海牙国际私法会议
海牙《选择法院协议公约》评介
海牙《选择法院协议公约》评介孙劲2005年6月30日，“海牙国际私法会议”在其第20届外交大会上，通过了《选择法院协议公约》（以下简称公约）。
该公约是海牙国际私法会议经过十多年艰苦谈判形成的，标志着第一项全球性的涉及民商事管辖权和判决承认与执行的国际公约最终得以诞生。
一、公约制定的历史二十世纪后数十年，随着世界各国之间经济贸易关系的迅速发展和人员交流的急剧增加，一国法院审理的具有涉外因素的民商事案件也越来越多。
而各国国际管辖制度以及对待外国判决态度的巨大差异，极大地影响了法院判决的域外效力，导致申请承认与执行外国判决时产生法律上的不确定性、时间上的延误以及费用上的过分负担，使当事人的合法权益得不到有效、及时的保障，客观上阻碍了国际交往的顺利进行。
1992年5月，参加海牙国际私法会议的美国代表团提出建议，就民商事管辖权和相互承认与执行判决问题制定一项全球性公约。
美国代表团指出，司法管辖权的建立以及法院判决的域外执行，不仅是当事方所关心的问题，也是各国司法制度所关心的问题。
他们都希望在本国和外国的司法实践中合理地解决下列四个问题：1.基于案件的诉讼标的和当事人的情况，规定适当的法院管辖权；2.基于案件的诉讼标的和当事人的情况，排除不适当的法院管辖权；3.确保适当的外国管辖法院作出的判决能够得到承认与执行；4.当外国法院的管辖权不适当时，拒绝承认与执行其判决。
要解决上述四个问题，单靠每个国家各自为政是难以实现的。
1美国的这一建议立即得到许多国家的响应,同年10月海牙国际私法会议设立了工作小组对此进行讨论。
海牙国际私法会议经过多次讨论并为此召开了五次特别委员会会议后，于1999年10月形成了一项《民商事管辖及外国判决公约》（草案），供海牙国际私法会议第十九次大会讨论通过。
这一草案是一项范围广泛的包括“白色清单”、“黑色清单”和“灰色清单”，涉及全面的统一各国涉外民商事案件管辖权和外国判决承认与执行的所谓“混合公约”(mixed1转引自徐宏：《论承认与执行外国民事判决的管辖权条件》，载《中国国际法年刊》1993年卷，中国对外翻译出版公司1994年版，第251页。
试述 1989 年海牙《死者遗产继承法律适用公约》的主要内容
试述 1989 年海牙《死者遗产继承法律适用公约》的主要内容
答：《死者遗产继承法律适用公约》于1988年海牙国际私法会议第十六届大会通过。
是涉外继承法律适用的重要成果。
是调整涉外继承实体要件的主要的国际条约。
其主要内容如下：
1、在适用范围方面，除遗嘱方式、遗嘱能力、与夫妻财产有关的问题、与继承无直接关系而产生或转移的权利和财产外，一切遗产继承的法律适用问题均适用本公约。
2、在法律适用方面，只要受理案件的法院所在地国参加了公约，该法院就要适用公约，即使公约指向的法律为非缔约国法律，本公约同样适用。
3、在准据法选择方面，公约采用了继承法律适用的同一制，即将死者遗产看作一个不可分割的整体，不区分遗产中的动产和不动产，统一适用准据法；而且，该公约有条件承认当事人的意思自治原则，即当事人一方可以明示方式指定有关国家的法律作为调整继承整体问题的准据法，但这种指定法律的行为只有在该当事人在指定法律时或死亡时具有该有关国家的国籍或在该国拥有惯常居所时方为有效。
4、在准据法的调整内容方面，公约规定包括：确认继承人、继承份额和义务以及因死亡而引起的其他继承权；引行为而引起的继承权的剥夺和损失；在确定继承人、不动产遗嘱继承人或动产遗嘱继承人的继承份额时，任何返还或说明赠与物品、特留份或遗物的义务；可处分的遗产部分，不可剥夺的利益和对遗产处分的其他限制；遗嘱处分的实质有效性等。
海牙国际私法会议
海牙国际私法会议海牙国际私法会议是一个国际组织，也是国际私法领域的重要组织。
本文将介绍海牙国际私法会议的背景、目标和重要成果。
海牙国际私法会议成立于1893年，总部设在荷兰海牙。
它的目标是通过国际协商和立法，推动国家之间私法关系的协调和统一。
该组织通过编制和推动制定国际公约，来解决跨国民事和商事纠纷。
会议的成员包括各国政府代表和专家学者。
海牙国际私法会议的工作领域涵盖了婚姻、离婚、破产、承认和执行判决等多个领域。
其中最著名的成果之一是《国际婚姻法公约》，该公约于1978年通过，在全球范围内推动了婚姻法的协调和统一。
根据该公约，各国应当自动承认其他国家的婚姻和离婚判决，从而避免了婚姻跨国纠纷的发生和繁琐的司法程序。
另一个重要成果是《国际承认和执行判决公约》。
该公约于1954年通过，目的是促进国际判决的承认和执行。
根据该公约，任何国家的判决在其他缔约国都应该得到承认和执行。
这个公约增强了国际判决的效力，创造了更加有利于国际贸易和投资的法律环境。
此外，海牙国际私法会议还制定了一系列关于国际继承、国际民事责任、国际商法等方面的公约和指南。
这些公约和指南为各国提供了行动准则和法律依据，加强了国际私法的统一和协调。
海牙国际私法会议每隔四年举办一次大会，在大会上会员国讨论和审议国际私法领域的重大问题，并制定工作计划和草案。
此外，海牙国际私法会议定期举办专题研讨会和培训班，促进成员国在私法领域的交流与合作。
总之，海牙国际私法会议作为一个国际组织，致力于国际私法领域的协调和统一。
通过制定国际公约和法律指南，海牙国际私法会议为各国提供了法律依据和行动准则，推动了国际私法的发展和进步。
它的成果对于促进跨国纠纷解决、国际贸易和投资的推动以及保护个人权益都起到了重要作用。
海牙国际私法会议在国际私法领域的工作涉及众多领域，如国际商法、国际家庭法、国际民事责任等。
其中，国际商法是该组织的一个重点领域。
海牙国际私法会议通过制定公约和指南，为国际商事交易提供了一系列规范和法律指引，进一步促进了国际贸易和投资的发展。
国际海牙规则内容
国际海牙规则内容国际海牙规则：保护儿童及跨境家庭争端解决随着全球化的发展，跨境家庭争端问题越来越普遍。
为了保护儿童的权益和解决这些家庭争端，国际社会制定了一系列的法律和规则，其中最为重要的就是国际海牙规则。
一、海牙规则的背景和意义国际海牙规则是指在海牙国际私法会议（Hague Conference on Private International Law）上通过的一系列国际公约和协议。
这些规则的制定旨在解决跨境家庭争端中的法律问题，确保儿童的合法权益得到保护。
海牙规则的实施不仅有助于维护儿童的权益，还有利于促进国际间的司法合作和交流。
二、海牙规则的具体内容海牙规则的内容十分丰富，包括了儿童被绑架、儿童抚养权纠纷、婚姻和财产等方面的规定。
其中最为重要的规则包括《儿童保护公约》、《国际儿童绑架公约》和《国际家庭法公约》等。
1.《儿童保护公约》该公约于1993年通过，目的是保护儿童的最佳利益。
公约规定了儿童受到侵害时的保护措施，包括儿童被绑架、虐待、性侵犯等情况下的处理办法。
各国签署该公约后，应根据公约的规定制定相应的国内法律，确保公约的实施。
2.《国际儿童绑架公约》该公约于1980年通过，旨在解决儿童被非法劫持到海外的问题。
公约规定了被绑架儿童的返还程序，要求各签约国协调合作，尽快将被绑架儿童送回其合法居住地。
公约还规定了一些例外情况，如如果儿童已经适应新环境，或者儿童的生命、身体或心理健康受到严重威胁等。
3.《国际家庭法公约》该公约于2019年通过，是海牙规则的最新成果之一。
该公约规定了跨境家庭争端解决的程序和原则，包括婚姻的成立和终止、财产分割、子女抚养权等方面的规定。
公约的目的是为了解决因国际移民、国际婚姻等原因引起的家庭纠纷，保护儿童的最佳利益。
三、海牙规则的实施和影响海牙规则的实施需要各国政府的积极参与和配合。
各国应根据海牙规则的要求制定相应的国内法律，并加强与其他国家的司法合作，共同解决跨境家庭争端问题。
海牙国际私法会议规约
