国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)ppt周瑞琪4.Terms of Commodity
最新国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)ppt周瑞琪2.Trade Terms培训资料
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2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2000
2.2.1 Scope of Governance
Parties involved: concerning only 2 parties -seller & buyer
Document applied: only to the contract of sale
and risk distribution between the parties
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2.2.1 Scope of Governance
Obligation
Obligation -- a legal duty to do something according to a certain agreement.
Specific aspects governed: only settle matters
concerning the delivery of tangibles goods sold
Focusing only on the delivery of tangible goods Delivery also indicating the transfer of obligations, cost
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Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932
Initially in 1928---“Warsaw Rules, 1928”
22 provisions governing the rights and obligations of the parties to a sale of goods on CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) contract terms.
国际贸易实务英文版第二版ppt周瑞琪2TradeTerms
To give the businessmen a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms
To clarify the obligations of the buyer and the seller To simplify the contract negotiations To save time and cost Revised in 1953、1967、1976、1980、1990、2000 Incoterms 2000 includes 13 terms under 4 groups
Ex Point of Origin FOB (free on board) FAS (free along side)
C&F (Cost and Freight) CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) Ex Dock (Named Port of Importation)
货交承运人（…指定地点） 船边交货（ …指定装运港） 船上交货（ …指定装运港）
Main Carriage paid
Cost and Freight (…named port of destination)
成本加运费（ …指定目的港）
Cost, Insurance and Freight (…named port of destination)
13 terms into four categories
"E"-term—the seller only makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.
最新国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)ppt周瑞琪2.Trade Terms培训资料
“Risk” refers to accidental damage to the goods.
time: when does the risk pass from the sellers to the
buyers?
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2.2.2 Categorization of Terms
Arrival
Delivered at Frontier (…named place) Delivered Ex Ship (…named port of destination) Delivered Ex Quay (…named port of destination) Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of destination) Delivered Duty Paid (…named place ofSdEeIsBtionf aGtDioUnF)S
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2.2 Basics of Incoterms 2000
2.2.1 Scope of Governance
Parties involved: concerning only 2 parties -seller & buyer
Document applied: only to the contract of sale
货交承运人（…指定地点） 船边交货（ …指定装运港） 船arriage paid
Cost and Freight (…named port of destination)
成本加运费（ …指定目的港）
Cost, Insurance and Freight (…named port of destination)
(完整版)国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案(20210206064729)
III. Explain the followi ng terms1. shipme nt con tractShipme nt con tract is a con tract using an In coterm which in dicates that the delivery happe ns at the time or before the time of shipme nt.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submissi on of tran sport docume nt by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival con tractArrival con tract means a con tract using an In coterm which in dicates that the delivery happe ns whe n the goods arrive at the desti natio n.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questi ons1. Who pays for loadi ng for shipme nt un der FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for un loadi ng un der CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and con trast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is resp on sible for uni oadi ng the goods at the port of desti nati on, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway tran sportatio n.Differen ces: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocea n tran sportatio n; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportati on and in sura nce aga inst the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the tran sfer of risks?Shipme nt con tract terms vs. arrival con tract terms. Un der shipme nt con tract terms the seller's risk will be tran sferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipme nt. Un der arrival con tract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods un til the goods arrive at the desti nati on.5. What are the differe nces and similarities betwee n CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should con tract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not tak ing the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway tran sport,b. Un der CPT the seller's risk will be tran sferred to the buyer whe n the goods are han ded over to the first carriernominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should con tract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not tak ing the risk of loss of or damage to the goods duri ng the tran sportati on, c. The seller must obta in in sura nce aga inst the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed overto the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods areloaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? Importing. FOB should beused with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goods were ready on 10March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on 22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly.However the nominated vessel did not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The sellerrequired the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within theshipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1）首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)(PPT),帅建林,978-7-5663-0314-1
In contrast, portfolio or indirect investments, are chiefly motivated by short- to medium-term profits. They may include equity investments that do not involve an active role in management or bonds and other debt instruments issued by foreign companies and governments. As financial markets around the world become increasingly integrated in recent years, international portfolio investments have become popular with investors as a vehicle of diversification further hastening the process of international financial integration.
