda.21 century is the age of knowledge and economy, and the age of information. The advantage of network propaganda is more and more popular. The strategy of system propaganda should be put in the first place. Network spreads much faster. It is the most effective. Making use of the advantages of the network propaganda let many people know about the characteristics of bicycle system and the situation of specific implementation.○2 Advertisement propaganda. We can see all kinds of advertisement from television, network even billboard on both sides of the road. We make full use of the characteristics of the advertisement covering most areas. This will attract more potential users. Whether the TV ads on the buses or the billboards beside the stations, these will attract the attention when people are in the bus or waiting for the bus. This can make the system get maximum propaganda.○3 Reputation propaganda. To guarantee the service related with system, make the system form a good reputation. The system itself services the public people. Good reputation is necessary for the system lasting for a long time. The reputation once formed will contribute many people to use this characteristic. It will give many benefits to the system and cause the system marching smoothly.○4 Price propaganda. The price of public bicycle system is low. We can utilize this advantage to make people use bicycle to travel. The travel means the change from the motor to the bicycle. Although in some areas the price of public traffic is lower such as in Beijing. But this just is some individual cities. The price of public traffic still is higher in most of cities. Rather than to say that the cars park at random because of no parking places, this causes the road crowded. The public bicycle attracts more consumers because of the cheap rental fee.3. Reasonable management and operation. In order to make the system have the reasonable management and operation it will allocate bicycles scientifically and confirm the cost and deposit.1) Allocate bicycles scientifically. The position of lease points whose function is various is different. For example the lease points locating in the residential area are convenient for life and work travel. But the bicycle flow and direction during a period time is certain directivity. This leads to the unbalance of bicycles. In order to ensure the system provide enough bicycles for the people, need the management to assist. Through the system monitor the condition of bicycles at any time, guarantee the reasonable allocation of the bicycles. However the lease points in the bus station or in the subway station are convenient for people to transfer. The people flow mostly and basically is balanced. So the number of bicycles can arrive at the dynamic balance.2) Confirm the cost and deposit. How to confirm the cost and deposit of the system needs to consider seriously. The cost is too high to make the passenger flow turn to other transportations. The cost is so low that it can burden the system heavily. This will utilize one part of the capital to assist the system. How to confirm the degree of the cost and deposit affects the implementation of the system to a great extent. The degree should be in the range of being accepted. We can draw lessons from the thought of implementation of public bicycle in the foreign countries.Confirm the deposit and cost seriously. The confirmation of deposit and cost maybe make some adjustments according to the situation of system implementation and reaction of the residents. Guide the people use the bicycle in a reasonable time and distance. The cost once is set, the lower simply, the higher difficultly. The establishment of public bicycle system is the aim to service the people. The system can charge a small mount of cost. In essence the system is a welfare undertaking. Bicycle whose fees are divided into deposit and cost two parts is a short transportation.