数据库的英文文献
Database Management SystemsA database (sometimes spelled data base) is also called an electronic database , referring to any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval , modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various data-processing operations .Databases can be stored on magnetic disk or tape, optical disk, or some other secondary storage device.A database consists of a file or a set of files. The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one or more fields. Fields are the basic units of data storage , and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database . Using keywords and various sorting commands, users can rapidly search , rearrange, group, and select the fields in many records to retrieve or create reports on particular aggregate of data.Complex data relationships and linkages may be found in all but the simplest databases .The system software package that handles the difficult tasks associated with creating ,accessing, and maintaining database records is called a database management system(DBMS).The programs in a DBMS package establish an interface between the database itself and the users of the database.. (These users may be applications programmers, managers and others with information needs, and various OS programs.)A DBMS can organize, process, and present selected data elements form the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague and/or poorly defined ,but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information. In short, the DBMS will “manage” the stored data items and assemble the needed items from the common database in response to the queries of those who aren’t programmers.A database management system (DBMS) is composed of three major parts:(1)a storage subsystem that stores and retrieves data in files;(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to organize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data;(3)and an interface between the DBMS and its users. Several major trends are emerging that enhance the value and usefulness of database management systems;Managers: who require more up-to-data information to make effective decisionCustomers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in afraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value; they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their competitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data.Hierarchical ModelThe first database management systems used a hierarchical model-that is-they arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are commonly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this one-to-many relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational ModelA major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table as its data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relationaldatabase .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an English-like description that specifies the operation and the described record or combination of records. A query optimizer translates the description into a procedure to perform the database manipulation. Network ModelThe network model creates relationships among data through a linked-list structure in which subordinate records can be linked to more than one parent record. This approach combines records with links, which are called pointers. The pointers are addresses that indicate the location of a record. With the network approach, a subordinate record can be linked to a key record and at the same time itself be a key record linked to other sets of subordinate records. The network mode historically has had a performance advantage over other database models. Today , such performance characteristics are only important in high-volume ,high-speed transaction processing such as automatic teller machine networks or airline reservation system.Both hierarchical and network databases are application specific. If a new application is developed ,maintaining the consistency of databases in different applications can be very difficult. For example, suppose a new pension application is developed .The data are the same, but a new database must be created.Object ModelThe newest approach to database management uses an object model , in which records are represented by entities called objects that can both store data and provide methods or procedures to perform specific tasks.The query language used for the object model is the same object-oriented programming language used