外研英语选修8M2课文翻译
module 2高中英语外研版选修八
1. But there is one work which, perhaps more than any other…1) more than:“极其…; 非常…”, 后跟形容词或过去分词。
e.g. They were more than glad to offer their help. 他们非常愿意提供帮助。
I’m more than satisfied to hear of the news. 听到这个消息我极其高兴。
2) more than one / a + 名词+ 单数动词：“不止一个…”e.g. More than one boy is invited to the dinner.不止一个少年被邀请参加晚宴。
3) no more than: “只有”，强调数量少。
e.g. No more than 15 scientists have visited the South pole.只有15位科学家到过南极。
4) not more than:“至多”陈述事实, 不说明数量少。
e.g. There are not more than 15 scientist atthe conference. 会上只有15位科学家。
5) more than:“不只是, 不仅仅是”, 表示程度超过。
e.g. He is more than a writer, he cares about human rights. 他不仅仅是一位作家, 他还关注着人权问题。
7) no more+形容词/副词的原级+ than: “两者都不……”。
e.g. This film is no more interestingthan that one.= Neither of the films is interesting.= Neither this film nor that one isinteresting.8) not more than:“前者不如后者。
2013年外研英语选修8课件：Module2SectionⅡ
(2)not more than (＝at most) 至多，不超过，
说明客观事实，含有“至多或许还会少于此数目 ”之义，不带感情色彩，与not less than相对。
牛刀小试 完成句子 (1)In ancient times，people rarely travelled long distances and most farmers only as far as travelled ____________ (远到) the local more than market. (2)Experts say that hideandseek is ____________ (不仅仅是) a game for children， it can also improve the abilities with which they explore the world.
afford sb. sth.为某人提供某物
易混辨析
afford，provide，offer，supply
单词 afford 词义 供应的起， 负担的起， 抽得出时间 用法特点 表示一种能力，指是否 负担得起。 常见搭配 常与can/could/ be able to连用
指为应付某种需要而提 ①provide sth. for sb. ② 供某物，所提供的东西 provide 供应，供给 可具体可抽象，但不接 provide sb. with sth. 双宾语。 ①offer sb.sth. 提供，提出； 侧重主动给予，多指具 offer ②offer sth. to 出价 体的事物，可接双宾语。 sb. 与provide同义，但所 ①supply sth. to 供给，提供， supply 提供的东西多为具体事 sb. ②supply sb. 补给 with sth. 物，不接双宾语。
外研社选修8课文英文版
必修8Module 1Deep SouthAntarctica: the Last ContinentAntarctica is the coldest place on Earth. It’s also the driest. With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert. Covering about 14 million square kilometers around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world. A high mountain range, the Trans-Antarctic range, runs from east to west, cutting the continent in two. There are volcanoes too, but they are not very active. Antarctica holds 90% of the world’s ice, and most of its fresh water (70%) is in a frozen state, of course. 98% of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap. On average it is two kilometers thick, but in some places it reaches a depth of five kilometers. Strong winds driven by gravity blow from the pole to the coastline, while other winds blow round the coast. It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.Yet Antarctica is full wildlife, which has adapt ed to its extreme conditions. There are different types of penguins, flying birds, seals, and whales. But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days (the longest period of continuous darkness on earth), as wellas the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plants can survive there. Only two types of flowering plants are found, while there are no trees on the large continent. The rest of the plants are made up of mosses, algae and lichen. Some forms of algae have adapted to grow on ice.Most of the ice has been there for thousands of years. As a result, it has become a window on the past, and can give researchers lots of useful information. Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world’s climate was like in past ages. Antarctic rocks are also very important for research. Most of them are meteorites from outer space. One rock, known as the “Alien” rock, may contain evidence of extra-terrestrial life.Since most Antarctic rocks are dark in colour, they stand out against the white background and are easy to identify and collect.Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. But more than two thousand years ago Greek geographers believed that there was a large land mass in the south which balance d the land in the north. They called it Anti-Arktikos, or Antarcica: the opposite of Arcitc. When Europeans discovered the continent of America in 15th century, the great age of exploration began. However, progress to the South ole was slow. Not until the late 18th century did theBritish explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land. Then in 1895, a Norwegian called Carstens Borchgrevink became the first man to set foot on the Antarctic mainland. The race to the pole had begun. It was finally reached on 11th December, 1911 by the Norwegian Roald Amundsen.Today scientists from many countries travel to Antarctica to study its resources. A spirit of international friendship has replaced the rivalry that existed between many of the earlier explorers. In 1961, a treaty signed by 12 countries, including Britain, France, and the USA made Antarctica the world’s biggest