○1 Deposit. The purpose of deposit one side is to ensure users return the bicycles on time and assure the bicycles; the second is to subsidize the fees of bicycle purchase and operation maintenance. So that it can decrease the press of finance. The deposit of the system should be the certain proportion of the bicycle cost. This not only makes the users give up the plan to purchase new bicycles, but the price should be higher than used bicycles in the black market preventing the bicycles being steal.○2 Cost. At present many management companies take the policy on the basis of the difference of time. This policy encourages the efficiency of using bicycles. The cost is more or less depending on the price of the public traffic. So it arrives at the aim to scatter the passenger origin of public traffic.3) Handle the rental card. The principles of public bicycle rental card are that: rent bicycles relying on the bus card or the citizen card opened, certain amount money should be put in the card, even can apply for the special rental card. For the permanent residents can handle the formalities in the lease points or the bus stations valid identity certificate.SummaryThe bicycle with convenience, speedy, cheap and other characteristics becomes the general public transportation. With the number of motors and the demand of people increasing rapidly, the characteristics of bicycles maybe have some new changes. The advantages of the bicycle system are low pollution and low consumption. The system during the implement depends on many aspects and many departments to cooperate. At the same time the system has many risks to analyze, and in this paper state the details of implementation so as to guarantee the system march smoothly.In our country bicycle travel existing for a long time is necessary. Taking what are the measures for the bicycles such as how to plan the traffic facilities and take the management measures is important for the development of bicycle traffic. As the special transportation the public bicycle will be affected seriously. There are many aspects to study. The traffic characteristics of bicycles still have many things to research. With the constant changes the characteristics maybe have some changes. The related management measures need to be improved, so as to make the system more reasonable and more systematic.References[1] GTZ Germany Technology Cooperation Company: Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities (People Traffic Press, 2005).[2] Gong Dijia, Zhu Zhongdong: Implementation Mechanism of Urban Public Bicycle System. Urban Transport, VOL.6 (2008) NO.6.[3] Wang Xiuxiu: Operation Mode of Public Bicycle in HangZhou.Transportation Enterprise Management, (2010) NO.5, p.2.[4] Wu Wenzhi: Introduce Foreign Capital to Beijing Public Bicycle. Beijing Business News, (2008) NO.7.。
公共自行车项目建议书
公共自行车项目建议书一、项目背景随着城市化进程的加快，城市交通问题日益突出。
汽车尾气排放、交通拥堵、停车难等问题成为城市居民生活的难题。
为了解决这些问题，提高城市居民的出行便利性和环境质量，公共自行车项目应运而生。
二、项目概述公共自行车项目是指在城市内建设自行车租赁站点，提供自行车租赁服务，为市民提供短途出行的便利。
