英语国家概况 修订版 Chapter
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 15
The Conservative Party
-- the merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party -- form the government of Canada since 2006
The New Democratic Party
What are the main characteristics of Canada's electoral democracy?
-- Participation, fairness and transparency -- Secrecy and privacy -- Adaptability
---the Senate (105 members)
What are the functions of the parliament?
(Page192-193, the textbook)
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Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
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Structure of the government of Canada
Government of Canada
Sovereign
(Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II )
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law
《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_8_Justice_and_the_Law第八章英国法律与司法机构联合王国不实行完全统一的法律制度。
但是英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各自独立的法律制度却有大体的相似之处。
苏格兰的法律制度与英国其他地方的制度相异之处更多，但在许多方面有本质上的同一性。
联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有一部完整的法典。
法律来源包括：(1)成文法(议会法案和经议会授权制订的补充法规)；(2)大量的"不成文"法或称习惯法，源于法院或其他的许多判决；(3)平衡法(对习惯法中没有包括到的那些案例的一种补充性法律手段)；(4)欧共体法，英国加入欧盟后要遵守的法律，主要局限于经济和社会问题。
另一共同特点是刑法和民法之间的区别(刑法处理的是针对整个社会的犯罪行为，而民法处理的是个人之间就权利、责任和义务而产生的纠纷，以及个人与群体，群体与群体之间的交往)Ⅰ.刑事诉讼程序在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯有刑事罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉。
在苏格兰，检察总长，即皇家司法长官负责向高级法院、郡法院和地区法院起诉。
法律规定在全英国任何地方逮捕人，都必须尽快起诉并把其送到到法庭受审。
如果24小时内不能开庭，除非被控人的案情严重，否则皆可保释。
所有刑事审判都在法院公开进行。
因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有罪之前，他是无辜的，并采取一切可能的步骤不使原告比被告处于有利地位。
审判时被告不必回答警察的问题，若被告的确发表陈述，除非已经以适当的措辞提醒过他，否则他的话不能用作审判他的证据。
不许强迫被告提供证据或在法庭上回答诉方的盘问。
每位被告都有权雇用律师为其辩护，如果他不能支付律师费，可用公共费用提供帮助。
如果他被指控谋杀，自己又无充足的财力，那就必须向他提供法律援助。
在由陪审团进行的刑事审判中，法官判刑(所有审判皆如此)，但陪审团决定是否定罪。
陪审团由法院召集，由普通的独立公民组成。
《英语国家概况》-_Chapter_1_Land_and_People
第一章国土与人民Ⅰ.英国的不同名称及其区域人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英格兰面积最大、人口最多，一般说来也最富裕。
因此人们常用英格兰指代英国，用英格兰人指代英国人。
这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快，他们不认为自己是"英格兰人"，他们有自己的文化，甚至有自己的语言。
英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。
约一百年前，由于推行帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国，这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口，四分之一的面积。
它不仅在北美，而且在亚洲、非洲和澳洲都有殖民地。
但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国，英国殖民地接二连三独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦所取代。
英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。
成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
英联邦没有特别的权力，是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。
目前( 1991年) ，英联邦有50个成员国。
Ⅱ.英国的地理特征英国是个岛国，四周是海。
它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。
英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄，最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡，只有33公里宽。
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 17
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People
Population: about 22.9 million in 2013 Multicultural Society:
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Economy
3.1 General Review
3.2 Natural Resources
3.3 Tourism
3.4 Plants and Animals
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People
Australian Aborigines
people whose ancestors were indigenous to the
Australian continent before British colonization of the continent began in 1788 The origin of Aboriginal peoples in Australia has been the subject of intense speculation since the nineteenth century. Until recently, no theory of migration had gained wide acceptance. About 20% of land in Northern Australia is now Aboriginal-owned
新版英语国家概况精讲笔记
新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Ｃhapteｒ１第一章Land and Pｅｏｐle英国得国土与人民Ｉ、Diｆｆereｎt Nameｓ fｏr Ｂritａin aｎｄ itｓ Pａrts英国得不同名称及其各组成部分1、Gｅographｉcａl nａmes: the Brｉtｉsｈ Iｓles, GreaｔＢritaｉn ａndEｎglａnd、地理名称:不列颠群岛，大不列颠与英格兰。
2、Official namｅ：ｔhe ＵniteｄＫｉngdｏｍoｆ Gｒeat Ｂriｔain and Norｔhern Ｉrｅlａnd、官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
３、Tｈe BritｉsｈＩsｌes ａre maｄｅup of ｔwo ｌarｇe ｉsｌands－GｒeaｔBrｉｔain (the ｌａrger ｏnｅ) anｄ Iｒelaｎｄ， aｎｄhundｒeds oｆsmallonｅs、不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大得一个)与爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4、Thｒee ｐolｉtical dｉvｉsions on ｔhｅ islａnd of Gｒeat Briｔaｉn: Englanｄ, Scotland anｄ Wales、大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰与威尔士。
（１) Englanｄ is iｎtｈｅ souｔhern ｐarｔｏf Grｅat Ｂritain、 It iｓｔhe largesｔ，mｏsｔ popｕlｏuｓ sectｉon、英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,就就是最大,人口最稠密得地区。
（2) Sｃotｌand iｓｉｎthe ｎortｈｏｆGｒeaｔＢritaiｎ、 Iｔ has thrｅe nａｔural ｚonｅs （thｅＨiｇhlands in ｔhｅnorth； tｈe Ｃenｔralｌowｌands；tｈｅsｏuｔh Upｌands) Capiｔal: Edｉｎbｕrgh苏格兰位于大不列颠得北部。
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter1素材
Thames
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The River Thames (泰晤士河)
the longest river in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom (332 kilometers long) a historical landmark in the city of London. A boat ride along the Thames is also something that every visitor should experience. Several boat races and activities take place along or at the river each year.