nature reserve. The aim of the treaty is to prevent the commercial and military use of the continent. In particular, it aims to keep Antarctica free from nuclear tests and radioactive waste; to promote international scientific projects; and to end arguments about who owns the land. Today countries representing 80% of the world’s population have signed the treaty. Antarctica has become perhaps the most successful symbol of man’s efforts to work together for progress and peace.How Failure Became SuccessOn 8th August, 1914, 27 men who had replied to an advertisement in The Times boarded a ship leaving for the Antarctic. The name ofthe ship was the Endurance and the captain was an Irishman called Ernest Shackleton.The aim of the journey was to cross the frozen continent via the South Pole –journey of 1,800 miles. Shackleton thought the journey would last six months.But when land came into sight, the Endurance became trapped in the ice and began to break up. Shackleton and his men watched the Endurance sink into the icy sea. They then head ed north, pulling three lifeboats behind them.After six days, bad weather force d them to give up and the men set up camp on a sheet of ice which began slowly moving across the Antarctic Circle.They survived on the ice for five months. Then, on 16th April, 1915, Shackleton saw land. It was Elephant Island – large rock with nothing growing on it, but much better than a floating piece of ice. When they reached the island, Shackleton came up with an idea –it was a risk but he would have to take it. He and five men would take one of the lifeboats, and sail 800 miles to South Georgia, where there was a permanent camp. They could then return to rescue the rest of the men.It took Shackleton 17 days to rach South Georgia. Unfortunately he landed on the wrong side of the island, and had towalk 36 hours over mountains to reach the camp. The whale hunters all the camp couldn’t believe their eyes when they saw the six men walking down from the mountains.Shackleton kept his promise. More than three months later, he returned to Elephant Island to rescue the crew he had been forced to abandon. He had failed to reach the pole –but he had saved the lives of all his men.Welcome to the South Poles!South Poles? How many are there?In fact, there are three South Poles: a ceremonial Pole, which is on the moving glacier, a geographical or true Pole, and a magnetic Pole which changes its position according to the movement of the Earth.Is it safe?Because the South Pole is a high altitude site, the glare of the sunlight here is very intense. It’s also reflected by the snow, so if you go outside, remember to wear sunglasses and use suncream. If you don’t there’s severe risk that you’ll damage your eyesight or get badly sunburnt.Is it cold?Yes! Be very careful out in the open air! The temperature isbetween minus 21°C in the summer and minus 78°C in the winter, and you can become numb with cold without realizing. There’s heavy frost even on the warmest summer days, and if it’s quiet you can hear your breath freeze. So if you leave the station, dress warmly and carry dry clothing and a portable radio.Is there anything good about the weather?The air is very pure, and it doesn’t snow very much – only about four millimeters a year. There’s very little wind and the sky is usually clear. It’s possibly the calmest place on Earth.What’s it like to live here?Life is quite abnormal. Sunrise and sunset come once every six months, and in the winter the total absence of daylight can be tiresome, and for some, depressing. We’re totally isolated except for radio and electronic communications, as no aircraft can fly here for about eight months.Where do we live?The South Pole scientific station is situated on a platform of ice, 3,000-4,000 metres high, but under only a few millimetres of snow. We have a minimum of 28 people living here in the winter and a maximum of 125 in the summer. The living quarters are modest, with few luxuries, but cosy. There’s a comfortable dormitory for sleeping, the canteen serve great food, and there’s a well-stockedlibrary of DVDs and videos. But showers and laundry are limited, because water is very valuable. We discourage you from smoking except in specific areas. Medical assistance is available in case of an emergency.Any other advice?Remember that conventional equipment doesn’t always work as it should do. If you use an electric drill, the power cord will snap. Photography is tricky too, as film is fragile and the camera battery doesn’t work in the cold.Don’t leave any rubbish, and don’t forget that the ecology of Antarctica is very delicate, so don’t take any souvenirs home with you, and be careful to leave nothing but footprints.Finally, remember that we’re all visitors to the South