该项目通过建设自行车租赁站点，配备各种类型的自行车，通过会员制或非会员制的方式提供自行车租赁服务，推动城市绿色出行，减少汽车使用，改善城市交通环境。
三、项目目标1. 提高城市居民的出行便利性。
通过建设公共自行车租赁站点，为市民提供便捷的自行车租赁服务，解决短途出行的问题。
2. 减少汽车使用，改善城市交通环境。
通过推广自行车出行，减少汽车使用，降低尾气排放，改善城市空气质量。
3. 增加城市绿色出行比例。
通过公共自行车项目，推动城市居民选择环保出行方式，提高城市绿色出行比例。
四、项目实施方案1. 建设自行车租赁站点。
在城市主要街道、商业区、居民区等地点建设自行车租赁站点，保证市民出行的便利性。
2. 配备各种类型的自行车。
根据市民出行需求，配备普通自行车、电动自行车等不同类型的自行车，满足市民不同的出行需求。
3. 实施会员制或非会员制的自行车租赁服务。
市民可以通过会员卡或手机App等方式租赁自行车，提高租赁效率，方便市民出行。
4. 宣传推广。
通过媒体宣传、社区活动等方式，推广公共自行车项目，提高市民对自行车出行的认知度和使用率。
五、项目效益1. 提高城市居民的出行便利性。
公共自行车项目为市民提供了便捷的出行方式，解决了短途出行的问题，提高了城市居民的出行便利性。
2. 减少汽车使用，改善城市交通环境。
公共自行车项目推动了城市居民选择环保出行方式，减少了汽车使用，降低了尾气排放，改善了城市交通环境。
3. 增加城市绿色出行比例。
公共自行车项目推动了城市居民选择环保出行方式，提高了城市绿色出行比例，促进了城市可持续发展。
共享单车设计方案
共享单车设计方案共享单车设计方案700字共享单车是一种环保、便捷的交通工具，为了提高共享单车的使用体验和便利性，设计一个合理的共享单车方案非常重要。
首先，在车身材料上，应选用轻量且坚固的材料，以提高车辆的操控性和使用寿命。
常用的材料有碳纤维、铝合金等，它们轻巧且具有优异的耐用性。
此外，车身应设计为流线型，以降低空气阻力，提高行驶速度和稳定性。
其次，在车辆结构上，应设计可折叠的车身，方便用户携带和存放。
共享单车通常会停放在公共区域，如街道、公园等，有时也需要进入商场、住宅等地方。
通过设计可折叠的车身，用户可以将车辆便捷地折叠起来，塞进背包或放在车站附近的停车处，减少占用空间的问题。
同时，车辆的座椅应设计为可调节式，以适应不同身高的用户。
共享单车供大众使用，用户的身高差异较大，设计一个可调节座椅的共享单车可以提高用户的舒适度和使用便捷性。
另外，在技术方面，应配置GPS定位系统和智能锁。
GPS定位系统可以实时追踪车辆位置，方便用户寻找附近的共享单车。
智能锁能够通过手机APP进行解锁和锁定，用户无需再使用钥匙，大大提高了使用方便性。
最后，考虑到共享单车的停放问题，设计方案还应包括合理的停车场布局和管理系统。
停车场应根据地区和需求进行规划和建设，确保用户在需要时能轻松找到附近的停车场。
管理系统能够对共享单车进行实时监控和调度，提高共享单车的利用率和服务质量。
综上所述，一个完善的共享单车设计方案应包括轻量且坚固的车身材料、可折叠的车身结构、可调节的座椅、GPS定位系统、智能锁以及合理的停车场布局和管理系统。
通过这些设计，可以提高共享单车的舒适度、便利性和使用体验，促进共享单车的更广泛应用。
基于太阳能的人类化公共自行车站设计方案说明书
Design of Humanized Public Bicycle Station Based on Solar EnergyHuaixiang LiNorth China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206*********************Keywords: Solar energy; Public bicycle station; Distributed photovoltaic; Energy conservation and emission reductionAbstract. In order to solve the management problem of public bicycle, the life problem of electric bicycle and the difficult of urban photovoltaic power generation, we put forward the design scheme of humanized public bicycle station based on solar energy. This product uses solar panels to generate electricity, battery to storage energy. The stored energy converts to alternating current by the inverter system. Power can be supplied to electric bicycles, advertising screens and other equipment. The significance of this product is: (1) Meet the electric bicycles charging needs and the public bicycles and electric bicycles parking needs; (2) Facilitate the management and scheduling of public bicycles and extend the lives of public bicycles; (3) Use distributed photovoltaic efficiently, achieve regional energy self-sufficiency and expand social service; (4) Advertising revenue and charging revenue can balance the operation of the station. To sum up, the station is humanized and of energy conservation and emission reduction. It has a good practical operation and can be popular to market and serve the people.Design BackgroundAt present, the traditional energy pollution problems are increasing, the development and utilization of clean energy is a major concern in today's world. As a distributed energy, solar energy has unstable energy production and high cost of transmission and transportation.With the "Internet +" shared economic model gradually rising, a large number of public bicycles such as OFO come to our daily lives. They alleviate traffic pressure and reduce carbon emission, while faced with problems such as excessive depreciation rate and poor management.As an important means of transport, Electric bicycle is light and