《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
科技英语阅读段落翻译
Space explorationRobots will not only help us on this world. But will also help us explore other worlds. In fact, space exploration is one of the most promising usages for robots. Since these machines are not so susceptible to the elements that could hurt or kill people. Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold and can function without an atmosphere. Also robots have a much longer life span. So voyages to other solar systems as well as other planets would be possible. Robots could communicate with us and if something went wrong and destroyed, the space vehicle and a machine would be lost, not a human being.机器人用于空间探索机器人不仅会在这个星球上帮助我们，而且还将帮助我们探索别的星球。
实际上，空间探索就是机器人最有前途的用途之一，知识因为机器人对于机器人会使人伤亡的自然环境和条件不很敏感。
机器人能经受得住辐射，耐热又耐寒，而且能在没有大气的环境中的工作。
此外，机器人的使用寿命长得多。
因此不但可飞往别的行星，而且可飞往别的星系。
机器人可跟我们进行通信联络，要是有什么东西除了毛病，而损坏了宇宙飞行器的话，失去的是机器人而不是人。
科技英语阅读教程翻译 陈勇
Unit1 text A福岛的燕子我们对低剂量辐射对生物体和生态系统的影响知之甚少。
福岛核灾难四年后，科学家们开始得到一些答案。
By Steven Featherstone 直到1986年4月26日切洛贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，在整个北半球扩散了相当于400枚广岛核弹的辐射尘，对于辐射对植被和野生动物的影响科学家几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，特别是在爆炸地点周围1100平方英里的地方，被称为禁区。
1994年，德克萨斯理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切斯尔（Ronald Chesser）和罗伯特·贝克（Robert Baker）都是首批获准进入该区域的美国科学家。
我们抓到了一群田鼠，它们看起来像杂草一样健康。
贝克回忆说：“我们开始对它着迷。
当贝克和切斯对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常突变率。
他们还注意到，狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在该区域游荡，仿佛它是一个原子野生动物保护区。
切洛贝利论坛由联合国一些机构于2003年成立，发表了一份关于切洛贝利利灾难20周年的报告，证实了这一观点，声称“环境改变对该地区的生物群产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
在Baker和Chesser对该地区进行田鼠研究的五年后，Timothy A.Mousseau 前往切洛贝利对鸟类进行了计数，发现了相互矛盾的证据。
南卡罗来纳大学生物学教授穆索和他的合作者现任巴黎南部大学生态，系统学与进化实验室的研究主任-- Anders Pape Moller，特别的研究了常见的乡村谷仓燕（Hirundo Rustica）。
他们发现该地区的燕子少得多，幸存下来的燕子寿命较短，生育力降低（男性），大脑较小，肿瘤，部分白化病（一种基因突变）和白内障发生率较高。
Mousseau 和Moller在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中表明，暴露于低水平辐射对该区域的整个生物圈（从微生物到哺乳动物，从虫子到鸟类）都有负面影响。
科技英语阅读 第五单元文章翻译
稻草建筑材料在未来是否成为可能？露易丝·蒂克尔用稻草修房子并没有为《三只小猪》中的第一只带来任何好处，但是，如果巴斯大学的研究成果被建筑行业所接受的话，那么现代草砖将会成为未来的伟大设计。
说到一个草砖房子，你可能会联想到一个摇摇欲坠的窝棚，它漏水，发出吱吱的响声，随时都会垮塌在地，还带着类似农家的气息。
但是当你踏入BaleHaus的时候，一个被修建于巴斯大学校园里，看起来原始的当代房屋，将会令你吃惊地出展现在你面前，并且，你会发现你无法找到任何一缕稻草。
相反，你在一楼的走廊将会看到一个拥有两间卧室和一个浴室的倒置房子，和楼上一个通风的开放式的生活区。
这就像是从斯堪的纳维亚半岛抵达了萨默赛特郡。
这些由石灰做底泥制成的，干燥稻草捆，原来都是被紧紧捆住并放置于一系列预制好的木质矩形框架结构的墙中的，它们像乐高拼装玩具一样被嵌入一个叫做ModCell 的嵌板中。
这些“草屋”存在的问题似乎并不在于它们并不实用，而是人们意识到它们有点非主流，并且并不是特别耐用。
再加上，这样的草屋很难拿去获得抵押贷款。
巴斯大学BRE的建筑材料创新中心的主管Peter Walker 教授指出，稻草的好处在于：“它是便宜、易于广泛应用的良好绝缘体材料，它被用在房屋建筑上已经好几百年。
”作为整个世界的工业副产品——这些秸秆在谷物收获以后被留下——只要它们不分解，就仍然有效地吸收和固定大气中的碳。
对于建筑行业来说，当前所依赖的材料是无论在生产还是运输上都具有极高的能耗和碳消耗的嵌入式混凝土和砖——因此，稻草可以为解决温室气体排放这一问题提供一个友好的解决方案。
无论这个草屋看上去有多时髦，多现代化还是多环保，你仍然想要知道它是否会在雷电交加的暴风雨中被淋得湿透或者是否会因你打翻的蜡烛，而被被嗖嗖的火焰烧的精光。
Walker 教授和他的研究伙伴公布了他们的研究结果，Dr Katharine Beadle 花费了18个月的时间，通过一个详尽的危险因素清单去测试这个BaleHaus被腐蚀、烧毁、吹倒的可能，到目前为止，这个房子看来似乎是可靠的。
科技英语课文翻译和课后习题翻译
第一张机器人走进千家万户(1)比尔﹒盖茨设想一下:在一个新的产业诞生之际, 你目睹见证了这一切! 这个产业是在前所未有的新技术基础上发展起来的, 其中包括一些实力雄厚企业销售的高度专业化商务设备, 还有越来越多的新兴公司生产的新奇玩具、为玩具藏家青睐的机巧装置, 以及其他一些奇特有趣的特殊产品。
但同时, 这还是一个缺乏行业标准和平台的、尚不成规模的产业。
项目复杂, 进步缓慢, 实际应用更是少之有少。
事实上, 尽管对这个产业的未来充满热情和希望,但是没有人能明确地说出什么时间- 或究竟是否有可能-它能取得关键性的规模发展。
但是,若真能实现发展, 那么,它很可能改变整个世界。
当然, 上述描述可算是上世纪70 年代中期计算机产业的写照, 也就在那时, 保罗·艾伦和我成立了微软公司。
当时,部分大企业、政府部门和其他一些机构都在使用笨重、昂贵的主计算机进行后台运算。
知名大学和大型工业实验室的研究人员正试图建造出最基本的构件, 以使信息化时代的到来成为可能。
当时因特尔公司刚刚推出他们的8080 微处理器,安他利公司正在销售一款流行电子游戏Pong 。
而在一些自发组成的计算机俱乐部里,热忠于此的人们急切地努力探索这种新技术带来的好处究竟是什么。
但当时我脑海中所萦绕的则是更具前瞻性的问题:机器人产业即将作为一项新兴的产业而崛起,其当时的发展同30 年前计算机的发展如出一辙。
想想看, 目前汽车组装线上使用的制造型机器人已替代了昔日的主计算机。
这个产业其他的典型产品包括可进行外科手术的机器手, 在伊拉克和阿富汗用于路边及地面排雷的侦察机器人, 以及可以进行地板吸尘的家用机器人。
电子产品公司还推出了可模仿人类、或是狗、恐龙等的机器人玩具, 而玩具收藏者们正迫不及待地想要猎取一套乐高公司生产的最新机器人系列玩具。
与此同时, 世界尖端科技人员正试图解决机器人技术中最棘手的难题, 诸如视觉识别、远程操控、以及学习型机器等问题, 而且他们正在不断获得成功。
科技英语阅读翻译
