高级会计学英文版第十版课后练习题含答案
习题答案Principles of Corporate Finance第十版 Chapter28
CHAPTER 28Financial AnalysisAnswers to Problem Sets2 a. ROA = (((1 - .35) x 67 + 474)/4,126 = .125, or 12.5%b. Operating profit margin = ((1 - .35) x 67 + 474)/ 7,911 = .065, or 6.5%c. Sales-to-assets = 7,911/ 4,126 = 1.9d. Inventory turnover = 1,997/ 856 = 2.3e. Debt-to-equity ratio = 1,078/ 1,653 = .65f. Current ratio = 2,787/ 1,699 = 1.64g. Quick ratio = (402 + 1,034)/ 1,699 = .854. a. Market-value-added = 195 x $45.50 - $1,653 = $7,220 millionb. Market-to-book = 195 x $45.50 / $1,653 = 5.4c. EVA = [(1-.35) x 67 +474] – [.10 x (1,078 + 1,653)] = $177.7 milliond. ROC = [(1-.35) x 67 +474] / (1,078 + 1,653) = .190, or 19.0%5. The illogical ratios are a, b, c, f, and i. The correct definitions are:6. a. Falseb. Truec. Falsed. Falsee. False—it will tend to increase the price–earnings multiple.7. a. Sales = 3 X 500,000 = 1,500,000; after-tax interest + net income = .08 X1,500,000 = 120,000; ROA = 120,000/500,000 = 24%b. Net income = .08 X 3 X 500,000 – (1- .35) X 30,000 = 100,500; ROE = netincome/ equity = 100,500/300,000 = .348. .25.9. .73.; 3.65%10. a. 1.47b. Net working capital = 40. Total capitalization = 540. Debt to totalcapitalization = .52.11. Assume that new debt is current liability.a. Current ratio goes from 100/60 = 1.67 to 120/80 = 1.50; cash ratio goesfrom 30/60 = .5 to 50/80 = .63b. Long-term debt ratio is unchanged; total liabilities/total assets goes from410/600 = .6833 to 430/620 = .693512. $10 million.13. $82 million.14. a. The following are examples of items that may not be shown on thecompany‘s books: intangible assets, off-balance sheet debt, pensionassets and liabilities (if the pension plan has a surplus), derivativespositions.b. The value of intangible assets generally does not show up on thecompan y‘s balance sheet. This affects accounting rates of returnbecause book assets are too low. It can also make debt ratios seemhigh, again because assets are undervalued. Research anddevelopment expenditures are generally recorded as expenses ratherthan assets, thereby understating income and understating assets.Patents and trademarks, which can be extremely valuable assets, arenot recorded as assets unless they are acquired from another company. 15. As discussed in Section 28-3, there are many dif ferent ways to measure a firm‘soverall performance. Some of the financial metrics include:Market value added – the difference between the amount of money shareholders have invested in the firm and current market capitalization of equity.Market-to-book ratio – the market value of equity divided by book value of equity.This ratio gives us a common-size basis for comparing smaller and larger firms.Economic value added – the profit for the firm after the cost of capital is deducted.Return on capital – the total profits available for all investors (equity and debt-holders) divided by the amount of money invested in the firm.Return on equity – the net income divided by equityReturn on assets – (after tax interest plus net income) divided by total assetsEach of these measures has its advantages, depending on the goal of theanalysis. EVA and the rates of return show current performance and are notimpacted by expectations of future events that are measured in current marketprices. The potential downside of these metrics is that they are grounded in book value and balance sheet figures that may not reflect economic reality accurately.In all cases we may wish to compare recent performance with historical firmperformance and with contemporary performance of comparable firms in order to judge whether performance was satisfactory.16. The answer, as in all questions pertaining to financial ratios, is, ―It depends onwhat you want to use the measure for.‖ For most purposes, a financialmanager is concerned with the market value of the assets supporting the debt,but, since intangible assets may be worthless in the event of financial distress,the use of book values may be an acceptable proxy. You may need to look atthe market value of debt, e.g., when calculating the weighted average cost of capital.However, if you are concerned with, say, probability of default, you areinterested in what a firm has promised to pay, not necessarily in what investors think that promise is worth.Looking at the face value of debt may be misleading when comparing firms with debt having different maturities. After all, a certain payment of $1,000 tenyears from now is worth less than a certain payment of $1,000 next year.Therefore, if the information is available, it may be helpful to discount facevalue at the risk-free rate, i.e., calculate the present value of the exercise price on the option to default. (Merton refers to this measure as the quasi-debt ratio.) You should not exclude items just because they are off-balance-sheet, butyou need to recognize that there may be other offsetting off-balance-sheetitems, e.g., the pension fund.How you treat preferred stock depends upon what you are trying to measure.Preferred stock is largely a fixed charge that accentuates the risk of thecommon stock. On the other hand, as far as lenders are concerned,preferred stock is a junior claim on firm assets.17. Times-interest earned equals EBIT / interest payments. With the interest ratedecrease, interest payments will drop on the floating debt. The smallerdenominator thus causes an increase in the times-interest earned ratio.The market value of the fixed-rate debt will increase with the decline in interest rates. This will cause the ratio of market value of debt to equity to increase,giving the appearance of greater leverage. Of course the firm‘s capital structure has not changed, suggesting an advantage of using book values for debt ratios.18. The effect on the current ratio of the following transactions:a. Inventory is sold ⇒ no effectb. The firm takes out a bank loan to pay its suppliers ⇒ no effectc. The firm arranges a line of credit ⇒ no effectd. A customer pays its overdue bills ⇒ no effecte. The firm uses cash to purchase additional inventories ⇒ no effect19. After the merger, sales will be $100, assets will be $70, and profit will be $14.The financial ratios for the firms are:Federal Stores Sara Togas Merged FirmSales-to-Assets 2.00 1.00 1.43Profit Margin 0.10 0.20 0.14ROA 0.20 0.20 0.20 Note that the calculation of profit is straightforward in one sense, but in another it is somewhat complicated. Before the merger, Federal‘s cost of goods includes the$20 it purchases from Sara, and Sara‘s cost of goods sold is: ($20 – $4) = $16After the merger, therefore, the cost of goods sold will be: ($90 – $20 + $16) = $86 With sales of $100, profit will be $14.20. Balance SheetTotal liabilities + Equity = 235 ⇒ Total assets = 235Total current liabilities = 30 + 25 = 55Current ratio = 1.4 ⇒ Total current assets = 1.4 ⨯ 55 = 77Cash ratio = 0.2 ⇒ Cash = 0.2 ⨯ 55 = 11Quick ratio = 1.0 ⇒ Cash + Accounts receivable = current liabilities = 55 ⇒Accounts receivable = 44Total current assets = 77 = Cash + Accounts receivable + Inventory ⇒Inventory = 22Total assets = Total current assets + Fixed assets = 235 ⇒ Fixed assets = 158Long-term debt + Equity = 235 – 55 = 180Debt ratio = 0.4 = Long-term debt/(Long-term debt + Equity) ⇒Long-term debt = 72Equity = 180 – 72 = 108Income StatementAverage inventory = (22 + 26)/2 = 24Inventory turnover = 5.0 = (Cost of goods sold/Average inventory) ⇒Cost of goods sold = 120Average receivables = (34 + 44)/2 = 39Receivables‘ collection period = 71.2 = Average receivables/(Sales/365) ⇒Sales = 200EBIT = 200 – 120 – 10 – 20 = 50Times-interest-earned = 6.25 = (EBIT + Depreciation)/Interest ⇒ Interest = 11.2Earnings before tax = 50 – 11.2 = 38.8Average equity = (108 + 100)/2 = 104Return on equity = 0.24 = Earnings available for common stock/average equity ⇒Earnings available for common stockholders = 24.96Tax = Earnings before tax - Earnings available for common stock = 38.8-24.96 ⇒13.84The result is:Fixed assets $158 Sales 200.0Cash 11 Cost of goods sold 120.0Accounts receivable 44 Selling, general, andInventory 22 Administrative 10.0Total current assets 77 Depreciation 20.0 TOTAL $235 EBIT 50.0 Equity $108 Interest 11.20Long-term debt 72 Earnings before tax 38.80Notes payable 30 Tax 13.84Accounts payable 25 Available for common 24.96Total current liabilities 55TOTAL $23521. Two obvious choices are:a. Total industry EBIT over total industry interest payments:Company A B C D E Total EBIT 10 30 100 -3.0 80 217Interest Pmt 5 15 50 2 1 73EBIT /interest payments = 217/73 = 2.97b. Average of the individual companies‘ ratios:Company A B C D EEBIT 10 30 100 -3.0 80Interest Pmt 5 15 50 2 1Times-interest 2 2 2 -1.5 80Average times-interest-earned ratio = 16.9Clearly, the method of calculation has a substantial impact on the result. Thefirst method is generally preferable. Here, the second method gives too muchweight to Company E, which is a large firm with little debt.22. R apid inflation distorts virtually every item on a firm‘s balance sheet and incomestatement. For example, inflation affects the value of inventory (and, hence, cost of goods sold), the value of plant and equipment, the value of debt (both long-term and short-term); and so on. Given these distortions, the relevance of thenumbers recorded is greatly diminished.The presence of debt introduces more distortions. As mentioned above, thevalue of debt is affected, but so is the rate demanded by bondholders, whoinclude the effects of inflation in their lending decisions.23. All of the financial ratios are likely to be helpful, although to varying degrees.Presumably, those ratios that relate directly to the variability of earnings and the behavior of the stock price have the strongest associations with market risk; likely candidates include the debt-equity ratio and the P/E ratio. Other accountingmeasures of risk might be devised by taking five-year averages of these ratios.24. Answers will vary depending on companies and industries chosen.25. When calculating EVA we should deduct the income tax shield in order tomeasure the true cost to the firm of raising capital via debt. An alternativeapproach might be to adjust the cost of capital to account for the tax savings from debt. Simply deducting the cost of equity from net income will not lead to thecorrect answer if the after-tax cost of debt differs significantly from the cost ofequity—and if the firm has issued a meaningful amount of debt.26. Recall that return on capital (ROC) equals the total profits earned for debt andequity investors divided by the amount of money contributed. It is calculated as(after-tax interest + net income) / total capital.Using an average of capital at the start and end of the year for the denominatorwill produce a reasonable result if the firm actively increases or reduces capitalover the year in a manner consistent with past practices.By contrast, if increases in capital over the year occur without additional debt or stock issuances (such as solely through retained earnings), the amount of money that has been contributed to the firm by investors does not change during theyear. Using an average that includes the higher year-end figure will overstate the amount of capital contributed and will likely understate the ROC calculation.27. Because both current assets and current liabilities are, by definition, short-termaccounts, ‗netting‘ them out against each other and then calculating the ratio interms of total capitalization is preferable when evaluating the safety of long-term debt. Having done this, the bank loan would not be included in debt.Whether or not the other accounts (i.e., deferred taxes, R&R reserve, and theunfunded pension liability) are included in the calculation would depend on thetime horizon of interest. All of these accounts represent long-term obligations of the firm. If the goal is to evaluate the safety of Geomorph‘s debt, the keyquestion is: What is the maturity of this debt relative to the obligationsrepresented by these accounts? If the debt has a shorter maturity, then they should not be included because the debt is, in effect, a senior obligation. If the debt has a longer maturity, then they should be included. [It may be of interest to note here that some companies have recently issued debt with a maturity of 100 years.]。
(完整版)会计英语课后习题参考答案解析
Suggested SolutionChapter 11.3.4.5.(a)(b) net income = 9,260-7,470=1,790(c) net income = 1,790+2,500=4,290Chapter 21.a.To increase Notes Payable -CRb.To decrease Accounts Receivable-CRc.To increase Owner, Capital -CRd.To decrease Unearned Fees -DRe.To decrease Prepaid Insurance -CRf.To decrease Cash - CRg.To increase Utilities Expense -DRh.To increase Fees Earned -CRi.To increase Store Equipment -DRj.To increase Owner, Withdrawal -DR2.a.Cash 1,800Accounts payable ........................... 1,800 b.Revenue ..................................... 4,500Accounts receivable ................... 4,500 c.Owner’s withdrawals ........................ 1,500Salaries Expense ....................... 1,500 d.Accounts Receivable (750)Revenue (750)3.Prepare adjusting journal entries at December 31, the end of the year.Advertising expense 600Prepaid advertising 600Insurance expense (2160/12*2) 360Prepaid insurance 360Unearned revenue 2,100Service revenue 2,100Consultant expense 900Prepaid consultant 900Unearned revenue 3,000Service revenue 3,000 4.1. $388,4002. $22,5203. $366,6004. $21,8005.1. net loss for the year ended June 30, 2002: $60,0002. DR Jon Nissen, Capital 60,000CR income summary 60,0003. post-closing balance in Jon Nissen, Capital at June 30, 2002: $54,000Chapter 31. Dundee Realty bank reconciliationOctober 31, 2009Reconciled balance $6,220 Reconciled balance $6,2202. April 7 Dr: Notes receivable—A company 5400Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 540012 Dr: Cash 5394.5Interest expense 5.5Cr: Notes receivable 5400June 6 Dr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Cr: Cash 553318 Dr: Cash 5560.7Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Interest revenue 27.73. (a) As a whole: the ending inventory=685(b) applied separately to each product: the ending inventory=6254. The cost of goods available for sale=ending inventory + the cost of goods=80,000+200,000*500%=80,000+1,000,000=1,080,0005.