Pole. It’s a privilege, not a right to come to this extraordinary place.The Travels of Marco PoloThe year is 1271 AD. Imagine a 17-year-old boy from Venice Italy, well-educated and trained for life as a rich trader. He sets off with his father and uncle on a 25-year journey to mysterious, distant lands that most people in Europe have never heard of. While on their journey buying and selling spices, silks and jewels,they befriend one of the most powerful men on Earth, Kubla Khan.The boy’s name was Marco Polo and many years later a book about his travels was published which made him famous. Marco Polo told his fantastic stories to a writer named Rustichello who wrote them down for him. This man was well-known for his stories and romantic tales of the legendary English King Arthur, but so many people doubted the reliability of his book the Travels of Marco Polo. However, Chinese historians have found obscure names and facts in the book that could only have been known to someone intimate with the country.Many of Marco’s stories were about China and its people. He told stories about the towns, cities and populations in great detail. He described the amazing things he saw in China such as paper money and black stone that burned (coal). With very little contact between China and the West, it is not surprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories, nor in the idea of huge, rich city states inhabited by millions of people. There could surely be no comparison with Venice?A general myth has grown up around Marco Polo that he introduced such things as spaghetti and ice cream from China to the West. There is no truth to any of these claims and actually they are not mentioned in Marco Polo’s book.However, Marco Polo’s book is still a unique insight for its age.Most importantly it was a great influence for many future travelers. Christopher Columbus left behind a well-worn copy that he read as inspiration on his own voyages to America.Module 2 The RenaissanceThe RenaissanceFor many people, the Renaissance means 14th to 16th century Italy, and the developments in art and architecture, music and literature which took place there all that time. But there is one work which, perhaps more than any other, expresses the spirit of the Renaissance: the Mona Lisa. It is believed to be the best example of a new lifelike style of painting that amazed people when it was first used. Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 1503-1506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece. People want to know who Mona Lisa is, and why she is smiling. Even if people do not know much about the Renaissance, they have heard of this painting.But the Renaissance is, of course, more than just Mona Lisa. Renaissance is a French word which means “rebirth”and it first appeared in English in the 19th century. The word was used to describe a period in European history which began with the arrivalof the first Europeans in America, and age of exploration, and the beginning of the modern world. It was as if Europe was waking up after the long sleep of the Middle Ages. From Italy, the ideas of the Renaissance rapidly spread northwards to France, Germany, England, and the rest of Europe.Trade with other parts of the world meant that Europe was getting richer, too. This meant that people had money to spend on the arts; and it became easier for artists to find people who could afford to buy their works or employ them. Leonardo worked for important people such as the Duke of Milan, and, towards the end of his life, the King of France.Renaissance artists found new ideas for their work in classical Greece and Rome. But they looked forward, too, by opening new frontiers in the arts. Painters discovered how to use perspective and the effects of light; composers put different voices together and created polyphony “many voices”; architects preferred designing buildings with more light which contrasted with the heaviness of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages.The sense of exploration which motiveated the artists went had in hand with a new type of philosophy. After centuries of accepting a medieval world view in which human life was considered of little value compared with the greatness of God,philosophers began asking questions like “What is a person?”or “Why am I here?”For the first time, they put people, not religion, at the centre of the universe.The Renaissance was a time of scientific invention, too. Leonardo, as well as being one of the greatest painters the world has ever known, was also a skilled inventor. Wherever he went, he carried a notebook around with him, in which he wrote down his ideas. They included detailed drawings of the human body, plans for engineers to build canals and bridges, and