英国启蒙时期文学

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英国启蒙时期文学

英国启蒙时期文学

英国启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)2010-01-11 21:14 第四个阶段,启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝,确定了君主立宪制,建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权,英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。

18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。

新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。

亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope, 1688-1744)是新古典主义诗歌的代表,他模仿罗马诗人,诗风精巧隽俏,内容以说教与讽刺为主,形式多用英雄双韵体,但缺乏深厚感情。

18世纪英国散文出现繁荣,散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。

理查德•斯梯尔(Richard Steele, 1672-1729)与约瑟夫•艾迪生(Joseph Addison, 1672-1719)创办《闲谈者》(Tatler)与《观察者》(Spectator)刊物,发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章,他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。

乔纳森•斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745)是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家,他的文风纯朴平易而有力。

斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》是一部极具魅力的儿童故事,同时包含着深刻的思想内容。

作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写,以理性为尺度,极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。

塞缪尔•约翰逊(Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784)是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘,《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》(The Preface to Shakespeare)和《诗人传》(Lives of the Poets)是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。

他从常识出发,在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框,不乏真知灼见。

约翰逊的散文风格自成一家,集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。

英国启蒙文学的主要成就

英国启蒙文学的主要成就

英国启蒙文学的主要成就
英国启蒙文学是17世纪末至18世纪中叶的一段文学时期,其主要成就包括:
1.理性和启蒙思想的推崇:启蒙文学强调理性、科学和人文主义,倡导通过理性思考和知识追求真理。

这种理性主义的思想影响了文学、哲学和社会。

2.政治讽刺文学的兴起:启蒙文学的作家通过政治讽刺和批判社会不公正的手法,表达对当时政治体制和社会问题的关切。

其中,作家如乔纳森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift)的《格列佛游记》就是一部以政治讽刺为特色的杰作。

3.小说的兴盛:启蒙时期是英国小说兴起的时代,小说逐渐成为一种广泛流行的文学形式。

代表作包括丹尼尔·笛福(Daniel Defoe)的《鲁宾逊漂流记》和塞缪尔·理查德森(Samuel Richardson)的《潘帕斯之恋》。

4.哲学和文学的交融:启蒙时期的作家同时也是思想家,他们的作品中融入了哲学思考。

约翰·洛克(John Locke)的政治哲学影响深远,而大卫·休谟(David Hume)则对人类认识论进行了重要探讨。

5.文学批评的发展:启蒙时期见证了文学批评的发展,其中亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope)的《诗意的批评》是一部标志性的文学批评作品,对文学规范和审美标准进行了深入的探讨。

这些成就共同构成了英国启蒙文学的特色,为后来的文学和思想运动奠定了基础。

英国文学简史分类

英国文学简史分类

英国文学简史分类一、古英国文学古英国文学是指公元5世纪至公元11世纪之间的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品主要以英国盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的口头传承方式流传下来。

最早的古英国文学作品是口头传承的史诗,如《贝奥武夫》和《西德里克史诗》。

这些作品描绘了英雄壮举和神话传说,展现了古英国人的价值观和文化背景。

二、中世纪文学中世纪文学是指公元11世纪至15世纪之间的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品受到基督教和法国文学的影响,主题涉及爱情、骑士精神和宗教信仰等。

最著名的中世纪文学作品是《亚瑟王传奇》,它描绘了亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事,体现了骑士精神和中世纪的价值观。

此外,还有一些宗教戏剧,如《诗篇》和《谢弗尔诗篇》等,用于教育和传播基督教信仰。

三、文艺复兴文学文艺复兴文学是指16世纪至17世纪初期的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响,主题多样化,包括诗歌、戏剧、散文等。

著名的文艺复兴文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧作品,如《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,以及约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》等。

这些作品在文学史上具有重要地位,对后世的文学创作产生了深远影响。

四、启蒙时代文学启蒙时代文学是指18世纪的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品反映了对理性、科学和人权的追求。