(1) 24,000+60,000-90,000*0.8=12000(2) (60,000+24,000)/( 85,000+31,000)*( 85,000+31,000-90,000)=18828Chapter 41. (a) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) / 5 = 21,660;(b) second-year depreciation = 8,600 * (114,000 – 5,700) / 36,100 = 25,800;(c) first-year depreciation = 114,000 * 40% = 45,600second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 45,600) * 40% = 27,360;(d) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) * 4/15 = 28,880.2. (a) weighted-average accumulated expenditures (2008) = 75,000 * 12/12 + 84,000 * 9/12 + 180,000 * 8/12 + 300,000 * 7/12 + 100,000 * 6/12 = 483,000(b) interest capitalized during 2008 = 60,000 * 12% + ( 483,000 – 60,000) * 10% =49,5003. (1) depreciation expense = 30,000(2) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 2=540,000(3) depreciation expense = ( 600,000 – 30,000 * 8)/16 =22,500(4) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 8 – 22,500 = 337,5004. Situation 1:Jan 1st, 2008 Investment in M 260,000Cash 260,000June 30 Cash 6000Dividend revenue 6000Situation 2:January 1, 2008 Investment in S 81,000Cash 81,000June 15 Cash 10,800Investment in S 10,800December 31 Investment in S 25,500Investment Revenue 25,5005. a. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000June 30, 2009 Dividend Receivable 42,500Dividend Revenue 42,500December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Dividend Receivable 42,500 b. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Investment in K 42,500 Investment in K 146,000 Investment revenue 146,000 c. In a, the investment amount is 1,200,000net income reposed is 42,500In b, the investment amount is 1,303,500Net income reposed is 146,000Chapter 51.a. June 1: Dr: Inventory 198,000Cr: Accounts Payable 198,000 June 11: Dr: Accounts Payable 198,000Cr: Notes Payable 198,000 June 12: Dr: Cash 300,000Cr: Notes Payable 300,000b. Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 11) 12,100Cr: Interest Payable 12,100 Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 12) 8,175Cr: Interest Payable 8,175c. Balance sheet presentation:Notes Payable 498,000Accrued Interest on Notes Payable 20,275d. For Green:Dr: Notes Payable 198,000 Interest Payable 12,100Interest Expense 7,700Cr: Cash 217,800For Western:Dr: Notes Payable 300,000Interest Payable 8,175Interest Expense 18,825Cr: Cash 327,0002.(1) 20⨯8 Deferred income tax is a liability 2,400 Income tax payable 21,60020⨯9 Deferred income tax is an asset 600Income tax payable 26,100(2) 20⨯8: Dr: Tax expense 24,000Cr: Income tax payable 21,600 Deferred income tax 2,400 20⨯9: Dr: Tax expense 25,500Deferred income tax 600Cr: Income tax payable 26,100 (3) 20⨯8: Income statement: tax expense 24,000Balance sheet: income tax payable 21,600 20⨯9: Income statement: tax expense 25,500Balance sheet: income tax payable 26,1003.a. 1,560,000 (20000000*12 %* (1-35%))b. 7.8% (20000000*12 %* (1-35%)/20000000)4.5.Notes Payable 14,400 Interest Payable 1,296 Accounts Payable 60,000+Unearned Rent Revenue 7,200 Current Liabilities 82,896Chapter 61. Mar. 1Cash 1,200,000Common Stock 1,000,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 200,000Mar. 15Organization Expense 50,000Common Stock 50,000Mar. 23Patent 120,000Common Stock 100,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 20,000The value of the patent is not easily determinable, so use the issue price of $12 per share on March 1 which is the issuing price of common stock.2. July.1Treasury Stock 180,000Cash 180,000The cost of treasury purchased is 180,000/30,000=60 per share.Nov. 1Cash 70,000Treasury Stock 60,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 10,000Sell the treasury at the cost of $60 per share, and selling price is $70 per share. The treasury stock is sold above the cost.Dec. 20Cash 75,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 15,000Treasury Stock 90,000The cost of treasury is $60 per share while the selling price is $50 which is lower than the cost.3. a. July 1Retained Earnings 24,000Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000b.Sept.1Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000Cash 24,000c. Dec.1Retained Earnings 80,000Dividends Payable—Common Stock 80,000d. Dec.31Income Summary 350,000Retained Earnings 350,0004.a. Preferred stock gives its owner certain advantages over common stockholders. These benefits include the right to receive dividends before the common stockholders and the right to receive assets before the common stockholders if the corporation liquidates. Corporation pay a fixed amount of dividends on preferred stock.The 7% cumulative term indicates that the investors earn 7% fixed dividends.b. 7%*120%*20,000=504,000c. If corporation issued debt, it has obligation to repay principald. The date of declaration decrease the stockholders’ equity; the date of record and the date of payment have no effect on stockholders.5.a. Jan. 15Retained Earnings 35,000Accumulated Depreciation 35,000To correct error in prior year’s depreciation.b. Mar. 20Loss from Earthquake 70,000Building 70,000c. Mar. 31Retained Earnings 12,500Dividends Payable 12,500d. Apirl.15Dividends Payable 12,500Cash 12,500e. June 30Retained Earnings 37,500Common Stock 25,000Additional Paid-in Capital 12,500To record issuance of 10% stock dividend: 10%*25,000=2,500 shares;2500*$15=$37,500f. Dec. 31Depreciation Expense 14,000Accumulated Depreciation 14,000Original depreciation: $40,000/40=$10,000 per year. Book value on Jan.1, 2009 is $350,000(=$400,000-5*$10,000). Deprecation for 2009 is $14,000(=$350,000/25). g. The company does not need to make entry in the accounting records. But the amount of Common Stock ($10 par value) decreases 275,000, while the amount of Common Stock ($5 par value) increases 275,000.Chapter 71.Requirement 1If revenue is recognized at the date of delivery, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory............................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory............................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ..................................... 310,000 Sales revenue ....................................... 310,000 To record sale of goods on accountCost of goods sold ...................................... 220,000 Inventory ........................................... 220,000 To record the cost of the goods sold as an expenseSales returns (I/S) ..................................... 15,500* Allowance for sales returns (B/S) ................... 15,500 To record provision for return of goods sold under 30-day return period* 5% of $310,000Warranty expense ........................................ 31,000* Provision for warranties (B/S) ...................... 31,000 To record provision, at time of sale, for warranty expenditures* 10% of $310,000Allowance for sales returns ............................. 12,400 Accounts receivable ................................. 12,400 To record return of goods within 30-day return period.It is assumed the returned goods have no value and are disposed of.Provision for warranties (B/S) .......................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 18,600 To record expenditures in year 1 for warranty workCash ................................................... 297,600*Accounts receivable ................................. 297,600 To record collection of Accounts Receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Provision for warranties (B/S) .......................... 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 8,400 To record expenditures in year 2 for warranty workRequirement 2If revenue is recognized only when the warranty period has expired, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory............................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory............................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ..................................... 310,000 Inventory ........................................... 220,000 Deferred gross margin ............................... 90,000 To record sale of goods on accountDeferred gross margin ................................... 12,400 Accounts receivable ................................. 12,400 To record return of goods within the 30-day return period. It is assumed the goods have no value and are disposed of.Deferred warranty costs (B/S) ........................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 18,600 To record expenditures for warranty work in year 1. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognizedCash ................................................... 297,600* Accounts receivable ................................. 297,600 To record collection of Accounts receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Deferred warranty costs ................................. 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable ............................... 8,400 To record warranty costs incurred in year 2 related to year 1 sales. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognized.Deferred gross margin ................................... **77,600Cost of goods sold ...................................... 220,000 Sales revenue ....................................... 297,600* To record recognition of sales revenue from year 1 sales and related cost of goods sold at expiry of warranty period* $310,000 – $12,400** ($90,000 – $12,400)Warranty expense ........................................ 27,000* Deferred warranty costs ............................. 27,000 To record recognition of warranty expense at same time as related sales revenue recognition* $18,600 + $8,400Requirement 3Allied Auto Parts Inc. might choose to recognize revenue only after the warranty period has expired if they are not able to make a good estimate, at the time of sale, of the amount of warranty work that will be required under the terms of the one-year warranty. If Allied is not able, at the time of sale, to make a good estimate of the warranty work that will be required, then the measurability criterion of revenue recognition is not met at the time of sale. The measurability criterion means that the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. If the seller is not able to estimate the amount of work that will have to be done under the warranty agreement, then it is not able to reasonably measure the profit that it will eventually earn on the sales. The performance criteria might also be invoked here. The performancecriterion means that the seller has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. As long as there is warranty work to be performed after the sale that is the responsibility of the seller, you might argue that performance is not substantially complete. However, if the seller was able to reliably estimate the amount of warranty work, then performance would be satisfied on the assumption that we could measure the risk that remains with the seller, and make a provision for it.2.Percentage-of-completion method:The first step in applying revenue recognition using the percentage-of-completion method (using costs incurred to date compared to estimated total costs to determinethe percentage of completion) is to estimate the percentage of completion of the project at the end of each year. This is done in the following table (in $000s):End of 2005 End of 2006 End of 2007Total costs incurred $ 5,400 $ 12,950 $ 18,800 Total estimated costs 18,000 18,500 18,800 % completed 30% 70% 100%Once the percentage of completion at the end of each year has been calculated as above, the next step is to allocate the appropriate amount of revenue to each year, based on the percentage completed to date, less what has previously been recordedin revenue. This is done in the following table (in $000s):2005 2006 20072005 $20,000 × 30%$ 6,0002006 $20,000 × 70%$ 14,0002007 $20,000 × 100%$ 20,000 Less: Revenue recognized in prior years (0) (6,000) (14,000) Revenue for year $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000Therefore, the profit to be recognized each year on the construction project would be:2005 2006 2007 TotalRevenue recognized $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 $ 20,000 Construction costs incurred (expenses) (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) (18,800) Gross profit for the year $ 600 $ 450 $ 150 $ 1,200The following journal entries are used to record the transactions under the percentage-of-completion method of revenue recognition:2005 2006 20071. Costs of construction:Construction in progress ....... 5,400 7,550 5,850 Cash, payables, etc. 5,400 7,550 5,850 2. Progress billings:Accounts receivable ..... 3,100 4,900 12,000 Progress billings ... 3,100 4,900 12,000 3. Collections on billings:Cash .................... 2,400 4,000 12,400 Accounts receivable . 2,400 4,000 12,400 4. Recognition of profit:Construction in progress 600 450 150Construction expense .... 5,400 7,550 5,850 Revenue from long-termcontract .......... 6,000 8,000 6,000 5. To close construction in progress:Progress billings ....... 