The Translation of Number
翻译的定义、分类和标准
Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。
科技英语数词的译法
For certain special situations, such as the combination of numerals and nouns, or the omission of numerals, it is necessary to handle them flexibly and choose appropriate translation strategies.
Usage rules
In scientific English, the use of cardinal and ordinal numbers should be selected based on specific context and expression needs.
Fractions, decimals, and percentages
A number that represents a proportion or percentage, such as 50% (fifty percent), 200% (two hundred percent), etc.
Expression rules
In scientific English, the expression of fractions, decimals, and percentages must follow certain rules and idioms to ensure accuracy and standardization of expression.
Clarity
Numerals in technological texts usually require clear and explicit expression, so that readers can quickly and accurately obtain information. Therefore, when translating, clear and concise expressions should be chosen to reduce the possibility of ambiguity and misunderstanding.
Unit 4 Translation of packing marks and terms 包装用语翻译
标注的包装标志，称之为运输包装用语，例如案例二中的运输包装用语。运输包
装的标志常常是为了方便货物运输、装卸以及储存保管，便于识别货物和防止货
物的损坏。运输标志包括标准运输标志 (shipping mark) 、指示性标志 (indicative
mark) 和警示性标志(warning mark)。
Part II 包装用语案例分析
试辨认以下运输标志的含义，并判断他们属于哪一类运输标志。
怕辐射 此处不能卡夹 易碎品 禁用手钩
重心 由此夹起 禁用叉车
堆码重量极限 由此吊起 向上
怕晒 温度极限 怕雨
易碎品
向上
怕雨
怕晒
Part II 包装用语案例分析
g. 罐/听
h. 袋 i. 纸箱 j. 箱 k. 桶 l. 盒 m. 托盘
Part III 单项训练与综合训练
翻译以下包装材料。
1. container 3. kraft paper 5. wax paper 7. zippered bag 9. fermented plastic 11. adhesive tape
Poisonous
Oxidizer
Part II 包装用语案例分析
案例三涉及到合同中的包装条款。在包装合同条款翻译实践中首先要学习的就 是包装材料和包装方法。外贸产品包装材料品种众多，包装方法不一；一般而言， 包装材料和包装方法的选用都会从美观、牢固以及节省成本等方面来考虑，包装材 料和包装方法也应根据不同产品的物理特性和化学特性来选择。外贸产品包装常用 的有bag，carton，case，box，crates等。Bag 的材料一般是硬纸(strong paper)，亚 麻布 (linen) ，帆布 (canvas) ，橡胶 (rubber) 或者塑料（ plastic ）等； Carton 的材料来 自于纸板(strong cardboard)或者带有两个盖子和底部的纤维板（fiberboard），再用 胶水、胶带、金属带或者骑马订(wire staples)等加以固定。这些材料比较便宜，也很 牢固，能够经受住挤压、撞击等运输中可能碰到的各种情况。Case 是木质的，大小 尺寸不一；有些衬有防潮纸(damp resisting paper)和锡箔(tin foil)；Box 可以是木质 的，纸板或者金属； Crates 是不完全密封的木箱，经常用于体积大，重量小的货物， 例如家用电器、机器等。Container 是大型的用于运输的金属箱，它可以用于公路运 输、铁路运输、海洋运输以及航空运输。Container 包装的货物便于机械装载和卸载。 目前世界上通用Container 的规格包括规定的1A, 1AA, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E 和1F，其中最 普遍使用的是1C (8×8×20 feet)。你能说出下面包装材料的中文名称吗？
A_Study_on_the_Translation_of_Chinese_Four-Charact
US-China Foreign Language, July 2023, Vol. 21, No. 7, 279-286doi:10.17265/1539-8080/2023.07.005 A Study on the Translation of Chinese Four-Character Phrases —Taking the Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the TenBamboo Studio as an ExampleBAO De-wang, XIANG Hua-liNanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China The book named Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio is a collection of arch andwoodblock paintings of Ming Dynasty, which is translated by the authors of this paper. The translation of this bookis mainly about the notes and provenance of the paintings. The goal of this paper is to describe the translation activityof Chinese four-character phrases with the practical translation methods and techniques including paraphrase,omission, addition, and shift, which is the most difficult part during the translation process of this book. The authorin this paper hopes that the methods for the translation of Chinese four-character phrases will provide certain help forthe understanding and spread of Chinese classical stories from the book Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paperof