to develop the database application .This can create problems because there is no simple , uniform query language such as SQL . The object model is relatively new, and only a few examples of object-oriented database exist. It has attracted attention because developers who choose an object-oriented programming language want a database based on an object-oriented model.Distributed DatabaseSimilarly , a distributed database is one in which different parts of the database reside on physically separated computers . One goal of distributed databases is the access of information without regard to where the data might be stored. Keeping in mind that once the users and their data are separated , the communication and networking concepts come into play .Distributed databases require software that resides partially in the larger computer. This software bridges the gap between personal and large computers and resolves the problems of incompatible data formats. Ideally, it would make the mainframe databases appear to be large libraries of information, with most of the processing accomplished on the personal computer.A drawback to some distributed systems is that they are often based on what is called a mainframe-entire model , in which the larger host computer is seen as the master and the terminal or personal computer is seen as a slave. There are some advantages to this approach . With databases under centralized control , many of the problems of data integrity that we mentioned earlier are solved . But today’s personal computers, departmental computers, and distributed processing require computers and their applications to communicate with each other on a more equal or peer-to-peer basis. In a database, the client/server model provides the framework for distributing databases.One way to take advantage of many connected computers running database applications is to distribute the application into cooperating parts that are independent of one anther. A client is an end user or computer program that requests resources across a network. A server is a computer running software that fulfills those requests across a network . When the resources are data in a database ,the client/server model provides the framework for distributing database.A file serve is software that provides access to files across a network. A dedicated file server is a single computer dedicated to being a file server. This is useful ,for example ,if the files are large and require fast access .In such cases, a minicomputer or mainframe would be used as a file server. A distributed file server spreads the files around on individual computers instead of placing them on one dedicated computer.Advantages of the latter server include the ability to store and retrieve files on other computers and the elimination of duplicate files on each computer. A major disadvantage , however, is that individual read/write requests are being moved across the network and problems can arise when updating files. Suppose a user requests a record from a file and changes it while another user requests the same record and changes it too. The solution to this problems called record locking, which means that the first request makes others requests wait until the first request is satisfied . Other users may be able to read the record, but they will not be able to change it .A database server is software that services requests to a database across a network. For example, suppose a user types in a query for data on his or her personal computer . If the application is designed with the client/server model in mind ,the query language part on the personal computer simple sends the query across the network to the database server and requests to be notified when the data are found.Examples of distributed database systems can be found in the engineering world. Sun’s Network Filing System(NFS),for example, is used in computer-aided engineering applications to distribute data among the hard disks in a network of Sun workstation.Distributing databases is an evolutionary step because it is logical that data should exist at the location where they are being used . Departmental computers within a large corporation ,forexample, should have data reside locally , yet those data should be accessible by authorized corporate management when they want to consolidate departmental data . DBMS software will protect the security and integrity of the database , and the distributed database will appear to its users as no different from the non-distributed