20,000 Construction in progress 20,0002005 2006 2007Balance sheetCurrent assets:Accounts receivable $ 700 $ 1,600 $ 1,200 Inventory:Construction in process 6,000 14,000Less: Progress billings (3,100) (8,000)Costs in excess of billings 2,900 6,000Income statementRevenue from long-term contracts $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 Construction expense (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) Gross profit $ 600 $ 450 $ 1503.a. The three criteria of revenue recognition are performance, measurability, andcollectibility.Performance means that the seller or service provider has performed the work.Depending on the nature of the product or service, performance may mean quitedifferent points of revenue recognition. For example, for the sale of products,IAS18 defines performance as the point when the seller of the goods hastransferred the risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. Normally, this meansthat performance is done at the time of sale. Although the seller may haveperformed much of the work prior to the sale (production, selling efforts, etc.),there is still significant risk to the seller that a buyer may not be found.Therefore, from a reliability point of view, revenue recognition is delayed untilthe point of sale. Also, there may be significant risks remaining with the sellerof the product even after the sale. Warranties given by the seller are a riskthat remains with the seller. However, if this risk can be reliably estimatedat the time of sale, revenue can be recognized at the point of sale. Performanceis quite different under a long-term construction contract. Here, performancereally is considered to be a measure of the work done. Revenue is recognizedover the production period as the work is performed. It is intended to reflectthe amount of effort expended by the seller (contractor). Although legal titlewon’t transfer to the buyer until the project is completed, revenue can berecognized because there is a known and committed buyer. If the contractor is not able to estimate how much of the work has been done (perhaps because he or she can’t reliably estimate how much work must still be done), then profit would not be recognized until the extent of performance is known.Measurability means that the seller or service provider must be able to reliably estimate the amount of the revenue from the sale or service. For the sale of products this is generally known at the time of sale (the sales price is set).However, if the seller provides a return period, it may be necessary to estimate the volume of returns at the time of sale in order to measure the revenue that will be recognized.Collectibility means that the seller or the service provider has reasonable assurance that the sales price will actually be collected. In most cases for the sales of products, the seller is able to recognize revenue at the time of sale even if the sale is on account. This is because the seller has experience with its customers and is able to estimate reliably the risk of non payment.As long as the seller is able to make this estimate, it is appropriate to recognize the revenue but to offset it with a provision for possible non collection. If the seller is unable to make reliable estimates of future collection of amounts owing, the recognition of revenue would be delayed until the cash is actually received. This is what is done using the instalment sales method of revenue recognition.b. Because of the performance criterion of revenue recognition, it would seem to be most appropriate to recognize most revenue as the seller or service provider performs the work. This would be the best measure of performance. This would mean, for example, that sellers of products would recognize their revenue over the whole production, selling, and post sales servicing periods. As we saw above, this is not commonly done because, in many cases, there are still significant risks that are retained by the seller (risk of not being able to sell the product, for example). There are also measurement risks (knowing the selling price) that exist prior to the sale. The percentage-of-completion method of revenue used for some long-term construction contracts would seem to most closely recognize revenue as the work is performed. As mentioned in Part 1, we are able to recognize revenue on this basis since a contract exists which commits the purchaser to buy the project (assuming certain conditions are met) and the sales price is known because of the existence of the contract.4.If all revenue is recognized when a student registers for the course, profit for 2007 would be:Sales Revenue1:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × $100)$ 20,000 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $30)48,000 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $130)20,800 Total sales revenue 88,800Cost of sales:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × ($15 + $3))3,600 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $3))4,800 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $30)4,800 Total cost of sales 13,200Depreciation of development costs:$180,000 × (200/1,000)36,000Profit $ 39,6005.FINISH ENTERPRISESIncome Statementfor the year ending December 31, 2005Continuing operations (excluding the chemical division)Sales ($35,000,000 – $5,500,000) $ 29,500,000Cost of sales ($15,000,000 – $2,800,000) (12,200,000)Gross profit 17,300,000Selling & administration expenses($18,000,000 – $3,200,000) (14,800,000)Profit from operations 2,500,000Income tax expense (40%) 1,000,000Profit after tax $ 1,500,000Discontinuing operations (Chemical division)Sales 5,500,000Cost of sales (2,800,000)Gross profit 2,700,000Selling & administration expenses (3,200,000)Loss from operations (500,000)Income tax expense(40%) 200,000Loss after tax (300,000) Gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 3,500,000Tax thereon (1,400,000)After-tax gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division2,100,000$ 3,300,000Chapter 81.Payment of account payable. operatingIssuance of preferred stock for cash. financingPayment of cash dividend. financingSale of long-term investment. investingAmortization of bond discount. no effectCollection of account receivable. operatingIssuance of long-term note payable to borrow cash. financing Depreciation of equipment. no effectPurchase of treasury stock. financingIssuance of common stock for cash. financingPurchase of long-term investment. investingPayment of wages to employees. operatingCollection of cash interest. investingCash sale of land. InvestingDistribution of stock dividend. no effectAcquisition of equipment by issuance of note payable. no effect Payment of long-term debt. financingAcquisition of building by issuance of common stock. no effect Accrual of salary expense. no effect2.(a) Cash received from customers = 816,000(b) Cash payments for purchases of merchandise. =468,000(c) Cash payments for operating expenses. = 268,200(d) Income taxes paid. =36,9003.Cash sales …………………………………………... $9,000 Payment of accounts payable ………………………. -48,000Payment of income tax ………………………………-13,000Payment of interest ……………………………..…..-16,000 Collection of accounts receivable ……………………93,000 Payment of salaries and wages ………………………..-34,000 Cash flows from operating activitiesby the direct method -9,0004.Operating activities:Net loss -200,000 Add: loss on sale of land 250,000 Add: depreciation 300,000Add: amortization of patents 20,000Less: increases in current assets other than cash -750,000 Add: increases in current liabilities 180,000 Net cash flows from operating-200,000Investing activitiesSale of land -50,000 Purchase of PPE -1,500,000Net cash flows from investing-1,550,000Financing activitiesIssuance of common shares 400,000 Payment of cash dividend -50,000 Issuance of non-current liabilities 1,000,000 Net cash flows from financing1,350,000Net changes in cash-400,0005.。
财务会计英文影印版第十版课后练习题含答案 (2)
财务会计英文影印版第十版课后练习题含答案简介本文档为《财务会计英文影印版第十版》的课后练习题及答案。
该书是一本介绍财务会计的教材，涵盖了财务会计理论和实践，适用于财务会计初学者。
练习题Chapter 11.1 Expln the difference between management accounting and financial accounting.1.2 Expln the purpose of financial statements.1.3 Expln the role of the audit committee.1.4 Expln the difference between the balance sheet and the income statement.Chapter 22.1 Expln the difference between revenue and profit.2.2 Expln the difference between cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting.2.3 Expln the purpose of the statement of cash flows.Chapter 33.1 Expln the difference between current and non-current assets.3.2 Expln the difference between current and non-current liabilities.3.3 Expln the difference between financing activities and investing activities.Chapter 44.1 Expln the purpose of the double-entry accounting system.4.2 Expln the difference between debits and credits.4.3 Expln the purpose of the trial balance.Chapter 55.1 Expln the difference between the cost of goods sold and operating expenses.5.2 Expln the purpose of the income statement.5.3 Expln the difference between gross profit and net profit.答案Chapter 11.1 Management accounting is concerned with providing information for internal decision-making, while financial accounting is concerned with providing information to external users.1.2 The purpose of financial statements is to provide information about an entity’s financial performance, financial position, and cash flows.1.3 The audit committee is responsible for overseeing the financial reporting process and ensuring the integrity of financial statements.1.4 The balance sheet shows an entity’s financial position at a specific point in time, while the income statement shows an entity’s financial performance over a period of time.Chapter 22.1 Revenue represents the amounts earned from the sale of goods or services, while profit represents the difference between revenue and expenses.2.2 Cash basis accounting recognizes revenue and expenses when cash is received or pd, while accrual basis accounting recognizes revenue and expenses when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when cash is received or pd.2.3 The statement of cash flows is used to show the inflows and outflows of cash from operating, investing, and financing activities.Chapter 33.1 Current assets are expected to be converted to cash within one year, while non-current assets are expected to be held for more than one year.3.2 Current liabilities are expected to be pd within one year, while non-current liabilities are expected to be pd after one year.3.3 Financing activities involve obtning funds from external sources and paying dividends to shareholders, while investing activities involve acquiring and disposing of property, plant, and equipment, and other long-term investments.Chapter 44.1 The double-entry accounting system ensures that everytransaction is recorded in two accounts, with equal debits and credits,in order to mntn the equality of debits and credits in the accounting equation.4.2 Debits are used to record increases in assets and expenses and decreases in liabilities and equity, while credits are used to record increases in liabilities and equity and decreases in assets and expenses.4.3 The trial balance is a list of all the accounts in the ledgerwith their balances, used to ensure that the total of the debits equals the total of the credits.Chapter 55.1 The cost of goods sold represents the cost of the goods or services sold by a company, while operating expenses represent the other costs of running a business.5.2 The income statement shows a company’s revenue, expenses, andnet income or loss for a period of time.5.3 Gross profit represents revenue minus the cost of goods sold, while net profit represents gross profit minus operating expenses.结论本文档为《财务会计英文影印版第十版》课后练习题及答案，涵盖了财务会计的基本理论和实践。
会计英语课后习题参考答案解析(可编辑修改word版)
Suggested SolutionChapter 12.3.Describe each transaction based on the summary above.4.5.(a)(b) net income = 9,260-7,470=1,790(c) net income = 1,790+2,500=4,290Chapter 21.a.To increase Notes Payable -CRb.To decrease Accounts Receivable-CRc.To increase Owner, Capital -CRd.To decrease Unearned Fees -DRe.To decrease Prepaid Insurance -CRf.To decrease Cash - CRg.To increase Utilities Expense -DRh.To increase Fees Earned -CRi.To increase Store Equipment -DRj.To increase Owner, Withdrawal -DR2.a.Cash 1,800Accounts payable ............................ 1,800 b.Revenue ......................................Accounts receivable ....................c. 4,5004,500Owner’s withdrawals........................ 1,500Salaries Expense ....................... 1,500d.Accounts Receivable (750)Revenue (750)3.Prepare adjusting journal entries at December 31, the end of the year.Advertising expense 600Prepaid advertising 600Insurance expense (2160/12*2) 360Prepaid insurance 360Unearned revenue Service revenue 2,1002,100Consultant expense Prepaid consultant 9009004. Unearned revenueService revenue3,0003,0001. $388,4002. $22,5203. $366,6004. $21,8005.1. net loss for the year ended June 30, 2002: $60,0002. DR Jon Nissen, Capital 60,000CR income summary 60,0003. post-closing balance in Jon Nissen, Capital at June 30, 2002: $54,000Chapter 31.Dundee Realty bank reconciliationOctober 31, 2009Reconciled balance $6,220 Reconciled balance $6,2202.April 7 Dr: Notes receivable—A company 5400Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 540012 Dr: Cash 5394.5Interest expense 5.5Cr: Notes receivable 5400June 6 Dr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Cr: Cash 553318 Dr: Cash 5560.7Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Interest revenue 27.73.(a) As a whole: the ending inventory=685(b)applied separately to each product: the ending inventory=6254.The cost of goods available for sale=ending inventory + the cost of goods=80,000+200,000*500%=80,000+1,000,000=1,080,0005.(1) 24,000+60,000-90,000*0.8=12000(2) (60,000+24,000)/( 85,000+31,000)*( 85,000+31,000-90,000)=18828Chapter 41. (a) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) / 5 = 21,660;(b) second-year depreciation = 8,600 * (114,000 – 5,700) / 36,100 = 25,800;(c)first-year depreciation = 114,000 * 40% = 45,600second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 45,600) * 40% = 27,360;(d) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) * 4/15 = 28,880.2.(a) weighted-average accumulated expenditures (2008) = 75,000 * 12/12 + 84,000 * 9/12 + 180,000 * 8/12 + 300,000 * 7/12 + 100,000 * 6/12 = 483,000 (b) interest capitalized during 2008 = 60,000 * 12% + ( 483,000 – 60,000) * 10% =49,5003.(1) depreciation expense = 30,000(2) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 2=540,000(3) depreciation expense = ( 600,000 – 30,000 * 8)/16 =22,500(4) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 8 – 22,500 = 337,5004.Situation 1:Jan 1st, 2008 Investment in M 260,000Cash 260,000June 30 Cash 6000Dividend revenue 6000Situation 2:January 1, 2008 Investment in S 81,000Cash 81,000June 15 Cash 10,800Investment in S 10,800December 31 Investment in S 25,500Investment Revenue 25,5005.a. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000June 30, 2009 Dividend Receivable 42,500Dividend Revenue 42,500December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Dividend Receivable 42,500 b. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000 December 31, 2009 Cash42,500Investment in K 42,500Investment in K 146,000Investment revenue 146,000 c. In a, the investment amount is 1,200,000net income reposed is 42,500In b, the investment amount is 1,303,500Net income reposed is 146,000Chapter 51.a. June 1: Dr: Inventory198,000 Cr: Accounts Payable198,000 June 11: Dr: Accounts Payable198,000Cr: Notes Payable198,000 June 12: Dr: Cash300,000Cr: Notes Payable300,000 b. Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 11) 12,100 Cr: Interest Payable12,100 Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 12) 8,175 Cr: Interest Payable8,175 c. Balance sheet presentation:dFor Western: Dr: Notes Payable 300,000 Interest Payable 8,175 Interest Expense 18,825Cr: Cash 327,0002.