astonishing drawings of machines which were not to be built until hundreds of years later, such as aeroplanes, parachutes, submarines and tanks. Towards the end of his life he was employed by the King of France to do scientific research, and he did not have a lot of time for painting.In short, Leonardo was an extraordinary genius, an example of what has been described as “Renaissance man”: someone interested in everything and with many different talents. But even if his only contribution to history had been the Mona Lisa, it would have been genius enough for all time.ThursdayWe arrived on the overnight ferry to the Hook of Holland and took a train to Amsterdam Central Station. It was only a short ride. It’s noteasy to find your way around the town. A lot of the roads follow the canals which aren’t straight but are shaped like horseshoes. So you can walk along a street for half an hour of so and end up five minutes from where you started. However, most people don’t walk –there are three million bikes in town and a good bus and tram system. There are boats, too. About half of them are for tourists, the others are houseboats with people living on them. We spent the whole day walking. Tomorrow we’re going to rent bikes.FridayWe spent today looking at houses. The architecture is astonishing, quite different from other European countries we’ve been to. The houses are tall and thin, and many of them have a fantastically ornate Renaissance appearance. In the Middle Ages the houses were made of wood. Then, at the end of the 15th century there was a huge fire and about three quarters of the town was destroyed. After that, houses were made of brick. Unlike other places in Europe, where house owners were taxed on the size of their windows, here the taxes depended on the width of the house – so they kept them narrow, but built them tall. Well, that’s what Claire says, and she read it in the guidebook.SaturdayWe visited the Van Gogh Museum, instead of the more famousRijksmuseum. It was astonishing. I hadn’t really looked at any of Van Gogh’s paintings before. He seems to have re-invented the art. It doesn’t matter whether he is doing a portrait of a landscape –he’s a genius. In the last 70 days of his life before he short himself he produced 70 paintings, and I reckon they’re almost all masterpieces. Yet in all his life Van Gogh only ever sold one painting! We must have spent three hours in that museum. When we came out I told Claire I thought Van Gogh was the greatest painter in history. She reminded me that we were leaving for Paris tomorrow, where we were going to see the most famous painting in the world …The puzzle of the Mona LisaThe Mona Lisa is the subject of many stories, but there is one anecdote which remains a puzzle. Is the painting in the Louvre the authentic work by Leonardo da Vinci … or just a copy?The story began one day in 1911 when someone noticed the Mona Lisa was missing. A spokesman said, “The burglar left the antique frame and the glass behind. He must have gone through the basement to the main courtyard. A passerby saw a man with a moustache, carrying a parcel under his arm, dash over the street crossing, along to the crossroads. He then fled down a sideroad.We’re appealing to anyone who saw the suspect to contact us.”So we stole the Mona Lisa? And why? News about the loss of the Mona Lisa was circulated in all the French newspapers, and there was a widespread search for the burglar all over the country. He police said, “we don’t think the burglar was working alone. We’re seeking a gang of criminals.”Two years later, a man with a moustache went to an art dealer in Florence in Italy and made a tentative attempt to sell the Mona Lisa. The art dealer checked it, agreed it was authentic …and then called the police.Why did the burglar, Vincenzo Perugia, wait so long? Perugia had stolen the Mona Lisa on behalf of the chief organizer of the crime, Eduardo de Valifierno. But Perugia made a fundamental mistake. He trusted da Valfierno to pay him for tha painting. The drawback for Perugia was that de Valfierno didn’t in fact need the painting, only the news of the theft. De Valfierno made six superb copies and sold them, claiming that each one was the authentic stolen painting. Of course, the fact that there were six substitutes was confidential. The six buyers didn’t know about the other paintings. What’s more, de Valfierno didn’t need to pay his debt to Perugia.After two years, Perugia got tired of waiting to be paid, andtried to sell the painting. When the real Mona Lisa turned up in Florence, de Valfierno simply told his buyers that it was merely a copy.The outcome of the story is that Perugia got the blame for the crime and went to prison. De Valfierno remained at liberty for the rest of his