曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语课件Chap_29
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Chap公共部门经济学经济学原理曼昆中英文双语PPT课件
The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level. 需求曲线和社会 成本曲线的交点决 定了社会最优产量。
u The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity. 社会最优产量比市场均衡产量低。
如果铝厂排放污染（负外部性），那么生产 铝的社会成本就比铝生产者的私人成本高。
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The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
铝市场和福利经济学
For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
第20页/共46页
Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum
Price of Education
Supply (private cost)
Social value Demand (private value)
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of
每生产一个单位量的铝，社会成本既包括铝生产 者的私人成本，也包括污染给旁观者带来的成本。
第14页/共46页
Pollution and the Social
u The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity. 社会最优产量比市场均衡产量低。
如果铝厂排放污染（负外部性），那么生产 铝的社会成本就比铝生产者的私人成本高。
第13页/共46页
The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics
铝市场和福利经济学
For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
第20页/共46页
Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum
Price of Education
Supply (private cost)
Social value Demand (private value)
0
QMARKET QOPTIMUM
Quantity of
每生产一个单位量的铝，社会成本既包括铝生产 者的私人成本，也包括污染给旁观者带来的成本。
第14页/共46页
Pollution and the Social
曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语PPT课件Chap_34
HOW MONETARY POLICY INFLUENCES AGGREGATE DEMAND 货币政策如何影响总需求
• For the U.S. economy, the most important
reason for the downward slope of the
aggregate-demand curve is the interest-rate
determine the economy’s interest rate.
• According to the theory, the interest rate
adjusts to balance the supply and demand for
money.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
effect.
对美国经济来讲，总需求曲线向右下方倾
斜的最重要原因是利率效应。
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Theory of Liquidity Preference • Keynes developed the theory of liquidity
preference in order to explain what factors
• Open-market operations • Changing the reserve requirements • Changing the discount rate
• Because it is fixed by the Fed, the quantity of money supplied does not depend on the interest rate. • The fixed money supply is represented by a vertical supply curve.
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观经济学ppt课件
研究对象
宏观经济学主要关注整个经济体系的总体运行，包 括总需求、总供给、国民收入、物价水平、就业和 经济增长等。
宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系
相互联系
宏观经济学和微观经济学是经济学的两个重要分支，它们之间相互联系、相互补充。 微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础，而宏观经济学则是微观经济学的延伸和扩展。
区别
开放经济下的政策目标
货币政策与财政政策
实现内外部经济均衡，即国内经济增长、充 分就业、物价稳定和国际收支平衡。
在开放经济下，政府可以运用货币政策和财 政政策来调节经济，但需要考虑汇率和国际 收支等因素。
汇率政策
国际经济政策协调
政府可以通过调整汇率水平来影响国际经济 活动和国内经济状况。
各国政府需要加强国际经济政策协调，共同 应对全球性经济问题，促进世界经济稳定发 展。
支持通货膨胀
凯恩斯主义宏观经济学派认为，适度的通货膨胀可以刺激 经济增长，政府可以通过控制货币供应量等手段来调节通 货膨胀率。
货币主义宏观经济学派
强调货币供应量
货币主义宏观经济学派认为，货币供应量的变化是影响经济波动 的主要因素，政府应该通过控制货币供应量来调节经济。
主张单一规则
该学派主张政府应该制定一个固定的货币增长规则，并严格执行， 以保持物价的稳定和经济的增长。
VS
政策效应互补
货币政策和财政政策在调控经济时具有不 同的特点和优势，可以相互补充、协调配 合，提高宏观调控效果。例如，在治理通 货膨胀时，可以采取紧缩性货币政策和扩 张性财政政策相配合的方式；在促进经济 增长时，可以采取扩张性货币政策和紧缩 性财政政策相配合的方式。
05
国际经济学与宏观经济政策
Chapter
经济学原理曼昆PPT课件
concepts does the diagram illustrate?
▪ 生产可能性边界与机会成本有什么联系？它还表示了什么其他概念？ ▪ How is the Production Possibilities Frontier related
to opportunity cost? What other concepts does it illustrate?
15
主动学习 1
不在生产可能性边界上的点
A.在图上找出代表100台电脑和3000吨小麦的点， 并标作F。问：经济能生产出这样的两种产品数 量组合吗？为什么？
B. 找出代表300台电脑和3500吨小麦的点，并标作 G。问：经济能生产出这样的两种产品组合吗？ 为什么？
16
主动学习 1
参考答案
▪ F点:代表100台电
The Circular-Flow Diagram
经济学的第一个模型：循环流量图
▪ The Circular-Flow Diagram ：a visual model of the economy, shows how dollars
flow through markets among households and firms
5
Some Familiar Models（熟悉的模型）
飞机模型 A model airplane
6
Some Familiar Models（熟悉的模型）
牙医办公室里的牙齿模型
The model teeth at the dentist’s office
不要忘了刷 牙!
7
The First Model:
▪ 微观和宏观经济学，实证的和规范的经济学有何不同？ ▪ What is the difference between microeconomics and
▪ 生产可能性边界与机会成本有什么联系？它还表示了什么其他概念？ ▪ How is the Production Possibilities Frontier related
to opportunity cost? What other concepts does it illustrate?
15
主动学习 1
不在生产可能性边界上的点
A.在图上找出代表100台电脑和3000吨小麦的点， 并标作F。问：经济能生产出这样的两种产品数 量组合吗？为什么？
B. 找出代表300台电脑和3500吨小麦的点，并标作 G。问：经济能生产出这样的两种产品组合吗？ 为什么？
16
主动学习 1
参考答案
▪ F点:代表100台电
The Circular-Flow Diagram
经济学的第一个模型：循环流量图
▪ The Circular-Flow Diagram ：a visual model of the economy, shows how dollars
flow through markets among households and firms
5
Some Familiar Models（熟悉的模型）
飞机模型 A model airplane
6
Some Familiar Models（熟悉的模型）
牙医办公室里的牙齿模型
The model teeth at the dentist’s office
不要忘了刷 牙!
7
The First Model:
▪ 微观和宏观经济学，实证的和规范的经济学有何不同？ ▪ What is the difference between microeconomics and
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
宏观经济学曼昆ppt课件
版权所有
谢绝拷贝
宏观经济学
MACROECONOMICS
N.Gregory Mankiw (曼昆)
此幻灯片为纪念从教《西方经济学》二十周年
而作，并把她献给你们
我心中的太阳。
1
第1章 宏观经济学的科学
第一 节 宏观经济学家研究什么 Y = F（L，N，K，H）
总产出=总投入 总支出=总收入 总需求=总供给
6
4) GDP是计算期内生产的最终产品和劳务 的市场价值。 5) GDP 是一国范围内生产的最终产品和劳 务的市场价值。 6) GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。
7
3.名义的GDP和实际的GDP
1) 名义的GDP(Nominal GDP) 以一定时期市场价格表示的国内生产总值， 称作该时期的名义的GDP。 2) 实际的GDP(Real GDP) 以某一年作为基年的价格表示的国内生产 总值，称作该时期的实际的GDP。
23
4. 漏出和注入
1)漏出指居民或企业的收入中作为储蓄、税 收和进口等而没有支付给对方的那部分。
2)注入指居民或企业得到的收入中，不是相 互由对方付给的那部分。如投资、出口、政 府支出等。
▪
W=J
▪ S + TA + IM + = I + G +EX +TR
24
5.漏出和注入的关系 漏出来之于注入,又归入于注入之中。 ▪ W > J,国民经济收缩。 ▪ W < J,国民经济扩张。 ▪ W = J,国民经济均衡。
D
QS= S(P,Pm)
0
Q
Q0 Q1
3
2. 模型的多样性
3. 价格: 伸缩性与粘性 市场出清 伸缩性
谢绝拷贝
宏观经济学
MACROECONOMICS
N.Gregory Mankiw (曼昆)
此幻灯片为纪念从教《西方经济学》二十周年
而作，并把她献给你们
我心中的太阳。
1
第1章 宏观经济学的科学
第一 节 宏观经济学家研究什么 Y = F（L，N，K，H）
总产出=总投入 总支出=总收入 总需求=总供给
6
4) GDP是计算期内生产的最终产品和劳务 的市场价值。 5) GDP 是一国范围内生产的最终产品和劳 务的市场价值。 6) GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。
7
3.名义的GDP和实际的GDP
1) 名义的GDP(Nominal GDP) 以一定时期市场价格表示的国内生产总值， 称作该时期的名义的GDP。 2) 实际的GDP(Real GDP) 以某一年作为基年的价格表示的国内生产 总值，称作该时期的实际的GDP。
23
4. 漏出和注入
1)漏出指居民或企业的收入中作为储蓄、税 收和进口等而没有支付给对方的那部分。
2)注入指居民或企业得到的收入中，不是相 互由对方付给的那部分。如投资、出口、政 府支出等。
▪
W=J
▪ S + TA + IM + = I + G +EX +TR
24
5.漏出和注入的关系 漏出来之于注入,又归入于注入之中。 ▪ W > J,国民经济收缩。 ▪ W < J,国民经济扩张。 ▪ W = J,国民经济均衡。
D
QS= S(P,Pm)
0
Q
Q0 Q1
3
2. 模型的多样性
3. 价格: 伸缩性与粘性 市场出清 伸缩性
曼昆《经济学原理第三版》宏观分册原版中英文双语Chap25省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖PPT课件
70/ 7 = 10
15/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
15/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
70规则一个例子
每年利率为7％5000美元投资在后价值翻 一番。
70/ 7 = 10
16/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
22/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
生产率是怎样决定
物质资本
是生产出来生产要素。
• 它是生产过程投入，也是过去生产过程产出 。
是用于生产物品与劳务设备与建筑物存 量。
• 用于生产或修理汽车工具。 • 用于生产家俱工具。 • 办公楼，学校等等…
Physical Capital
is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
17/76
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Why Productivity Is So Important 为何生产率如此主要
Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each hour of work. 生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产 物品与劳务量。
曼昆宏观经济学ppt课件(2024)
平台经济、共享经济等新模 式不断涌现，对传统经济理 论提出挑战。
2024/1/28
数据成为新的生产要素，对 经济增长贡献度不断提升。
需要加强数字经济理论研究 ，为政策制定提供科学依据 。
43
THANKS
感谢观看
2024/1/28
44
宏观经济学定义与研究对象
2024/1/28
宏观经济学定义
宏观经济学是研究整体经济现象 、经济运行规律及政府如何运用 经济政策调控经济的学科。
研究对象
宏观经济学以整个国民经济为研 究对象，包括总需求、总供给、 国民收入、就业、通货膨胀、经 济增长等问题。
4
宏观经济学与微观经济学关系
联系
宏观经济学与微观经济学都是经济学的重要分支，两者相互联系、相互补充。 微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础，宏观经济学则需要微观经济学的支持。
01
02
03
实际收入减少
物价上涨导致货币购买力 下降，实际收入减少。
2024/1/28
社会财富再分配
通货膨胀有利于债务人而 不利于债权人，导致社会 财富再分配。
经济秩序紊乱
通货膨胀可能导致价格信 号失真，经济秩序紊乱。
20
经济增长因素、模型及政策含义
劳动力投入
劳动力数量和质量的提高对经济增长有重要贡献。
04
实施积极的财政政策和货币政策，保持经 济稳定增长。
25
04
总供给与总需求模型分析
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总供给曲线形状及影响因素剖析
要点一
长期总供给曲线
要点二
短期总供给曲线
垂直，表示在长期内，经济总产出不受价格水平影响。
向右上方倾斜，表示短期内价格水平与总产出呈正相关。
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Functions of Money • Money has three functions in the economy:
• Medium of exchange • Unit of account • Store of value
10
MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN
The Monetary System
29
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE MEANING OF MONEY
• Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.
• 1) The Board of Governors • 2) The Regional Federal Reserve Banks • 3) The Federal Open Market Committee
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization
• Twelve district banks • Nine directors
• Three appointed by the Board of Governors. • Six are elected by the commercial banks in the district.
• The directors appoint the district president, which is approved by the Board of Governors.
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? • In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S.
currency outstanding.
($580 billion)
M2 • Savings deposits • Small time deposits • Money market mutual funds • A few minor categories ($4,276 billion)
• Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
The Functions of Money • Liquidity
• Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization
• The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is made up of the following voting members:
• The chairman and the other six members of the Board of Governors.