科技英语阅读翻译Unit 2 Physics1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to dark energy Para. 1: Dark energy is an unexplained force which tugs galaxies away from each other.Para. 2: Dark energy is somewhat like anti-gravity.Para. 3: Dark energy is scientists’ hypothetic form of energy to explain the universe’s expansion.Part 2 (Paras. 4-9): The discovery of dark energy: confounding expectationsPara. 4: The discovery of dark energy is a case of science confounding expectations.Para. 5: Experts expected that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of expansion.Para. 6: The universe’s rate of expansion was speed ing up.Para. 7: The result was beyond experts’ expectations which caused much nervous laughter.Para. 8: The measurements of supernovae provided the evidence that the universe’s rate of ballooning was speeding up.Para. 9: The scientists observed many supernovae at different distances to determine how fast they are speeding away from us.Part 3 (Paras. 10-13): The rate of the expansion of the universe: shocking resultsPara. 10: The rate of the universe’s expansion is accelerating.Para. 11: More researches done by other experts also show the same results.Para. 12: Einstein’s cosmologica l constant has been revivedto explain the puzzling findings.Para. 13: The cosmological constant is one of the leading theories to explain the expansion of theuniverse.Part 4 (Paras. 14-17): The difference between dark energy and dark matterPara. 14: The confusion of dark energy and dark matter.Para. 15: Dark matter is an invisible hypothesized form of matter.Para. 16: Dark matter and dark energy seem to make up most of the mass of the universe.Para. 17: The discovery of dark energy stirred up a lot of other issues, such as making some peoplebelieve that there are several universes.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words givenin the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1)Skin injury, infection, stress, and certain drugs maytrigger psoriasis. Skin cells move at an accelerated ratefrom the dermis into the epidermis, where they sloughoff, causing inflammation.牛皮癣可能由皮肤外伤、感染、压力和某些药物引起。
《科技英语阅读与翻译》句子翻译
Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。
For this reason,computers can be defined as very—high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information，and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。
It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job。
对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器内。
The program,or part of it，which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem，are kept inside the computer in place called memory。
计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。
A computer can replace people in dull，routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了;但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。
科技英语阅读翻译精编WORD版
科技英语阅读翻译精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】ⅢT r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e(20%)（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as? coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. (2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have revi ved an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe.(3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.(4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything.(5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）（1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.（2）Now the cosmological constant is one of the leading theories of why the universe is blowing up like a balloon at ever-increasing speed.（3）That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because the popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.（4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)（1）But Russell ( and independently, Ernst Zermelo ) noticed that x = {a: a is not in a} leads to a contradiction in the same way as the description of the collection of barbers.（2）An analogy is the siren of an ambulance that changes pitch as it moves toward you, then passes you and heads the other way — its waves are first compressed, then stretched.