life.But there is still a puzzle. There were a number of precise copies of the Mona Lisa painted by gifted students of Leonardo da Vinci. Part of the painting’s fascination is whether the one in the Louvre was authentic … even before it was stolen. And if Perugia stole a copy … who has the authentic Mona Lisa?PrintingPrinting is the process of making many copies of a single document using movable characters or letters. In China, printing was known as early as in the 7th century, during the Tang Dynasty; in Europe, it was an important part of the Renaissance. Printing answered a need because people were thirsty for knowledge.Before printing was invented, copies of a manuscript had to be made by hand, usually on animal skins. This was a difficult task that could take many years, and which made books very expensive.Printing made it possible to produce more copies in a few weeks than could have been produced in a lifetime written out by hand.It is believed that a German, Johann Gutenberg, made the first printing press in Europe. He adapted it from the machines farmers used to squeeze oil from olives. It used paper, which was more suitable for printing (and cheaper) than animal skins. Paper, like printing, had been invented much earlier in China and it had found its way to Europe, via southeast Asia and then India. By the 10th century AD, paper was being produced in Baghdad. The first paper mill in Europe was built at the end of the 12th century.The first book that Gutenberg produced was a Bible. But as the ideas of the Renaissance developed, so did the demand for the Greek and Latin classics, which had been largely ignored for up to 2,000 years. People also wanted books in their own languages. The invention of printing meant that this desire could be satisfied.Soon there were printing presses all over northern Europe. In 1476 William Caxton set up his own press in London, and England became one of the most important centres of the printing industry. This spread of printed books led to a renewed passion for artistic expression. Without the development of the printing press, the Renaissance may never have happened. Without inexpensive printing to make books available to a large section of society, theson of John Shakespeare, a government official in rural England in the mid-1500s, may never have been inspired to take up writing as a profession. What western civilization gained from Gutenberg’s contribution is impossible to calculate.Module 3 Foreign FoodPassage 1Chinese people think a lot about food. In fact, I think that they are sometimes obsessed with it. My first experience of this aspect of Chinese culture came at a banquet during a trip to Beijing in 1998. I had eaten Chinese food often, but I could not have imagined how fabulous a real Chinese banquet could be. The first six or seven dishes seemed to fill the table, with plates dangerously balanced one on top of another. I thought this vast wave of food was the total number of dishes to be served, and I started eating greedily. Everyone else just tasted a bit of each dish and then put their chopsticks down, continuing to chat. “They can’t have very big appetites,” I thought.To my surprise, more dishes arrived, plus soups, side dishes, and desserts. There was enough to feed a whole army.No wonder my fellow guests had had only a few bites of each dish; they knew what was still to come. But I was already so full that I could only watch as the banquet continued.Another aspect of “food culture” is that the Chinese seem to eat almost every part of every animal – much to the horror of many westerners. Stomach, intestines, ears, tongue, tail, hoof, and lungs are all likely to end up on the dinner table in front of you. The first time I saw a three-year-old kid cheerfully chewing a chicken’s head I had bad dream for weeks.These days I enjoy that sort of food myself. On a recent trip to the United States I suddenly felt like some Chinese delicacies, and asked the guy at the meat counter of a supermarket, “Do you have pigs’ ears?”“No,” he said, pulling at his own ear, “Just these ordinary ones.”He must have thought I was joking.However, there are other kinds of foods that have taken longer for me to accept. The infamous choudoufu is an example. (the name says it all: “stinky tofu”.) Just when I got used to it, I found another variety on a trip to Hunan: deep-fried choudoufu, a horrible black substance that looked and smelled about as appetizing as a burnt tennis shoe. Maybe I’ll get used to that, too – someday.Passage 2The first time I ate British food I was in the canteen of a London publisher. Some people just sat down on the sofa to eat. I was amazed at their easy and graceful manner while I stood there feeling somewhat confused by the food. At the counter there