[previous version of the Statute]STATUTE OF THE HAGUE CONFERENCE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW(Entered into force on 15 July 1955)* [1]The Governments of the countries hereinafter specified:the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland;In view of the permanent character of the Hague Conference on Private International Law;Desiring to stress that character;Having, to that end, deemed it desirable to provide the Conference with a Statute;Have agreed upon the following provisions:Article 1The purpose of the Hague Conference is to work for the progressive unification of the rules of privateinternational law.Article 2(1) Members of the Hague Conference on Private International Law are the States which have already participated in one or more Sessions of the Conference and which accept the present Statute.(2) Any other State, the participation of which is from a juridical point of view of importance for the work of the Conference, may become a Member. The admission of new Member States shall be decided upon by the Governments of the participating States, upon the proposal of one or more of them, by a majority of the votes cast, within a period of six months from the date on which that proposal is submitted to the Governments.(3) The admission shall become effective upon the acceptance of the present Statute by the State concerned. Article 3(1) The Member States of the Conference may, at a meeting concerning general affairs and policy where the majority of Member States is present, by a majority of the votes cast, decide to admit also as a Member any Regional Economic Integration Organisation which has submitted an application for membership to the Secretary General. References to Members under this Statute shall include such Member Organisations, except as otherwise expressly provided. The admission shall become effective upon the acceptance of the Statute by the Regional Economic Integration Organisation concerned.(2) To be eligible to apply for membership of the Conference, a Regional Economic Integration Organisation must be one constituted solely by sovereign States, and to which its Member States have transferred competence over a range of matters within the purview of the Conference, including the authority to make decisions binding on its Member States in respect of those matters.(3) Each Regional Economic Integration Organisation applying for membership shall, at the time of such application, submit a declaration of competence specifying the matters in respect of which competence has been transferred to it by its Member States.(4) Each Member Organisation and its Member States shall ensure that any change regarding the competence of the Member Organisation or in its membership shall be notified to the Secretary General, who shall circulate such information to the other Members of the Conference.(5) Member States of the Member Organisation shall be presumed to retain competence over all matters in respect of which transfers of competence have not been specifically declared or notified.(6) Any Member of the Conference may request the Member Organisation and its Member States to provide information as to whether the Member Organisation has competence in respect of any specific question which is before the Conference. The Member Organisation and its Member States shall ensure that this information is provided on such request.