(1) 20⨯8 Deferred income tax is a liability2,400Income tax payable21,600 20⨯9 Deferred income tax is an asset600 Income tax payable 26,100 (2) 20⨯8: Dr: Tax expense24,000Cr: Income tax payable 21,600 Deferred income tax2,400 20⨯9: Dr: Tax expense25,500 Deferred income tax 600Cr: Income tax payable 26,100 (3) 20⨯8: Income statement: tax expense24,000 Balance sheet: income tax payable21,600 20⨯9: Income statement: tax expense25,500 Balance sheet: income tax payable 26,1003.a. 1,560,000 (20000000*12 %* (1-35%))Notes Payable498,000 Accrued Interest on Notes Payable20,275 . For Green:Dr: Notes Payable198,000 Interest Payable12,100 Interest Expense 7,700 Cr: Cash 217,800b. 7.8% (20000000*12 %* (1-35%)/20000000)4.5.Notes Payable 14,400 Interest Payable 1,296 Accounts Payable 60,000+Unearned Rent Revenue 7,200 Current Liabilities 82,896Chapter 61.Mar. 1Cash 1,200,000Common Stock 1,000,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 200,000Mar. 15Organization Expense 50,000Common Stock 50,000Mar. 23Patent 120,000Common Stock 100,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 20,000 The value of the patent is not easily determinable, so use the issue price of $12 per share on March 1 which is the issuing price of common stock.2.July.1Treasury Stock 180,000Cash 180,000The cost of treasury purchased is 180,000/30,000=60 per share.Nov. 1Cash 70,000Treasury Stock 60,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 10,000Sell the treasury at the cost of $60 per share, and selling price is $70 per share. The treasury stock is sold above the cost.Dec. 20Cash 75,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 15,000Treasury Stock 90,000The cost of treasury is $60 per share while the selling price is $50 which is lower than the cost.3.a. July 1Retained Earnings 24,000Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000b.Sept.1Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000Cash 24,000c. Dec.1Retained Earnings 80,000Dividends Payable—Common Stock 80,000d.Dec.31Income Summary 350,000Retained Earnings 350,0004.a. Preferred stock gives its owner certain advantages over common stockholders. These benefits include the right to receive dividends before the common stockholders and the right to receive assets before the common stockholders if the corporation liquidates. Corporation pay a fixed amount of dividends on preferred stock.The 7% cumulative term indicates that the investors earn 7% fixed dividends.b. 7%*120%*20,000=504,000c. If corporation issued debt, it has obligation to repay principald. The date of dec laration decrease the stockholders’ equity; the date of record and the date of payment have no effect on stockholders.5.a. Jan. 15Retained Earnings 35,000Accumulated Depreciation 35,000 To correct error in prior year’s depreciation.b. Mar. 20Loss from Earthquake 70,000Building 70,000c. Mar. 31Retained Earnings 12,500Dividends Payable 12,500d. Apirl.15Dividends Payable 12,500Cash 12,500e. June 30Retained Earnings 37,500Common Stock 25,000Additional Paid-in Capital 12,500To record issuance of 10% stock dividend: 10%*25,000=2,500 shares;2500*$15=$37,500f. Dec. 31Depreciation Expense 14,000Accumulated Depreciation 14,000Original depreciation: $40,000/40=$10,000 per year. Book value on Jan.1, 2009 is $350,000(=$400,000-5*$10,000). Deprecation for 2009 is $14,000(=$350,000/25).g. The company does not need to make entry in the accounting records. But the amount of Common Stock ($10 par value) decreases 275,000, while the amount of Common Stock ($5 par value) increases 275,000.Chapter 71.Requirement 1If revenue is recognized at the date of delivery, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ............................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable................................ 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory ............................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable................................ 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ..................................... 310,000 Sales revenue........................................ 310,000 To record sale of goods on accountCost of goods sold ...................................... 220,000 Inventory............................................ 220,000 To record the cost of the goods sold as an expenseSales returns (I/S) ..................................... 15,500* Allowance for sales returns (B/S).................... 15,500 To record provision for return of goods sold under 30-day return period* 5% of $310,000Warranty expense ........................................ 31,000* Provision for warranties (B/S)....................... 31,000 To record provision, at time of sale, for warranty expenditures* 10% of $310,000Allowance for sales returns ............................. 12,400 Accounts receivable.................................. 12,400 To record return of goods within 30-day return period.It is assumed the returned goods have no value and are disposed of.Provision for warranties (B/S) ..........................Cash/Accounts payable................................ 18,60018,600To record expenditures in year 1 for warranty workCash .................................................... 297,600*Accounts receivable.................................. 297,600 To record collection of Accounts Receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Provision for warranties (B/S) .......................... 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable................................ 8,400 To record expenditures in year 2 for warranty workRequirement 2If revenue is recognized only when the warranty period has expired, thefollowing journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ...............................................Cash/Accounts payable................................ To record purchase of inventory 480,000480,000Inventory ...............................................Cash/Accounts payable................................ To record refurbishment of inventory 124,000124,000Accounts receivable .....................................Inventory............................................ 310,000220,000Deferred gross margin................................To record sale of goods on account90,000Deferred gross margin ...................................Accounts receivable.................................. 12,40012,400To record return of goods within the 30-day return period.goods have no value and are disposed of.It is assumed theDeferred warranty costs (B/S) ........................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable................................ 18,600 To record expenditures for warranty work in year 1. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognizedCash .................................................... 297,600* Accounts receivable.................................. 297,600 To record collection of Accounts receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Deferred warranty costs ................................. 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable................................ 8,400 To record warranty costs incurred in year 2 related to year 1 sales. Thewarranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognized.Deferred gross margin ................................... **77,600Cost of goods sold ...................................... 220,000 Sales revenue........................................ 297,600* To record recognition of sales revenue from year 1 sales and related cost of goods sold at expiry of warranty period* $310,000 – $12,400** ($90,000 – $12,400)Warranty expense ........................................ 27,000* Deferred warranty costs.............................. 27,000 To record recognition of warranty expense at same time as related sales revenue recognition* $18,600 + $8,400Requirement 3Allied Auto Parts Inc. might choose to recognize revenue only after thewarranty period has expired if they are not able to make a good estimate, at the time of sale, of the amount of warranty work that will be required under the terms of the one-year warranty. If Allied is not able, at the time of sale, to make a good estimate of the warranty work that will be required, then the measurability criterion of revenue recognition is not met at the time of sale.The measurability criterion means that the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. If the seller is not able to estimate the amount of work that will have to be done under the warranty agreement, then it is not able to reasonably measure the profit that it will eventually earn on the sales. The performance criteria might also be invoked here. The performance criterion means that the seller has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. As long as there is warranty work to be performed after the sale that is the responsibility of the seller, you might argue that performance is notsubstantially complete. However, if the seller was able to reliably estimate the amount of warranty work, then performance would be satisfied on theassumption that we could measure the risk that remains with the seller, andmake a provision for it.2.Percentage-of-completion method:The first step in applying revenue recognition using the percentage-of-completion method (using costs incurred to date compared to estimated totalcosts to determine the percentage of completion) is to estimate the percentageof completion of the project at the end of each year. This is done in thefollowing table (in $000s):End of 2005 End of 2006 End of 2007Total costs incurred $ 5,400 $ 12,950 $ 18,800 Total estimated costs 18,000 18,500 18,800 % completed 30% 70% 100%Once the percentage of completion at the end of each year has been calculatedas above, the next step is to allocate the appropriate amount of revenue toeach year, based on the percentage completed to date, less what has previously been recorded in revenue. This is done in the following table (in $000s):2005 2006 20072005 $20,000 × 30% $ 6,0002006 $20,000 × 70% $ 14,0002007 $20,000 × 100% $ 20,000Less: Revenue recognized in prior years (0) (6,000) (14,000) Revenue for year $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000Therefore, the profit to be recognized each year on the construction projectwould be:2005 2006 2007 TotalRevenue recognized $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 $ 20,000 Construction costs incurred (expenses) (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) (18,800) Gross profit for the year $ 600 $ 450 $ 150 $ 1,200The following journal entries are used to record the transactions under the percentage-of-completion method of revenue recognition:2005 2006 20071. Costs of construction:Construction in progress ....... 5,400 7,550 5,850 Cash, payables, etc. . 5,400 7,550 5,8502. Progress billings:Accounts receivable ..... 3,100 4,900 12,000 Progress billings .... 3,100 4,900 12,000 3. Collections on billings:Cash .................... 2,400 4,000 12,400 Accounts receivable .. 2,400 4,000 12,400 4. Recognition of profit:Construction in progress 600 450 150Construction expense .... 5,400 7,550 5,850Revenue from long-termcontract ........... 6,000 8,000 6,0005.To close construction in progress:Progress billings ....... 20,000Construction in progress 20,0002005 2006 2007Balance sheetCurrent assets:Accounts receivable $ 700 $ 1,600 $ 1,200 Inventory:Construction in process 6,000 14,000Less: Progress billings (3,100) (8,000)Costs in excess of billings 2,900 6,000Income statementRevenue from long-term contracts $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 Construction expense (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) Gross profit $ 600 $ 450 $ 1503.a.The three criteria of revenue recognition are performance, measurability,and collectibility.Performance means that the seller or service provider has performed thework. Depending on the nature of the product or service, performance maymean quite different points of revenue recognition. For example, for thesale of products, IAS18 defines performance as the point when the seller ofthe goods has transferred the risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer.Normally, this means that performance is done at the time of sale. Althoughthe seller may have performed much of the work prior to the sale(production, selling efforts, etc.), there is still significant risk to theseller that a buyer may not be found. Therefore, from a reliability pointof view, revenue recognition is delayed until the point of sale. Also,there may be significant risks remaining with the seller of the producteven after the sale. Warranties given by the seller are a risk that remainswith the seller. However, if this risk can be reliably estimated at thetime of sale, revenue can be recognized at the point of sale. Performanceis quite different under a long-term construction contract. Here,performance really is considered to be a measure of the work done. Revenue is recognized over the production period as the work is performed. It is intended to reflect the amount of effort expended by the seller(contractor). Although legal title won’t transfer to the buyer until the project is completed, revenue can be recognized because there is a known and committed buyer. If the contractor is not able to estimate how much of the work has been done (perhaps because he or she can’t reliably estimate how much work must still be done), then profit would not be recognizeduntil the extent of performance is known.Measurability means that the seller or service provider must be able toreliably estimate the amount of the revenue from the sale or service. For the sale of products this is generally known at the time of sale (the sales price is set). However, if the seller provides a return period, it may be necessary to estimate the volume of returns at the time of sale in order to measure the revenue that will be recognized.Collectibility means that the seller or the service provider has reasonable assurance that the sales price will actually be collected. In most cases for the sales of products, the seller is able to recognize revenue at the time of sale even if the sale is on account. This is because the seller has experience with its customers and is able to estimate reliably the risk of non payment. As long as the seller is able to make this estimate, it isappropriate to recognize the revenue but to offset it with a provision for possible non collection. If the seller is unable to make reliable estimates of future collection of amounts owing, the recognition of revenue would be delayed until the cash is actually received. This is what is done using the instalment sales method of revenue recognition.b.Because of the performance criterion of