the Ten Bamboo Studio.Keywords: Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio, four-character phrases, translationstrategiesIntroductionIn the process of translating the book Iconology of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio , 118 cases were selected from the project, including 26 cases applying omission translation method accounting for 22.0% of the total, 45 cases applied shift translation method, accounting for 38.1%, two cases applied addition, accounting for 1.8% of the total, and 45 cases applied paraphrase, accounting for 38.1%. Methods of paraphrase and shift are most frequently used, and the sum of the two reaches 76.2% of the whole. In this paper, the authors will separately illustrate the use of the four translation methods mentioned above in the translation practice, and at the same time the authors also explain the reasons for using these translation methods. It is intended to provide practical suggestions and references for the future translation of the painting, and at the same time contribute to the spread of Chinese culture. Acknowledgements: Thanks to the committee of Jiangsu Social Science. This paper is funded by Jiangsu Social Science Fund: The Iconography of the Decorated Writing-Paper of the Ten Bamboo Studio , which number is 20YYB005. This paper is also funded by Teaching Reform Project for Postgraduate Education (Construction of High-Quality Teaching Resources): Translation Industry Training (No. 2023YJXGG-C25), which is organized by the Postgraduate College of NUAA.BAO De-wang, Ph.D., professor, College of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China. XIANG Hua-li, associate professor, College of Foreign Languages, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.D A VID PUBLISHINGDA STUDY ON THE TRANSLATION OF CHINESE FOUR-CHARACTER PHRASES280ParaphraseVia a large number of translation cases, the authors found that when the first two words and the last two words of a four-character phrases are parallel, but of different expressions, the translation method of paraphrase can be applied. In addition, in this translation practice, the method of paraphrase also applied to descriptive words which involve behaviors, condition, and allusions.Parallel PhrasesST: 诗句意为韩康不看重金钱名利，自己在云山之中逍遥畅快地采药卖药。
English-to-Chinese Translation
Barking
dogs do not bite. 吠犬不咬人。 Who is contented, enjoys. 知足者常乐。 Misfortunes never come singly. 祸不单行。 It is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains. 江山易改，本性难移。 Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
10. No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life. 没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。 11. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer. 人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。 12. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself. 事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。 13. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。 14. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities. 人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机 会。
连淑能《英译汉教程》Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法)
第15章Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms（专有名词和专门术语译法）15.1 复习笔记English proper nouns include names of persons, places, organizations ,newspapers, periodicals, radios, news agencies, books, films, etc. English technical terms include, broadly speaking, special words or expressions for things and ideas used in any branch of science and technology.英语专有名词包括人名、地名、组织名、报纸名、期刊名、广播台名、通讯社名、书名、电影名等等。