著名的启蒙时代作家包括约翰·洛克、伊莱扎·海伍德和亚当·斯密等。

他们的作品涉及政治、哲学和经济等领域,对当时社会产生了重要影响。

其中,洛克的《人类理解论》被认为是启蒙运动的经典之作。

五、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是指19世纪初期的英国文学作品。

这一时期的文学作品强调个人情感、自然景观和想象力。

著名的浪漫主义作家包括威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和乔治·戈登·拜伦等。

他们的作品描绘了自然的壮丽和人类的内心世界,对后世文学产生了深远影响。

其中,华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的代表作品。

专业八级 文学常识

专业八级 文学常识

一、古英语时期的英国文学(499-1066)1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝:英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、 allegory体非常盛行2、 Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、 Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体)6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学(伊丽莎白时代)(14-16世纪)1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、 Thomas Wyatt 和 Henry Howard引入sonnet3、 Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活;现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人;斯宾塞体诗节;5、莎士比亚:长篇叙事诗:《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧:哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧(comedy of manners)《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、 George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期(18世纪)1、约翰、弥尔顿:《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬:《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿:英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人;《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏:英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表;英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用;《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷:感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克:天真之歌、经验之歌;7、罗伯特、彭斯:苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人;8、 Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、 Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一;《鲁滨逊漂流记》;《铲除非国教徒的捷径》,仪表达自己的不满;10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》;《格列佛游记》;《桶的故事》;11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人;帕米拉;克拉丽莎;查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人;《约瑟夫。

启蒙运动时期的英国文学

启蒙运动时期的英国文学
1688年,“光荣革命”,而他的伯父也在这一年辞世。刚刚毕业不久的斯威夫特只好前往英国投在母亲的远房亲戚邓波尔爵士门下,任他的私人秘书,并在那里居住了十年。邓波尔是个辉格党外交家和散文作家。在此期间,他负责教导伯爵家中的小女孩艾斯特·约翰逊,艾斯特·约翰逊后来成为了他最亲密的朋友。斯威夫特的一些传记作家认为,几年后他们有可能秘密成婚了。这一段经历对他来说是十分重要的。但是在任秘书的先后十年,他始终没有得到赏识。
4、创造了新的学体形式。启蒙作家打破了自古以来诗体文学独尊的局面,平等地广泛采用小说、诗歌、戏剧和文艺性的政论等各种文体,开创了文学史上的散文时代。
二、启蒙运动时期英国文学总述
18世纪前半期,以启蒙理性主义为核心的新古典主义思潮统治英国文坛。所谓新古典主义就是提倡理性、贬抑情感,强调创作时要模仿自然和古希腊罗马的经典大师和文学作品,要求行文条理清晰、典雅工整,运用巧智和讽刺,同时强调文艺作品的道德和教育功能。这一时期,英国文学的最大成就是现实主义小说。
1、(比文艺复兴)更强烈的政治性和民主精神启蒙运动时期的作家大都是当时的启蒙思想家和社会活动家,他们把文学创作作为宣传自己思想和理论的有力工具。
2、启蒙文学具有鲜明的哲理性和政论性。以法国的哲理小说成就最大。
3、扩大了文学艺术反映、描写的范围。即启蒙文学的主人公不再是上层阶级、皇室、贵族等,更多的是对资产阶级一般平民的描写。
(二)文学生涯:
早期:(1667-1710)
斯威夫特出生于爱尔兰都柏林,父亲是英国约克郡一位律师,随兄长戈德文迁往爱尔定居。但是不幸的是他父亲在他出生几个月后就去世了,而他母亲抚养他到3随后,只身返回了英国,所以斯威夫特是跟着他的伯父戈德文长大的。
1686年,毕业于都柏林的三一学院,获得了学士学位。

启蒙文学在各国的发展

启蒙文学在各国的发展

二、启蒙文学在各国的发展18世纪的英国文学非常繁荣。

古典主义文学在世纪初期势力强大。

古典主义诗人蒲柏(1688—1744)曾在文坛处于执牛耳的地位,他的诗体文论《批评短论》(1711)和名作模拟史诗《夺发记》(1712—1714)都曾在上层社会发生影响。

英国启蒙文学于20年代正式登上文坛,作家们宣传资产阶级的价值观,批判封建残余和资产阶级的阴暗面,鼓舞资产阶级的进取精神,力图通过启蒙教育促进社会改良。

英国的启蒙文学以现实主义小说成就最高。

小说家笛福和斯威夫特首先登上文坛。

但尼尔·笛福(1661—1731)是英国现实主义小说的开创者之一。

他的启蒙思想较为温和,但他的小说创作却是一次真正的文学革命。

他不顾古典主义的清规戒律,发表了《鲁滨逊飘流记》、《辛格顿船长》(1720)等一系列小说,主要描写社会中下层出身的青年航海或其他冒险,为英国现实主义小说的发展开辟了道路。