database .In this information age, the data server has become the heart of a company. This one piece of software controls the rhythm of most organizations and is used to pump information lifeblood through the arteries of the network. Because of the critical nature of this application, the data server is also the one of the most popular targets for hackers. If a hacker owns this application, he can cause the company's "heart" to suffer a fatal arrest.Ironically, although most users are now aware of hackers, they still do not realize how susceptible their database servers are to hack attacks. Thus, this article presents a description of the primary methods of attacking database servers (also known as SQL servers) and shows you how to protect yourself from these attacks.You should note this information is not new. Many technical white papers go into great detail about how to perform SQL attacks, and numerous vulnerabilities have been posted to security lists that describe exactly how certain database applications can be exploited. This article was written for the curious non-SQL experts who do not care to know the details, and as a review to those who do use SQL regularly.What Is a SQL Server?A database application is a program that provides clients with access to data. There are many variations of this type of application, ranging from the expensive enterprise-level Microsoft SQL Server to the free and open source mySQL. Regardless of the flavor, most database server applications have several things in common.First, database applications use the same general programming language known as SQL, or Structured Query Language. This language, also known as a fourth-level language due to its simplistic syntax, is at the core of how a client communicates its requests to the server. Using SQL in its simplest form, a programmer can select, add, update, and delete information in a database. However, SQL can also be used to create and design entire databases, perform various functions on the returned information, and even execute other programs.To illustrate how SQL can be used, the following is an example of a simple standard SQL query and a more powerful SQL query:Simple: "Select * from dbFurniture.tblChair"This returns all information in the table tblChair from the database dbFurniture.Complex: "EXEC master..xp_cmdshell 'dir c:\'"This short SQL command returns to the client the list of files and folders under the c:\directory of the SQL server. Note that this example uses an extended stored procedure that is exclusive to MS SQL Server.The second function that database server applications share is that they all require some form of authenticated connection between client and host. Although the SQL language is fairly easy to use, at least in its basic form, any client that wants to perform queries must first provide some form of credentials that will authorize the client; the client also must define the format of the request and response.This connection is defined by several attributes, depending on the relative location of the client and what operating systems are in use. We could spend a whole article discussing various technologies such as DSN connections, DSN-less connections, RDO, ADO, and more, but these subjects are outside the scope of this article. If you want to learn more about them, a little Google'ing will provide you with more than enough information. However, the following is a list of the more common items included in a connection request.Database sourceRequest typeDatabaseUser IDPasswordBefore any connection can be made, the client must define what type of database server it is connecting to. This is handled by a software component that provides the client with the instructions needed to create the request in the correct format. In addition to the type of database, the request type can be used to further define how the client's request will be handled by the server. Next comes the database name and finally the authentication information.All the connection information is important, but by far the weakest link is the authentication information—or lack thereof. In a properly managed server, each database has its own users with specifically designated permissions that control what type of activity they can perform. For example, a user account would be set up as read only for applications that need to only access information. Another account should be used for inserts or updates, and maybe even a third account would be used for deletes. This type of account control ensures that any compromised account is limited in functionality. Unfortunately, many database programs are set up with null or easy passwords, which leads to successful hack attacks.。