(7) The Member Organisation shall exercise membership rights on an alternative basis with its Member States that are Members of the Conference, in the areas of their respective competences.(8) The Member Organisation may exercise on matters within its competence, in any meetings of the Conference in which it is entitled to participate, a number of votes equal to the number of its Member States which have transferred competence to the Member Organisation in respect of the matter in question, and which are entitled to vote in and have registered for such meetings. Whenever the Member Organisation exercises its right to vote, its Member States shall not exercise theirs, and conversely.(9) "Regional Economic Integration Organisation" means an international organisation that is constituted solely by sovereign States, and to which its Member States have transferred competence over a range of matters, including the authority to make decisions binding on its Member States in respect of those matters.Article 4(1) The Council on General Affairs and Policy (hereafter "the Council"), composed of all Members, has charge of the operation of the Conference. Meetings of the Council shall, in principle, be held annually.(2) The Council ensures such operation through a Permanent Bureau, the activities of which it directs.(3) The Council shall examine all proposals intended to be placed on the Agenda of the Conference. It shall be free to determine the action to be taken on such proposals.(4) The Netherlands Standing Government Committee, instituted by Royal Decree of 20 February 1897 with a view to promoting the codification of private international law, shall, after consultation with the Members of the Conference, determine the date of the Diplomatic Sessions.(5) The Standing Government Committee shall address itself to the Government of the Netherlands for the convocation of the Members. The Chair of the Standing Government Committee presides over the Sessions of the Conference.(6) The Ordinary Sessions of the Conference shall, in principle, be held every four years.(7) If necessary, the Council may, after consultation with the Standing Government Committee, request the Government of the Netherlands to convene the Conference in Extraordinary Session.(8) The Council may consult the Standing Government Committee on any other matter relevant to the Conference.Article 5(1) The Permanent Bureau shall have its seat at The Hague. It shall be composed of a Secretary General and four Secretaries who shall be appointed by the Government of the Netherlands upon presentation by the Standing Government Committee.(2) The Secretary General and the Secretaries must possess appropriate legal knowledge and practical experience. In their appointment account shall also be taken of diversity of geographic representation and of legal expertise.