were colourful mixtures in eight or nine big boxes. It was quite hard to make out hat they contained. The waiter put these foods inside bread or potatoes according to people’s requirements. I still remember what I ate: a tuna fish and cheese sandwich. It didn’t actually taste bad, but to me the cold fish, cold cheese, and even the bread from the fridge, was a meal that would make you feel cold inside. Later, I found out that British people like cold food. Their salad, for example, is made from vegetables which are only washed before serving, while Chinese food is prepared more carefully. The Chinese have a fixed phrase “cold leftovers”. Cold food means poverty –you don’t give it to a guest! No wonder westerners like Chinese food.I also learned that the English like to mix food before serving it at the table. I once ordered mushroom soup in a restaurant and was astonished when it was brought to thetable. It seemed to be just a bowl of grey liquid and it was only after I had tasted it that I knew it was actually cooked with mushrooms. The things inside sandwiches and baked potatoes are also various kinds of mashed food, like the fillings of jiaozi in Beijing. The food here goes against the Chinese sense of beauty and style at the dinner table. Chinese dishes can be photographed and have a nice appearance. We would never mash food into an unrecognizable shape.What’s more, the names of many kinds of English food are hard to remember. In fact, they often use French or Italian words. But one thing I do admire is the polite manner in which British people eat, even if it is just a potato.An Embarrassing MomentThe perfect host is the one who saves his guest from embarrassment whatever the cost. When Edward VII became King of England in 1901, he was already nearly 60 years old. He liked traveling, meeting people, and eating well. In short, he liked having a good time.One evening he was entertaining the ruler of a small island in the Pacific. The menu included asparagus, which his guest had never eaten before. Asparagus is by nature tenderand tasty at one end. Usually people leave the part which is difficult to eat on their plates.As soon as the Polynesian guest tasted the asparagus he remarked how delicious it was. However, when he realised that he could not eat the tough part, he simply threw it over his shoulder onto the floor behind him. The other guests were astonished, but went on eating. The King said nothing. However, when he had finished his asparagus, he too threw the piece that was left over his shoulder.Before long everybody else at the dinner was following his example, casually throwing the asparagus onto the floor, while the conversation continued in a friendly and relaxed manner. At the end of the meal the carpet was rather dirty. The cleaners weren’t very happy, but in the end most people had to agree that the King had been a perfect host, saving his guest and everybody else from the embarrassment which came from a misunderstanding of table manners.Food in AustraliaNot so long ago, food in Australia meant porridge with milk and sugar, and eggs and bacon for breakfast, then roast lamb or beef for lunch or dinner. During the 1980s each person consumed about39 kilograms of meat a year, and the butcher in the local High Street was one of the most important people in town. Australia is a country where the cattle and sheep outnumber the people, and it has always been justifiably famous for its lamb (no one would even think of eating mutton, which is the meat from the older animal). The consequence was that many people were overweight. Today there are still many Australians who eat huge amounts of meat. But recently, we have seen a gradual trend towards healthier food.Modern Australian cooking is often referred to as fusion cuisine, and the recipes include ingredients and cooking styles from the East and the West. Today, Australians enjoy Japanese food with bean curd, seaweed, and raw fish, as well as Greek, Italian and Lebanese food such as pasta, olives, tomatoes, eggplant and lemons. Cantonese and Beijing-style food is always popular, especially dim sum. French cooking can be seen in the Australians’love of the French-style bakery, with its delicious cakes and long loaves of bread. There are few or no artificial ingredients in fusion cooking, only the purest and freshest of produce.Even in the suburbs there are Oriental grocery stores where customers can buy everything from a Chinese frying pan (a wok) and chilli powder, cocoa from Brazil for drinking or for cakes, American chocolate-chip cookies, Canadian maple syrup or Frenchhoney to pour over your breakfast pancakes, to crisp Indian samosas and Lemon grass for fragrant Thai dishes, dairy products such as yoghurt and cream, as well as abundant