代表作《鲁滨逊飘流记》(第一部,1719)通过青年商人鲁滨逊海上冒险和滞留并开辟岛国的故事,塑造了一个英国“真正资产者”的著名艺术典型,体现了资产阶级向上发展时期的奋发进取和创业精神。

鲁滨逊虽是资产阶级文学幻想的产物,一位理想的英雄,但却丝毫没有被神化拔高;小说虽是幻想传奇式的故事,但却运用写实手法,对一系列细节的描写真实具体,虽是无中生有,但却曲尽其妙。

约拿旦·斯威夫特(1667—1745)在思想上是比笛福激进得多的启蒙作家,《格列佛游记》(1726)是他享誉世界的讽刺名著。

作品假托主人公格列佛医生自述他数次航海遇险,飘流到小人国、大人国和智马国等几个童话式国家的遭遇和见闻,全面讽刺、揶揄了英国的社会现实。

其中通过“大人国”和“智马国”社会所体现的社会理想虽然保存宗法社会的原始特点,但却包含着启蒙主义的社会原则和价值观。

作者往往把讽刺的对象夸张变形到残酷甚至荒诞的地步,与现代的“黑色幽默”有相通之处,法国现代作家布勒东在编辑作品集《黑色幽默》(1950)时,就把斯威夫特的作品列于榜首。

十八世纪英国文学(启蒙文学)

十八世纪英国文学(启蒙文学)

The Eighteenth Century English Literature(The Age of Enlightenment in England)I. Background InformationA. Historical Background1. The economic background (The Industrial Revolution)2. The political background (The founding of a constitutional monarchy)3. The Social background (Newspapers and journals, coffeehouses)4. The ideological background (The Enlightenment movement)The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education.B. Literary Schools1. Neo-classicism in the early 18th centuryAddison, Steele and Pope belonged to this school. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers & those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.2. Sentimentalism in poetry and prose in the middle of 18th centuryThomas Gray is the most outstanding of this school. Along with a new vision of love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties. Literary work of the sentimentalism, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants, wrote the "simple annals of the poor”. Writers of sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. However, they attacked the progressive aspect of this great social change in order to eliminate it and sighed for the return of the patriarchal times which they idealized. Sentimentalism embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution for the miseries and injustices in the aristocratic-bourgeois society and indulges in sentiment, hence the definite signs of decadence in the literary works of the sentimental tradition.3. The beginning of modern novelThe mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding.4. Pre-Romanticism in English poetryII. Representatives and their worksA. Alexander Pope1. Major worksa.The Rape of the Lock: A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.b. An Essay on Criticism: His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.2. Literary outlookAs a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste & decorum. According to Pope, almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible, Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.3. StylePope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style.B. Daniel Defoe1. Major worksDefoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials, such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages, personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports. Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe(1719), an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year(1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece,Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, & other social institutions of Defoe's era.2. Social outlookAs a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.3. Characteristics of his worksDefoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp & plain, & sometimes long & rambling, which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.4. Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered hismasterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive & simple youth into a mature & hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence, & get his reward.C. Jonathan Swift1. Humanist reviewSwift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience, he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion, human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed, but to redress it is very hard. So, in his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation.2. Writing styleSwift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems & novels.3. Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift's best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound.Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & even immortality. The lost part, where comparison is made through both similarities &differences, leads the reader to a basic question: What on earth is a human being?D. Henry Fielding1. Achievements in English novelsFielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel," for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory & practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," the first to give the modern novel its structure & style. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series ofletters), as in Richardson's Pamela, or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted " the third-person narration," in which the author becomes the "all-knowing God." He "thinks the thought" of all his characters, so he is able-to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.2. Language featuresHis language is easy, unlabored & familiar, but extremely vivid & vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic & rhythm, & his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues & other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence & unexpectedness.3. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingTom Jones, generally considered Fielding's masterpiece, brings its author the name of the "Pose Homer." The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country & city life with different places & about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity & suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way & in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."E. William BlakeThe Lamb The TygerLittle Lamb, who made thee? Tyger! Tyger! burning brightDost thou know who made thee? In the forest of the nightGave thee life, and bid thee feed, What immortal hand or eyeBy the stream and o'er the mead; Could frame thy fearful symmetry?Gave thee clothing of delight,Softest clothing, woolly, bright; In what distant deeps or skiesGave thee such a tender voice, Burnt the fire of thine eyes?Making all the vales rejoice? On what wings dare he aspire?Little Lamb, who made thee? What the hand dare seize the fire?Dost thou know who made thee?And what shoulder, and what art, Little Lamb, I'll tell thee, Could twist the sinews of thy heart?Little Lamb, I'll tell thee. And when thy heart began to beat,He is called by thy name, What dread hand? and what dread feet?For He calls Himself a Lamb.He is meek, and He is mild; What the hammer? what the chain?He became a little child. In what furnace was thy brain?I a child, and thou a lamb, What the anvil? what dread graspWe are called by His name. Dare its deadly terrors clasp?Little Lamb, God bless thee!Little Lamb, God bless thee! When the stars threw down their spears,And watered heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the lamb make thee?Tyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeDare frame thy fearful symmetry? F. Robert BurnsAuld Lang Syne1 Should auld acquaintance be forgot,2 And never brought to min’?3 Should auld acquaintance be forgot,4 And days o’ lang syne?5 For auld lang syne, my dear,6 For auld lang syne,7 we'll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,8 For auld lang syne.9 We twa hae run about the braes,10 And pu'd the gowans fine;11 But We've wander'd mony a weary foot,12 Sin' auld lang syne.13 We twa hae paidled i' the burn,14 From mornin' sun till dine,15 But seas between us braid hae roar'd16 Sin' auld lang syne.17 And here's a hand, my trusty fiere,18 And gie's a hand o' thine;19 We'll tak a right gude-willie waught,20 For auld lang syne.21 And surely ye’ll be your pint-stowp,22 And sur ely I’ll be mine;23 And we’ll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,24 For auld lang syne.。

18世纪启蒙文学

18世纪启蒙文学

哲学家斯宾诺莎唯物主义思想的影响,1770年在
斯特拉斯堡大学结识了赫尔德。后者使他眼界大
开,步入文学新天地,他们共同掀起了狂飚突进
运动。
3、创作:
第一时期(1775年以前)
特点:尊重个性自由、崇尚激情,反对思想 与艺术的桎梏,是“狂飙突进”时期文学 的主要代表。
代表作品:《少年维特之烦恼》(书信体)
此外,连贯的故事、自然的时序、确切的地
点,都使小说建立在严格意义的现实主义基
础之上。
卢梭(1712—1778):18世纪杰出的思想家、文学家
卢梭的社会政治理想体现了启蒙运动激进民主派的
倾向,其文学创作独辟蹊径,是19世纪浪漫主义文
学的先驱。 思想论著: (1)《论科学与艺术》(文化批判) (2)《论人类不平等的起源和基础》 (社会政治批判) (3)《社会契约论》(提出“主权在民”的国家 学说及“天赋人权”理论)
2)反映人民大众的日常生活,描写普通人的
英雄行为和崇高感情。
笛福:《鲁滨逊漂流记》
菲尔丁:《汤姆· 琼斯》
斯威夫特:《格列佛游记》
3)艺术形式丰富
如哲理小说、正剧(严肃喜剧)、书信体小
说、对话体小说、教育小说等,打破了古典
主义的一些清规戒律,拓展了文学表现的领
域。
二、启蒙文学在各国的发展 1、英国 1)时间:18世纪20年代登上文坛 2)特点:宣传资产阶级价值观,鼓舞资产阶 级的进取精神,力图通过启蒙教育促进社会 改良。 3)成就:现实主义小说 4)代表作家及作品: 笛福: 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 斯威夫特:《格列佛游记》
歌德画像
歌德在意大利
席勒画像
席勒(1759—1805)
代表作:《阴谋与爱情》
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英国启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)2010-01-11 21:14 第四个阶段,启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝,确定了君主立宪制,建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权,英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。

18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。

新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。

亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope, 1688-1744)是新古典主义诗歌的代表,他模仿罗马诗人,诗风精巧隽俏,内容以说教与讽刺为主,形式多用英雄双韵体,但缺乏深厚感情。

