测控专业英语第四课
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4.2.2 Joint and conditional probabilities
• The statistically independent
• The joint and conditional probabilities’ relevance to signals and signal analysis
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.1 Introduction
• The background of random signals • Example about several signals
Figure 4.1 Signal displaying (a) random amplitude, (b) random timing of transition between fixed levels, and (c) random amplitude and timing components in an essentially repetitive waveform.
• Terminology
– Bayes’rule 贝叶斯公式 – Correlation function 相关函数 – Morse code 莫尔斯码 – Neurophysiology 神经生理学 – Normal distribution 正态分布 – Poisson distribution 泊松分布 – Probability 概率 – Standard deviation 标准偏差 – Time-shifted version 时移形式 – Expect 期望 – Standard deviation 标准方差
• The joint probability • The conditional probabilities • The Bayes’ rule, relates the conditional probability of A
given B to that of B given A.
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• Using examples to define the probability of an event
• the basic additive law of probability
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.2.2 Joint and Conditional Probabilities
4.2.1 The probability of an Event 4.2.2 Joint and Conditional Probabilities 4.2.3 The Probability Density Function
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.2.1 The Probability of an Event
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Text tour
• Outline
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Elements of Probability Theory 4.3 Amplitude Distribution and Moments 4.4 The Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.3 Amplitude Distribution and Moments
ⅱ) the amplitude distribution of a signal tells us nothing about its detailed structure or spectrum, nor is it a unique property of the signal.
Figure 4.6 Portions of four waveforms with identical amplitude distributions
Lesson 4 Random Signals
• Backgrounds • Text tour • Language in use
– Vocabulary – Structure – Reading/writing techniques
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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Backgrounds
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4.2.3 The Probability Density Function
• the probability density function
Figure 4.3 A continuous random signal
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.2.3 The Probability Density Function
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.1 Introduction
• The origin of random signal and the way of dealing with it
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.2 Elements of Probability Theory
Figure 4.2 (a) A portion of a random sampled-data signal with six discrete levels and (b) the probabilities associated with each level
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
• Example
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.3 Amplitude Distribution and Moments
• amplitude distributions: ⅰ) deterministic signals
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《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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4.3 Amplitude Distribution and Moments
测控技术与仪器专业英语
Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory定义的测量方法和测量理论1. Definition of Measurement测量的定义A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of inform ation ”;the aspect of gathering information is one of the most essential aspects of measurement ;measurement are conducted to learn about the object of measurement ;the measurand .This means that a measurement must be descriptive with regard to that state or that phenomenon in the world around us which we are measuring .一个可能的操作描述这个术语的同意,我们凭直觉测量是下列的“测量信息获取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面进行测量,计量了解测量的对象,进行测量。
这意味着一个测量必须描述对于这种状态或这一现象在我们周围的世界我们衡量。