homegrown fruit, especially ripe peaches, grapes, melons and oranges.Most Australian homes will have a stove on which your fry or steam vegetables, and there’s usually a microwave oven as well, for reheating food quickly. But perhaps the most important piece of equipment is not in the kitchen but in the garden –the famous barbecue, where, on a charcoal fire, they grill meat, such as slices of beef steak, chicken breasts or lamb cutlets. There’s usually a buffet of salads and vegetables to accompany it, and pints of Australian beer to drink, because the breweries which make the beer are among the finest in the world. Altogether, with its ample amount of food and drink and its relaxed way of cooking and serving, the barbecue is not just a piece of cooking and serving, the barbecue is not just a piece of cooking equipment but the word the Australians use for a popular way of entertaining friends.The Willow Pattern PlateOne of the best-known designs on British plates is the “Willow Pattern”. In many homes, the willow pattern plates (named after the willow tree in the centre of the design) are kept for special。
外研英语选修8M2课文翻译
M2主课文在变得更为富饶。
/ 也就是说人们有钱花费在艺术上；对于艺术家来说要找到能买对于好多人来说, 文艺中兴指的是 14-16 得起他们的作品或许雇用他们的人也更世纪期间的意大利, 及其当时在艺术 , 建筑、简单。
/ 莱奥纳多为一些重要的人工作过，音乐以及文学领域方面的发展。
/ 但有一件比方米兰公爵，在暮年他也曾为法国国作品可能比其余任何作品都更能表达文艺王工作过。
/中兴的精神 : 《蒙娜丽莎》 ./ ①它被以为是④ trade n. 贸易 [U]; 行业 , 职业 [C]新的形象传神型绘画风格的最好代表, 这trade with/in ; by trade; trade for..种风格一经使用就令人们惊讶不已./ 《蒙trade on/upon娜丽莎》由莱奥纳多·达芬奇 1503-1506 年绘制而成 , 是一件神奇的杰作。
/ 人们想知道文艺中兴期间的艺术家从古希腊和古罗马蒙娜丽莎是谁 , 她为何在笑 ./ 即便是对文文件中为他们的作品找寻新思想。
/ ⑤但艺中兴认识不多的人 , 他们也都听闻过这他们也经过开拓新的艺术领域来展望未幅作品。
来。
/ 画家们发现如何利用透视以及光的成效；作曲家们将不一样的声音合到了一同自然文艺中兴不不过不过《蒙娜丽莎》 ./ 创建了复调音乐；与中世纪哥特式大教堂文艺中兴是一个法语单词，意为“重生”，的深重对比 , 建筑师们则更喜爱设计更为于 19 世纪初次出此刻英语中 ./ ②这个单词光明的建筑。
/被用来描述跟着首批欧洲人到达美洲而开始的那段欧洲历史，这是一段探险的⑥这类激发艺术家的探究意识与一种新的时代，也是现代世界史的初步。
/ ③经历了哲学联手并进。
/ 几个世纪以来 , 哲学家们中世纪长时间的沉眠以后，欧洲仿佛要都拥有中世纪的世界观，以为与上帝的清醒过来了。
/ 从意大利开始，文艺中兴的伟大对比人的生命很微小，此刻他们开始精神很快向北传遍了法国、德国、英国提出诸如“人为何物”以及“我为何存以及欧洲其余各国。
外研英语选修8M2课文翻译
M2主课文Parａ.1对于很多人来说,文艺复兴指的就是１４-16世纪时期的意大利,及其当时在艺术,建筑、音乐以及文学领域方面的发展。
/但有一件作品可能比其她任何作品都更能表达文艺复兴的精神:《蒙娜丽莎》、/①它被认为就是新的形象逼真型绘画风格的最好代表,这种风格一经使用就使人们惊叹不已、/《蒙娜丽莎》由莱奥纳多·达芬奇1503-1５06年绘制而成,就是一件神秘的杰作。
/人们想知道蒙娜丽莎就是谁,她为什么在笑、/即使就是对文艺复兴了解不多的人,她们也都听说过这幅作品。
Paｒa.２当然文艺复兴不仅仅只就是《蒙娜丽莎》、/ 文艺复兴就是一个法语单词,意为“再生”,于１9世纪首次出现在英语中、/②这个单词被用来描绘随着首批欧洲人抵达美洲而开始的那段欧洲历史,这就是一段探险的时代,也就是现代世界史的开端。
/③经历了中世纪长时间的沉眠之后,欧洲似乎要苏醒过来了。
/从意大利开始,文艺复兴的精神很快向北传遍了法国、德国、英国以及欧洲其她各国。
Paｒa、3④与世界其她地方的贸易也意味着欧洲在变得更加富裕。
／也就就是说人们有钱花费在艺术上;对于艺术家来说要找到能买得起她们的作品或者雇佣她们的人也更容易。
/莱奥纳多为一些重要的人工作过,比如米兰公爵,在晚年她也曾为法国国王工作过。
/④trａde n、贸易[Ｕ］;行业,职业［C] trade with／in ;ｂy traｄe;trａd ｅ…for、、traｄe on/ｕponParａ、4文艺复兴时期的艺术家从古希腊与古罗马文献中为她们的作品寻找新思想。
／⑤但她们也通过开辟新的艺术领域来展望未来。
／画家们发现怎样利用透视以及光的效果;作曲家们将不同的声音合到了一起创造了复调音乐;与中世纪哥特式大教堂的沉重相比,建筑师们则更喜欢设计更加光亮的建筑。
/Para、5⑥这种激发艺术家的探索意识与一种新的哲学携手并进。
／几个世纪以来,哲学家们都持有中世纪的世界观,认为与上帝的伟大相比人的生命很渺小,现在她们开始提出诸如“人为何物?”以及“我为何存在?”这样的问题。
高二英语选修8(外研版)课件：2-2Everyday English——Vocabulary
A．Meanwhile
B．However C．Instead
外 研 版 英 语
D．Yet
解析：考查副词。句意为：昨天晚上克鲁克先生没有 像往常一样回家，而是和朋友们在外面一直呆到了深夜。 instead“却；而是”。 答案：C
Module 2 The Renaissance
知识拓展
reckon on指望，依赖 reckon with考虑到，重视 reckon up计算；总计 reckon in把„„考虑或计算在内 be reckoned as/to be 将 „„ 看 作 „„ ； 认 为 „„ 是„„ I reckon＝ I think我认为
外 研 版 英在一块地”，符合
句意。step by step逐步地； from time to time不时地；one after another依次地。
Module 2 The Renaissance
2．depend on依靠，视„„而定
Whether he will go there depends on your decision. 他是否去那儿取决于你的决定。 知识拓展 independence n． dependable adj. dependence n． independent adj. 独立 可依靠的 依靠，依赖 独立的
面对面地
头对头地 开诚布公地，心连心地
外 研 版 英 语
Module 2 The Renaissance
即学即用
We must keep our room clean, for dirt and disease go________. A．hand in hand B．step by step C．from time to time D．one after another 答案：A 句意：我们必须保持屋子的清洁，因为脏
外研版英语选修八(带音标)
authentic
/ɔ:'θentɪk/
adj.
（书画、文件、书籍等）原作的
(SH8 M2)
spokesman
/'spəʊksmən/
n.
发言人；代言人
(SH8 M2)
burglar
/'bɜ:glə/
n.
窃贼，小偷
(SH8 M2)
leavesth. Behind
把……抛在后面
(SH8 M2)
/tæŋk/
n.
坦克
(SH8 M2)
overnight
/ˌəʊvə'nait/
adj.
持续整夜的
(SH8 M2)
ferry
/'ferɪ/
n.
渡船
(SH8 M2)
horseshoe
/'hɔ:s,ʃ'u:/
n.
马掌；马蹄铁
(SH8 M2)
ornate
/ɔ:'neɪt
adj.
华丽的
(SH8 M2)
tax
/tæks/
adj.
每年的
(SH8 M1)
rainfall
/'rein,fɒ:l/
n.
降水量；降雨量
(SH8 M1)
state
/steɪt/
n.
状态；状况
(SH8 M1)
depth
/depθ/
n.
深度
(SH8 M1)
gravity
/'grævətɪ /
n.
重力；地心引力
(SH8 M1)
inhospitable
/in·hos·pi·ta·ble /
外研版8下英语课文翻译
外研版8下英语课文翻译M1 U1 闻起来味道鲜美。
东尼：嗯......好香的味道啊！你的比萨看起来很不错。
贝蒂：谢谢！你想尝尝？托尼：好的。
它看起来很令人愉快，闻起来味道鲜美，嗯，它的味道不错。
大明：顶上的是什么？贝蒂：哦，那是奶酪。
你想尝试的一块？大明：唉！不用了，谢谢。
我怕我不喜欢奶酪。
它闻起来不新鲜，气味太重，并且尝起来味道有点酸。
贝蒂：嗯，我的巧克力饼干现在完成了。
试试看！大明：谢谢！它们的味道真甜，中间感觉很柔软。
托尼：你在做许多不同的东西吗？你看起来很忙！贝蒂：是的！有一些比萨饼和一些饼干，现在我正在做一个苹果派。
大明：苹果派听起来不错。
我喜欢吃甜食，你知道的。
我来拿糖吧？贝蒂：是的，请。
哦，你确定那是糖吗？先品尝它。
这可能是盐。
大明：不是盐。
吃起来甜甜的。
是糖。
托尼：这是什么？它的味道甜了。
贝蒂：这是草莓果酱，做蛋糕用的。
大明：好，一切味道这么甜！这是我的幸运日！M1 U2 说汉语时我感到紧张，发件人：莎莉收件人：玲玲主题：欢迎到中国玲玲，你好：1 、感谢你的上一封电子邮件。
收到你的电子邮件太好了，我迫不及待地想见到你。
2、我希望当我到达机场时，你会通过我的照片认出我。
我挺高的，留着金色短发，戴眼镜。