(3) The number of Secretaries may be increased after consultation with the Council and in accordance with Article 10.Article 6Under the direction of the Council, the Permanent Bureau shall be charged with -a) the preparation and organisation of the Sessions of the Hague Conference and the meetings of the Council and of any Special Commissions;b) the work of the Secretariat of the Sessions and meetings envisaged above;c) all the tasks which are included in the activity of a secretariat.Article 7(1) With a view to facilitating communication between the Members of the Conference and the Permanent Bureau, the Government of each of the Member States shall designate a national organ and each Member Organisation a contact organ.(2) The Permanent Bureau may correspond with all the organs so designated and with the competent international organisations.Article 8(1) The Sessions and, in the interval between Sessions, the Council, may set up Special Commissions to prepare draft Conventions or to study all questions of private international law which come within the purpose of the Conference.(2) The Sessions, Council and Special Commissions shall, to the furthest extent possible, operate on the basis of consensus.Article 9(1) The budgeted costs of the Conference shall be apportioned among the Member States of the Conference.(2) A Member Organisation shall not be required to contribute in addition to its Member States to the annual budget of the Conference, but shall pay a sum to be determined by the Conference, in consultation with the Member Organisation, to cover additional administrative expenses arising out of its membership.(3) In any case, travelling and living expenses of the delegates to the Council and the Special Commissions shall be payable by the Members represented.Article 10(1) The budget of the Conference shall be submitted each year to the Council of Diplomatic Representatives of the Member States at The Hague for approval.(2) These Representatives shall also apportion among the Member States the expenses which are charged in that budget to the latter.(3) The Diplomatic Representatives shall meet for such purposes under the chairmanship of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.Article 11(1) The expenses resulting from the Ordinary and Extraordinary Sessions of the Conference shall be borne by the Government of the Netherlands.(2) In any case, the travelling and living expenses of the delegates shall be payable by the respective Members. Article 12The usages of the Conference shall continue to be observed on all points, unless contrary to the present Statute or to the Regulations.Article 13(1) Amendments to the Statute must be adopted by consensus of the Member States present at a meeting concerning general affairs and policy.(2) Such amendments shall enter into force, for all Members, three months after they are approved by two thirds of the Member States in accordance with their respective internal procedures, but not earlier than nine months from the date of their adoption.(3) The meeting referred to in paragraph 1 may change by consensus the periods of time referred to in paragraph 2.Article 14To provide for their execution, the provisions of the present Statute will be complemented by Regulations. The Regulations shall be established by the Permanent Bureau and submitted to a Diplomatic Session, the Council of Diplomatic Representatives or the Council on General Affairs and Policy for approval.Article 15(1) The present Statute shall be submitted for acceptance to the Governments of States which participated in one or more Sessions of the Conference. It shall enter into force as soon as it is accepted by the majority of the States represented at the Seventh Session.