英文数据库与英文文献检索通用课件
These databases combine elements of structured and unstructured databases They provide some structure for organizing information, but not as strictly as fully structured databases
English Database and English Literature Retrieval
2023
REPORTING
Overview of English databasesIntroduction to commonly used English databasesEnglish Literature Retrieval SkillsReading and organizing English literaturePractice of English Database and Literature RetrievalAdvanced English Database and Literature Retrieval
PART
03
English Literature Retrieval Skills
2023
REPORTING
Choosing the appropriate keywords
The selection of keywords is crucial for the search results. Choosing keywords that are relevant to the topic and representative can improve the accuracy and efficiency of retrieval.
英文文献检索的方法及全文数据库的
英文文献检索的方法及全文数据库的应用Elseviver SDOS(SciebceDirect)全文数据库Elsevier科学出版公司是世界著名的出版公司，已有100多年的历史。
除了出版图书外，还是当今世界最大的学术期刊出版商，内容涉及生命科学，物理，医学，工程技术及社会科学，其中许多为核心期刊。
近年来，该公司又合并了一些出版社，如Academic Press的170多种学术期刊数据也已加入到国内的ScienceDirect镜像站。
现在可以访问到1995年至今超过2000种期刊。
主要包含如下学科：•ScienceDirect / •杂志数：1800•学科：23•SCI收录：1393•收录论文数：600万•Elsevier Science是一家设在荷兰的历史悠久的跨国科学出版公司，该公司出版的期刊是世界公认的高品位学术期刊，且大多数为核心期刊，被世界上许多著名的二次文献数据库所收录。
近年来，该公司收购了许多出版公司，包括美国的Ei公司, Harcourt 公司(包括Academic Press)等。
ScienceDirect全文数据库涵盖了数学、物理、化学、天文学、医学、生命科学、商业及经济管理、计算机科学、工程技术、能源科学、环境科学、材料科学、社会科学等众多学科，并通过网络提供服务Agricultural and Biological Sciences(138种) Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology(156种) Business, Management and Accounting(84种) Chemistry(116种)Chemical Engineering(93种)Civil Engineering（58种）Computer Science（116种）Earth and Planetary Science(86种)Economics, Econometrics and Finance（66种）Energy and Power（53种）Engineering and Technology（184种）Environmental Science（74种）Materials Science（116种）Mathematics（60种）Medicine（270种）Physics and Astronomy（88种）Social Sciences (131种)德国施普林格(Springer-Verlag)世界上著名的科技出版集团, 通过Springer LINK 系统提供学术期刊及电子图书的在线服务。
外文文献数据库介绍
主要外文文献数据库介绍为了方便系统研发人员查阅外文资料，现对国外主流的数据库的特点做一个简单的介绍。
外文文献数据库可以有很多种分类的角度，其中从所收录文献信息的使用方式的角度分类如下：第一类是收录文献全文的数据库，以 science direct、springe r为代表；第二类是收录摘要、文献来源和文献引证关系的数据库，以所谓的三大索引数据库（SCI(科学引文索引)、EI(工程索引 )、ISTP(科技会议录索引)）为代表（三大索引数据库统一于 ISI web of kno wled ge）。
以下对这两类数据库做逐一介绍。
收录全文的数据库1、ScienceDirect OnSite《Elsevie r电子期刊全文》Elsevie r是荷兰一家全球著名的学术期刊出版商，每年出版大量的学术图书和期刊，大部分期刊被S C I、SSCI、EI收录，是世界上公认的高品位学术期刊。
近几年该公司将其出版的2,500多种期刊和11,000图书全部数字化，即Scienc eDirec t全文数据库，并通过网络提供服务。
该数据库涉及众多学科：计算机科学、工程技术、能源科学、环境科学、材料科学、数学、物理、化学、天文学、医学、生命科学、商业、及经济管理、社会科学等。
单击页面左侧的"Search"按钮，进入简单检索界面。
简单检索界面分为上下两个区，即检索策略输入区和检索结果的限定区。
检索策略可在输入区中选择"Search all fields（所有字段）"、"Author'Name（作者）"、"Journal or book Title（期刊名）"等字段输入，再利用限定区，限定检索结果的出版时间、命中结果数及排序方式，而后点击"Searchthe Collect ions"按钮，开始检索。
数据库系统英文文献
Database Systems1. Fundamental Concepts of DatabaseDatabase and database technology are having a major impact on the growing use of computers. It is fair to say that database will play a critical role in almost all areas where computers are used, including business, engineering, medicine, law, education, and library science, to name a few. The word "database" is in such common use that we must begin by defining what a database is. Our initial definition is quit general.A database is a collection of related data. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning. For example, consider the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of all the people you know. Y ou may have recorded this data in an indexed address book, or you may have stored it on a diskette using a personal computer and software such as DBASE III or Lotus 1-2-3. This is a collection of related data with an implic it meaning and hence is a database.The above definition of database is quite general; for example, we may consider the collection of words that make up thispage of text to be related data and hence a database. However, the common use of the term database is usually more restricted.A database has the following implicit properties:.A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot bereferred to as a database..A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended group of users and somepreconceived applications in which these users are interested..A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the mini world. Changes to the mini world are reflected in the database.In other words, a database has some