英语专有术语主要包括在技术科学、社会科学、自然科学等领域广泛运用的特殊词汇或特殊表达。
Many troubles arise in translating proper names and technical terms. Great confusion may come from.在翻译专有名词和专有术语的时候会遇到一些棘手的问题，这些问题主要来源于：1. Transliteration of proper names from English spelling or pronunciation;对英语专有名词的发音直接进行音译；2. Variation in the spoken sound of Chinese characters used in translated names;汉语中部分汉字的发音有地域区别；3. Large number of homonyms, homophones and homographs in Chinese;汉语中有大量同音字、多音字和同形字；4. Mixed use of old and new translated names.新译法和旧译法的混合使用。
新版人教必修一Unit5 Languages around the world核心考点归纳
Unit5 Languages around the world核心考点归纳【重点单词】1 refer vi.提到;参考;查阅………vt.查询;叫......求助于（教材P60）（1）refer to 指的是;提及;描述;查阅refer to..as 把……称作…refer.….to..把……提交给…（以求获得帮助）（2）reference n.提及;参考;查阅in/with reference to关于①... which is often referred_to_as the Nobel Prize in architecture ...……通常被称为诺贝尔建筑奖……②If you don't understand some words, you can refer_to the dictionary.如果你不懂一些单词，你可以查阅字典。
③She always referred_to_Ben_as “that nice man”．她总是称本为“那个大好人”。
④Keep the list of numbers near the phone for easy reference.把电话号码表放在电话旁边，方便查阅。
You're foolish enough to base_your_hopes_upon his promise.你把希望建立在他的承诺上真是太愚蠢了。
②The theory he put up was_based_on his many years' research, so it was practical.他提出的理论是以他多年的科学研究为依据的，因此是切实可行的。
③The government provides them with not only food and shelter, but also thebasic skills for their living.政府不仅为他们提供食物和住处，还为他们提供基本的谋生技能。
英语泛读第二册Numbers-and-Omens原文及翻译
Numbers and OmensThere is a set of famous streets in Gaoxiong City in Taiwan, China, which all begin with numbers. They are Yixin(One Heart), Ersheng(Two Sacreds), Sanduo (Three Mores),Siwei(Four Upholds), Wufu(Five Fortunes), Liuhe(Six Realm), Qixian(Seven Virtues), Bade(Eight Moral Precepts), Jiuru(Nine Wishes), and Shiquan (Perfect Ten) streets. This sequence of auspicious street names gives people a warm feeling when they hear it, and bring more than a little luck to the residents.Many foreign visitors can’t help but exclaim that the Chinese are really creative, and can line numbers up so “auspiciously”.Chinese not only use numbers to appeal for good fortune, they also bring them out to chew people out: “You 250[fool], you do things neither three or four [without any order or out of touch], and still you dare to say that I’m 13 points [stupid] and 3-8 [scatterbrained].”Although it isn’t really possible to know where these came from, one thing is for sure: numbers are intimately related to the daily life of Chinese!中国台湾的高雄市有一组有名的道路，都是以数字起头，它们是一心路、二圣路、三多路、四维路、五福路、六合路、七贤路、八德路、九如路、十全路。
合同编号的英文翻译
合同编号的英文翻译Contract Number TranslationThis contract, entered into on [date], is between [Party A] and [Party B].1. Basic Information of PartiesParty A:[Name][Address][Contact][Id number]Party B:[Name][Address][Contact][Id number]2. Identity, Rights, Obligations, Performance, Term, and Default Responsibility of Parties2.1 Identity of PartiesParty A represents [representative capacity] of [company or individual], with full authority to sign this contract.Party B represents [representative capacity] of [company or individual], with full authority to sign this contract.2.2 Rights and Obligations of PartiesParty A agrees to [description of obligations and responsibilities].Party B agrees to [description of obligations and responsibilities].2.3 PerformanceThe parties shall perform their obligations under this contract in accordance with the provisions of this contract and within the specified