(2) The statement of acceptance shall be deposited with the Netherlands Government, which shall make it known to the Governments referred to in the first paragraph of this Article.(3) The Netherlands Government shall, in the case of the admission of a new Member, inform all Members of the declaration of acceptance of that new Member.Article 16(1) Each Member may denounce the present Statute after a period of five years from the date of its entry into force under the terms of Article 15, paragraph 1.(2) Notice of the denunciation shall be given to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at least six months before the expiration of the budgetary year of the Conference, and shall become effective at the expiration of the said year, but only with respect to the Member which has given notice thereof. The English and French texts of this Statute, as amended on 1 January 2007, are equally authentic.* The Statute was adopted during the Seventh Session of the Hague Conference on Private International Law on 31 October 1951 and entered into force on 15 July 1955. Amendments were adopted during the Twentieth Session on 30 June 2005 (Final Act, C), approved by Members on 30 September 2006 and entered into force on 1 January 2007.[1] As of 30 June 2005, in addition to the founding Member States mentioned in the Preamble, the following States had accepted the Statute: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, People's Republic of China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, New Zealand, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Suriname, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Ukraine, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela.。
海牙国际私法会议的原则
海牙国际私法会议的原则
海牙国际私法会议原则的主要内容如下：
1. 平等原则：海牙国际私法会议坚守平等原则，所有参与国家在会议中享有平等的
地位和权益。
2. 法治原则：会议重视法治，秉持依法解决争端和问题的原则。
3. 国家主权原则：会议尊重各个国家的主权，维护国家的法律制度，以确保国家的
法律不受侵犯。
4. 合作原则：会议鼓励各国就私法问题进行合作并共同寻求解决方案，推动国际私
法的统一和协调。
5. 司法合作原则：会议倡导各国之间的司法合作，包括民事和商事领域的信息共享、证据交换和判决承认等，以促进国际私法体系的顺畅运作。
6. 信任原则：会议强调各国之间的互相信任，通过共享信息和积极合作，加强国家
与国家之间的关系。
7. 良好信誉原则：会议鼓励各参与国保持良好信誉并履行国际私法的义务，以维护
国际社会的稳定和秩序。
8. 文明和人道原则：会议重视尊重人权和基本自由，并鼓励各国采取措施保护弱势
群体的权益。
9. 反腐败原则：会议倡导反腐败行动，促进廉洁和透明的国际私法环境。
10. 可持续发展原则：会议强调可持续发展的原则，通过推动和支持绿色经济和可再
生能源的发展，为子孙后代创造更好的未来。
请注意，以上原则仅为示范性的描述，与实际海牙国际私法会议文件可能有所不同。
从海牙国际公约看国际私法的趋同化发展趋势
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海 牙会议公 约 的主要 特点
海 牙会 议通 过的这 些 国际公 约 ， 无论 在选题 、 内 容、 立法 技术 还是执 行 方面都 具有鲜 明 的特点 。 （ ） 约的选 题方 面 一 公 海牙 会 议公约在 具体 选题 上总是 力 图与 国际社 会 的实 际需要 保持一 致 。公约 的选题 明显 呈现 出从 婚姻 家庭 等传 统 民事 领域 向 国际经济 贸易 等新领 域 转 移 的特 点 。第 二 次 世 界大 战 以前 ， 国 问 的联 系 各 主要 表现 为私人 间 的往 来 ， 由此 产 生 大量 私 人 的 身 份、 能力 、 承 等法 律关 系 ， 继 因而 这 一 时期 的公 约 多 涉及 婚姻家 庭 、 承 、 继 国际 民事诉 讼等领 域 。二战 以 后， 国家 问经济技 术合 作 明显 加 强 ， 国际 民商 事交往 更 加频 繁 ， 国际 民商事关 系也 更加 复杂 ， 出现 了新 并 型 的国际 民商事 关 系 ， 国 际产 品 责 任 、 际信 托 、 如 国 国际证 券等 。与之 相 适 应 ， 牙会 议 出 台 了一 系列 海 相 关 的公 约 ， 比如 ，９３年 １ １７ ０月 ２ 日通 过 的 《 于 关 产 品 责任 的法 律适 用 的公 约 》 １８ ，９５年 ７月 １日通 过 的《 于 信 托 的 准 据 法 及 其 承 认 的公 约》， 及 关 以 ２０ ０ ６年 ７月 ５ 日通过 的 《 于 经 由 中间人 持有 的证 关 券 的某些 权 利 的 法 律适 用 公 约 》 等 等 。特 别 是 后 ， 者适 应 了国 际社 会 的 实 际需 求 ， 全球 范 围 内统一 在
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第２ ４卷 第 ６期