revenue recognition, it would seem to be most appropriate to recognize most revenue as the seller or service provider performs the work. This would be the best measure of performance. This would mean, for example, that sellers of products would recognize their revenue over the whole production, selling, and post sales servicing periods. As we saw above, this is not commonly done because, in many cases, there are still significant risks that are retained by the seller (risk of not being able tosell the product, for example). There are also measurement risks (knowing the selling price) that exist prior to the sale. The percentage-of-completion method of revenue used for some long-term construction contracts would seem to most closely recognize revenue as the work is performed. As mentioned in Part 1, we are able to recognize revenue on this basis since a contract exists which commits the purchaser to buy the project (assuming certain conditions are met) and the sales price is known because of the existence of the contract.4.If all revenue is recognized when a student registers for the course, profit for 2007 would be:Sales Revenue1:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × $100)$ 20,000 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $30)48,000 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $130) 20,800 Total sales revenue 88,800Cost of sales:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × ($15+ $3)) 3,600 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $3))4,800 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $30) 4,800 Total cost of sales 13,200Depreciation of development costs:$180,000 × (200/1,000) 36,000 Profit $ 39,6005.FINISH ENTERPRISESIncome Statementfor the year ending December 31, 2005Continuing operations (excluding the chemical division)Sales ($35,000,000 – $5,500,000) $ 29,500,000Cost of sales ($15,000,000 – $2,800,000) (12,200,000)Gross profit 17,300,000Selling & administration expenses($18,000,000 – $3,200,000) (14,800,000)Profit from operations 2,500,000Income tax expense (40%) 1,000,000Profit after tax $ 1,500,000Discontinuing operations (Chemical division)Sales 5,500,000Cost of sales (2,800,000)Gross profit 2,700,000Selling & administration expenses (3,200,000)Loss from operations (500,000)Income tax expense(40%) 200,000Loss after tax (300,000) Gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 3,500,000Tax thereon (1,400,000)After-tax gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division2,100,000Enterprise net profit $3,300,000Chapter 81.Payment of account payable. operatingIssuance of preferred stock for cash. financingPayment of cash dividend. financingSale of long-term investment. investingAmortization of bond discount. no effectCollection of account receivable. operatingIssuance of long-term note payable to borrow cash. financing Depreciation of equipment. no effectPurchase of treasury stock. financingIssuance of common stock for cash. financingPurchase of long-term investment. investingPayment of wages to employees. operatingCollection of cash interest. investingCash sale of land. InvestingDistribution of stock dividend. no effectAcquisition of equipment by issuance of note payable. no effect Payment of long-term debt. financingAcquisition of building by issuance of common stock. no effect Accrual of salary expense. no effect2.(a)Cash received from customers = 816,000(b)Cash payments for purchases of merchandise. =468,000(c)Cash payments for operating expenses. = 268,200(d)Income taxes paid. =36,9003.Cash sales..................................... $9,000Payment of accounts payable ………………………. -48,000Payment of income tax ……………………………… -13,000Payment of inter est ……………………………..….. -16,000 Collection of accounts receivable .................. 93,000 Payment of salaries and wages ………………………..-34,000 Cash flows from operating activitiesby the direct method -9,0004.Operating activities:Net loss -200,000 Add: loss on sale of land 250,000 Add: depreciation 300,000Add: amortization of patents 20,000Less: increases in current assets other than cash -750,000 Add: increases in current liabilities 180,000 Net cash flows from operating - 200,000Investing activitiesSale of land -50,000 Purchase of PPE -1,500,000Net cash flows from investing - 1,550,000Financing activitiesIssuance of common shares 400,000 Payment of cash dividend -50,000 Issuance of non-current liabilities 1,000,000 Net cash flows from financing1,350,000Net changes in cash - 400,0005.。
会计英语课后习题参考答案资料
Suggested SolutionChapter 13.4.5.(b) net income = 9,260-7,470=1,790(c) net income = 1,790+2,500=4,290Chapter 21.a.To increase Notes Payable -CRb.To decrease Accounts Receivable-CRc.To increase Owner, Capital -CRd.To decrease Unearned Fees -DRe.To decrease Prepaid Insurance -CRf.To decrease Cash - CRg.To increase Utilities Expense -DRh.To increase Fees Earned -CRi.To increase Store Equipment -DRj.To increase Owner, Withdrawal -DR2.a.Cash 1,800Accounts payable ................................................... 1,800 b.Revenue ................................................................... 4,500Accounts receivable ...................................... 4,500c.Owner’s withdrawals ................................................ 1,500Salaries Expense ............................................ 1,500 d.Accounts Receivable (750)Revenue (750)3.Prepare adjusting journal entries at December 31, the end of the year.Advertising expense 600Prepaid advertising 600Insurance expense (2160/12*2) 360Prepaid insurance 360Unearned revenue 2,100Service revenue 2,100Consultant expense 900Prepaid consultant 900Unearned revenue 3,000Service revenue 3,000 4.1. $388,4002. $22,5203. $366,6004. $21,8005.1. net loss for the year ended June 30, 2002: $60,0002. DR Jon Nissen, Capital 60,000CR income summary 60,0003. post-closing balance in Jon Nissen, Capital at June 30, 2002: $54,000Chapter 31. Dundee Realty bank reconciliationOctober 31, 2009Reconciled balance $6,220 Reconciled balance $6,2202. April 7 Dr: Notes receivable—A company 5400Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 540012 Dr: Cash 5394.5Interest expense 5.5Cr: Notes receivable 5400June 6 Dr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Cr: Cash 553318 Dr: Cash 5560.7Cr: Accounts receivable—A company 5533Interest revenue 27.73. (a) As a whole: the ending inventory=685(b) applied separately to each product: the ending inventory=6254. The cost of goods available for sale=ending inventory + the cost of goods=80,000+200,000*500%=80,000+1,000,000=1,080,0005.(1) 24,000+60,000-90,000*0.8=12000(2) (60,000+24,000)/( 85,000+31,000)*( 85,000+31,000-90,000)=18828Chapter 41. (a) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) / 5 = 21,660;(b) second-year depreciation = 8,600 * (114,000 – 5,700) / 36,100 = 25,800;(c) first-year depreciation = 114,000 * 40% = 45,600second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 45,600) * 40% = 27,360;(d) second-year depreciation = (114,000 – 5,700) * 4/15 = 28,880.2. (a) weighted-average accumulated expenditures (2008) = 75,000 * 12/12 + 84,000 * 9/12 + 180,000 * 8/12 + 300,000 * 7/12 + 100,000 * 6/12 = 483,000(b) interest capitalized during 2008 = 60,000 * 12% + ( 483,000 –60,000) * 10% =49,5003. (1) depreciation expense = 30,000(2) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 2=540,000(3) depreciation expense = ( 600,000 – 30,000 * 8)/16 =22,500(4) book value = 600,000 – 30,000 * 8 – 22,500 = 337,5004. Situation 1:Jan 1st, 2008 Investment in M 260,000Cash 260,000June 30 Cash 6000Dividend revenue 6000Situation 2:January 1, 2008 Investment in S 81,000Cash 81,000June 15 Cash 10,800Investment in S 10,800December 31 Investment in S 25,500Investment Revenue 25,5005. a. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000June 30, 2009 Dividend Receivable 42,500Dividend Revenue 42,500December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Dividend Receivable 42,500b. December 31, 2008 Investment in K 1,200,000Cash 1,200,000 December 31, 2009 Cash 42,500Investment in K 42,500Investment in K 146,000Investment revenue 146,000 c. In a, the investment amount is 1,200,000net income reposed is 42,500In b, the investment amount is 1,303,500Net income reposed is 146,000Chapter 51.a. June 1: Dr: Inventory 198,000Cr: Accounts Payable 198,000 June 11: Dr: Accounts Payable 198,000Cr: Notes Payable 198,000 June 12: Dr: Cash 300,000Cr: Notes Payable 300,000b. Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 11) 12,100Cr: Interest Payable 12,100Dr: Interest Expenses (for notes on June 12) 8,175Cr: Interest Payable 8,175c. Balance sheet presentation:Notes Payable 498,000 Accrued Interest on Notes Payable 20,275d. For Green:Dr: Notes Payable 198,000 Interest Payable 12,100Interest Expense 7,700Cr: Cash 217,800For Western:Dr: Notes Payable 300,000Interest Payable 8,175Interest Expense 18,825Cr: Cash 327,0002.(1) 208 Deferred income tax is a liability 2,400Income tax payable 21,600 209 Deferred income tax is an asset 600 Income tax payable 26,100(2) 208: Dr: Tax expense 24,000Cr: Income tax payable 21,600 Deferred income tax 2,400 209: Dr: Tax expense 25,500 Deferred income tax 600Cr: Income tax payable 26,100 (3) 208: Income statement: tax expense 24,000Balance sheet: income tax payable 21,600 209: Income statement: tax expense 25,500 Balance sheet: income tax payable 26,1003.a. 1,560,000 (20000000*12 %* (1-35%))b. 7.8% (20000000*12 %* (1-35%)/20000000)5.Notes Payable 14,400 Interest Payable 1,296 Accounts Payable 60,000 +Unearned Rent Revenue 7,200 Current Liabilities 82,896Chapter 61. Mar. 1Cash 1,200,000Common Stock 1,000,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 200,000Mar. 15Organization Expense 50,000Common Stock 50,000Mar. 23Patent 120,000Common Stock 100,000Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value 20,000The value of the patent is not easily determinable, so use the issue price of $12 per share on March 1 which is the issuing price of common stock.2. July.1Treasury Stock 180,000Cash 180,000The cost of treasury purchased is 180,000/30,000=60 per share.Nov. 1Cash 70,000Treasury Stock 60,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 10,000Sell the treasury at the cost of $60 per share, and selling price is $70 per share. The treasury stock is sold above the cost.Dec. 20Cash 75,000Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 15,000Treasury Stock 90,000The cost of treasury is $60 per share while the selling price is $50 which is lower than the cost.3. a. July 1Retained Earnings 24,000Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000b.Sept.1Dividends Payable—Preferred Stock 24,000Cash 24,000c. Dec.1Retained Earnings 80,000Dividends Payable—Common Stock 80,000d. Dec.31Income Summary 350,000Retained Earnings 350,0004.a. Preferred stock gives its owner certain advantages over common stockholders. These benefits include the right to receive dividends before the common stockholders and the right to receive assets before the common stockholders if the corporation liquidates. Corporation pay a fixed amount of dividends on preferred stock.The 7% cumulative term indicates that the investors earn 7% fixed dividends.b. 7%*120%*20,000=504,000c. If corporation issued debt, it has obligation to repay principald. The date of declaration decrease the stockholders’ equity; the date of record and the date of payment have no effect on stockholders.5.a. Jan. 15Retained Earnings 35,000Accumulated Depreciation 35,000To correct error in prior year’s depreciation.b. Mar. 20Loss from Earthquake 70,000Building 70,000c. Mar. 31Retained Earnings 12,500Dividends Payable 12,500d. Apirl.15Dividends Payable 12,500Cash 12,500e. June 30Retained Earnings 37,500Common Stock 25,000Additional Paid-in Capital 12,500To record issuance of 10% stock dividend: 10%*25,000=2,500 shares;2500*$15=$37,500f. Dec. 31Depreciation Expense 14,000Accumulated Depreciation 14,000Original depreciation: $40,000/40=$10,000 per year. Book value on Jan.1, 2009 is $350,000(=$400,000-5*$10,000). Deprecation for 2009 is $14,000(=$350,000/25).g. The company does not need to make entry in the accounting records. But the amount of Common Stock ($10 par value) decreases 275,000, while the amount of Common Stock ($5 par value) increases 275,000.Chapter 71.Requirement 1If revenue is recognized at the date of delivery, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ....................................................................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory ....................................................................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ...................................................................... 310,000 Sales revenue ......................................................................... 310,000 To record sale of goods on accountCost of goods sold ........................................................................ 220,000 Inventory ................................................................................. 220,000 To record the cost of the goods sold as an expenseSales returns (I/S) ......................................................................... 15,500* Allowance for sales returns (B/S) ........................................... 15,500 To record provision for return of goods sold under 30-day return period* 5% of $310,000Warranty expense ......................................................................... 31,000* Provision for warranties (B/S) ................................................. 31,000 To record provision, at time of sale, for warranty expenditures* 10% of $310,000Allowance for sales returns .......................................................... 12,400 Accounts receivable ............................................................... 12,400 To record return of goods within 30-day return period.It is assumed the returned goods have no value and are disposed of.Provision for warranties (B/S) ....................................................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 18,600 To record expenditures in year 1 for warranty workCash .............................................................................................. 297,600*Accounts receivable ............................................................... 297,600 To record collection of Accounts Receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Provision for warranties (B/S) ....................................................... 