time limit.2.4 TermThe term of this contract is [term], starting from [date] to [date], unless otherwise terminated by mutual agreement of the parties.2.5 Default ResponsibilityIf either party fails to fulfill its obligations under this contract, it shall be responsible for the damages caused to the other party.3. Compliance with Relevant Laws and RegulationsBoth parties shall abide by the relevant laws and regulations of China, and conduct business activities in accordance with legal procedures and requirements.4. Clarification of Rights and Obligations of PartiesThis contract clearly specifies the rights and obligations of both parties, and shall be in compliance with relevant laws and regulations.5. Legal Validity and EnforceabilityThis contract is legally valid and enforceable, and any disputes arising from or in connection with this contract shall be settled amicably through consultations, or through legal channels according to the laws and regulations of China.6. Other[Any other relevant terms and conditions]This contract is made in duplicate, with each party holding one original copy.[Signature of Party A] [Signature of Party B][Date] [Date]。
Translation of Scientific and Technological Text
The Study of Sociology （by Spencer 斯宾塞尔） 群学肄言 On Liberty （by John Mill 约翰﹒米勒）群已权界论 History of Politics （ by Jenks 甄克思）社会通诠 The Spirit of Laws （by Montesquieu孟德斯鸠）法意
凸透镜可以用来聚集太阳光，将一张纸片烧穿一个 洞。
（2）使用施事者作主语，转换成主动语态 The Ozone Hole often get confused in the popular press and by the general public with the problem of global warming. While there is a connection because ozone contributes to the greenhouse effect, the Ozone Hole is a separate issue. 媒体和大众经常把臭氧层空洞和全球变暖问题混为 一谈。尽管二者有联系，因为臭氧层会导致温室效 应，但臭氧层空洞却是另外一个问题。
（5）Much of the dry land of today was once covered with water. 今天的陆地曾有很大面积被水覆盖。 如果汉语的被动表达没有不幸的含义，可以 译为汉语的被动结构
3. E：多用名词化结构 C：多使用动词 The generation of heat by friction 摩擦生热 The standardization of the series 系列的标准化 You can rectify the fault if you insert a slash. Rectification of the fault can be achieved by inserting a slash. We can normally regulate the temperature by using an air conditioner. Normal regulation of the temperature can be achieved by the application of an airconditioner.
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A. reduce by + N times 1.3 Demultiplication reduce + N times reduce to + N times reduce by a factor of + N reduce + N times + as many (much…) as… 减少到(降低到)原来的N分之一或减少(降低)了N分之N –1 The new equipment will reduce the error probability by seven times. 新设备的误差概率将降低七分之六。 The number has decreased three times. 数目减少了三分之二。 Tests indicate this might reduce activity by a factor of 10. 测试结果表明，这可将放射性降低到原来的十分之一。
B. reduce by + N/ P/ F 减少了N/ P/ F reduce to + N/ P/ F 减少到/减至N/ P/ F (cut down, fall, step down, shorten…) By using this new process the loss of metal was reduced to 20. 采用这种新工艺使金属损耗降低到20%。 C. a N-fold reduction; N times less than 减少（降低）了n－1/n，减少（降低）到原来的 1/n The principal advantage over the old-fashioned typewriter is a four-fold reduction in weight. 比起老式打字机，主要的优点是重量减轻了3/4。
分数和百分数无论增减，一般都表示净增减的部分，不包括底 数在内，可以照译不变。 In this lathe，proper lubrication has diminished almost three fifths of the friction. 把这台机床适当加油润滑，可使摩擦力几乎减少五分之三。 New engines can increase the pay load by 50 percent. 新型发动机可以增加有效负载50%。 表示减少意义的动词＋to＋n%可译为减少到n% The new antenna system uses a retarded wave（延迟波） principle that cuts antenna height to 40 percent. 新的天线采用了延迟波原理，使天线高度降到40%. By using the new process the reject rate was reduced to 3 percent. 通过采用新的工艺方法，废品率降到3%。