There must be a relationship between this state or phenomenon and the measurement result .Although the aspect of acquiring information is elementary ,it is merely a necessary and not a sufficient aspect of measurement :when one reads a textbook ,one gathers information ,but one does not perform a measurement.必须有一个关系状态或现象和测量结果信息获取的角度,即使是基础,那只是一个必要的和非充分方面的测量:当一个人阅读教科书,一个收集信息,但是一个人不能进行测量。
测控专业英语
UNIT1accomplishment n)成果；成就integrate (v.a)使...结合，综合circuit (n)电路circuitry (n)电路（总称）sophisticated (a)复杂的，尖端的equivalent (a)相等的，相同的transducer (n) 同义词传感器；换能器IC (integrated circuit)集成电路VLSI (very large scale integrated circiut)超大规模集成电路chip (n)芯片analog (n)模拟stopwatch 秒表biomedical 生物医学的linear 线性的nonlinear 非线性的instrumentation仪表检测oscilloscope 示波器microprocessor 微处理器bit; kilobit; megabit 位；千位；兆位to name just...这仅仅是......, to name the more prevalent...这些仅是较流行的功能take aback (astound)使...大吃一惊UNIT 2electromagnetic Indution电磁感应flux density 磁通密度q ___coulombs is inQ是库仑potential gradient电势梯度electromotive force (emf)电动势intensity 电流强度magnitude 大小，流量，幅度at right angles to与...垂直deficit 缺少，亏损weber 韦伯（磁通量）Eq. =equation等式systematic troubleshooting系统的检修malfunction故障UNIT 3 resistance电阻inductance电感capacitance电容resistor(resister)电阻inductor电感器capacitor电容器resistive电阻的inductive感应的capacitive电容性的terminal 终端insulating coating 绝缘外套energize 激励，通电coil 线圈magnetic flux磁通量reversing polarity极性逆转counter electromotive force (CEMF)反电动势inductive reactance感抗impedance阻抗insulator绝缘反义词conductor 导体dielectric 电介质farad; 法拉（电容单位）hertz; 赫兹henry; 亨charge；电荷charging;使充电discharging放电leak away 漏出，漏电promote 促进反义词block 阻塞transformer 变压器compress 压缩passive circuit components 无源电路元件AC; 交流电DC 直流电forward biased正向偏置reverse biased反向偏置solid arrow; 实心箭头dashed arrow虚线箭头UNIT4series Circuits串联电路pertain (v)附属，关于Pythagorean Theorem-based formula 基于勾股.. Phasor相量parenthesis括号triangle; triangulation三角形base; altitude; hypotenuse (n)低/高/斜边conversely (v)相反地resonance 共振phasoral layout 相量排列Had..., the voltage would lag, rather than lead.若..,电压将滞后而不是超前于电流UNIT5semiconductor Diode半导体二极管transistor 晶体管silicon (n) 硅crystalline晶体的impurity 杂质rectifier; rectification整流器/整流triac; diac三端双向晶体管/二端交流开关covalent bonding共价键junction结adjacent临近的diffuse传播equilibrium平衡，均衡...be on the order of ...相当于，近似于UNIT6Amplifier放大器Distinction区别，差别be regard as被视为load resistance 负载电阻substantially=essentially基本地/实质上inherently本质上/生来deduce=reach a conclusion推断transistor circuit晶体管电路precaution预防措施distortion 失真shunt 使...并联impractical不切实际的field-effect场效应UNIT7implement 执行，实现sensor 传感器measurand被测量vat 大桶= tubquantitative 数量的，定量的representative 代表性的，典型的condition 调整，调节categorize 分类transformation 转换photovoltaic 光伏的piezoelectric 压电的thermoelectric 热电的thermistor 热敏电阻RTD 电阻式温度检测器LVDT 线性差动变压器be not representative of…不能代表UNIT8geometric 几何的propagate 传播coordinate 坐标graduated 分度的theodolite 经纬仪bubble 气泡dexterity 灵巧，机敏blunder 大错，失误gross 显著的，严重的obviate 消除，排除conscientious 尽责的algebraic 代数的curvature 弯曲，曲率refraction 折光，折射trigonometric 三角法的calibration 标度unquantifiable 不可测量的UNIT 9solenoid 电磁线圈pneumatic 气动的hydraulic 液动的rinse 漂洗blower 鼓风机cereal 谷物的pellet 颗粒throttling 节流调节detrimental 不利的globe 球形pinch 收缩butterfly 蝶形的flange 法兰，凸缘thread 拧螺丝be prone to 倾向于UNIT10radix 基数predecessor前者contraction缩写saturated 饱和的energize 给通电cutoff 截止的de-energized 失电的UNIT11block 积木integration 集成电路CPU 中央处理单元MSI 中等规模集成电路ALU 算术/逻辑单元tailor 制作decoder 解码器synchronization 同步bus 总线pin 管脚multiplex 多路传输assorted 已分类的processor-on-a-chip 单片处理器UNIT12potentiometer 电位计digitize 将….数字化predefine预定义quantize 量化increment 增加acquisition 获取，采集imperfect 半完成的，减弱的UNIT13element 元件manipulate操纵ambient 周围的，环境的trace 示踪excursion 偏差adversely 相反地intervention 介入consistently 协调地UNIT14sinusoidal 正弦的abscissa 横坐标ramp 斜坡parabolic 抛物线的infer 推断fall into 自然的分作from this standpoint the system time-domain analysis is well justified.从这个观点看，对系统进行时域分析是很合理的。
专业英语(测控专业)