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 8,400 To record expenditures in year 2 for warranty workRequirement 2If revenue is recognized only when the warranty period has expired, the following journal entries would be used to record the transactions for the two years:Year 1Inventory ....................................................................................... 480,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 480,000 To record purchase of inventoryInventory ....................................................................................... 124,000 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 124,000 To record refurbishment of inventoryAccounts receivable ...................................................................... 310,000 Inventory ................................................................................. 220,000 Deferred gross margin ............................................................ 90,000 To record sale of goods on accountDeferred gross margin .................................................................. 12,400 Accounts receivable ............................................................... 12,400 To record return of goods within the 30-day return period. It is assumed the goods haveno value and are disposed of.Deferred warranty costs (B/S) ...................................................... 18,600 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 18,600 To record expenditures for warranty work in year 1. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognizedCash .............................................................................................. 297,600* Accounts receivable ............................................................... 297,600 To record collection of Accounts receivable* $310,000 – $12,400Year 2Deferred warranty costs ................................................................ 8,400 Cash/Accounts payable .......................................................... 8,400 To record warranty costs incurred in year 2 related to year 1 sales. The warranty costs incurred are deferred because the related revenue has not yet been recognized.Deferred gross margin .................................................................. **77,600Cost of goods sold ........................................................................ 220,000 Sales revenue ......................................................................... 297,600* To record recognition of sales revenue from year 1 sales and related cost of goods sold at expiry of warranty period* $310,000 – $12,400** ($90,000 – $12,400)Warranty expense ......................................................................... 27,000* Deferred warranty costs ......................................................... 27,000 To record recognition of warranty expense at same time as related sales revenue recognition* $18,600 + $8,400Requirement 3Allied Auto Parts Inc. might choose to recognize revenue only after the warranty periodhas expired if they are not able to make a good estimate, at the time of sale, of the amount of warranty work that will be required under the terms of the one-year warranty. If Allied is not able, at the time of sale, to make a good estimate of the warranty work that will be required, then the measurability criterion of revenue recognition is not met at the time of sale. The measurability criterion means that the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. If the seller is not able to estimate the amount of work that will have to be done under the warranty agreement, then it is not able to reasonably measure the profit that itwill eventually earn on the sales. The performance criteria might also be invoked here.The performance criterion means that the seller has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. As long as there is warranty work to be performed after the sale that is the responsibility of the seller, you might argue that performance is not substantially complete. However, if the seller was able to reliably estimate the amount of warranty work, then performance would be satisfied on the assumption that we could measure the risk that remains with the seller, and make a provision for it.2.Percentage-of-completion method:The first step in applying revenue recognition using the percentage-of-completion method (using costs incurred to date compared to estimated total costs to determine the percentage of completion) is to estimate the percentage of completion of the project at the end of each year. This is done in the following table (in $000s):End of 2005 End of 2006 End of 2007Total costs incurred $ 5,400 $ 12,950 $ 18,800 Total estimated costs 18,000 18,500 18,800 % completed 30% 70% 100%Once the percentage of completion at the end of each year has been calculated as above, the next step is to allocate the appropriate amount of revenue to each year, based on the percentage completed to date, less what has previously been recorded in revenue. This is done in the following table (in $000s):2005 2006 20072005 $20,000 × 30% $ 6,0002006 $20,000 × 70% $ 14,0002007 $20,000 × 100% $ 20,000 Less: Revenue recognized in prior years (0) (6,000) (14,000) Revenue for year $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000Therefore, the profit to be recognized each year on the construction project would be:2005 2006 2007 TotalRevenue recognized $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 $ 20,000 Construction costs incurred (expenses) (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) (18,800) Gross profit for the year $ 600 $ 450 $ 150 $ 1,200The following journal entries are used to record the transactions under thepercentage-of-completion method of revenue recognition:2005 2006 20071. Costs of construction:Construction in progress .................. 5,400 7,550 5,850 Cash, payables, etc. ..... 5,400 7,550 5,850 2. Progress billings:Accounts receivable ............ 3,100 4,900 12,000 Progress billings ............ 3,100 4,900 12,000 3. Collections on billings:Cash .................................... 2,400 4,000 12,400 Accounts receivable ...... 2,400 4,000 12,400 4. Recognition of profit:Construction in progress ..... 600 450 150Construction expense.......... 5,400 7,550 5,850 Revenue from long-termcontract ...................... 6,000 8,000 6,000 5. To close construction in progress:Progress billings .................. 20,000 Construction in progress .20,0002005 2006 2007Balance sheetCurrent assets:Accounts receivable $ 700 $ 1,600 $ 1,200 Inventory:Construction in process 6,000 14,000 Less: Progress billings (3,100) (8,000)Costs in excess of billings 2,900 6,000Income statementRevenue from long-term contracts $ 6,000 $ 8,000 $ 6,000 Construction expense (5,400) (7,550) (5,850) Gross profit $ 600 $ 450 $ 1503.a. The three criteria of revenue recognition are performance, measurability, andcollectibility.Performance means that the seller or service provider has performed the work.Depending on the nature of the product or service, performance may mean quitedifferent points of revenue recognition. For example, for the sale of products, IAS18 defines performance as the point when the seller of the goods has transferred therisks and rewards of ownership to the buyer. Normally, this means that performance is done at the time of sale. Although the seller may have performed much of the work prior to the sale (production, selling efforts, etc.), there is still significant risk to theseller that a buyer may not be found. Therefore, from a reliability point of view,revenue recognition is delayed until the point of sale. Also, there may be significant risks remaining with the seller of the product even after the sale. Warranties given by the seller are a risk that remains with the seller. However, if this risk can be reliably estimated at the time of sale, revenue can be recognized at the point of sale.Performance is quite different under a long-term construction contract. Here,performance really is considered to be a measure of the work done. Revenue isrecognized over the production period as the work is performed. It is intended toreflect the amount of effort expended by the seller (contractor). Although legal titlewon’t transfer to the buyer until the project is completed, revenue can be recognized because there is a known and committed buyer. If the contractor is not able toestimate how much of the work has been done (perhaps because he or she can’treliably estimate how much work must still be done), then profit would not berecognized until the extent of performance is known.Measurability means that the seller or service provider must be able to reliablyestimate the amount of the revenue from the sale or service. For the sale of products this is generally known at the time of sale (the sales price is set). However, if the seller provides a return period, it may be necessary to estimate the volume of returns at the time of sale in order to measure the revenue that will be recognized.Collectibility means that the seller or the service provider has reasonable assurance that the sales price will actually be collected. In most cases for the sales of products, the seller is able to recognize revenue at the time of sale even if the sale is on account.This is because the seller has experience with its customers and is able to estimate reliably the risk of non payment. As long as the seller is able to make this estimate, it is appropriate to recognize the revenue but to offset it with a provision for possible non collection. If the seller is unable to make reliable estimates of future collection ofamounts owing, the recognition of revenue would be delayed until the cash is actually received. This is what is done using the instalment sales method of revenuerecognition.b. Because of the performance criterion of revenue recognition, it would seem to bemost appropriate to recognize most revenue as the seller or service provider performs the work. This would be the best measure of performance. This would mean, for example,that sellers of products would recognize their revenue over the whole production, selling, and post sales servicing periods. As we saw above, this is not commonly done because,in many cases, there are still significant risks that are retained by the seller (risk of not being able to sell the product, for example). There are also measurement risks (knowingthe selling price) that exist prior to the sale. The percentage-of-completion method of revenue used for some long-term construction contracts would seem to most closely recognize revenue as the work is performed. As mentioned in Part 1, we are able to recognize revenue on this basis since a contract exists which commits the purchaser tobuy the project (assuming certain conditions are met) and the sales price is known because of the existence of the contract.4.If all revenue is recognized when a student registers for the course, profit for 2007 would be:Sales Revenue1:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × $100) $ 20,000 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $30) 48,000 Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $130) 20,800 Total sales revenue 88,800Cost of sales:Manuals and initial lessons (200 × ($15 + $3)) 3,600 Additional lessons ((200 × 8) × $3)) 4,800Examinations ((200 × 80%) × $30) 4,800 Total cost of sales 13,200Depreciation of development costs:$180,000 × (200/1,000) 36,000Profit $ 39,6005.FINISH ENTERPRISESIncome Statementfor the year ending December 31, 2005Continuing operations (excluding the chemical division)Sales ($35,000,000 – $5,500,000) $ 29,500,000Cost of sales ($15,000,000 – $2,800,000) (12,200,000)Gross profit 17,300,000Selling & administration expenses($18,000,000 – $3,200,000) (14,800,000)Profit from operations 2,500,000Income tax expense (40%) 1,000,000Profit after tax $ 1,500,000Discontinuing operations (Chemical division)Sales 5,500,000Cost of sales (2,800,000)Gross profit 2,700,000Selling & administration expenses (3,200,000)Loss from operations (500,000)Income tax expense(40%) 200,000Loss after tax (300,000) Gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 3,500,000Tax thereon (1,400,000)After-tax gain on discontinuance of the Chemical division 2,100,000 Enterprise net profit $ 3,300,000Chapter 81.Payment of account payable. operatingIssuance of preferred stock for cash. financingPayment of cash dividend. financingSale of long-term investment. investingAmortization of bond discount. no effectCollection of account receivable. operatingIssuance of long-term note payable to borrow cash. financing Depreciation of equipment. no effectPurchase of treasury stock. financingIssuance of common stock for cash. financingPurchase of long-term investment. investingPayment of wages to employees. operatingCollection of cash interest. investingCash sale of land. InvestingDistribution of stock dividend. no effectAcquisition of equipment by issuance of note payable. no effect Payment of long-term debt. financingAcquisition of building by issuance of common stock. no effect Accrual of salary expense. no effect2.(a) Cash received from customers = 816,000(b) Cash payments for purchases of merchandise. =468,000(c) Cash payments for operating expenses. = 268,200(d) Income taxes paid. =36,9003.Cash sales …………………………………………... $9,000 Payment of accounts payable ……………………….-48,000 Payment of income tax ………………………………-13,000 Payment of interest ……………………………..…..-16,000 Collection of accounts receivable ……………………93,000 Payment of salaries and wages ……………………….. -34,000 Cash flows from operating activitiesby the direct method -9,0004.Operating activities:Net loss -200,000 Add: loss on sale of land 250,000 Add: depreciation 300,000Add: amortization of patents 20,000Less: increases in current assets other than cash -750,000Add: increases in current liabilities 180,000Net cash flows from operating -200,000Investing activitiesSale of land -50,000Purchase of PPE -1,500,000Net cash flows from investing -1,550,000Financing activitiesIssuance of common shares 400,000Payment of cash dividend -50,000Issuance of non-current liabilities 1,000,000Net cash flows from financing 1,350,000 Net changes in cash -400,000 5.。
高级会计学(第10版)习题答案 ch18_Beams10e_sm
