托福TPO39口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
托福口语task4真题及解析-智课教育旗下智课教育
智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福口语task4真题及解析-智课教育旗下智课教育托福口语task4该怎样解题呢？答案和题目之间有什么关系呢？现在就跟着智课教育小编一起来学习吧！在托福口语 考试中，task4是比较难的题目，你知道这类话题该怎样解答吗?我们又应该怎样做才能在托福口语考试中取得高分呢?这类话题中的范文又应该怎样组织呢?现在就跟着智课教育小编一起来看看这则托福口语范文解析吧!Reading Part:Experimenter EffectOne objective of any experiment is, of course, to obtain accurate results. Sometimes, however, problems occur that lead to in accurate results. One such problem is the experimenter effect. ①The experimenter effect occurs when are searcher’s expectations affect the outcome of the experiment. The researcher expects a particular result from the experiment, and that expectation causes the researcher to act in ways that influence the behavior of the experiment participants, thereby invalidating the results of the experiment.Listening Part:Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a psychology class.(male professor) ②For example, I recently read about a case in which a researcher was given two groups of monkeys and he was asked to train these monkeys to pick up a ball and put it in a box. And he was told to record how many hours it took to train each monkey to learn to do this.③Now, before he started the training, the researcher was told that one group of monkeys was highly intelligent and the other group was less intelligent. In truth, there was no difference between them. All the monkeys were actually very similar in terms of intelligence. But the researcher didn’t know that. Hethought one group was smarter, so he expected that group would be easier to train.So, what happened? Well, the researcher trained the monkeys to perform the action, and it turned out that.④ On average, it took him two hours less time to train the supposedly smart monkeys than the supposedly less intelligent monkeys. Why? ⑤Well, it turns out that with the supposedly smart monkeys the researcher smiled at them a lot, gave them a lot of encouragement, talked to them a lot, worked hard to communicate with them but with the monkeys he thought were less intelligent, he wasn’t this enthusiastic, he didn’t try this hard, wasn’t quite optimistic.Question:Explain how the example from the professor ’s lecture illustrates the experimenter effect.一.范文The professor talks about experimenter effect which occurs when a researcher’s expectation affect the outcome of an experiment. In the study, researcher was asked to train two groups of monkeys. He was told that one group of monkey was smarter than the other, although they are equally intelligent. It turned out monkeys from the first group took two hours less to train on average. The reason was that the researcher expected the smarter group to be easier to train so he smiled to those monkeys and encouraged them a lot during the training. But he didn’t work as hard with the monkeys from the other group.二.重点词汇1. objective：adj. 客观的;目标的;宾格的Our main objective was the recovery of the child safe and well.2. invalidate：vt. 使无效;使无价值An official decree invalidated the vote in the capital.3. encouragement：n. 鼓励Friends gave me a great deal of encouragement.4. enthusiastic：adj. 热情的;热心的;狂热的Tom was very enthusiastic about the place.三.重点句型1. ①when引起了时间状语从句，这句话给实验者效应下定义，实验者的期望有时候会影响实验的结果。
托福TPO39独立写作题目文本+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO39独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO39独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the past it was easier to identify what type of career or job would lead to a secure, successful future. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO39独立写作满分范文： Some people hold the viewpoint that it was easier to distinguish a secure and successful job in the past instead of in the present. However, as far as I am concerned, finding a job which obtains both security and a bright future is always a tough task. My arguments are testified in two aspects: On the one hand, predicting the future becomes more and more impossible because the world changes at a rapid speed. The fast development of science and technology lead to a constantly changing conditions in human society. For example, last century witnessed the thriving of typewriters. Men who worked as a typewriter repairman earned not only rich payment but also high social reputations. However, after computer was invented, old typewriter soon was out our life. Consequently, all of those skillful typewriter repairmen lost their job. What’s worse, large proportion of them did not have a second skill which could support their living. In their mind, there was a deeply-rooted conviction that the job as a typewriter repairman would be everlasting secure. New inventions come up every day. It is really unpredictable for us to stick to one occupation in our whole life. On the other hand, in most cases it is impossible to get security and success at the same time. Good reputation and satisfying salaries will always be linked with high risk and hard work, while security and relaxation related to boring and unchallenging experience. What you pay is always equal to what you can get. Take stock trading and assembly line worker as contrast. We all know that stock market contains lots of uncertain factors which make it hard for traders to make profits but much easier to lose it. However, a small portion of investors attain sudden wealth in this gambling market. Just as financial textbook says: High risk, high return. Look at another instance: the assembly line worker. Their routine work merely contains simply repetitive effort which is easy to learn but only worth poor salaries. There is no risk for them to take while no promising future to expect. From above, we can see that it is almost impossible for security and success to appear at the same time. To summarize, for one thing, the ever-changing society eliminate the possibility for us to predict the prospect of certain career; secondly, high salary always meansequivalent hard work and risk assumption. Thus enlightens us that we should keep learning and adapt ourselves to future changes. (412 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO39独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福口语范文task4
托福口语范文task4Task4的题目流程和Task3是一样的，是Read/Listen/Speak三者结合，属于integrated speaking题型的。
不过是关于an academic topic。
总的来说，Task4比Task3的难度更加提升了一些下面是我为您整理的关于〔托福〕口语范文task4，希望对你有所帮助。
托福口语范文task4模板In the lecture， the professor mainly talked about the theory that_______.To reinforce the theory， the professor gave two examples / reasons in his speech. The first one is that_______. The other one is that______.And thats the two examples / reasons the speaker presented to explain his/her idea. (The conclusion is optional. ) 托福口语Task4听力题目及满分范文托福综合口语Task4听力原文Chaining BehaviorMany everyday human behaviors are made up of a sequenceof several simpler behaviors. In order to teach children to perform these complex behaviors, parents sometimes use a technique called chaining. First, parents identify each of the simpler component behaviors and determine the order in which these simpler behaviors are performed. Parents then start with the first task in the chain. When the child has mastered that element, parents then teach the second element together with the first and reinforce this effort. When these are performed 〔sat〕isfactorily, they move on to elements one, two, and three and so on, adding one behavior at a time. The behaviors are not taught in isolation; hence the term "chain.'托福综合口语Task4听力题目Question：Using the example of washing hands, explain the concept of chaining behavior.托福综合口语Task4满分范文：Chaining behavior is a technique used by parents to teach children a sequence of complex behaviors. For example, professor taught his daughter how to wash her hands. He divided this complex behavior into 5 steps, and taught hisdaughter one step at a time. He first showed his daughter step 1 and practiced it with her for a couple of days. When she has mastered this action, he showed her step 2 and let her practice both steps for another few days until she can do both by herself. Then he added the third step after, and also let her practice for a while until she can do them all. For the last two steps, he did the same thing as the previous three steps. Finally she could finish the hand washing all by herself.托福口语task4分析丨阅读文本：Reference GroupsOur thinking and behavior are often influenced by other people. When we admire and respect someone, we naturally try to imitate their behavior and attitudes. Groups of people whom we admire and whose behavior and attitudes we tend to imitate are known as reference groups. Reference groups provide a model a frame of reference that can shape how we think and behave. Over the course of a lifetime, we may beinfluenced by many different reference groups. As we grow older, or encounter new circumstances, our reference groups may change, and our attitudes and behavior may change accordingly.我们不难发现，定义句是第三句话，此外还有一句关键信息句即最后一句，表示我们的参照人群是会变化的。
托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本： Evening Computer Classes May Be Added The computer department is considering offering evening classes in the fall. The proposal to add the classes is a response to student complaints that day time computer classes have become increasingly over crowded and there are no longer enough computers available. The department has decided that despite some added expense, the most cost-effective way of addressing this problem is by adding computer classes in the evening. It is hoped that this change will decrease the number of students enrolled in day classes and thus guarantee individual access to computers for all students in computer classes. 托福TPO4口语Task3听力文本： Now listen to two students discussing the article. (man) I just don’t think this will work. (woman) Why not? (man) Because it’s not gonna solve the problem. Students are busy at night, I mean, we have jobs, families, clubs, social events. Most of us already have something to do every single night of the week. (woman) I see your point. I sure couldn’t fit anything into my schedule during the week. I’ve got swimming practice most nights. (man) Right! And as far as expense goes, I think they’re going about it the wrong way. I mean, it cost money to hire more teachers and keep the academic building open later, which is a lot more expensive than simply just buying more computers. (woman) More computers? (man) That’s right! Computer prices have come way down the past few years. So the department won’t have to spend as much now as they did in the past. Besides, the computer department classrooms, you know, the rooms themselves, they are actually very big, there’s plenty of space to add more computers. 托福TPO4口语Task3题目： The computer department is considering a scheduling change. Explain the man’s opinion of the change and the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO4口语Task3满分范文： The school is planning to start offering evening computer classes due to it’s popularity and it will be cost effective. In the conversation the man disagrees with the school’s plan for the following reasons. First of all, many students are busy at night doing other activities. For example, they might have jobs, families, clubs and social events to attend to. He also thinks that the school should buy more computers to meet the needs instead of opening up more classes. Computer prices decreased a lot during the years, they have become very cheap. Hiring more teaching staff is going to be more expensive for the school in the long run, plus there will be enough space for the new equipment. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO4口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
tpo39三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo39三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (18)原文 (18)译文 (21)题目 (24)答案 (33)背景知识 (33)阅读-3 (37)原文 (37)译文 (40)题目 (43)答案 (53)背景知识 (53)阅读-1原文Early Writing Systems①Scholars agree that writing originated somewhere in the Middle East, probably Mesopotamia, around the fourth millennium B.C.E. It is from the great libraries and word-hoards of these ancient lands that the first texts emerged. They were written on damp clay tablets with a wedged (or V-shaped) stick; since the Latin word for wedge is cunea, the texts are called cuneiform. The clay tablets usually were not fired; sun drying was probably reckoned enough to preserve the text for as long as it was being used. Fortunately, however, many tablets survived because they were accidentally fired when the buildings they were stored in burned.②Cuneiform writing lasted for some 3,000 years, in a vast line of succession that ran through Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Nineveh, and Babylon, and preserved for us fifteen languages in an area represented by modern-day Iraq, Syria, and western Iran. The oldest cuneiform texts recorded the transactions of tax collectors and merchants, the receipts and bills of sale of an urban society. They had to do with things like grain, goats, and real estate. Later, Babylonian scribes recorded thelaws and kept other kinds of records. Knowledge conferred power. As a result, the scribes were assigned their own goddess, Nisaba, later replaced by the god Nabu of Borsippa, whose symbol is neither weapon nor dragon but something far more fearsome, the cuneiform stick.③Cuneiform texts on science, astronomy, medicine, and mathematics abound, some offering astoundingly precise data. One tablet records the speed of the Moon over 248 days; another documents an early sighting of Halley's Comet, from September 22 to September 28, 164 B.C.E. More esoteric texts attempt to explain old Babylonian customs, such as the procedure for curing someone who is ill, which included rubbing tar and gypsum on the sick person's door and drawing a design at the foot of the person's bed. What is clear from the vast body of texts (some 20,000 tablets were found in King Ashurbanipal's library at Nineveh) is that scribes took pride in their writing and knowledge.④The foremost cuneiform text, the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, deals with humankind's attempts to conquer time. In it, Gilgamesh, king and warrior, is crushed by the death of his best friend and so sets out on adventures that prefigure mythical heroes of ancient Greek legends such as Hercules. His goal is not just to survive his ordeals but to make sense of this life. Remarkably, versions of Gilgamesh span1,500 years, between 2100 B.C.E and 600 B.C.E., making the story the epic of an entire civilization.⑤The ancient Egyptians invented a different way of writing and a new substance to write on -papyrus, a precursor of paper, made from a wetland plant. The Greeks had a special name for this writing: hieroglyphic, literally "sacred writing". This, they thought, was language fit for the gods, which explains why it was carved on walls of pyramids and other religious structures. Perhaps hieroglyphics are Egypt's great contribution to the history of writing: hieroglyphic wiring, in use from 3100 B.C.E. until 394 C.E., resulted in the creation of texts that were fine art as well as communication. Egypt gave us the tradition of the scribe not just as educated person but as artist and calligrapher.⑥Scholars have detected some 6,000 separate hieroglyphic characters in use over the history of Egyptian writing, but it appears that never more than a thousand were in use during any one period. It still seems a lot to recall, but what was lost in efficiency was more than made up for in the beauty and richness of the texts. Writing was meant to impress the eye with the vastness of creating itself. Each symbol or glyph - the flowering reed (pronounced like V), the owl ("m"), the quail chick ("w"), etcetera -was a tiny work of art. Manuscripts werecompiled with an eye to the overall design. Egyptologists have noticed that the glyphs that constitute individual words were sometimes shuffled to make the text more pleasing to the eye with little regard for sound or sense.译文早期书写体系①学者们一致认为，书写起源于大约在公元前4000年左右的中东的某个地区，很有可能是美索不达米亚。
托福听力tpo39 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo39lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (23)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Since Earth formed,some four and a half billion years ago,the number of minerals here has increased dramatically,from a few dozen relatively simple minerals early on…to over4,300kinds of minerals we can identify today—many of them wonderfully complex.A basic question of geology is how all these new minerals came into being.Well,recent studies have turned to biology to try to explain how this happens.Now,much of biology is studied through the lens of evolution.And the theory of evolution suggests that,as environments change—and inevitably they do—some organisms will have characteristics that allow them to adapt to those changes successfully…characteristics that help these organisms develop and survive and reproduce.And when environments become more complex—as tends to happen over time—those earlier adaptations,those variations…become the basis of yet other combinations and variations…and lead to ever more diverse and complex forms of life.So from fewer,simpler,and relatively similar forms of life billions of years ago,life on Earth has now become a dazzling array of diversity and complexity.Well,some geologists now want to apply this concept to explain mineral diversity too. The conditions that minerals are under are not constant.Conditions like temperature or pressure or chemical surroundings—these change—often in cycles,increasing and decreasing slowly over time.And as conditions change,minerals sometimes break down and their atoms recombine into totally new compounds,as part of a process some call mineral evolution.Now,minerals are not alive,of course,so this is not evolution in quite the same sense you'd have in living organisms.But there do appear to be some parallels.Living organisms not only adapt to their environment but also affect it—change theenvironment within which other organisms may then develop.Likewise,each new mineral also enriches the chemical environment from which lots of other,even more complex new minerals may be formed in the future.Beyond these similarities,though,what's really fascinating about mineral evolution is the way minerals apparently coevolve with living organisms.Uh,what do I mean by that?Well,it's maybe a billion years after Earth’s formation that we first see evidence of life.Of course,early life-forms were primitive—just tiny,single-celled microbes—but over time,they had a profound effect.Huge numbers of these microbes began producing food by photosynthesis,which,of course,also freed up enormous amounts of oxygen.And lots of that oxygen interacted with the atoms of existing minerals,creating rust out of iron,for instance,…reacting with a whole range of different metals to create lots of new minerals.Now,living organisms rely on minerals.But they not only take in some minerals as nutrients,they also excrete others as waste products...including what we call biominerals—minerals that form with the help of biological life.We can see geologic evidence of biomineral production in what are called stromatolites.Stromatolites look like wavy layers of sedimentary rock.But they're really fossils—fossils of the waste from microbial mats.Microbial mats are vast colonies of one-celled organisms…that were once the most prevalent form of life on Earth.And the study of stromatolites indicates that these ancient microbial mats interacted with minerals in the environment and left behind new compounds as waste products—biominerals like carbonates,phosphates,and silica.In fact,we’ve grown microbial mats in the laboratory,and,over time,they too have produced some of the same sorts of minerals found in stromatolites.Uh,you don't need to know the details of the process right now—we’re still figuring out just how it works,ourselves.But you might be interested to know that this concept of mineral evolution is being used in the search for evidence of life on other planets.The thinking is that if certainminerals occur here on Earth as a result of a biological process,and if we also find those same minerals on another planet,…this would suggest that life may have once existed there.But—just because a particular mineral is found on say,Mars or Venus—uh,we really shouldn't assume that whatever caused it to turn up there…must be the same process that formed that mineral here on Earth.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how geologists identified the minerals present during Earth's formation.B.To explain why living organisms require certain minerals to survive.C.To explain the differences between simple and compound minerals.D.To explain a recent theory about mineral formation.2.What point does the professor make about the minerals present during Earth's formation?A.They were comparatively few of them.B.They were more complex than minerals formed on other planets.C.Most were not affected by temperature and pressure changes on early Earth.D.Some of them are no longer being formed naturally on Earth.3.What similarities does the professor point out between minerals and living organisms?[Click on2answers.]A.Both first appeared on Earth at approximately the same time.B.They both can be formed only in the presence of oxygen.C.They both have become more diverse and complex over time.D.Not only are they both shaped by their environment,but both also affect it.4.What are stromatolites?A.Fossils remains of microbial mats.yered deposits of iron-based minerals.yers of rock that indicate changes in Earth's pressure and temperature.D.Rock formations created when oxygen interacts with certain metals.5.Why does the professor talk about microbial mats?A.To explain why organisms tend to colonize near certain minerals.B.To describe how minerals can be created by living organisms.C.To illustrate the effects of geological processes on living organisms.D.To emphasize that evolving life depended on the presence of oxygen.6.What does the professor think about using evidence of minerals on another planet to determine whether life has existed there?A.He believes it is the most promising way to search for life on another planet.B.He doubts that complex minerals will ever be found on another planet.C.He is cautious about assuming that certain minerals indicate the presence of life.D.He is surprised that the technique was not suggested until recently.答案D A CD A B C译文旁白：请听一段地质学讲座的节选片段。
托福TPO39综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO39综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO39综合写作阅读原文文本： At the end of the Triassic period 200 million years ago, there was a mass-extinction event that caused the extinction of more than half of all living species. It was this extinction event that allowed dinosaurs to become the dominant species for the next 145 million years. We do not know exactly what happened that eliminated so many species in a relatively short period of time, but there are several possible explanations.One theory involves the decline of sea levels. Near the end of the Triassic period, sea levels were fluctuating. When sea levels fall, the habitats for ocean populations that live in the shallows and land species that live on the coast are destroyed. The destruction of coastal and shallow-ocean species would have had a profound effect on food chains worldwide, leading to mass extinctions.Another theory involves massive climate cooling. The end of the Triassic period was marked by widespread volcanic activity. The volcanoes released large amounts of sulfur dioxide (S02). A rise in atmospheric S02 is known to cause a lowering in global temperatures. Such climate change could have devastated many species and led to the extinctions.The third theory involves an asteroid strike. Asteroids (objects from outer space) occasionally collide with Earth. When an asteroid hits Earth’s surface, it often displaces large amounts of soil and crushed rock, leaving behind a depression, or crater. The displaced debris is thrown up into the atmosphere where it can block out sunlight for many months or even a few years. A sufficiently massive asteroid impact at the end of the Triassic period may have blocked sunlight long enough for most plants to die and many animal species to then starve. 托福TPO39综合写作听力原文文本： Well the theories given in the reading may sound plausible, none of them is a good explanation for the massive extinction at the end of the Triassic period. First, sea level change. Well scientists agree that the sea level fluctuated at the end of the Triassic period often going down. This isn’t a good explanation for the extinctions. Coastal and shallow water ecosystems are usually capable of adapting to environmental changes that happen gradually. The falling sea level at the end of the Triassic period was quite gradual, taking place over several million years. The change would have to be much more sudden to have a widespread negative impact on the species in those ecosystems.Second, global cooling. It’s true that sulfur dioxide can lower global temperatures, but that can only happen during a relatively short period, when the sulfur dioxide that’s been released by volcanoes is actually still present in the atmosphere. In a matter of a few years, the excess SO2 is usually cleared out of the atmosphere. Basically, the SO2 combines with water in the atmosphere, and falls back on earth as rain. It doesn’t seem likely, therefore, that even if there was a lot of volcanic SO2 released at the end of the Triassic, it stayed in theatmosphere long enough to cause mass distinctions.Third, very few scientists believe the asteroid theory because we haven’t found any asteroid crater the side where the asteroid hit that can be dated to the time when the mass distinction occurred. We did find a crater, but it dates to about 12 million years before the extinction. That’s just too long before the extinction to have anything to do with it. 托福TPO39综合写作满分范文： This set of material focus on the debate over explanations about mass-extinction event. The author proposes three possible theories but the speaker retorts them one by one. First, the passage says that the decline of sea level will cause coast species to distinct and thus lead to the elimination of other species. However, the lecturer indicates that sea level indeed fluctuates during this period, but it actually goes down at a very low speed. This change takes millions of years. The period is so long that it is certainly enough time for earth species to adapt themselves to it. Therefore, the first idea of the essay is rebutted. Second, the author demonstrated that frequent volcanic activity will release too much sulfur dioxide which can lead to earth cooling. Nevertheless, the speaker argues that sulfur dioxide presents for few years in earth’s atmosphere, but it can combine with water and become rain. Consequently, the sulfur dioxide leaves the air so it is impossible for it to stay long enough in the atmosphere and cause apparent temperature drop. Third, the writer holds that asteroids collide with the earth produces large amounts of debris which block sunlight, finally leading to the death of plantations and the starvation of animals. While the speaker says that it is found the asteroid strike happened about 12 million years before the mass-extinction. It is too long before the sudden elimination of earth species so probably has nothing to do with this great collision. Thus overturns the third viewpoint in the essay. (254 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO39综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本： The Establishing Shot Film directors use different types of camera shots for specific purposes. An establishing shot is an image shown briefly at the beginning of a scene, usually taken from far away, that is used to provide context for the rest of the scene. One purpose of the establishing shot is to communicate background information to the viewer, such as the setting – where and when the rest of the scene will occur. It also establishes the mood or feeling of the scene. Due to the context that the establishing shot provide, the characters and events that are shown next are better understood by the viewer. 