Lession 1Function in use•normal probability function 概率正态分布函数•orthonormal function 正交函数•self-correlation function 自相关函数•trigonometrical function 三角函数•unbounded function 无界函数•unit step function 单位阶跃函数•zero Bessel function 零次贝塞尔函数•function of first degree 一次函数•function of many variables 多元函数•function of random variable 随机变量函数Periodic signals 周期信号Time-domain description 时域描述Polynomial expansion 多项式Taylor series 泰勒级数Fourier series 傅里叶级数Frequency-domain description 频域描述Orthogonal function 正交函数Vectors 矢量Description in dictionary•描述：描述的行为，过程或技术•声明，叙述：描述某事的声明或叙述•用画表示：•一种，一类：Description in text•A discussion of orthogonal functions and of their value for the description of signals may be conveniently introduced by considering the analogy between signals and vectors.•通过分析信号和矢量之间的相似之处，引入用来描述信号的正交函数概念。
Description in use•published a description of her travels; gave a vivid description of the game•出版她的游记；关于这场比赛的生动描述•Monet's ethereal descriptions of haystacks and water lilies.•莫内关于干干草垛和睡莲的精妙描绘•cars of every size and description.•各种大小和类型的小汽车Function in dictionary•作用，功能•职务，职责•角色，工作•重大聚会，庆典•函数：功能：•操作：子程序•Function in text•The fact that great majority of functions which may usefully be considered as signals are functions of lends justification to the treatment of signal theory in terms of time and of frequency.•借助于时间和频率的信号处理理论，许多常被看作是信号的函数都用来进行信号处理。
【测控专业英语】Signal Process信号处理
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他们是许多仪器系统的基础。在仪器中，他们使 用的起源可追溯到的早期的计算机使用，首先，机械 计算机器(19世纪后期到1930年)，然后到模拟电子设 备(20世纪初到20世纪60年代)，所有这些都从大约 1950年开始由于数字计算机的使用而被代替。
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All of these algorithmic methods of processing can be simplistically regarded as embodiments of a mathematical equation inside a suitable technological machine. • 所有的这些处理方法可以简单地看成是一个包 含适当的技术设备的数学方程具体化。 • As the demands complexity and performance requirements grew over time, so the did the demands on the detail of the algorithm and the means to model it inside a computational machine. •
• 随着算法复杂度的增长，处理能力必须提高以保持 精确和处理速度。 • Despite great advances being made in algorithm development and in computer power, the algorithmic methodology eventually encountered mathematical and technological barriers in many fields.
数学模型主要的缺点是迅速变得复杂，以致在 测量系统中这些模型运行通常是不能实现的。
《测控专业英语》PPT课件
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• with respect to:如果……将怎么样;相对于；关于，至于 • It's going to raise a lot of problems with respect to atmosphere pollution. 这将会引起许多有关环境污染方面的问题。
• proportion-integral-differential:比例-积分-微分
• resultant: adj. 作为结果而发生的, 合成的 • resistance: n. 抵抗；抵制；阻力；电阻值 • summation： n. 总和，总数
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
Specified English for Automation
Part Ⅰ Electrical & Electronic Engineering Basics
Unit 1-A Electrical Networks
• Words
• resistor-inductor-capacitor:电阻器-电感器-电容器 • active-passive:有源-无源
• 着重号：需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调词 汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等方法
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• ③英文的省略号是三个点(…)，在行底； 中文是六个点(……)，在行中 • ④英文的破折号是中文是——
M&C Sec. of EI D. of PTU
• 常见错误：
• ②中文中的某些标点在英文中没有
• 顿号：改用逗号分割句中的并列成分 • She slowly, carefully, (and) deliberately moved the box. • 书名号：书名、报刊名及文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画 等均用斜体或下划线表示，也可用双引号 • The NewYork Times/ The NewYork Times • 间隔号：需要时改用逗号 • 奥黛丽· 赫本 Audrey Hepburn
测控专业英语Unit 4
③The uncertainty of the standard used for calibration．
仪器的准确度取决于三个主要因素：① 距离上次校准的 时间； ②校准和使用时的温差； ③用于标定的标准的不确 定度。
Unit 4
Calibration
2.1 In most organizations，calibration is the responsibility of a separate group. That group is responsible for maintaining working standards, keeping records of instruments for periodic calibration and certification, and being knowledgeable of the latest calibration procedures．
What should the separate calibration groups do according to their tasks and office authorities? 办公权限
Questions before reading
Q4
What are calibration procedures and instrument performance check, and how are they implemented? 校准程序
校准是指为了使仪器与已有标准完全一致 （匹配）而将一个测量仪器与一个标准的或其他 已知准确度的仪器相比较的过程。
Unit 4
Calibration