Chapter 18AN INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING FOR STATE AND LOCALGOVERNMENTAL UNITSQuestions1 The Governmental Accounting Standards Board has primary responsibility for setting standards thatprovide GAAP for state and local governmental units. The most authoritative literature includes GASB Statements of Standards and GASB Interpretations. The second level of authoritative literature includes GASB Technical Bulletins and those AICPA audit and accounting guides and statements of position that the AICPA intended to make applicable to governments and that the GASB has cleared.Before 1984, the Municipal Finance Officers Association (MFOA) and its National Committee on Governmental Accounting provided guidance via the publication of Municipal Accounting and Auditing in 1951 and Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Reporting(GAAFR) in 1968. Since 1974, the AICPA has also issued industry audit guides for audits of state and local governmental units.2 The Municipal Finance Officers Association (MFOA), now referred to as the Government Finance OfficersAssociation (GFOA), first issued Governmental Accounting, Auditing, and Financial Report (GAAFR) in 1968. For many years, this resource book – often referred to as the Blue Book due to its distinctive blue cover - constituted the most complete frameworks of accounting principles specific to governmental units, and provided standards for preparing and evaluating the financial reports of governmental units. Updated periodically to reflect changes to governmental accounting, the 2005 GAAFR is the most recent version.3 A ccording to the AICPA’s Audit and Accounting Guide, a governmental entity is generally created for theadministration of public affairs and has one or more of the following characteristics:▪ Popular election of officers or appointment (or approval) of a controlling majority of the members of the organization’s governing body by officials of one or more state or localgovernments;▪ The potential for unilateral dissolution by a gover nment with the net assets reverting to a government; or▪ The power to enact or enforce a tax.An organization may also be classified as a governmental entity if it possesses the ability to issue debt that is exempt from federal taxation.4 A fund is a separate fiscal and accounting entity with a self-balancing set of accounts, “segregated for thepurpose of carrying on specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with special regulations, restrictions, or limitations.” [GASB Codification] Fund accounting facilitates budgetary control.A governmental unit may have hundreds of funds, but only eight fund types. The Codificationdiscusses three fund categories (governmental, proprietary, and fiduciary) and eight fund types (general, special revenue, permanent, capital projects, debt service, internal service, enterprise, and trust and agency funds).5 Governmental funds are “expendable” or “source and disposition” funds through which mostgovernmental functions are financed. These funds are essentially working capital entities. They include the general fund, special revenue funds, permanent funds, capital projects funds, and debt service funds.Proprietary funds are “nonexpendable” or “commercial type” funds used to account for ongo ing activities that are similar to those found in private enterprise. They use the business accounting equation and their reporting parallels that of a business entity in most regards. They include two fund types—enterprise funds and internal service funds.Fiduciary funds are used to account for assets held by the governmental unit as trustee or agent for individuals, private organizations, and other governmental units. Fiduciary funds include trust funds (pension, investment, and private purpose) and agency funds.© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall18-26 The five types of governmental funds are the general fund, permanent funds, special revenue funds, capitalprojects funds, and debt service funds. Each is a working capital entity, therefore, each is used to account for a portion of a govern ment’s general government working capital. They are distinguished by the purpose for which the resources of each fund may (must) be used. Working capital to be used for construction/acquisition of major general government fixed assets should be accounted for in capital projects funds; that to be used to pay principal and interest on general long-term debt should be accounted for in debt service funds. Special revenue funds are used to account for portions of working capital to be used for other specific general operating purposes. Permanent funds report resources that are legally restricted to the extent that only earnings, and not principal, may be used for purposes that support the reporting government’s programs—that is, for the benefit of the government of its citizenry.7 The governmental fund accounting equation is:Current Assets - Current Liabilities = Fund Balance8 The two types of proprietary funds are enterprise funds and internal service funds. Both charge fees fortheir services that are intended to recover part, if not all, of the costs of providing goods or services. The key distinction between the two is that the predominant customers of internal service funds are other departments or agencies of the government, whereas the predominant customers of enterprise funds are outside entities or individuals.9 The accounting equation for a proprietary fund is essentially the business accounting equation—10 Under the modified accrual basis of accounting, fixed assets are not recorded in the general fund, becausegeneral fixed assets do not represent financial resources available for current expenditures, i.e., they are not working capital items. In the fund financial statements, the general fund is used to account for unrestricted resources that can be expended currently for operating purposes. Since fixed assets result from expending resources for long-term needs, they are not included in the fund financial statements.With the advent of GASB 34, the general fund is reported in the governmentwide statements under the accrual basis of accounting. General fund fixed assets – which have typically been documented informally in the accounting records and noted in the old general fixed asset account group – will appear in the governmentwide statement of net assets.11Modified accrual accounting is the system of accounting in which revenues are recognized in the accounting period in which they become available and measurable and expenditures are recognized in the accounting period in which the related fund liability is incurred and objectively measurable. Unmatured interest on general long-term debt is an exception for which the expenditure is recognized when due.Modified accrual accounting applies to governmental funds (general fund, special revenue funds, permanent funds, debt service funds, and capital projects funds) and to asset and liability accounting for agency funds.12 Governmental and proprietary funds use different focuses when measuring financial positions andoperating results in the fund financial statements. The two types of focuses are the “economic resources”measurement focus and the “flow of current financial resources” meas urement focus. The accrual basis (used with proprietary funds and trust funds) refers to recognition of revenues and expenses as in business accounting and follows the economic resources measurement focus, whereby all economic resources, whether current or noncurrent, are reported. The modified accrual basis of accounting (used with governmental funds) is consistent with a flow of current financial resources measurement focus, whereby funds report on current resources and current obligations.Under GASB 34, both governmental funds and proprietary funds use the accrual basis of accounting and the “economic resources” measurement focus in the governmentwide statements.18-3 13 Governmental revenue sources, addressed in GASB 33, are varied and include taxes, grant receipts, andcollections of user fees and fines. Exchange transactions are those “in which each party receives and gives up essentially equal values.”Nonexchange transactions are those “in which a government gives (or receives) value without directl y receiving (or giving) equal value in exchange.” Many of the transactions in governmental funds are nonexchange in nature, because general governmental activities often address the needs of the public and are funded by taxpayers who generally do not receive benefits in direct relation to their tax payments.14 A short term note payable will generally be paid with current resources, thus it is accounted for as aliability of the governmental fund. Long-term debt is not included in the fund financial statements, since it will be repaid with future, not current financial resources. The long term debt will, however, appear as a liability in the governmentwide statement of net assets. This is one of the reconciling items between the fund and governmentwide statements.15 Interfund transfers are not expenditures or expenses, and they are classified separately from revenues,expenditures, and expenses in the financial statements of the various funds. Interfund transfers are essentially shifts of resources between funds, not costs or liabilities incurred by the entity. Interfund transfers consist of residual equity transfers(nonrecurring or nonroutine transfers of equity between funds) and operating transfers(all other legally authorized transfers between funds). Interfund transactions that would be treated as revenues, expenditures, or expenses if they involved an external entity are not interfund transfers, but rather are quasi-external transactions and are treated as revenue, expenditures, or expenses in the normal fashion.16An appropriation is an authorization from the legislative body to make expenditures for specified purposes. If approval by the legislative body is for each detailed expenditure item in the budget (a line-item budget), the legislative body will have maximum control because each detailed change would require legislative approval. If the budget is approved in total or by major categories but not for each detailed item, the city manager (or other chief executive) can shift resources within the categories approved without legislative approval. An appropriation by department, for example, permits a city manager to shift appropriations for police supplies to police equipment or overtime pay without legislative approval.17Under GASB 34, the governmental and proprietary fund financial statements of a general-purpose government include the following:Fund financial statementsGovernmental FundsBalance sheet – governmental funds (modified accrual basis)Statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund balances (modified accrualbasis)Proprietary FundsStatement of net assets (accrual basis)Statement of revenues, expenses, and changes in net assets (accrual basis)Statement of cash flows (accrual basis, direct method)18 A reciprocal transfer is one which is expected to be repaid by the fund borrowing the money; whereas witha nonreciprocal transfer repayment is not expected.19 The GAAP Guidelines, listed in descending order of authority are as follows:1. GASB Statements and GASB Interpretations. This category also includes AICPA and FASBpronouncements made applicable to state and local governments by a GASB Statement orInterpretation.2. GASB Technical Bulletins. This category also includes AICPA Industry Audit and AccountingGuides and Statements of Position if specifically made applicable to state and local governmentsby the AICPA and cleared by the GASB.18-43. Consensus positions of GASB’s Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) and AICPA PracticeBulletins if specifically made applicable to state and local governments by the AICPA andcleared by the GASB.4. Implementations Guides published by the GASB staff and industry practices that are widelyrecognized and prevalent in state and local government.5. Other accounting literature (including FASB standards not made applicable to governments bya GASB standard).GASB statements are the most authoritative.20 Interfund loans are loans that are made by one fund to another and must be repaid. Interfund transfersoccur when one fund provides resources to another for legally authorized purposes (an operating transfer) or when one fund helps to establish or enhance another (a residual equity transfer). Interfund services provided and used include sales and purchases between funds at approximate external market value. An interfund reimbursement is necessary when an expenditure applicable to one fund is made by a different fund.21 Expenses reflect the cost of assets or services used by an entity, and they are recognized in the periodincurred. Expenditures, unique to government accounting, typically reflect the use of governmental fund working capital. Proprietary funds recognize expenses, whereas governmental funds recognize expenditures.22 A comprehensive annual financial report(CAFR) contains three major sections—introductory, financialand statistical. The introductory section of a CAFR includes a table of contents, a letter of transmittal, a list of principal officers, and an organizational chart. The financial section includes the management’s discussion and analysis, the auditor’s report, the government-wide financial statements, and the fund financial statements. The statistical section contains statistical tables with comparative data from several periods of time.23 Fiscal accountability is the responsibility of a government to demonstrate compliance with publicdecisions regarding the use of financial resources. Operational accountability measures the extent of a government’s success at meeting operating objectives efficiently and effectively and its ability to meet operating objectives in the future.SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISESE18-3E18-1E18-2[AICPA adapted]1 c 1 d 1 b2 a 2 c 2 a3 c 3 c 3 a4 d 4 a 4 d5 d 5 c 5 b18-5 E18-4E18-5 E18-61 c 1 c 1 trust and agency funds2 b 2 b 2 enterprise funds3 d 3 d 3 general funds4 c 4 b 4 debt service funds5 d 5 d 5 permanent funds6 special revenue funds7 internal service funds8 capital projects fundsE18-7E18-8E18-91debt service fund2permanent fund3special revenue fund4agency fund5capital projects fund, debt service fundE18-101capital projects fund, debt service fund2internal service fund3enterprise fund4special revenue fund5general fundE18-111pension trust fund2enterprise fund3internal service fund4general fund5general fund (may also be allocated to other funds after collection) E18-12E18-13。
《高级会计学》课后习题答案erf
1. 支付的货币性资产占换入资产公允价值（或占换出资产公允价值与支付的货币性资
产之和)的比例= 49 000／400 000＝12.25％＜25%