fast, economic and environmental. Meanwhile, its mileage is short, storage and other small objective factors, restricting the scope of the activities of electric bicycles, limiting its development potential.In view of public bicycle management issues, electric bicycle life problems and the use of urban photovoltaic power generation difficult situation on the above, we put forward the design of humanized public bicycle station based on solar energy.Design SchemeAppearance Design. According to the "local conditions" principle, we designed a public bicycle station based on the transformation of bus station. The appearance is showing in figure 1. The station uses the solar panels 1 as the ceiling of the station, supported by the bracket system 2. According to the practical application of the principle and the golden split ratio, the station area is divided into parking charging area 3 and waiting area 4, making the width ratio of 3and 4 be 0.618 and the station beautiful. The parking charging area 3 is provided with a circuit arrangement 5 which comprises a circuit part of the system and a charging device. There are two advertising screen 6 and two bus stop 7 between 3 and 4. The waiting area 4 is equipped with a vending machine 8 and two leisure benches 9.In order to obtain more solar energy, according to statistics, in solar photovoltaic power generation applications, we usually place the solar panels towards the equator fixed, and with the horizontal plane to form a certain tilt angle. In the solar engineering design, the choice of the best dip is an important technical problem in different regions. Take Beijing area as an example, toThis is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).Copyright © 2017, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press.12877th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Mechanical Engineering (EMIM 2017)maximize the annual production capacity of solar panels, we chose 37 ° as the tilt angle. At this time, the annual generating capacity is 191.7 kWh per square meter and the average annual power generation efficiency is 11.77%.Figure 1. The appearance of reconstructed bus stationThe specific transformation programs are as follows:(1) To achieve the transformation of solar energy utilization, we put solar panels as bus station ceiling.(2) The rear side of the stop is for charging and storage, making full use of energy.(3) On the stop sign, besides road map, there are electronic advertising screen and paper billboards.(4) Establish wireless LAN site, make Residents' life more convenient, attract the crowd to gather and maximize advertising revenue.Circuit Design. The circuit can be divided into power acquisition system and power system. In the power acquisition system, solar panels collect and convert solar energy. The battery pack stores energy. The solar energy stored in the energy collection system can be converted into electricity, which supply to vending machine, public electric bicycle, advertising screen, mobile equipment and station lights. These will contribute to regional energy self-sufficiency and social service development.As is shown in fig. 2, the solar panels, battery packs, and loads are connected to the controller. The controller can automatically complete the collection and storage of solar energy links. Through manual control, output power and output voltage can be controlled. To meet the needs of different loads, we add the inverter to the