The established standard is normally of at least four 1.3 times greater accuracy than the instrument being calibrated or the average of multiple standards if the four-times criterion is not feasible． 已有标准通常至少四倍于待校准仪器的准确度，或者 当四倍标准不可行时，则采用多重标准平均方式。 To say that an instrument is calibrated means that it 1.5 indicates measurements within specified limits of error for that instrument． 也就是说，仪器校准表明了其测量误差的确定限度。
《测控技术与仪器专业英语》张凤登UNIT-4-电路-参考译文及练习答案
(4-9)
已知电流 i=dq/dt 的，将该变量代入上式，可以消除方程中的积分。由此可得到一个二阶微 分方程
L d 2q dq q +R + =e 2 dt dt C
练习答案 1. Use the information from the reading passage to complete the answer below. (1) It has an effect on total line voltage. (2) Their individual characteristics are unchanged. (3) Current is commonly used as reference. (4) They will be in phase. (5) The difference of XL and XC must be determined. (6) They are the Pythagorean Theorem-based formula, phasoral layout and triangulation. (7) It represents total impedance. (8) It refers to the fact that XL and XC are equal, and line voltage and current are in phase. 2. Fill in the following blanks with the words or expressions given below. Change the forms where necessary. (1) triangulation (2) Impedance (3) reactive (4) capacitors (5) inductive (6) Resistive (7) magnetic (8) electromotive 3. Select the best choices to complete the article. (1) transformer (2) down (3) generated (4) little (5) current (6) resistance (7) less (8) low (9) Direct (10) alternating current
测控专业英语课后单词及翻译
P1U1A Electrical Networks 电路network n. 网络，电路resistor n. 电阻器inductor n. 电感器capacitor n. 电容器passive network 无源网络active network 有源网络characteristic adj. 特性(的)；n. 特性曲线Ohm n. 欧姆Faraday n. 法拉第electric charge 电荷integral n. 积分increment n. 增量armature n. 电枢，衔铁，加固aforementioned adj. 上述的，前面提到的represent v. 代表，表示，阐明amplify v. 放大symbolic adj. 符号的，记号的mesh n. 网孔Kirchhoff’s first law 基尔霍夫第一定律loop current 回路电流voltage drop 电压降in series 串联differential adj. 微分的；n. 微分variable n. 变量outline n. 轮廓；v. 提出……的要点eliminate v. 消除，对消[1] In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance.就电阻来说，电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。
欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。
Which做关系代词，以引出非限制性定语从句。
[2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit.或许在电路中，人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。
测控技术与仪器专业英语unit
全句译为：然而，供应电压从5V衰减到3.3V甚至更低， 以及系统中多种电压形式的出现，并不只是对最智能的传 感器提出的考验。
Separate integrated circuits (ICs) are available to handle the variety of voltages and resolve the problem, but they add to system and sensor complexity. 译为：单独的集成电路（ICs）可用来处理各种不同的电压 并解决问题，但它们增加了系统和传感器的复杂ors
Some of those same semiconductor manufacturers are actively working on smarter silicon devices for the input and output sides of the control system as well. The term microelectromechanical system (MEMS)（微机电系统） is used to describe a structure created with semiconductor manufacturing processes for sensors and actuators.
译为：在今天几乎一切的技术领域都将智能一词作为 其前缀的候选。智能传感器这一术语是在20世纪80年代 中期出现的，从那以后，一些设备已被称之为智能传感器。
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Unit3 Smart Sensors
The intelligence required by such devices is available from microcontroller unit (MCU), digital signal processor (DSP), and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technologies developed by several semiconductor manufacturers.
【测控专业英语】ProcessControlSystem过程控制系统解读
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2 Measuring Transmitter
2– A resistance element converts temperature into a
resistance value, and the resistance transducer converts the resistance value into an electric current signal. – Other primary elements are handled in a similar manner.
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Main content
1
Process
Measuring Transmitter Controller Manipulating Element
2
3 4 5
Process Control
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1 Process
– The process block in Fig. 7.1 represents everything performed in and by the equipment in which a variable is controlled. – The process includes everything that affects the controlled or process variable except the controller and the final control element.