F. as much (many…) again as或again as…as (此处副词again表示“再一倍”，通常译作“是…两 倍”“两倍于…”“比……大（多）一倍”) The peak power is as great again as the carrier power. 峰值功率比载波功率大一倍。 A+V+half as many (much, fast, great…)+again+as+B A+V+half again as many (much, fast, great…)+as+B A是B 的一倍半/A比B多半倍/A比B多一半 The bed of this lathe is half as long again as that of the other one. 这台机床床身的长度是那台的一杯半。 Wheel A turns half as fast again (half again as fast) as wheel B. A轮的转速比B轮快一半(best version)/是B轮的一倍半/比B轮 多半倍。
The Translation of Numerals
1. The Translation of Multiples 2. Pluralities of Numerals 3. idioms
1. The Translation of Multiples
1.1Comparative Constructions and Their Translations 1.2 Multiplication 1.3 Demultiplication
1.1 Comparative Constructions and Their Translations
英语中表示倍数可用n times, n-fold, by a factor of n等(用于增加 时为“乘”，用于减少时为“除”) A. A+V+N times as large (long, heavy…) as B A的大小（长度、重量……）是B的N倍 e.g. The distance is 8 times as long as the previous one. 这一距离是前者的8倍/8倍于前者/比前者长7倍。 B. A+V+N times larger (longer, heavier…) than B The oxygen atom is 16 times heavier than the hydrogen atom. 氧原子的重量是氢原子的16倍/16倍于氢原子/比氢原子重15倍。 Mercury weights about 14 times more than water. 水银的比重约为水的14倍/比水重约13倍/约14倍于水。
A temperature rise of 100°C increases the conductivity of a semiconductor by 50 times. 温度升高100ºC，半导体的电导率增至50倍。 The annual total of telephone calls between the UK and Canada has increased sevenfold. 英国和加拿大之间的年通话总量增加了6倍。 If X is doubled, Y is increased by a factor of 4. 若X增至两倍，则Y#43; N (number)/ P (percentage)/ F (fraction) 增加了N/ P/ F increase to + N/ P/ F 增加到N/ P/ F New boosters can increase te payload by 120%. 新型助推器能使有效负载增加120%。 The population has now increased to 50,000. 人口现已增至5万。
C. A+V+N times B This book is three times the length of that one. D. A+V+larger (longer, heavier…) than B by N times Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times. 水银的比重约为水的14倍/比水重约13倍/约14倍于水。 E. A+V+as many (much, large, fast, long…)+again+as+B A+V+again as many (much, large, fast, long…)+as+B A是B的两倍/两倍于B/比B多一倍 Wheel A turns as fast again as wheel B. A轮的转速比B轮快一倍/是B轮的两倍。
The mastery of these words and expressions will contribute to a good translation. 1.2 Multiplication A. …double… 增加了一倍/翻一番/增至（增加到）两 倍 …treble… 增加两倍/增至三倍 …quadruple… 增加三倍/翻两番/四倍于 Whenever we double the force on a given object, we double the acceleration. 每当作用在某一特定物体上的力增加一倍，加速度也就增 加一倍。 As the high voltage was abruptly trebled all the valves burnt. 由于高压突然增加了两倍，管子全都烧坏了。 Halving the repeater spacing made it possible to quadruple the bandwidth. 将增音机间距减少一半，能使带宽增加3倍。
D. half as much (long, high…) as; twice less than 比……少(短，低…….)一半(二分之一) The new engine may use half as much oil as the old one. 新引擎的油耗比旧引擎少一半。 C is twice less than B. C是B的二分之一。 The power output of the machine is twice less than its input. 该机器的输出功率比输入功率小1/2。 汉语分母不习惯用小数，若英语倍数系小数，应化为整数 进行换算。如reduce3.5times译为“减少到七分之二” If the fraction is more than 10, it’s better to convert it into percentage. e.g. reduce 8.2 times (100÷ 8.2=12.2) 减少到12.2%，减少了87.8%
B. …increase + N times …increase to + N times …increase by + N times …increase + N-fold …increase by a factor of N “增加到N倍” “增加了N–1倍” Note that “incease” may be used as either transitive or intransitive, so it has the active form and the passive form. Whether it is used in the active voice or the passive voice, the active form is prefered when translated into Chinese. The output of coal has been increased 3 times as against 2000. 煤产量比2000年增长了两倍。 In 2000, the total output value of textile industry increased to four times compared with 1999. 2000年纺织工业总产值同1999年相比，增长了3倍。