circuit. Then, the DC can be converted into alternating current.Figure 2. Circuit designCalculation of Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of StationsCalculation of Energy Budget of PV System. Lculation of Power Generation. A single solar panel is the energy supply unit for the Inn. We select technical parameters of representative solar panels. Assuming the effective solar panels installation area of this station is 120 square meters, the capacity of a single battery pack is 200W, and the capacity of each solar module is 18.9kW. The factors that affect the power generation capacity of PV power are solar radiation, the tilt angle of1288battery components, the efficiency of battery components, the combination loss, temperature characteristics, dust and rain loss, the maximum of output power tracking (MPPT), line loss, controller power loss, inverter power loss and so on.In this study, the tilt angle of the solar panel is 37 °, the efficiency of the solar panel is 15.6%, the combination loss is 3.2%, the temperature characteristic is 3.1%, the dust and rainwater loss is7.7%, the line loss is 4.2%, the controller efficiency is 4.3%, the inverter efficiency is 4.3%. Then we get the efficiency of the system is75.96%. The calculation of power generation is shown in table 1.Table 1 Alculation of power generation Month Radiationquantity/kWh·(m 2·d)^(-1)Average daily power generation /kWh Month Radiation quantity /kWh·(m 2·d)^(-1) Average daily power generation /kWh January 1.8143.66 July 3.18 76.66 February 2.1251.09 August 3.74 90.16 March 2.5360.98 September 2.40 57.82 April 3.3781.13 October 2.54 61.11 May 3.0974.62 November 1.7040.90 June 3.44 82.77 December 1.88 34.57Through the power detection of the actual model, we find that the actual power and the theoretical calculation are basically consistent. Therefore, the theoretical calculation is sufficiently reliable.Power Usage Analysis. Electrical equipment mainly includes public bicycles, advertising screens, lights and mobile equipment. The main function of the station is to provide place for electric bicycle charging. Based on the reference data and the actual measurement, we get the electricity consumption of some power equipment of the station .Show in table 2. Table 2 Ome power equipment of the station Species Power/w Operating hours/h Quantity /piece Vending machine450 24 1 Mobile equipment5 12 10 Lighting equipment12 12 5 Advertising screen 16524 2The total energy consumption can be defined as.It is: 4120.04?C i i W W kWh===∑ (1) From Table 1, we get average daily power generation (9,000 bicycles with power apart from station equipment power consumption. It contributes to achieving regional power self-sufficiency.Reduction of Emissions. knowis 64.4%.Received sulfurgeneration is a system that converts solar energy directly into electrical energy. It advocates the nearest power generation, the nearest conversion, the nearest use of the principle. This not only can effectively improve the same size photovoltaic power generation capacity, but also effectively reduce the power loss in the boost and long-distance transport.Save Energy and Protect Environment. The solar panels used to generate electricity are versatile. On the one hand, it can supply electricity to public electric vehicles and the surrounding area. On the other hand, it also serves as a roof to meet the parking requirements of public bicycles, which slows down the damage rate of public