source from which data are derived, some degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is actively interested in the contents of the database.A database can be of any size and of varying complexity. For example, the list of names and addresses referred to earlier may have only a couple of hundred records in it, each with asimple structure. On the other hand, the card catalog of a large library may contain half a million cards stored under different categories-by primary author’s last name, by subject, by book title, and the like-with each category organized in alphabetic order. A database of even greater size and complexity may be that maintained by the Internal Revenue Service to keep track of the tax forms filed by taxpayers of the United States. If we assume that there are 100million taxpayers and each taxpayer files an average of five forms with approximately 200 characters of information per form, we would get a database of 100*(106)*200*5 characters(bytes) of information. Assuming the IRS keeps the past three returns for each taxpayer in addition to the current return, we would get a database of 4*(1011) bytes. This huge amount of information must somehow be organized and managed so that users can search for, retrieve, and update the data as needed.A database may be generated and maintained manually or by machine. Of course, in this we are mainly interested in computerized database. The library card catalog is an example of a database that may be manually created and maintained. A computerized database may be created and maintained either by a group of application programs written specifically for that task or by a database management system.A data base management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. The DBMS is hence a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, and manipulating databases for various applications. Defining a database involves specifying the types of data to be stored in the database, along with a detailed description of each type of data. Constructing the database is the process of storing the data itself on some storage medium that is controlled by the DBMS. Manipulating a database includes such functions as querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the mini world, and generating reports from the data.Note that it is not necessary to use general-purpose DBMS software for implementing a computerized database. We could write our own set of programs to create and maintain the database, in effect creating our own special-purpose DBMS software. In either case-whether we use a general-purpose DBMS or not-we usually have a considerable amount of software to manipulate the database in addition to the database itself. The database and software are together called a database system.2. Data ModelsOne of the fundamental characteristics of the database approach is that it provides some level of data abstraction by hiding details of data storage that are not needed by most database users. A data model is the main tool for providing this abstraction. A data is a set of concepts that can beused to describe the structure of a database. By structure of a database, we mean the data types, relationships, and constraints that should hold on the data. Most data models also include a set of operations for specifying retrievals and updates on the database.Categories of Data ModelsMany data models have been proposed. We can categorize data models based on the types of concepts they provide to describe the database structure. High-level or conceptual data models provide concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data, whereas low-level or physical data models provide concepts that describe the details of how data is stored in the computer. Concepts provided by low-level data models are generally meant for computer specialists, not for typical end users. Between these two extremes is a class of implementation data models, which provide concepts that may be understood by end users but that are not too far removed from the way data is organized within the computer. Implementation data models hide some details of data storage but can be implemented on a computer system in a direct way.High-level data models use concepts such as entities, attributes, and relationships. An entity is an object that is represented in the database. An attribute is a property that describes some aspect of an object. Relationships among objects are easily represented in high-level data models, which are sometimes