18世纪英国散文出现繁荣,散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。

理查德•斯梯尔(Richard Steele, 1672-1729)与约瑟夫•艾迪生(Joseph Addison, 1672-1719)创办《闲谈者》(Tatler)与《观察者》(Spectator)刊物,发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章,他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。

乔纳森•斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745)是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家,他的文风纯朴平易而有力。

斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》是一部极具魅力的儿童故事,同时包含着深刻的思想内容。

作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写,以理性为尺度,极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。

塞缪尔•约翰逊(Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784)是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘,《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》(The Preface to Shakespeare)和《诗人传》(Lives of the Poets)是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。

他从常识出发,在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框,不乏真知灼见。

约翰逊的散文风格自成一家,集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。

约翰逊在英语词典编纂史上占有独特地位,他克服重重困难,一人独自编纂《英语词典》(A Dictionary of the English Language),历时七年得以完成,这是英语史上第一部也是随后一百年间英国唯一的标准辞书。

约翰逊青史留名,也得益于詹姆斯•鲍斯韦尔(James Boswell, 1740-1795)为他写的传记《约翰逊传》(The Life of Samuel Johson ),该书逼真地再现了约翰逊的神态容貌及人格力量,标志着现代传记的开端。

18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起。

丹尼尔•笛福(Daniel Defoe, 1660-1731)的《鲁滨孙漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)采用写实的手法,描写主人公在孤岛上的生活,塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象,具有时代精神。

这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作,为笛福赢得“英国小说之父”的称号。

笛福的另一部长篇小说《摩尔•弗兰德斯》(Moll Flanders)叙述女主人公摩尔在英国因生活所迫沦为娼妓和小偷的经历。

现实主义小说在亨利•菲尔丁(Henry Fielding, 1707-1754)的笔下得到进一步发展。

他的《汤姆•琼斯》(Tom Jones)故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开,向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。

小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾,表达了感情要受理性节制的思想。

全书共十八卷,每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始,表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识。

与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔•理查逊(Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761)采用书信体创作了《帕米拉》(Pamela)、《克拉丽莎》(Clarissa Harlowe)。

他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处,心理刻画淋漓尽致,令读者潸然泪下。

托比亚斯•斯摩莱特(Tobias Smollett, 1721-1771)是18世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家。

他的《蓝登传》(The Adventures of Roderick Random)继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统,布局松散,是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。

劳伦斯•斯特恩(Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768)的《项狄传》(The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy )打破传统小说叙述模式,写法奇特。

小说各章长短不一,有的甚至是空白。

书中充满长篇议论和插话,并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。

斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意,《项狄传》被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。

评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。

18世纪中叶,英国发生了工业革命。

许多作家对资本主义工业化发展给大自然和农村传统生活方式带来的破坏发出悲哀的感叹,以大自然和情感为主题的感伤主义作品一度流行。

奥利弗•哥尔德斯密斯(Oliver Goldsmith, 1730-1774)的长诗《荒村》(The Deserted Village)是感伤主义诗歌的杰作。

他的《世界公民》(The Citizen of the World)原名为《中国人信札》(Chinese Letters),虚构了一个在伦敦游历的中国河南人李安济(Lien Chi Altangi),把他在伦敦的所见所闻写成书信寄回北京礼部官员,以中国人的眼光对英国的政治、司法、宗教、道德、社会风尚进行批评。

詹姆斯•汤姆逊(James Thomson, 1700-1748)的《四季歌》(The Seasons)、威廉•柯林斯(William Collins, 1721-1759)的《黄昏颂》(Ode to Evening)、托马斯•格雷(Thomas Gray, 1716-1771)的《墓园哀歌》(Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard )表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对“自然简朴安排”的向往,吐露了他们的内心感受。

英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚,理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。

启蒙运动一部分的启蒙文学,在思想上以“理性崇拜”为核心,主张崇拜“自然理性”,反对君主王权。

体现在文学上,基本都表现出崇尚个人自由、崇尚回归自然、宣传开明君主制或君主立宪制、主张发展工商业、自由的经济竞争等等。

17世纪的法国式古典主义文学在启蒙运动中仍占有一定地位,但并未产生伟大的作品。

尽管许多文学家仍借用古典主义的形式进行创作。

整体上看,启蒙文学中的反王权、反教会思想和文艺复兴文学有些相似,但更加激进。

由于根植于启蒙运动的土壤之中,启蒙文学具有更加强烈的哲学思辨特征和政治经济学底蕴。

启蒙文学不追求崇高的风格,多半以来自市民阶层的平民为主要人物,在体裁上也不仅仅局限于诗歌和戏剧,而是广泛采用各种体裁,其中尤以小说最为发达,为19世纪现实主义小说的繁荣奠定良好的基础。

可以说,欧洲文学的“诗体时代”向“散文体时代”的过渡就是在启蒙文学阶段完成的。

流浪汉小说流浪汉小说(La novela picaresca)又称“饥饿史诗”或“消极抗议文学”。

16世纪在西班牙开始流行的多以流浪汉为主人公,以他们的生活为题材的小说。

这类小说描写城市平民的生活,并通过城市平民的眼光对各阶层人物加以讽刺。

16世纪中叶,随着美洲殖民地的建立,西班牙商品经济空前繁荣,对外贸易十分兴旺,致使大批本国农民和手工业者破产,沦为无业游民。

加之社会上冒险之风日盛,流浪汉遂成为一个庞大的社会阶层。

流浪汉小说便在这样的历史条件下产生。

1554年,《托梅斯河上的小拉撒路》(Lazarillo de Tormes,全名La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades,汉译《小癞子》)开了流浪汉小说的先河。

小说以第一人称叙述托梅斯河上的小拉撒路,由于家庭不幸,不得不给一个瞎子引路,从此开始流浪生涯。

为了生存,小拉撒路先后换过不少主人,历尽世态炎凉。

作者通过小癞子的生活遭遇,揭露封建社会中僧侣教士的贪婪自私、道德败坏与贵族绅士的虚伪无聊和假充阔气。

小癞子从一个贫苦儿童经过生活的磨练最后成为一个老练狡猾的骗子手的过程,反映出当时社会的黑暗和罪恶。

此后陆续出版的流浪汉小说有M•阿莱曼(Mateo Alemán y de Enero)的《古斯曼•德•阿尔发拉切》(Guzmán de Alfarache)、乌维达(Francisco López de Úbeda)的《流浪女胡斯蒂娜》(La pícara Justina,全名Libro de entretenimiento de la pícara Justina)、克维多(Francisco Gomez de Quevedo y Villegas)的《骗子外传》(Vida del Buscón,全名Historia de la vida del Buscón, llamado Don Pablos, ejemplo de vagamundos y espejo de tacaños)等。

流浪汉小说产生于十六世纪中叶的一种新文学体裁,它是以描写城市下层的生活为中心,从城市下层人物的角度去观察、分析社会上的种种丑恶现象,用人物流浪史的形式,幽默俏皮的风格,简洁流畅的语言,广泛地反映当时的社会生活,具有一定的思想意义和艺术价值的小说。

流浪汉小说流浪汉小说--16世纪中叶,西班牙文坛上流行着一种独特的小说。

它的主人公大多是出身贫寒,有的是孤儿、私生子,童年、少年生活往往不幸,早年一般保持了天真可爱、富于同情心等品格。

但当他们一旦脱离家庭、投入社会的怀抱,就感到无法适应,干是为了活命、求得生存,不得不学着去阿谀、钻营、撒谎、诈骗,他们中的不少人终于被社会同化,成为堕落者或狡诈无耻之徒。

作品通常在描写他们不幸命运的同时,也写他们为生活所迫而进行的欺骗、偷窃和各种恶作剧,表现了他们的消极反抗情绪。

作品借主人公之口,抨击时政,指陈流弊,言语竭尽嘲讽夸张之能事,使读者在忍俊不禁之余,慨叹世道的不平和人生的艰辛。

小说中的流浪汉都是动乱社会的特殊产物,他们是在不断解决与周围环境所产生的矛盾中观察社会,认识社会,从而适应社会,求得个人的发展的;他们没有什么明确的道德标准来指导自己的行动,常常表现出玩世不恭的态度;在紧要关头,他们往往见机行事,依靠自己的智谋求生存;他们总是以欺骗、偷窃等手段混日子或干些恶作剧,以发泄私愤。

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