bicycles.People-oriented. The design of the station avoids cushion damp in rainy days and hot when the cushion temperature is too high. It also provides users with shelter in rainstorm day. There is a leisure area in the station, where users can buy food and drink at the vending machine. At the same time, the area is covered with the WIFI for users.Economic. There are electronic screens in the station. They can not only set the advertising position for investment, but also be used for enterprises to publish job information. We charge appropriate money for these items, which maximize the benefits. The establishment of the electronic screen can reduce paper ads, which improve the aesthetic level.According to local Conditions. Reasonably design the appearance of the station, pay attention to the aesthetic requirements of urban construction. Make public bicycle management and scheduling convenient, at the same time, make full use of geographical advantages to invest. Conclusionshort, the station is of great market prospect. The design of humanized public bicycle station based on solar energy is friendly environmental and practical operated, which solves the charging problems for ordinary residents. With the development of photovoltaic technology and microelectronics technology, the development of electric bicycles will improve traffic structure. The construction of this kind of station will contribute to the use and management of pubic electric bicycles. It is really necessary to build the station.References[1] Wang Wei. Solar photovoltaic power generation parking shed energy-saving emission reductionprogram - Shanghai Maritime University as an example [J]. Market Weekly: theoretical research, 2015 (8): 39-41.[2] Zhu Dandan, Yan Da. Study on the optimum inclination of solar panels [J]. Building Science,2012 (s2): 277-281.[3] Li Mingyang. Independent photovoltaic power generation system control strategy and itsapplication [D]. Central South University. 2010.[4] Klein S A. Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces [J]. Solar Energy, 1977,19(4):325-329.[5] Zheng Zhiheng. Electric vehicle charging system construction exploration [J]. Industry andTechnology Forum, 2011, 10 (23): 90-91.[6] Buy army, Bai Rongli, Dai Xiaoliang, etc. New solar photovoltaic shed research and application[J]. Solar, 2013 (22): 52-54.[7] Zhu Enlai. Green energy-saving photovoltaic carport [J]. China Hospital Building andEquipment, 2013 (11): 45-46.[8] Wang Mingzhi, Han Guangyu, Li Ting, etc. Solar panel design [J]. Shandong IndustrialTechnology, 2015 (10): 58-58.[9] Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K. Novel battery charging regulation system for photovoltaicapplications [J]. IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, 2006, 151(2):191-197.[10] /doc/5385351-5621798.html.1291Advances in Computer Science Research (ACSR), volume 76。
概念自行车设计说明
产品语义学课程设计说明书课题名称：未来代步工具设计学院：机械与动力工程指导教师：***班级： 12020241 学号： **********姓名：***二〇一五年五月二十四日概述自行车，又称脚踏车或单车，通常是二轮的小型陆上车辆。
人骑上车后，以脚踩踏板为动力，是绿色环保的交通工具。
英文bicycle。
其中bi意指二，而cycle意指轮，即两轮车。
在中国内地、台湾、新加坡，通常称其为“自行车”或“脚踏车”；在港澳则通常称其为“单车”；而在日本称为“自転（转）车”。
自行车种类很多，有单人自行车，双人自行车还有多人自行车。
自行车可以作为环保的交通工具用来代步、出行；越来越多的人将自行车作为健身器材用来骑行锻炼、自行车出游；自行车本身也是一项体育竞技运动，有公路自行车赛、山地自行车赛、场地自行车赛、特技自行车比赛等。
1866年清朝派出了第一个出洋考察团，其中19岁少年张德彝在游记里使用到“自行车”一词，于是自行车一词首次出现，并被一直沿用至今。
自行车是传统产业，具有100多年的历史，由于环保以及交通的问题，自行车再度成为世界各国特别是发达国家居民喜爱的交通、健身工具，世界自行车行业的重心正从传统的代步型交通工具向运动型、山地型、休闲型转变，在美、欧、日等发达国家，自行车是一种较普遍的运动、健身、休闲和娱乐性产品。