called object-based models because they mainly describe objects and their interrelationships.Implementation data models are the ones used most frequently in current commerc ial DBMSs and include the three most widely used data models-relational, network, and hierarchical. They represent data using record structures and hence are sometimes called record-based data modes.Physical data models describe how data is stored in the computer by representing information such as record formats, record orderings, and access paths. An access path is a structure that makes the search for particular database records much faster.3. Classification of Database Management SystemsThe main criterion used to classify DBMSs is the data model on which the DBMS is based. The data models used most often in current commercial DBMSs are the relational, network, and hierarchical models. Some recent DBMSs are based on conceptual or object-oriented models. We will categorize DBMSs as relational, hierarchical, and others.Another criterion used to classify DBMSs is the number of users supported by the DBMS. Single-user systems support only one user at a time and are mostly used with personal computer. Multiuser systems include the majority of DBMSs and support many users concurrently.A third criterion is the number of sites over which the database is distributed. Most DBMSs are centralized, meaning that their data is stored at a single computer site. A centralized DBMS can support multiple users, but the DBMS and database themselves reside totally at a single computer site. A distributed DBMS (DDBMS) can have the actual database and DBMS software distributed over many sites connected by a computer network. Homogeneous DDBMSs use the same DBMS software at multiple sites. A recent trend is to develop software to access several autonomous preexisting database stored under heterogeneous DBMSs. This leads to a federated DBMS (or multidatabase system),, where the participating DBMSs are loosely coupled and have a degree of local autonomy.We can also classify a DBMS on the basis of the types of access paty options available for storing files. One well-known family of DBMSs is based on inverted file structures. Finally, a DBMS can be general purpose of special purpose. When performance is a prime consideration, a special-purpose DBMS can be designed and built for a specific application and cannot be used for other applications, Many airline reservations and telephone directory systems are special-purpose DBMSs.Let us briefly discuss the main criterion for classifying DBMSs: the data mode. The relational data model represents a database as a collection of tables, which look like files. Mos t relational databases have high-level query languages and support a limited form of user views.The network model represents data as record types and also represents a limited type of 1:N relationship, called a set type. The network model, also known as the CODASYL DBTG model, has an associated record-at-a-time language that must be embedded in a host programming language.The hierarchical model represents data as hierarchical tree structures. Each hierarchy represents a number of related records. There is no standard language for the hierarchical model, although most hierarchical DBMSs have record-at-a-time languages.4. Client-Server ArchitectureMany varieties of modern software use a client-server architecture, in which requests by one process (the client) are sent to another process (the server) for execution. Database systems are no exception. In the simplest client/server architecture, the entire DBMS is a server, except for the query interfaces that interact with the user and send queries or other commands across to the server. For example, relational systems generally use the SQL language for representing requests from the client to the server. The database server then sends the answer, in the form of a table or relation, back to the client. The relationship between client and server can get more work in theclient, since the server will e a bottleneck if there are many simultaneous database users.。
5 英文文献数据库检索_Elsevier数据库
IP控制，无并发用户限制 功能强大，易学易用
检索和浏览相结合；个性化服务；使用报告及管理工具；整合网络信 息（Scirus）和其他数据库（Scopus）。
主页（）
快速检索 入口 注册后您可以使用 更多个性化功能
期刊浏览
SD基本使用：期刊浏览
Browse 窗口
ScienceDirect 特点
期刊数量多，学科覆盖广
2200多种期刊，24个学科领域，800多万篇全文。其中SCI收录1375， EI收录522。
完全的全文数据库，实时更新
HTML 和 PDF 两种格式，及时获取在编文章。
回溯时间长
Lancet 最早回溯至1823年创刊号。中国大多数用户都订购了1995年以 来的全文。
SD是Elsevier公司的核心产品，是全学科的全文数据库，集世界领先的经 同行评审的科技和医学信息之大成，得到70多个国家认可。中国高校每月 下载量高达250万篇。