我旅行时会穿牛仔裤和T恤，但我也会带一件温暖的外套。
我有你的照片-你看起来很漂亮，所以我相信我们会找到彼此！3、谢谢你告诉我关于你的爱好。
你听起来就像我一样！我花了很多时间在学校里与我的朋友演奏古典音乐，但我也很喜欢舞蹈音乐 - 我爱跳舞！我也喜欢运动，尤其是网球。
我哥哥是在学校网球队员 - 我很为他感到骄傲！他擅长每件事情，但我却不是。
有时我在学校成绩不好，感到很伤心，我应该更努力学习。
4、你问我，“对中国之行你有何感想？”嗯，当我离开我的妈妈和爸爸了几天，开始时我常常觉得有点难过，当我与陌生人在一起时我很害羞。
当我说汉语时我感到紧张，但我过几天就会好的。
我不知道如何让正确做事情时，我总是很难过，所以当我在和你在一起时请帮助我，！哦，我害怕坐飞机。
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M2主课文Para.1对于很多人来说,文艺复兴指的是14-16 世纪时期的意大利,及其当时在艺术,建筑、音乐以及文学领域方面的发展。
/但有一件作品可能比其他任何作品都更能表达文艺复兴的精神:《蒙娜丽莎》./①它被认为是新的形象逼真型绘画风格的最好代表,这种风格一经使用就使人们惊叹不已./《蒙娜丽莎》由莱奥纳多·达芬奇1503-1506年绘制而成,是一件神秘的杰作。
/人们想知道蒙娜丽莎是谁,她为什么在笑./即使是对文艺复兴了解不多的人,他们也都听说过这幅作品。
Para.2当然文艺复兴不仅仅只是《蒙娜丽莎》./ 文艺复兴是一个法语单词，意为“再生”，于19世纪首次出现在英语中./②这个单词被用来描绘随着首批欧洲人抵达美洲而开始的那段欧洲历史，这是一段探险的时代，也是现代世界史的开端。
/③经历了中世纪长时间的沉眠之后，欧洲似乎要苏醒过来了。
/从意大利开始，文艺复兴的精神很快向北传遍了法国、德国、英国以及欧洲其他各国。
Para.3④与世界其他地方的贸易也意味着欧洲在变得更加富裕。
/也就是说人们有钱花费在艺术上；对于艺术家来说要找到能买得起他们的作品或者雇佣他们的人也更容易。
/莱奥纳多为一些重要的人工作过，比如米兰公爵，在晚年他也曾为法国国王工作过。
/④trade n.贸易[U];行业,职业[C] trade with/in ; by trade; trade…for.. trade on/uponPara.4文艺复兴时期的艺术家从古希腊和古罗马文献中为他们的作品寻找新思想。
/⑤但他们也通过开辟新的艺术领域来展望未来。
/画家们发现怎样利用透视以及光的效果；作曲家们将不同的声音合到了一起创造了复调音乐；与中世纪哥特式大教堂的沉重相比,建筑师们则更喜欢设计更加光亮的建筑。
/Para.5⑥这种激发艺术家的探索意识与一种新的哲学携手并进。
/几个世纪以来,哲学家们都持有中世纪的世界观，认为与上帝的伟大相比人的生命很渺小，现在他们开始提出诸如“人为何物？”以及“我为何存在？”这样的问题。
/有史以来第一次，他们将人而不是宗教放在了整个宇宙的中心。
/ be considered of little value = valueless;In which引导定语从句=in the view; Compared with过去分词做状语Para.6文艺复兴也是一个科学发明的时代.作为举世公认的最伟大的画家之一,莱奥纳多同时也是一个出色的发明家. /⑦不管走到哪里,他都随身携带着一个笔记本,以便随时记下自己的想法。
/这些想法包括细致的人体素描,供工程师建造运河以及桥梁的设计以及一些令人震惊的机器制图,这些直到几百年后才被制造出来,例如飞机、降落伞、潜水艇以及坦克。
/在晚年,他受法国国王委托去做科学研究,很少有时间从事绘画创作。
/Para.7简言之，莱奥纳多是一个非凡的天才，一个被描绘成“文艺复兴人物”的典范：一个对凡事皆有兴趣并有诸多才能的人./ ⑧但即使他对历史的贡献仅仅是一幅《蒙娜丽莎》这也已经是恒久的天才作品。
/⑧even if 后接的从句以及主句均用了虚拟语气，均表示对过去的虚拟。
回顾：过去虚拟的语气？现在if从句(were/did),虚拟: 主句(would/could+v.)将来: 从句(were to/should +v.)虚拟：主句(would/could+v.) Summary :1.在那时2.被认为是…/人们认为…3.即使… 4.听说 5.随着…的到来 6.似乎7.苏醒8.传播到9.与…的交易10.负担得起… 11.通过开辟新的艺术领域12.将…合在一起13.更喜欢做… 14.与…相比15.与…携手并进16.被认为毫无价值17.第一次18.一个科学发明的时代19.随身携带20.详细的人体素描21.做科学研究22.简言之23.一个有诸多才华的人24.一直Reading and writing (2)(Books, P22)Thursday我们乘坐通宵渡船来到荷兰角，然后坐火车去阿姆斯特丹中心车站。
/这只是一个短途旅行。
/在城镇里找到路并不是太容易。
/许多条路沿着运河，这些运河并不直，而是呈马蹄铁形状。
/①那么你有可能沿街走了半个小时左右，结果离你出发的地点仅有五分钟的路程。
/然而，大多数人并不走路-城镇里有三百万两自行车和一个良好的公共汽车和电车系统。
/而且还有船。
/大约有一半是为游客准备的，其他的是游艇，人们住在上面。
/我们花了一整天的时间走路。
/明天我们打算租自行车。
Friday我们今天去看房屋。
建筑风格很令人惊奇，大大不同于我们去过的其他欧洲国家。
房子又高又窄，有许多拥有文艺复兴时期奇异华丽的装饰风貌。
在中世纪，房子用木头建造。
后来15世纪末的一场大火毁掉了城镇的将近3/4. 从那之后,房子用砖创造。
②与欧洲其他地方不同，房屋主人要根据窗户的尺寸纳税，而这里的税金是根据房屋的宽度而定—因此他们就把房屋盖得很窄但却很高。
Saturday我们参观了凡·高博物馆，而不是更有名的国立博物馆。
它使人吃惊。
以前我从来没有真正的看过凡·高的作品。
他好像彻底改造了艺术。
③不管他是在创造肖像还是山水画都无关紧要—他是一位天才。
在他自杀前生命的最后70天里，他创造了70幅作品，我认为它们几乎都是杰作。
但是凡·高一生中只卖过一幅画！我们在那个博物馆里一定足足呆了三个小时。
我们出来后我告诉克莱尔我认为凡·高是历史上最伟大的画家。
④他提醒我明天我们要离开去巴黎，在那里我们将会看到世界上最著名的绘画作品…Summary :1.短途旅行2.呈…形状3.以…结束4.按照窗户面积缴税5.取决于6.是否…没有关系7.在历史上8.提醒某人…9.出发去…Every day English(P20):1.即将成为人母2.相当多的3.毫无意义4.认真的思考某事5.他有很多事情Printing印刷术(P27, books)Para.1--2印刷使用可移动的文字或者字母把单一文本制作成许多副本的过程。
/在中国，印刷早在7世纪唐朝时就为人所知,在欧洲，它是文艺复兴的重要部分。
/①印刷满足了人们渴望知识的愿望。
在印刷被发明之前，手稿的副本还得手工抄写，通常抄在动物的皮上。
/ ②这是一项需要花费许多年的困难的任务,并让书变得非常昂贵。
/③印刷使这一点成了可能：在数周之内印刷出来的书比一个人一辈子手工抄写的书还要多。
③make it possible to do… 不定式做宾语could have done “本来可能…”表示对过去的虚拟;written by hand 后置定语Para.3据说德国人约翰·古登堡在欧洲制造了第一台印刷机。
/④他用以前农民用来从橄榄中榨油的机器改装的。
/它使用比动物的皮更适合印刷(更便宜)的纸张来印刷。
/ 纸张像印刷一样在中国发明得比较早,经由东南亚再到印度,然后传到了欧洲。
/到公元10世纪,纸张在巴格达被制造。
/欧洲的第一个纸张制造厂建于12世纪末。
Para.4古登堡印刷的第一本书是《圣经》./⑤但随着文艺复兴观念的发展，人们对希腊和拉丁经典作品的需求也增加了,而这些经典大部分已经被忽视达2000年了。
/人们同样需要用他们自己的语言编写的书。
/ 印刷的发明意味着这种需求能被满足。
⑤So +助动词/情态v./系v.+主语。
“…也是如此。
”Para.5不久印刷机遍布整个北欧。
/1476年,威廉·卡克斯顿在伦敦建立了自己的印刷机，英国成了印刷业最重要的中心之一./ ⑥印刷书籍的传播,重新唤起人们对艺术表达的激情。
/⑦假如没有印刷机的发展,也许根本不会出现文艺复兴。
/假如没有低廉的印刷技术使得广大社会阶层有书可读,16世纪中期英格兰乡村的政府官员—约翰·莎士比亚的儿子也许根本不可能受到鼓舞而将写作作为职业。
/ ⑧西方文明从古登堡的贡献中所获得的是无法计算的。
/⑦without/ but for… 要不是/如果没有…此处代替if虚拟从句表虚拟条件, 此处句中跟may have done 表示对过去的虚拟Summary：1.制作副本2.满足需求/愿望3.对…渴望4.用手工5.使…成为可能6.在几周内7.印刷机/业8.从…改编9.从…挤出10.建立11.重新唤起人们对艺术表达的激情12.从事写作作为职业13.从…获得Grammar :Without +短语代替if 从句表虚拟条件，句中用虚拟语气。
Reading practice(books, P25)--《蒙娜丽莎》之谜Para.1--2《蒙娜丽莎》是许多故事的主题，但是有一件轶事仍然是个谜。
在卢浮宫里德画是莱奥纳多·达芬奇的真正作品……还是仅仅是个仿制品？故事开始于1911年的一天有人发现《蒙娜丽莎》丢失了。
一位发言人说，“窃贼把古董架和玻璃留下了。
①他一定是穿越地下室到了主院。
②一位过路人看见一个有胡子的男人腋下夹着一个包裹，冲过街道交叉口，来到十字路口。
然后他从旁路逃跑了。
③我们正呼吁着任何看到嫌疑犯的人联系我们。
”Para.3--4谁偷走了《蒙娜丽莎》？为什么要偷？④关于《蒙娜丽莎》丢失的新闻在法国各大报纸传播，也在全国各地展开了对窃贼的大范围搜索。
警察说，“我们认为窃贼不是单独行动。
我们在搜索一帮罪犯。
”两年后，一个有胡子的男人找到意大利佛罗伦萨的译为艺术品经销商，试探性的想卖掉《蒙娜丽莎》。
这位艺术品经销商鉴定了它，认定它是真品…然后报了警。
Para.5为什么窃贼文森佐·佩鲁贾等了这么长时间？/佩鲁贾是代表这次犯罪的主谋—爱德华多·德瓦尔菲勒偷了《蒙娜丽莎》./但是佩鲁贾犯了一个根本性的错误./他相信了德瓦尔菲勒会因他偷这幅画付给他钱。
/佩鲁贾的不利因素是德瓦尔菲勒实际上并不需要这幅画,他要的只是偷窃的新闻./德瓦尔菲勒仿造了6个极好的仿制品,然后卖掉它们,并声称每一个都是被偷的真品./ 当然6个都是代替品的事实非常机密./6个买主不知道其他几幅画./而且德瓦尔菲勒不需要向佩鲁贾还人情债./Para.6—7两年后,佩鲁贾厌烦了等着德瓦尔菲勒给他钱，想卖掉这幅画。
当真正的《蒙娜丽莎》在佛罗伦萨出现时，德瓦尔菲勒只是告诉他的买主那不过是个仿制品。
③故事的结局是佩鲁贾为这起犯罪承担了责任并进了监狱。
④德瓦尔菲勒仍然自由的度过余生.Para.8但是仍有一个谜。
《蒙娜丽莎》精确的仿制品有很多，他们由莱奥纳多·达芬奇的有才华的学生所画。
这幅画的部分吸引力是卢浮宫的那幅不是真品…甚至在它被偷之前。
如果佩鲁贾偷了一个仿制品…谁拥有真正的《蒙娜丽莎》？。