托福TPO9口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic in a film class. (male) The other day I went to this great new movie. And one of the scenes in particular I thought was really set up nicely. At the start of the scene, before the action and talking things started, you saw on the movie screen an image of a city. You could tell it was a big city. There were lots of buildings, tall ones, skyscrapers, and the cars and signs on the city streets looked old fashioned, like they were from the past, like the 1940s. The other thing I noticed right away from this first image, just when the scene started, was that the city seemed gloomy. You couldn't see much because it was, well, it was mostly darkness rather than sunlight. And there was only just little bit of light from street lamps. On top of that, it was raining and kind of foggy.All of these details were together to create a dark, gloomy, mysterious feeling. So then, when the action started and it showed detectives talking to each other in the office, I already knew that the office was located in a tall building, in a big city, sometime in the 1940s. And I had a good idea that the events that’d be taking place would be pretty dark and mysterious because of the shot, the image I saw at the beginning of the scene." 托福TPO9口语Task4题目： Using the professor’s example, explain what an establishing shot is and how it is used. 托福TPO9口语Task4满分范文： "Establishing shot is a far-away image shown at the beginning of a film scene that is used to communicate background information and create mood feelings. The professor takes a film he used to see as an example. At the beginning of the film, he saw an image of a big city, and in the city there were lots of tall buildings, skyscrapers as well as old-fashioned cars and signs. All of these told him that the story took place in the 1940s in a big city. Then he noticed that the city was gloomy, because there wasn't much light, only a bit light from the street lamp. Besides, it rained and fogged. So the whole scene seemed dark, gloomy and mysterious. When the action started and the detectives began to talk, he already knew that the story took place in a tall building, in a 1940s big city, and the story was dark and mysterious because of what he saw in the establishing shot. (163 words)" 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO9口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO39口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO39口语Task4阅读文本：
Signaling
Customers are often willing to pay higher prices for high-quality products, however, without specialized knowledge, it can be difficult to evaluate whether certain items are highly quality. When customers are unsure whether an item is high quality, ad worth the prize, they are less likely to purchase it. This problem can be solved through signaling. The seller of a product finds a way to signal, or demonstrate, to the buyer that the product is high quality. One common signaling strategy is to have a person or company that is not involved in the sale provide an objective, unbiased judgment about the quality of a product.
托福TPO39口语Task4听力文本：
Now listen to part of a lecture from a business class.
So OK here's a good example. A friend of mine owns a small jewelry store where she sells jewelry. And the jewelry she sells, watches, rings, necklaces, is very expensive, thousands of dollars, because it's all real gold, real diamonds, and other precious gemstones. So of course, when customers come into her store, well, if they are considering spending that much money on a piece of jewelry, they want to make sure it's authentic, that the gold is real, the gemstones are real, and not just pieces of glass. But most customers don't actually know how to tell the difference on their own. So in order to reassure her customers, what my friend did is, she had a jewelry expert come in and look at all the jewelry in her store. This expert had, like, twenty years of experience in examining jewelry, so he knew a lot about it. And the expert examined all the precious gemstones and certified that they were authentic, real. And then my friend put up a sign in the store saying that all the jewelry in the store had been certified as authentic by a leading expert. So her customers would see the sign and know that all the jewelry in the store was real. And since the expert didn't work for my friend's store, it didn't matter to him if the jewelry got sold or not. So customers were likely to trust his opinion. The expert was therefore able to provide evidence that the jewelry was worth the high prices.
托福TPO39口语Task4题目：
Explain how the example used in the lecture illustrates the concept of signaling.
托福TPO39口语Task4满分范文：
In the passage, the writer mentions a notion called signaling. This concept means the seller of some expensive product will find a way to make his customers believe that his product is high quality and finally buy it. Usually the seller will invite a not-involved party to give unbiased judgment. In the lecture, the man takes a jewelry store as an example. The owner of this store sells authentic watches or rings which are composed of real gold or diamond. So the price is expensive. However, most of people who walk into the store can’t tell these authentic things from fake ones. So the owner invites an expert of 20 years’ experience to certify that these products are real and writes this on a sign. People who read this sign will believe the expert’s words because he is not involved in the sale. Finally they will probably buy some jewelry.
以上是给大家整理的托福TPO39口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。