新 乡学 院学报 （ 社会科学版 ）
海牙国际私法会议对21世纪国际私法新发展贡献
陈卫佐• 2013-04-17 10:26:22 来源：《法学》(沪)2007年11期内容提要：海牙国际私法会议是一个以“逐渐统一国际私法规则”为宗旨的国际组织。
自1893年问世以来，它对国际私法的理论学说、立法实践和司法判例产生了深远影响。
21世纪的国际私法发展同样离不开海牙国际私法会议的贡献，比如它制定了一些新的统一国际私法规则，吸收了区域性经济一体化组织为成员，并对晚近各国的国际私法改革起到了积极的影响作用。
未来中国的国际私法立法也将从海牙国际私法公约中获取养分和受到启发。
关键词：海牙国际私法会议 21世纪国际私法新发展贡献作者简介：陈卫佐，清华大学法学院。
海牙国际私法会议(法文名称：Conférence de La Haye de droit international privé；英文名称：Hague Conference on Private International Law)①是世界上专门致力于国际私法规则的统一的最重要的普遍性、政府间国际组织。
②自1893年荷兰政府在海牙召集第一次国际私法会议以来，该组织经历了漫长而曲折的发展历程。
最初的三次海牙国际私法会议的参加国全部为欧洲大陆国家。
直到1904年，当日本作为第一个非欧洲大陆国家参加第四次海牙国际私法会议时，这一状况才有所改变。
③1951年第7届海牙国际私法会议通过的《海牙国际私法会议章程》(1955年7月15日生效)标志着海牙国际私法会议已成为一个以“国际私法规则的逐渐统一”为宗旨的永久性国际组织。
自1951年至今(截至2007年9月18日)，海牙国际私法会议已制定了37个公约，④其中26个公约已经生效。
刚刚过去的20世纪，是海牙国际私法会议对国际私法的发展产生深远影响的世纪。
其不仅在国际私法统一运动方面成果斐然，而且对国际私法的理论学说和各国冲突法(法律适用法)及国际民事诉讼法的立法和司法实践产生了不可低估的影响。
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...../...../履约机制论文：海牙国际私法会议保护儿童权利公约履约机制研究【中文摘要】儿童是一个民族的未来,是一个国家的希望,如何去保护儿童,让他们健康快乐的成长,让他们保持着是纯净而美好的心灵,一直是全人类努力为之所奋斗的。
由于儿童的心理和身体都没有发育完善,所以往往在遇到一些外界伤害的时候他们无法进行很好的自我保护,处于在弱势的地位,如何去帮助这些渴望得到关怀的孩子们,一贯是海牙国际私法会议工作的重点内容。
海牙会议通过订立了一系列相关公约,形成了儿童权利保护公约的体系,以此从实践上加大对于儿童权利保护的规范。
海牙儿童权利保护公约的履行情况良好与否密切关系着在实践中儿童的切身利益是否真正有效的得到了保护,而在归纳总结的基础上对公约履约机制的研究可以更好的促进儿童权利保护公约的实施。
海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的建立是非常有必要的。
海牙儿童权利保护公约的目标促成了其履约机制的建立,而履约机制的建立是影响公约能否良好实施的重要因素。
履约机制的建立在很大程度上决定了公约的实施,因为履约机制的建立对于公约的实施起到了监督的作用并且指导了公约实施方向。
而从另一方面来说,正是由于公约的实施才真正实现了履约机制建立的。
海牙儿童权利保护公约所确立的履约机制主要有司法与行政合作机制、审议机制以及实践报告机制。
司法与行政合作机制是当今国际合作机制中比较新型、有效的模式,现在被越来越广泛的运用,其包括了中央机关合作模式以及主管机关之间的合作模式等等。
而在司法与行政合作机制中,中央机关合作制度是最为重要的模式,中央机关合作制度有模式双向化以及功能多样化的特点,各缔约国需要根据实际情况指定相应的中央机关,以便进行国际合作。
审议机制是海牙国际私法会议定期召开相关会议,对于儿童权利保护公约在各国的履行情况进行客观评估,以便及时发现问题,寻求切实的解决方案,该机制已成功运用于1980年海牙诱拐公约,1993年海牙跨国收养公约,以及1996年海牙父母责任公约中。
实施公约的良好实践指南是在了解公约在各缔约方具体实施状况的基础上进行的归纳总结,对于成员国今后如何更好的履行公约起到了指向性的作用,1980年海牙诱拐公约良好实践指南以及1993年海牙跨国收养公约良好实践指南在具体实施公约的过程中都起到了重要的作用。
目前1980年《国际诱拐儿童民事方面的公约》仅对中国香港地区和中国澳门地区生效。
2000年11月中国签署了1993年的海牙《跨国收养方面保护儿童及合作公约》,全国人大常委会在2005年4月批准了该公约,2006年1月该收养公约在中国生效,该公约同时适用于中国香港和中国澳门特别行政区。
中国在履约过程中还存在着系列问题,例如涉外收养法律机制不够完善、儿童最大利益原则贯彻不够彻底、履约的配套机制不够完善等。
因此,中国需要从各方面进一步完善海牙儿童权利保护公约的履行机制。
【英文摘要】Children are the future of an nation and the hope for a country. How to protect them to grow up healthily and happily while maintian a pure and beautiful soul is what all mankind has been striven to achieve. Due to the underdeveloped psychological and physical condition of children, they can not protect themselves very well in the face of the hurt from the outside world and thus are reduced to a comparatively weak position. How to help those children eager to get care has always been the main focus of the work of Hague Conference on Private International Law. To better the protection of the rights of children in practice, the conference passed and concluded a series of related conventions which finally formed a system. The performance of the conventions is closely related to the real protection of the immediate interests of children, and on the basis of conclusion,a research over the convention implementingmechanism can help to prompote the implementation of the protection conventions of the rights of children.It is essential to establish the Hague implementing mechanism of protecting the rights of