期刊
- 2200多种，700多万篇全文，包括在编文章
图书
- 2000多种，包括常用参考书、系列丛书、手册
摘要数据库
- 6000多万条摘要
实例演示
检索实例：
鄱阳湖干旱研究
关键词： 限定：
关键词出现在题名-摘要-关键词字段，2003年以 来发表的最新文献
Poyang Lake, Drought
检索需求表达
检索结果
检索结果太少了？
去掉某方面要求； 放宽检索范围； 同义词及缩写形式； 使用单数单词检索； 使用通配符；
……
扩检
检索结果
检索结果太多了？
以下英文缩写对应的数据库中主要收集中文文献
以下英文缩写对应的数据库中主要收集中文文献
以下是一些常见的英文缩写对应的数据库中主要收集中文文献：
1. PubMed (Publications from MEDLINE): 包括医学和生命科学领域的文献，主要收集医学和生物医学方面的中英文文献。
2. CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure): 中国国家知识基础设施，收集包括学位论文、期刊、会议论文等多种学术资源，主要为中文文献。
3. Wanfang Data: 万方数据，收集包括期刊、学位论文、会议论文等学术资源，主要为中文文献。
4. VIP Database (Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database):
中国科技期刊数据库，收集中国科技期刊中的中文文献。
5. Chinese Medical Database (CMDB): 中国医药数据库，主要收集中文医学文献。
6. Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI): 中国社会科学引文索引，主要收集中国社会科学领域的中文文献。
7. China Academic Journal Network Publishing Database (CAJ): 中国学术
期刊网络出版总库，收集包括社会科学、科技、医药等多个领域的中文文献。
以上是一些常见的数据库，它们主要收集中文文献，但其中有部分也收集英文文献。
十大英文论文文献数据库
十大英文论文文献数据库(1)Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊)评测：Wiley InterScience收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley学术图书的全文。
其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。
期刊具体学科划分为：Business, Finance & Managemen、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science、Earth Science、Education、Engineering、Law、Life and Medical Sciences、Mathematics and Statistics ],、Physics、Psychology。
(2) IEEE (英文文献期刊)评测：IEEE会员总数2001年比2000年增加3.1%，达到377342人，其中学生会员为65669人，增长12.6%。
随着人们的信息越来越多地来自Internet，IEEE需要为会员提供更加完善和全面的电子信息产品和服务。
(3) EBSCO(英文文献期刊)评测：收录了三千多种索引、文摘型期刊和报纸，其中近三千种全文刊。
数据库涉及国际商务、经济学、经济管理、金融、会计、劳动人事、银行等的主题范围，适合经济学、工商管理、金融银行、劳动人事管理等专业人员使用。
数据库中有较著名" Walls Street Journal）、""Harvard Business Review、" Business Week、Fortune、Country Reports、American Banker、Forbes、The Economist等报刊。
该数据库从1990年开始提供全文，题录和文摘则可回溯检索到1984年，数据库每日更新。
(4) (umi)ProQuest博士论文全文，是UMI公司的一个分库（我分析之后得来的。
外文文献查找方法
中文数据库类：CNKI /index.htm维普/万方/外文数据库类：Sciencedirect /Blackwell /Springer /home/main.mpxWiely /NCBI /sites/entrez?db=PubMedStanford /查文献时最好是从中文开始，然后是外文文献。
主要有以下几种方法：1. 根据文章出处，去一些较大图书馆查找原文。
2. 如果学校或单位有CNKI，维普，万方的话，就比较好办，中文文献一般都可以搞定，把关键词、期刊名称、卷，期、年等信息输入即可检索到。
3. 对于自然科学来讲英文文献检索首推Elsevier，Springer等。
这些数据库里面文献很多，可以为我们提供很多的文献资源。
4.如果所在单位或大学没有购买这些数据库，我们可以去Science网上杂志找文章，对中国人完全免费！另外还可以通过Google学术搜索（）来查询。
里面一般会搜出来你要找的文献，在Google学术搜索里通常情况会出现“每组几个”等字样,然后进入后，分别点击，里面的其中一个就有可能会下到全文。
5. 如果上面的方法找不到全文，就把文章作者的名字或者文章的title在Google 里搜索（不是Google 学术搜索），用作者的名字来搜索，是因为很多国外作者都喜欢把文章的全文（PDF）直接挂在网上，一般情况下他们会把自己的文章挂在自己的个人主页（home page）上，这样可能也是为了让别的研究者更加了解自己的学术领域，这样你就有可能下到你想要的文献的全文了。
第一作者查不到个人主页，就接上面的方法查第二作者。
6. 让所在的研究所图书馆的管理员帮忙从外面的图书馆文献传递，不过有的文献可能是收费的。
7. 到网络资源上求助，如鸭绿江学术资源论坛文献求助获得（/?fromuid=510022）；如果你需要的文献目前还没有电子版，也可以通过馆藏求助获得全文。
在找到中文文献之后，就可以通过其中的英文关键词来查找英文文献。
中英文文献翻译
Database introduction and ACCESS2000The database is the latest technology of data management, and the important branch of computer science. The database , as its name suggests, is the warehouse to preserve the data. The warehouse to store apparatus in computer only, and data to deposit according to sure forms。
The so-called database is refers to the long-term storage the data acquisition which in the computer, organized, may share。
In the database data according to the certain data model organization, the description, and the storage, has a smaller redundance, the higher data independence and the easy extension, and may altogether shine for each kind of user。
The effective management database, frequently has needed some database management systems (DBMS) is the user provides to database operation each kind of order, the tool and the method, including database establishment and recording input, revision, retrieval, demonstration, deletion and statistics。
常用国外数据库及检索介绍
常用国外数据库详细介绍（按国家分类）一、美国(1) Wiley InterScience(英文文献期刊)主页：/简介：Wiley InterScience是John Wiely & Sons 公司创建的动态在线内容服务，1997年开始在网上开通。
通过InterScience，Wiley公司以许可协议形式向用户提供在线访问全文内容的服务。
Wiley InterScience收录了360多种科学、工程技术、医疗领域及相关专业期刊、30多种大型专业参考书、13种实验室手册的全文和500多个题目的Wiley学术图书的全文。
其中被SCI收录的核心期刊近200种。
期刊具体学科划分为：Business, Finance & Management (商业、金融和管理)、Chemistry (化学)、Computer Science （计算机科学）、Earth Science （地球科学）、Education （教育学）、Engineering （工程学）、Law （法律）、Life and Medical Sciences （生命科学与医学）、Mathematics and Statistics （数学统计学）、Physics （物理）、Psychology （心理学）。
(2)美国IEEE (英文文献期刊)主页：/简介：IEEE（Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers）是电子信息领域最著名的跨国性学术团体，其会员分布在世界150多个国家和地区。
据IEEE统计，IEEE会员总数2001年比2000年增加3.1%，达到377342人，其中学生会员为65669人，增长12.6%。
随着人们的信息越来越多地来自Internet，IEEE需要为会员提供更加完善和全面的电子信息产品和服务。
IEEE应成为IEEE会员获得信息的首选之地。
IEEE必须识别正确的信息，并提供对它们的访问方法。