（3）It’s the older members — those who could join only after it opened membership in 2006 to workplace networks, then to anyone — who are adjusting to a new value system that prizes self-expression over reticence.（4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won’t get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.Ⅲ Translate the following sentenc es into Chinese (20%)（1）For example, we can describe the collection of numbers 4, 5 and 6 by saying that x is the collection of integers, represented by n, which are greater than 3 and less than 7.（2）Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.（3）Among members, a Law of Amiable Inclusiveness seems to be revealing itself: over time, many are deciding that the easiest path is to routinely accept “friend requests”, completing a sequence begun when one member seeks to designate another as a Facebook friend.（4）The area between the QB’s head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.（5）After waiting another 45 minutes and finding that the panel still hadn’t failed, the team gave up and stopped the experiment, secure in the knowledge that the material had performed beyond the requirements of building regulations.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.3. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look,however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.??4. The premise on which the technology is based is that genetic information[1], encoded by DNAand arranged in the form of genes, is a resource that can be manipulated in various ways toachieve certain goals in both pure and applied science and medicine.5. Many people are working towards trying to make cities more sustainable. A sustainable city offersa good quality of life to current residents but doesn’t reduce the opportunities for future residents to enjoy.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies[1] away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.3. When the distinction blurs between one’s few close friends and the many who are not, it seems pointless to distinguish between private and public.???????????????????????????????????????????????? ??4. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.5.? Engineers in the future will work at the extremes of very large and very small systems that require greater knowledge and coordination of multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering across greater distances and timeframesPart III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. To explain the puzzling findings, some scientists have received an old idea of Einstein’s that hadbeen discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively andaccelerates the expansion of the universe.2. Telecommuting workers and traveling executives alike could use QB( so named because it is thene xt in line after the company’s prototype QA bot ) as a virtual extension of themselves,allowing them to attend meetings, tour facilities or perform walk-throughs of real estate properties, all while controlling the robot from a computer keyboard.3. Research had developed to the point where progress was being hampered by technical constraints, as the elegant experiments that had helped to decipher the genetic code could not be extended to investigate the gene in more detail.4. The ideas that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at all other times, has beena central tenet of science, ever since Laplace’s time.5. Nuclear power’s prominence as a major energy source will continue over the next several decades, according to new projections made by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which has just published a new report, Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power for the period up to 2030.