因此，该交换属于非货币性资产交换。
而且该交换具有商业实质,且换入、换出资产的公允价值能够可靠计量。因而，应当基
于公允价值对换入资产进行计价。
（1）甲公司的会计处理：
其他业务成本
320 000
贷：投资性房地产
500 000
（2）乙公司的会计处理：
换入资产的入账价值＝换出资产的公允价值＋支付的补价＋应支付的相关税费
＝300 000＋49 000＋300 000 ×17%＝400 000（元）
资产交换应确认损益＝换出资产的公允价值－换出资产的账面价值
＝300 000－280 000＝20 000（元）。
2000 2000
6
第四章
1、融资租赁业务
（1）承租人甲公司分录
①租入固定资产
最低租赁付款额现值=400000×PVIFA(9%,3)=400000×2.5313=1012520（元）
最低租赁付款额=400000×3=1200000（元）
由于账面价值为 1040000 元，大于最低租赁付款额的现值 1012520 元，所以固定资产
4 340 000
2）借：固定资产清理
50 000
贷：银行存款
50 000
3
3）借：固定资产清理
610000
贷：营业外收入------处置非流动资产收益
610 000
4）借：应付账款-------A 公司
7 605 000
贷：主营业务收入
3 500 000
应交税费-------应交增值税（销项税额） 595 000
Principles of Corporate Finance 英文第十版习题解答Chap009
CHAPTER 9Risk and the Cost of CapitalAnswers to Problem Sets1. Overestimate2. Company cost of capital = 10 x .4 + (10 + .5 x 8) x .6 = 12.4%After-tax WACC = (1 - .35) x 10 x .4 + (10 + .5 x 8) x .6 = 11.0%3. .297, or 29.7% of variation was due to market movements; .703 or 70.3% of thevariation was diversifiable. Diversifiable risk shows up in the scatter about thefitted line. The standard error of the estimated beta was unusually high at .436.If you said that the true beta was 2 x .436 = .872 either side of your estimate, you would have a 95% chance of being right.4. a. The expected return on debt. If the debt has very low default risk, this isclose to its yield to maturity.b. The expected return on equity.c. A weighted average of the cost of equity and the after-tax cost of debt,where the weights are the relative market values of the firm’s debt andequity.d. The change in the return of the stock for each additional 1% change in themarket return.e. The change in the return on a portfolio of all the firm’s securities (debt andequity) for each additional 1% change in the market return.f. A company specializing in one activity that is similar to that of a division ofa more diversified company.g. A certain cash flow occurring at time t with the same present value as anuncertain cash flow at time t.5. Beta of assets = .5 × .15 + .5 × 1.25 = .76. A diversifiable risk has no affect on the risk of a well-diversified portfolio andtherefore n o affect on the project’s beta. If a risk is diversifiable it does notchange the cost of capital for the project. However, any possibility of bad outcomesdoes need to be factored in when calculating expected cash flows.7. Suppose that the expected cash flow in Year 1 is 100, but the project proposerprovides an estimate of 100 × 115/108 = 106.5. Discounting this figure at 15% gives the same result as discounting the true expected cash flow at 8%.Adjusting the discount rate, therefore, works for the first cash flow but it does not do so for later cash flows (e.g., discounting a 2-year cash flow of 106.5 by 15% is not equivalent to discounting a 2-year flow of 100 by 8%).8. a. A (higher fixed cost)b. C (more cyclical revenues).9. a. Falseb. Falsec. True10. a. PV =[]2)(1121)(1110f m f f m f r r r r r r ++++-++ββ = 200$10.112110.11102=+b.CEQ 1/1.05 = 110/1.10, CEQ 1 = $105; CEQ 2 /1.052 = 121/1.102, CEQ 2 = $110.25.c.Ratio 1 = 105/110 = .95; Ratio 2 = 110.25/121 = .91.11.a.r equity = r f + β ⨯ (r m – r f ) = 0.04 + (1.5 ⨯ 0.06) = 0.13 = 13% b. ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯=+=0.13$10million $6million 0.04$10million $4million r V E r V D r equity debt assets r assets = 0.094 = 9.4%c. The cost of capital depends on the risk of the project being evaluated.If the risk of the project is similar to the risk of the other assets of thecompany, then the appropriate rate of return is the company cost of capital.Here, the appropriate discount rate is 9.4%.d. r equity = r f + β ⨯ (r m – r f ) = 0.04 + (1.2 ⨯ 0.06) = 0.112 = 11.2%⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯=+=0.112$10million $6million 0.04$10million $4million r V E r V D r equity debt assets r assets = 0.0832 = 8.32%12. a.0.836n $439millio n $299millio 1.20n $439millio $40million 0.20n $439millio n $100millio 0V C βV P βV D ββcommon preferred debt assets =⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯⨯⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯=b.r = r f + β ⨯ (r m – r f ) = 0.05 + (0.836⨯ 0.06) = 0.10016 = 10.016%13. a. The R 2 value for Toronto Dominion was 0.25, which means that 25% oftotal risk comes from movements in the market (i.e., market risk).Therefore, 75% of total risk is unique risk.The R 2 value for Canadian Pacific was 0.30, which means that 30% oftotal risk comes from movements in the market (i.e., market risk).Therefore, 70% of total risk is unique risk.b. The variance of Toronto Dominion is: (25)2 = 625Market risk for Toronto Dominion: 0.25 × 625 = 156.25Unique risk for Alcan: 0.75 × 625 = 468.75c.The t-statistic for βCP is: 1.04/0.20 = 5.20This is significant at the 1% level, so that the confidence level is 99%.d.r TD = r f + βTD ⨯ (r m – r f ) = 0.05 + [0.82 ⨯ (0.12 – 0.05)] = 0.1074 = 10.74%e.r TD = r f + βTD ⨯ (r m – r f ) = 0.05 + [0.82 ⨯ (0 – 0.05)] = 0.0090 = 0.90%14. The total market value of outstanding debt is $300,000. The cost of debtcapital is 8 percent. For the common stock, the outstanding market value is: $50 ⨯ 10,000 = $500,000. The cost of equity capital is 15 percent. Thus,Lorelei’s weighted -average cost of capital is:0.15500,000300,000500,0000.08500,000300,000300,000r assets ⨯⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++⨯⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+= r assets = 0.124 = 12.4%15.a. r BN = r f + βBN ⨯ (r m – r f ) = 0.05 + (01.01 ⨯ 0.07) = 0.1207 = 12.07% r IND = r f + βIND ⨯ (r m – r f ) = 0.05 + (01.24 ⨯ 0.07) = 0.1368 = 13.68%b. No, we can not be confident that Burlington’s true beta is not the industryaverage. The difference between βBN and βIND (0.23) is less than twotimes the standard error (2 ⨯ 0.19 = 0.38), so we cannot reject thehypothesis that βBN = βIND with 95% confidence.c.Burlington’s beta might be different from the industry beta for a variety ofreasons. For example, Burlington’s business might be more cyclical thanis the case for the typical firm in the industry. Or Burlington might havemore fixed operating costs, so that operating leverage is higher. Anotherpossibility is that Burlington has more debt than is typical for the industryso that it has higher financial leverage.16. Financial analysts or investors working with portfolios of firms may use industrybetas. To calculate an industry beta we would construct a series of industryportfolio investments and evaluate how the returns generated by this portfolio relate to historical market movements.17. We should use the market value of the stock, not the book value shown on the annual report. This gives us an equity value of 500,000 shares times $18 = $9 million. So Binomial Tree Farm has a debt/value ratio of 5/14 = 0.36 and anequity /value ratio of 9/14 = 0.64.18. a. If you agree to the fixed price contract, operating leverage increases.Changes in revenue result in greater than proportionate changes in profit.If all costs are variable, then changes in revenue result in proportionatechanges in profit. Business risk, measured by βassets , also increases as aresult of the fixed price contract. If fixed costs equal zero, then:βassets = βrevenue . However, as PV(fixed cost) increases, βassets increases.b.With the fixed price contract:PV(assets) = PV(revenue) – PV(fixed cost) – PV(variable cost)9(1.09)(0.09)$10million )6%,10years factor annuity $10million 0.09$20million PV(assets)⨯-⨯-=( PV(assets) = $97,462,710 Without the fixed price contract: PV(assets) = PV(revenue) – PV(variable cost) 0.09$10million 0.09$20million PV(as s ets )-= PV(assets) = $111,111,11119. a.The threat of a coup d’état means that the expected cash flow is less than $250,000. The threat could also increase the discount rate, but only if it increases market risk.b.The expected cash flow is: (0.25 ⨯ 0) + (0.75 ⨯ 250,000) = $187,500 Assuming that the cash flow is about as risky as the rest of the company’s business: PV = $187,500/1.12 = $167,41120. a.Expected daily production = (0.2 ⨯ 0) + 0.8 ⨯ [(0.4 x 1,000) + (0.6 x 5,000)] = 2,720 barrels Expected annual cash revenues = 2,720 x 365 x $15 = $49,640,000b.The possibility of a dry hole is a diversifiable risk and should not affect the discount rate. This possibility should affect forecasted cash flows, however. See Part (a).21. a.Using the Security Market Line, we find the cost of capital: r = 0.07 + [1.5 ⨯ (0.16 – 0.07)] = 0.205 = 20.5% Therefore:b.CEQ 1 = 40⨯(1.07/1.205) = 35.52CEQ 2 = 60⨯(1.07/1.205)2 = 47.31 CEQ 3 = 50⨯(1.07/1.205)3 = 35.01103.091.205501.205601.20540PV 32=++=c.a 1 = 35.52/40 = 0.8880a 2 = 47.31/60 = 0.7885a 3 = 35.01/50 = 0.7002d.Using a constant risk-adjusted discount rate is equivalent to assuming that a t decreases at a constant compounded rate.22.At t = 2, there are two possible values for the project’s NPV:Therefore, at t = 0:23. It is correct that, for a high beta project, you should discount all cash flows at ahigh rate. Thus, the higher the risk of the cash outflows, the less you should worry about them because, the higher the discount rate, the closer the present value of these cash flows is to zero. This result does make sense. It is better to have a series of payments that are high when the market is booming and low when it is slumping (i.e., a high beta) than the reverse.The beta of an investment is independent of the sign of the cash flows. If an investment has a high beta for anyone paying out the cash flows, it must have a high beta for anyone receiving them. If the sign of the cash flows affected the discount rate, each asset would have one value for the buyer and one for the seller, which is clearly an impossible situation.24. a. Since the risk of a dry hole is unlikely to be market-related, we can usethe same discount rate as for producing wells. Thus, using the SecurityMarket Line:r nominal = 0.06 + (0.9 ⨯ 0.08) = 0.132 = 13.2%We know that:(1 + r nominal ) = (1 + r real ) ⨯ (1 + r inflation ) Therefore:8.85% 0.0885 1 1.041.132r real ==-=0)successful not is test if (NP V 2=$833,3330.12700,0005,000,000)s ucces s ful is tes t if (NPV 2=+-=$244,8981.40833,333).60(00)(0.40500,000NPV 20-=⨯+⨯+-=b.c. Expected income from Well 1: [(0.2 ⨯ 0) + (0.8 ⨯ 3 million)] = $2.4 millionExpected income from Well 2: [(0.2 ⨯ 0) + (0.8 ⨯ 2 million)] = $1.6 million Discounting at 8.85 percent gives:d. For Well 1, one can certainly find a discount rate (and hence a “fudgefactor”) that, when applied to cash flows of $3 million per year for 10 years, will yield the correct NPV of $5,504,600. Similarly, for Well 2, one can find the appropriate discount rate. However, these two “fudge factors” will be different. Specifically, Well 2 will have a smaller “fudge factor” because its cash flows are more distant. With more distant cash flows, a smalleraddition to the discount rate has a larger impact on present value.(3.1914)](3million)million 101.28853million million 10NP V 101t t 1⨯+-=+-=∑=[$425,800NP V 1-=(3.3888)](2million)[10million 1.28852million million 10NP V 151t t 2⨯+-=+-=∑=$3,222,300NP V 2-=(6.4602)]n)(2.4millio [million 101.08852.4million million 10NP V 101t t 1⨯+-=+-=∑=$5,504,600NP V 1=(8.1326)]n)(1.6millio [10million 1.08851.6million million 10NP V 151t t 2⨯+-=+-=∑=$3,012,100NP V 2=。
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高级会计学英文版第十版课后练习题含答案
Chapter 1
Multiple Choice Questions
1.A primary reason for a business to organize as a corporation
is to A. allow shareholders to limit their losses to the amount they have invested in the company. B. limit the amount of taxes the company pays. C. make it easier for the company to secure
loans from banks and other lenders. D. ensure that the company’s management is not subject to legal liability.
Answer: A
2.Which of the following statements is true? A. A partnership
is a legal entity separate from its owners. B. A sole
proprietorship has limited liability. C. A corporation is owned by its shareholders. D. A limited liability company is not taxed as a separate entity.
Answer: C
Short Answer Questions
1.What is the definition of accounting? Accounting is the
process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic
information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information.
2.What are the three primary financial statements produced by
accounting? The three primary financial statements produced by
accounting are the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement.
Chapter 2
Multiple Choice Questions
1.A transaction that increases an asset and decreases a
liability is called a(n) A. expense. B. revenue. C. equity. D.
none of the above.
Answer: D
2.Which of the following is an example of a prepd expense? A.
Rent pd in advance B. Money borrowed from a bank C. Interest on a loan D. Salary pd to an employee
Answer: A
Short Answer Questions
1.What is the purpose of the accounting equation? The purpose
of the accounting equation is to show the relationship between a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity.
2.What is the difference between an asset and a liability? An
asset is something that a company owns and has value, while a liability is something that a company owes to someone else. Chapter 3
Multiple Choice Questions
1.What is the difference between a perpetual inventory system
and a periodic inventory system? A. A perpetual inventory system
is based on physical counts of inventory, while a periodic
inventory system is based on estimates of inventory levels. B. A perpetual inventory system updates inventory records continuously, while a periodic inventory system updates inventory records only periodically. C. A perpetual inventory system is used only by
large companies, while a periodic inventory system is used by
small companies. D. A perpetual inventory system is necessary for accurate financial statements, while a periodic inventory system is not.
Answer: B
2.When inventory is sold on credit, which accounts are
affected? A. The sales account and the cost of goods sold account.
B. The accounts receivable account and the cost of goods sold
account. C. The sales account and the inventory account. D. The accounts receivable account and the inventory account.
Answer: B
Short Answer Questions
1.What is gross profit? Gross profit is the difference between
a company’s sales revenue and cost of goods sold.
2.What is the difference between FIFO and LIFO? FIFO (First In,
First Out) assumes that the first items purchased are the first items sold, while LIFO (Last In, First Out) assumes that the last items purchased are the first items sold.。