children. The aim of the protection conventions helps to promote the establishment of the convention implementing mechanism, while at the same time,the system plays an important role in the effective implementation of the conventions. The convention implementing mechanism decides the implementation of the conventions to a large extent, for its establishment has a supervisory role over the implementation of conventions and offers direction for the implementation of conventions. On the other hand, it is the implementation of conventions that helps to realize the aim of establishing the convention implementing mechanism.The Hague Convention on the protection of Children is honored by three systems, judicial and administrative co-operation, review and guide to good practice mechanism. Judicial and administrative co-operation is a new and effective pattern that finds increasingly wide application, including central authories cooperation, competent authorities cooperation and soon.Central authories cooperation, which is interactive and multi-functional, is the most important method in judicial andadministrative co-operation. Contracting states choose corresponding central authority according to actual situations for international collaboration. Review mechanism means that the Hague Conference on Private International Law hold routine conferences to assess how the Convention on the protection of Children is honored in contracting countries, locate problems and then seek efficient solutions. It has successfully applied to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children. Guide to good practice for convention is a summary based on actual circumstances of contracting states and leads to the extensive inforcement of the convention in the future. Guides to good practice under The 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention and the 1993 Hague Convention on inter-country adoption have proved to play a significant role honoring the conventions.Currently the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction only applies to Hong Kong and Macao. In November 2000, China signed the 1993 HagueConvention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the Standing Committee ofthe National People’s Congress ratified it in April 2005. It entered into force in January 2006 in Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao. China now still has many problems in honoring the conventions, such as an incomplete inter-country adoption law system, failure in implementation to the best interests of the child principle, lack of good supporting systems. Therefore, China has much to do to perfect the honoring systems of The Hague Convention on the protection of Children.【关键词】履约机制司法与行政合作机制审议机制实践报告机制【英文关键词】implementing mechanism judicial and administrative co-operation review mechanismguide to good practice【目录】海牙国际私法会议保护儿童权利公约履约机制研究摘要4-6 Abstract 6-7 引言 8-11 一、海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的建立 11-15 (一) 国际公约履约机制的含义11 (二) 建立海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的必要性 11-15二、海牙儿童权利保护公约所确立的主要履约机制 15-39 (一)司法与行政合作机制 15-20 (二) 审议机制 20-26 (三)实践报告机制 26-39 三、中国与海牙儿童权利保护公约的履约机制 39-45 (一) 中国在履约中存在的问题 39-41 (二) 解决对策 41-45 结论 45-46 参考文献 46-49 攻读硕士学位期间发表的学术论文目录4920.4.64.6.202002:4402:44:01强烈的欲望也是非常重要的。