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)周瑞琪1Gerneral_int
Mostly consuming goods: cars, wines, shoes etc. Needs customs declaration
Invisible trade / intangible goods trade
services and technology Needs no customs declaration
and restrictions
Sources of information
Domestic organizations: Ministry of Commerce and its provincial committees
Overseas organizations: Chinese Embassy, the Local banks, the agent and the local newspaper / journal articles
trade realize the importance of contract
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Concept of international trade
International trade / world trade / foreign trade / overseas trade
If unable to apply or get the import and export licenses
The exporter needs to consider to do business under EXW term
The importer needs to consider to do business under DDP term
国际贸易实务(英文版)(第二版)ppt周瑞琪3.Export_Price
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3.3 Calculation of price
Item Manufacturing cost + Export packaging (depending on mode of transport) + Profit margin – Discounts/rebates/volume discounts/sales commission = Selling price ex works (EXW) + Transport costs from plant to place of loading (train/truck) = Selling price free carrier (FCA) + Transport costs from place of loading to shipping port + Unloading at harbour + Transport insurance to shipping port = Selling price free alongside ship (FAS)
CFR = FOB + Ocean Freight
Ocean freight
Provided by shipping lines Quoted as packaged price Others like “additionals” and “surcharges”
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3.3.3 CIF Price
+ Costs for documents (ie delivery order)
= Selling price delivered ex-quay (DEQ)
国际贸易实务 英文版 第二版 pt周瑞琪 Terms of Commodity
Issues concerning quality clause in sales contract:
adopting the right way avoiding double standard being clear, practical and reasonable making use of Quality Latitude or Tolerance making price adjustment when necessary inserting seller's protecting clause when necessary
compose quality, quantity and packing clauses
properly
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4.1 Name of commodity
Significance
CISG Article 35: The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract
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4.2 Quality stipulation –Sale by description
Sale by origin
to use the name of the place of origin as the indication for quality
Example
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Sony Televisions Haier Refrigerators Tigerhead batteries Panasonic Television, TH-42PV65C
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4.2 Quality stipulation –Sale by description
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4.2 Quality stipulation –Sale by description
Sale by standard
when specifications or grades are laid down and proclaimed in a unified way, they become standards. Example
4.2 Quality
Definition:
refers to the intrinsic elements of commodities including the internal properties or ingredients as well as the external appearance..
G.M.Q.:
the quality of the goods offered are sufficiently good to satisfy the purposes for use or consumption which are mutually understood by the buyer and the seller used sometimes as the bottom-line of quality requirement.
China Sesame Seed Moisture: 8% max. Admixture: 2% max. Oil content: 52% basis
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4.2 Quality stipulation –Sale by description
Sale by grade
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4.2 Quality stipulation –Sale by sample
Sale by sample
Definition: a sale when the seller and buyer agree that sample is used as the basis of quality and condition of the goods to be delivered. Example
Sale by origin
to use the name of the place of origin as the indication for quality Example
West-lake Longjing Tea, Grade 1, Zhejiang Origin
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4.2 Quality stipulation –Sale by description
Specification
comprise some important indicators such as composition, content, purity, length, size, etc. Example
be indicated simply by stating its grade, as presumably the seller and the buyer are supposed to have reached a consensus on the classification implication of grades. to avoid misunderstanding and the subsequent disputes, however, it is recommended to lay down some major specifications
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4.1 Name of commodity
Significance
CISG Article 35: The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract
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4.2 Quality –Sale by description
Sale by descriptions or illustrations
specific descriptions, sometimes with illustrations Example
Panasonic Television, TH-42PV65C, quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the instructions attached. Haier Refrigerator, Model XXX ,quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the descriptions submitted by the seller.
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4.2 Quality stipulation –Sale by description
sale by grade: example
Fresh Hen Eggs, shell light brown and clean, even in size Grade AA: 60-65gm per egg Grade A: 55-60gm per egg Grade B: 50-55gm per egg Grade C: 45-50gm per egg
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4.2 Quality: ways of quality stipulation
Quality Stipulations
Categories Types Sale by Specification Sale by Grade Sale by Description Sale by Standard Sale by Brand Name or Trade Mark Sale by Place of Origin Sale by Descriptions and Illustrations Sale by Seller’s Sample Sale by Sample Sale by Buyer’s Sample Sale by Counter Sample Sale by Actual Commodity/Sale by Actual Quality
Sale by buyer’s sample
made on the basis of the sample provided by the buyer
Sale by counter sample
Counter sample: a replica made by the seller of the sample provided, normally by the buyer counter sample used as the basis for quality to remove the risk of the seller a good substitute to sale by buyer’s sample
Chapter Four
Terms of Commodity
Learning objectives
After reading this chapter you should be able to
explain the different ways of quality stipulation outline the quantity measurement units and systems describe the approaches to weight calculation understand the functions and features of different types of export packaging identify marking on the packing of goods for international sales compose quality, quantity and packing clauses properly
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4.2 Quality
Issues concerning quality clause in sales contract:
adopting the right way avoiding double standard being clear, practical and reasonable making use of Quality Latitude or Tolerance making price adjustment when necessary inserting seller's protecting clause when necessary