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. For a smallish two-bed roomed house with one large open-plan kitchen/dinner, that doesn’tparticularly cheap given that straw is supposed to be inexpensive, and you’d still have to buy the plot and dig the foundations.2. Combined with advances in CAD systems, it will be possible for mechanical engineers tocollaborate in immersive interactive environments where they can design collaboratively, test hypotheses, run models and simulations and observe their creations in three dimensions much as an engineer can observe a car being built with their colleagues on the shop floor.3. Although it is unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 pricetag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places,4. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.5. Because gravity draws mass together, most experts expected to find that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of ballooning, or perhaps that the rate was staying about the same.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit like anti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale.2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. ?Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometers per hour make the robot mobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms. The area between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are living longer, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, e.g. from Poland[1] which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smaller households, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit like anti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale.2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. ?Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometersper hour make the robot mobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—designmakes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms.The area between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can beadjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are livinglonger, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, e.g. from Poland[1] which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smallerhouseholds, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numberswith a description of sets of sets of numbers.2. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all thingspersonal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.3. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spacesand helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms.4. The straw bales, it turns out, are all packed tightly inside a series of prefabricated rectangular woodenwall frames, which are then lime-rendered, dried and finally slotted together like giant Lego pieces, called ModCell panels.5. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to live on the edge ofurban areas - with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation.。
《科技英语阅读教程》陈勇版课文翻译
核电与核辐射1986年4月26日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker和Chesser对田鼠的DNA进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau和Moller指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
核电与核辐射1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。
在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响几乎一无所知。
这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100平方英里的区域。
1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。
“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。
我们对此非常着迷。
”贝克回忆说。
当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现异常的突变率。
他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里是原子野生动物保护区。
2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。
五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。
Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。
穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。
他们发现该地区家燕的数量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。
在过去13 年发表的60多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。
包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。
贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。
我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。
辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。
然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。
大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。
小剂量是我们最不了解的。
LSS 并没有告诉我们多少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。
例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么?三重危机2011年3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。
福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面是一样的。
这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在短距离内变化数量级。
而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。
简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。
福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。
最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。
对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。
蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。
2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝蝶的影响。
冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。
Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。
但御宅族2014 10 3000 多倍，是穆萨乌在该地区所记录的最高水平。
Bonisoli Alquati 的论文增加了一个重要的新皱纹。
当他用健康的实验室样本培育突变的福岛毛茛属植物时，每一代新世代的基因异常率都在增加。
Mousseau 认为这种现象，基因突变的积累，是一种潜在的侵蚀放射性生态系统健康的暗流，偶尔会在患有部分白化病的变异蝴蝶或家燕的后代身上显现出来。
就连贝克也对御宅族的结论表示赞同:“很明显，这些蝴蝶受到了辐射的影响。
多代繁殖确实会导致基因组的改变。
”我在机场遇到了 Mousseau 和他的博士后同事，一个叫 Andrea Bonisol Alquati 的意大利人，然后我们驱车前往位于福岛核电站北部南相马的酒店。
我们穿过一个又一个废弃的城镇，向北蜿蜒走向核电站。
穆萨乌一边开车，一边扫视着关闭的店面和空荡荡的房屋，寻找燕窝。
家燕是理想的科学研究对象，因为它们是亲民的，这意味着这些鸟往往会在一生中回到同一个地方繁殖。
它们与其他温血脊椎动物具有相似的遗传、发育和生理特征。
家燕是众所周知的煤矿里的金丝雀,问题是除了煤矿放射性®摩梭数大约 12 个旧巢“伤疤”,月牙形的屁股上的泥浆在屋檐下,但并不是一个新巢。
”他们第一年显示这样的负面影响,”他说。
“我想今年很难找到他们。
”“我简直不敢相信没有任何活动的燕窝。
我没看见有什么苍蝇在飞。
没有看到蜻蜓在飞。
这真的是一个死区。
”福岛核事故让我们看到了一个生态系统对放射性污染的早期反应，这种反应极为罕见。
人们对切尔诺贝利几代田鼠和家燕知之甚少，更不用说其他动物了。
坊间的报道指出，动植物大量死亡，但没有关于它们复苏的细节。
是否有些物种进化出了更强的修复被辐射损坏的DNA 的能力?目前，研究福岛的生态系统对开发预测模型至关重要，这些模型可以解释，随着时间的推移，对低水平辐射暴露的适应能力以及基因损伤的累积是如何取得进展的。
穆萨乌感到遗憾的是，他未能在事故发生后立即进入安全区。
在我们到达酒店后，他说:“我们会有更精确的数据来确定那里有多少只燕子，有多少消失了。
”“那些回来的是耐药基因型，还是他们只是在某种程度上幸运?”第 2 天，在的许可得到确认后，一队警察挥手让我们的车通过路障进入禁 区。
穆萨乌计划沿着海岸平原一路前行，清点每只燕子的数量，标出每一个鸟巢的位置，并尽可能多地捕捉鸟儿。
“我们在这里得到的每一个数据点都是绝对无价的，”他对 Bonisoli Alquati 说。
在离核电站一英里的地方，Bonisoli Alquati 看到一只燕子栖息在一所房子附近的电线 上。
一个用新鲜泥土做的巢坐落在车库的窗台上。
辐射水平最高达到每小时是正常背景辐射的 “10 个小时后，你就会得到你的年度剂量。
微西弗， 说: 双叶是一座鬼城，除了以前的居民外，所有人都不得进入，他们每月只能回来几个小时，检查房屋和企业。
小镇商业中心上方的一条标语写着:“核能:能源的光明未来。
”主要街道的辐射水平并不比该区域外的许多受污染地区差。
通过双筒望远镜，北村看到六只燕子在盘旋在一家体育用品商店附近。
“把网子和杆子挂起来!”他喊道。
北村和 Bonisoli Alquati 蹲在店外，一团薄雾笼罩着他们他们之间松散。
燕子在头上飞来飞去，叽叽喳喳地叫着。
鸟,鸟,他们花了两个小时才把六只燕子全部捉到并取样。
在放鸟之前，Mousseau 给它们安装了微型热释光剂量计(TLDs)来跟踪它们辐射剂量。
下面是双叶火车站，那里的辐射水平为日本政府最初誓言要在 级在更高的地方，他们又捕获了两只燕子。
年 3他们的目 标是将年剂量率降低到 1 毫西沃特，这是对普通公众的限制国际放射防护委员会的建议。
330 Mousseau 月前清理福岛县 11 个污染最严重的城市。
20 的地但到目前为止，大部分清理工作都集中在稳定受损地区核电站的反应堆继续向太平洋泄漏辐射。
日本当局不再有具体的去污时间表。
相反，他们把每年 1 毫西弗定为长期目标，现在正令人鼓舞 8 万 3 千名撤离者中的一些人将返回年剂量率高达 mSv ，相当于 欧盟委员会对核工作人员的剂量限制。
执政党日本最近发布的一份报告承认，许多受污染地区将会受到污染至少一代人都不适合居住。
这一目标的改变凸显了我们对低剂量辐射影响的认识与公共政策管理之间的差距，其中包括核清理协议。
尽管科学家们还没有确定一个“安全”的辐射剂量，但日本管理人员需要一个目标剂量来制定去污和安置政策，因此他们依赖于咨询机构，如国际放射防护委员会(International Commission on Radiological Protection)，以及不完善的研究机构，如LSS 。
布伦纳的研究表明，癌症发病率的增加与每年低至 5 毫西弗的剂量有关。
虽然Mousseau 和 Moller 已经观察到植物和动物种群的负面影响，但是在这个任意的阈值之下，没有确凿的证据支持或反对人类的直接健康风险。
布伦纳说:“一旦你达到这种剂量，你就必须依靠对机理的最佳理解，而这是非常有限的。
”在浪江市郊的一个居民区，Bonisoli Alquati 发现了一个谷仓燕窝，夹在两栋房子之间的一条窄巷子里。
这是他在令人失望的一天里，在双叶和浪江附近无人居住的地区巡游，数着几十个空巢和伤痕之后，看到的第一个活跃的鸟巢。
在大雨冲走鸟巢之前，对燕子数量进行统计对于建立事故发生前燕子数量的基线至关重要，但穆萨乌也需要活鸟的样本来进行他的实验室工作。
小巷子里的鸟巢里有三只小鸡，这是他在这个区域发现的第一只小 了量。
他在小鸡柔软的翅膀下面吹着气，露出一小块皮肤，用针刺穿了它。
一些血液进入毛细血管;有些人被弄脏在玻璃滑梯上。
然后他用帆布袋把小鸡抱起来，放进“烤箱”里， “ 烤箱”是用管道胶带绑在一起的一堆铅砖。
砖块形成了一个屏蔽室，使得 Mousseau 能够在不受背景辐射干扰的情况下测量单个鸟类的全身负荷。
他说:“我们的目标是能够观察每只鸟从一年到下一年的情况，并确定存活的可能性是否与它们接受的剂量有关。
”“如果我们真的想了解基因变异和辐射敏感性的机制，以及它们如何影响个体，那么有必要进行更精细的剂量测定。
”但是这个地方的辐射水平太高，无法精确测量。
穆萨乌把车开到街上，重新设置了伽马能谱仪。
几分钟后，它显示出铯 137 污染的明显信号，铯 137 是福岛放射性尘降物中的主要同位素。
这只小鸡可能只有一周大，有放射性。
家燕在日本是好兆头。
许多人在房子的门上钉上小木平台来吸引鸟儿。
在这个区域，平台和房屋一样，都是空的。
隔离区关闭后的每一天，Mousseau 和 Bonisoli Alquati 都工作到深夜，在福岛北部洁净地区捕捉家燕，建立一个控制组。