每年全世界自行车需求量巨大，日本CYCLEPRESS的数据统计显示，全世界自行车需求规模保持在1.06亿台的水平，自行车年交易额约为50亿美元。
自行车是人类发明的最成功的一种人力机械之一，它是由许多简单机械组成的复杂机械。
清朝康熙年间，黄履庄潜心研制了自行车。
《清朝野史大观》记载：“黄履庄所制双轮小车一辆，长三尺余，可坐一人，不须推挽，能自行。
行时，以手挽轴旁曲拐，则复行如初，随住随挽日足行八十里。
”由此可见，他制造的自行车，前后各有一个轮子，骑车人手摇轴旁曲拐，车就能前进，这是史料最早记载的自行车。
公共自行车方案
公共自行车方案第1篇公共自行车方案一、项目背景随着我国城市化进程的加快和交通拥堵问题的日益严重，公共自行车作为一种绿色、低碳、环保的出行方式，得到了广泛的关注和应用。
为缓解城市交通压力，提高市民出行效率，构建和谐社会，本项目旨在制定一套合法合规的公共自行车方案。
二、项目目标1. 提高公共自行车服务水平，满足市民短途出行需求。
2. 优化城市交通结构，缓解交通拥堵。
3. 促进绿色出行，降低碳排放。
4. 保障公共自行车系统的安全、稳定、高效运行。
三、方案内容1. 系统架构（1）硬件设施：包括自行车、锁车桩、站点控制器、通信设备等。
（2）软件平台：包括用户服务系统、运营管理系统、数据监控系统等。
（3）数据中心：负责数据存储、分析、处理，为决策提供依据。
2. 系统功能（1）用户服务：提供注册、登录、租车、还车、充值、查询等功能。
（2）运营管理：实现站点监控、调度、维修、安全等功能。
（3）数据监控：对系统运行数据进行实时监控，确保系统稳定运行。
3. 站点布局（1）站点选址：结合城市规划、人口密度、交通流量等因素，合理规划站点位置。
（2）站点规模：根据周边需求和用地条件，合理确定站点规模。
（3）站点设施：配置足够数量的自行车、锁车桩、站点控制器等硬件设施。
4. 运营管理（1）运营模式：采用政府主导、企业运营、社会参与的模式。
（2）运营团队：设立专门机构，负责公共自行车的日常运营、维护和管理。
（3）服务标准：制定统一的服务标准，确保服务质量。
5. 安全保障（1）技术保障：采用先进的技术手段，确保系统安全稳定运行。
（2）安全监控：对站点、车辆进行实时监控，防范盗窃、破坏等行为。
（3）应急预案：制定应急预案，应对突发事件。
6. 宣传推广（1）政策宣传：加大政策宣传力度，提高市民对公共自行车的认知度和接受度。
（2）活动策划：举办各类活动，引导市民积极参与绿色出行。
（3）媒体合作：与各大媒体合作，扩大公共自行车的社会影响力。
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1引言 (3)
1.1编写目的 (3)
1.2背景 (3)
1.3定义 (3)
1.4参考资料 (3)
2总体设计 (3)
2.1需求规定 (3)
2.2运行环境 (3)
2.3基本设计概念和处理流程 (4)
2.4结构 (4)
2.5功能器求与程序的关系 (4)
2.6人工处理过程 (5)
2.7尚未问决的问题 (5)
3接口设计 (5)
3.1用户接口 (5)
3.2外部接口 (5)
3.3内部接口 (5)
4运行设计 (5)
4.1运行模块组合 (5)
4.2运行控制 (5)
4.3运行时间 (6)
5系统数据结构设计 (6)
5.1逻辑结构设计要点 (6)
5.2物理结构设计要点 (8)
5.3数据结构与程序的关系 (9)
6系统出错处理设计 (9)
6.1出错信息 (9)
6.2补救措施 (10)
6.3系统维护设计 (10)
概要设计说明书
1引言
1.1编写目的
本设计书是公共自行车信息管理系统项目程序的研发概要设计，将项目开发进程中或者项目结束后提供给双方人员使用，同时也可以作为实施后期的维护人员使用。
1.2背景
《公共自行车信息管理系统2.0概要设计说明书》作为软件开发的前期文档,可以帮助程序设计人员和管理人员提供清晰的设计思路，在软件开发后期的维护阶段也起到至关重要的作用。
委托单位：xx公共自行车管理公司开发单位：xx工作室负责人：全伟轩
近几年，随着公共自行车事业的蓬勃发展，摩拜、ofo等新兴租车企业也在积极的维护骑自行车，与此对立的是公共自行车信息、安全管理的缺乏，公共自行车需要更好的维护与管理，为了公共自行车管理公司能够更好地管理学校设备，我们工作室做了一个公共自行车信息管理系统，为公共自行车信息管理公司管理和公共自行车带来了方便与高效。
1.3定义
B/S ：(Browser/Server结构）结构即浏览器和服务器结构。
需求：用户解决问题或达到目标所需的条件和功能；系统或系统部要满足合同、标准，规范或其他正式文档所需具有的条件及权能。
1.4参考资料
《国家标准软件开发文档规范》
《软件开发流程》，清华大学出版社，2005年1月版。
2总体设计
2.1需求规定
公共自行车信息管理系统有：用户基本资料管理，用户押金管理，自行车定位管理，自行车状态管理，维修人员状态管理，密码设置，权限设置，信息统计，折旧管理，系统日志及系统退出。
2.2运行环境
主机：PC机兼容机内存100G以上，显示分辨率800*600以上
操作系统：win10等
GPS：需要防水，防摔的用电量较少的GPS。
自行车，手机客户端联系用具。
2.3基本设计概念和处理流程
2.4结构
如上图
2.5功能器求与程序的关系
本条用一张如下的矩阵图说明各项功能需求的实现同各块程序的分配关系：
2.6人工处理过程
公共自行车的报修，修理及完成后的状态变更。
2.7尚未问决的问题
自行车的GPS定位实现。
3接口设计
3.1用户接口
1、向用户提供自行车的可用信息：软件回答的为公共自行车的GPS定位位置，公共自行车车桩剩余量。
以及定金退还流程问题
2、向修理人员提供的可用信息：软件回答的为公共自行车的GPS定位位置，根据用户回馈的公共自行车的问题（漏气，爆胎等）。
3.2外部接口
GPS定位软件与用户系统。
GPS定位软件与修理人员系统，GPS定位软件与主机，用户系统与主机，修理系统与主机。
3.3内部接口
不详。
4运行设计
4.1运行模块组合
1）当用户需要公共自行车时：用户模块与GPS定位模块以及主机。
2）当用户报送自行车出问题时：用户模块—>主机—>修理人员管理模块-—>主机。
3）当用户归还公共自行车时：用户模块—>公共自行车车桩信息。
4.2运行控制
说明每一种外界的运行控制的方式方法和操作步骤。
1）当用户需要公共自行车时：用户模块—>主机—>GPS定位模块以及主机。
用户模
块向主机请求信息，主机在收到公共自行车GPS定位后返回给用户
2）当用户报送自行车出问题时：用户模块—>主机—>修理人员管理模块-—>主机。
用户返回公共自行车问题信息返回给主机，主机访问修理人员信息模块来发现没有工作的修理人员，根据就近原则来进行调度，修理人员修理完成后再把其信息返还给主机。
3）当用户归还公共自行车时：用户模块—>主机—>公共自行车车桩信息。
用户询问主机的信息，主机调用就近的公共自行车车桩信息，再返还给用户。
4.3运行时间
1类需要40%时间
2类需要20%时间
3类需要40%时间
5系统数据结构设计
5.1逻辑结构设计要点
给出本系统内所使用的每个数据结构的名称、标识符以及它们之中每个数据项、记录、文卷和系的标识、定义、长度及它们之间的层次的或表格的相互关系。
用户信息表
自行车状态管理
维修人员状态管理
折旧管理
5.2物理结构设计要点
给出本系统内所使用的每个数据结构中的每个数据项的存储要求，访问方法、存取单位、存取的物理关系（索引、设备、存储区域）、设计考虑和保密条件。
用户信息表
自行车状态管理
维修人员状态管理
5.3数据结构与程序的关系
见上图表。
6系统出错处理设计
6.1出错信息
用一览表的方式说明每种可能的出错或故障情况出现时，系统输出信息的形式、含意及处理方法。
6.2补救措施
说明故障出现后可能采取的变通措施，包括：
a.可以降低在修理人员信息的内存的CPU占用使用，而加大用户与自信车之间的
联系。
b.不仅保存一份文件：可以在文件中进行保存几份，而且可以为了该程序进行
cache存储。
6.3系统维护设计
为了维护后信息可以得以保存，因此可以进行备份文件。