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization
• The Federal Reserve Banks
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • Monetary policy is conducted by the Federal
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
• The Structure of the Federal Reserve System:
• The primary elements in the Federal Reserve System are:
hands of the public. • Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts
that depositors can access on demand by writing a check.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
• The Federal Reserve (Fed) serves as the nation’s central bank.
• It is designed to oversee the banking system. • It regulates the quantity of money in the economy.
• The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
• The presidents of the other regional Federal Reserve banks (four vote on a yearly rotating basis).
The Kinds of Money
• Commodity money takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value.
• Examples: Gold, silver, cigarettes.
• Fiat money is used as money because of government decree.
• A medium of exchange is anything that is readily acceptable as payment.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Functions of Money
• Unit of Account
• A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
• The Fed was created in 1914 after a series of bank failures convinced Congress that the United States needed a central bank to ensure the health of the nation’s banking system.
• The New York Fed implements some of the Fed’s most important policy decisions.
Copyright © 2004 South-Westernபைடு நூலகம்
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
• Store of Value
• A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
vacant every two years. • President appoints a member as chairman to serve a
four-year term.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve System is made up of the
• The Fed is run by a Board of Governors, which has seven members appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
• Among the seven members, the most important is the chairman.
• Serves as the main policy-making organ of the Federal Reserve System.
• Meets approximately every six weeks to review the economy.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
The Fed’s Organization
• The Board of Governors
• Seven members • Appointed by the president • Confirmed by the Senate • Serve staggered 14-year terms so that one comes
The Functions of Money • Money has three functions in the economy:
• Medium of exchange • Unit of account • Store of value
10
MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN
The Monetary System
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Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE MEANING OF MONEY
• Money is the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.
• 1) The Board of Governors • 2) The Regional Federal Reserve Banks • 3) The Federal Open Market Committee
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The Fed’s Organization
• Twelve district banks • Nine directors
• Three appointed by the Board of Governors. • Six are elected by the commercial banks in the district.
• The directors appoint the district president, which is approved by the Board of Governors.
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CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? • In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S.
currency outstanding.
($580 billion)
M2 • Savings deposits • Small time deposits • Money market mutual funds • A few minor categories ($4,276 billion)
• Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
The Functions of Money • Liquidity
• Liquidity is the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange.
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The Fed’s Organization
• The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is made up of the following voting members:
• The chairman and the other six members of the Board of Governors.
• That is $2,734 in currency per adult.
• Who is holding all this currency?
• Currency held abroad • Currency held by illegal entities
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Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks.
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The Fed’s Organization
• The Federal Reserve Banks
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The Fed’s Organization • Monetary policy is conducted by the Federal
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THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
• The Structure of the Federal Reserve System:
• The primary elements in the Federal Reserve System are:
hands of the public. • Demand deposits are balances in bank accounts
that depositors can access on demand by writing a check.
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THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
• The Federal Reserve (Fed) serves as the nation’s central bank.
• It is designed to oversee the banking system. • It regulates the quantity of money in the economy.
• The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
• The presidents of the other regional Federal Reserve banks (four vote on a yearly rotating basis).
The Kinds of Money
• Commodity money takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value.
• Examples: Gold, silver, cigarettes.
• Fiat money is used as money because of government decree.
• A medium of exchange is anything that is readily acceptable as payment.
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The Functions of Money
• Unit of Account
• A unit of account is the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.
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THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
• The Fed was created in 1914 after a series of bank failures convinced Congress that the United States needed a central bank to ensure the health of the nation’s banking system.
• The New York Fed implements some of the Fed’s most important policy decisions.
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The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
• Store of Value
• A store of value is an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.
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vacant every two years. • President appoints a member as chairman to serve a
four-year term.
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The Fed’s Organization • The Federal Reserve System is made up of the
• The Fed is run by a Board of Governors, which has seven members appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
• Among the seven members, the most important is the chairman.
• Serves as the main policy-making organ of the Federal Reserve System.
• Meets approximately every six weeks to review the economy.
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The Fed’s Organization
• The Board of Governors
• Seven members • Appointed by the president • Confirmed by the Senate • Serve staggered 14-year terms so that one comes