The Republic of Ireland
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Geography
The official title of the UK
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Location and territory
Location of the UK:
The mainland areas lie between latitudes 49°N W to 2°E
Total territory: about 243,000 square kilometers
英语国家概况Chapter 3
弗朗西斯·斯 科特·菲茨杰 拉德：美国 小说家代表 作有《了不 起的盖茨比》
等
节日习俗
圣诞节：12月 25日庆祝耶稣 诞生家庭团聚
互赠礼物
复活节：春分 月圆后的第一 个星期日庆祝 耶稣复活彩蛋、 兔子、复活节
彩蛋等元素
感恩节：11月 的第四个星期 四感谢上帝赐 予的丰收家庭 团聚火鸡、南
瓜等元素
现代历史
英国：二战后英国逐渐衰落但仍然是欧洲的重要国家
美国：二战后美国成为世界超级大国经济、科技、文化等方面都处于 领先地位
澳大利亚：二战后澳大利亚逐渐发展成为发达国家经济、文化等方面 都有所发展
加拿大：二战后加拿大逐渐发展成为发达国家经济、文化等方面都有 所发展
新西兰：二战后新西兰逐渐发展成为发达国家经济、文化等方面都有 所发展
编织：爱尔兰、苏格兰等国家的编织工艺非常著名编织品包括围巾、帽子、手套等。
木雕：加拿大、新西兰等国家的木雕工艺非常精湛木雕作品具有很高的艺术价值和收藏价值。
珠宝首饰：南非、澳大利亚等国家的珠宝首饰制作工艺非常出色珠宝首饰作4
教育体制
教育体系：分为小学、中学、 大学三个阶段
YOUR LOGO
THNK YOU
汇报人：
汇报时间：20XX/01/01
家庭教育的重要性：家庭教育是儿童成长过程中不可或缺的一部分对儿童的性格、价值 观和行为习惯有着深远的影响。
家庭教育的方式：家庭教育的方式多种多样包括父母对孩子的言传身教、家庭环境的影 响、家庭教育的规划和实施等。
家庭教育的内容：家庭教育的内容涉及儿童的身心健康、道德品质、知识技能、社交能 力等多个方面。
情人节：2月 14日情侣互赠 礼物表达爱意 玫瑰花、巧克
英语国家概况(英国部分)
Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
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A Guide to English-Speaking
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
Primary and Secondary Education
❖ A-levels
▪ The A-level, or “Advanced Level” is a grade of education that is offered by educational institutions such as schools and colleges and is an accepted form of qualification.
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❖ National Curriculum was introduced in 1988. ❖ Subjects include mathematics, English, science,
A Guide to English-Speaking
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CONTENT
I
Education
II
Media
III Holidays and Festivals
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A Guide to English-Speaking
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Primary and Secondary Education
❖ Two parallel school system:
▪State system—local authority maintained 93%
•(Free to all children between the ages of 5—16)
geography, history, technology, music, arts, physical educatLanguage Teaching and Research Press
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Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
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Primary and Secondary Education State System
❖ state system—11-year compulsory education
Eton college
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Primary and Secondary Education
❖ Winchester College
▪ one of the oldest of the great public schools of England (dating from 1382)
▪ A-levels are generally a two-year course, with AS levels being obtained within the first year.
▪ A-levels are usually taken after successful completion of a previous level of course, such as GCSEs.
▪ It educates over 1,300 pupils, aged between 13 to 18 years and was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as "The King's College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor".
▪ An academic qualification generally taken in a number of subjects by students aged 14–16 in secondary education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
❖ Compulsory education for all children between the ages of 5 and 16 (17 from 2013)
▪ Comprehensive schools
• introduced in the 1960s.
• The purpose of the comprehensive school is to democratize education and provide equal opportunity for all children.
Countries
Education
Educational Policy Educational System
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Educational Policy
▪ Better funded ▪ Better teachers ▪ Better facilities ▪ Better chance to enter famous universities
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Primary and Secondary Education
❖ Eton College
▪ Eton College, often informally referred to as Eton, is the largest public school (independent secondary school) in England and one of the highest in prestige.
▪ Grammar schools
• offers an academic course in preparation for university entrance and for the professions.
▪ Vocational schools
• It may be obtained either formally in trade schools, technical secondary schools, or in on-the-job training programs or, more informally, by picking up the necessary skills on the job.
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Educational System
➢Primary and Secondary Education ➢Higher Education ➢Famous Universities
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❖ Education in Britain is divided into four stages: ▪ primary ▪ secondary ▪ further education ▪ higher education
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▪Independent system—Public schools 7%
•(Parents pay for their children's education)
❖ National curriculum:
▪Compulsory in state school ▪Optional in independent school
Countries
Primary and Secondary Education State System (Cont.)
❖ “sixth form” (2 years)
(English education system) the final two years of secondary schooling during which students are about sixteen to eighteen years of age.
▪ 5-11: primary schools (co-educational/ mixed schools)
▪ 11-16: secondary schools
(most are comprehensive schools) GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education)
英语国家概况
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries