词汇学复习题

词汇学复习题
词汇学复习题

词汇学复习题

1、什么是词?什么是词汇?

词有各种定义,一般来讲,词是最小的能独立运用的语言单位。

词汇是语言中词语的总和,它包括语言中的词和固定语。固定语是语言中可以把词作为构成成分的、同词一样作为整体来运用的语言单位。

2、词汇学研究如何分类?它有什么实践作用?

词汇学以词和词汇为研究对象。它可以分为具体词汇学(研究一种语言的词汇)和一般词汇学(研究词汇的一般理论),历史词汇学(研究词的本义,最早的形式和它的发展)和描写词汇学(研究一个时期的词汇),还有历史比较词汇学(比较有亲属关系的语言的词,以构拟它们在共同的母语中的形式和意义)。比如现代汉语词汇学,属于具体的描写的词汇学。

词汇学的实践作用:(一)有助于提高语言运用能力;(二)有助于语文教学;(三)有助于现代汉语词汇规范化的工作。

3、简单介绍《哈工大同义词林扩展版》以及董振东的知网(How-Net)。

《哈工大同义词词林扩展版》是哈尔滨工业大学信息检索实验室在梅家驹《同义词词林》的基础上扩充而成,它增加了两个级别的编码,采用五级编码,总的词汇量也由原来的四万多条增加到六万多条。所有这些词都归入设计的编码体系中。

按董振东的说法,知网(How-Net)是一个以汉语和英语的词语所代表的概念为描述对象,以揭示概念与概念之间以及概念所具有的属性之间的关系为基本内容的常识知识库。

4、词汇的计量研究涉及频次、频率,分布率,使用率,流通度等概念,请解释这几个概念。

频次指词在语料中出现的次数,频率等于它的频次除以语料所有词频次的总和。

分布率等于词出现的文本数除以总的文本数。

使用率等于频率乘以分布率。

流通度等于流通量(发行量)*流通密度(发行周期)*流通空间(发行范围)*流通率(阅读率)

5、简要说明异形词和同形词。

异形词指同一个词有不同的书写形式,如“制伏——制服”。

同形词指书写形式相同的词,包括同形同音词、同形异音词,它们是不同的词。

6、简要说明合成词词义和构成它的语素意义的关系。

合成词和构成它的语素义的关系:

(一)词义是语素义按照构词方式所确定的关系组合起来的意义。

(二)词义同组成它的两个语素相同、相近,它们是并列结构的合成词。

(三)合成词的语素义表示了词义的某些内容。

(四)合成词的词义是语素义的比喻用法。

(五)合成词的词义是语素义的借代用法。

(六)合成词中有的语素义失落原义。

7、在共时的平面上,词汇的系统性体现在哪几个方面?

(一)词的结构的系统性

大多数词都可以归入少数几个结构类型中,词在结构上很有规则地联系在一起,表现出组织结构上的系统性。

(二)词义关系的系统性

从词的意义关系来说,词可以构成层次关系和非层次关系。层次关系有上下位关系、整体部分关系、亲属关系、等级关系等。非层次关系有同义、反义、同位等关系。

(三)同族词的系统性

汉语的同族词体现出词汇的系统性。同族词中各个合成词意义上有联系。在结构平面上,与其他语素结合,组成并列、偏正、支配、附加等结构的合成词,体现出结构上的系统性、规律性。

8、分析下列两组同义词:

典范,范例;糟蹋,浪费

“典范”指可以作为学习、仿效标准的人或事物。

“范例”指可以仿效的事例。

意义相近,区别在于前者带有“因为体现了某种标准而可以学习、效仿”的意思,后者没有这个意思,或者说程度不及前者。此外,后者一般指“事例”,前者还可以指“人”。

在搭配上,“范例”可以与量词“个”搭配,而“典范”几乎不和量词搭配。

“糟蹋”有两个意义:一是浪费,损坏;二是蹂躏,侮辱。

“浪费”只有一个意义,指对财物、人力、时间等用得不当或无节制,与“糟蹋”的第一个意义形成同义关系。

“糟蹋”有“损坏”的意思,而“浪费”没有。此外,“浪费”是在做某事过程中,对物品的不当使用,“糟蹋”的结果虽然也包含了浪费,但不一定是在做某事的过程中发生的。

还有,我们可以说“这样做很浪费”但不能说“这样做很糟蹋”。

9、现代汉语词汇规范化工作主要包括哪些内容?

主要包括:

(1)方言词问题

(2)文言词语问题

(3)外来词问题

(4)生造词的问题

(5)普通话词汇用法的规范问题

(6)术语的统一问题

(7)编纂现代汉语规范化的详解词典

10、现代汉语词汇由哪几部分构成?

词汇包括词和固定语,其中固定语包括专门用语、熟语和习用词组。专门用语包括专名词语、术语、行业语,熟语包括成语、歇后语、谚语、惯用语。

11、词在运用中受到各种制约和影响,词义表现出差异,有人因此认为“词没有一般的意义,我们每次都赋予同一个词以新的意义”,你怎么看这个问题?

这种现象是由词义的性质决定的,词义是概括的,它在不同的上下文中、语境中会有不同的具体内容。以名词“船”为例:

(1)海上的船很多。

(2)海面上漂着一条船。

(3)这船真大。

(4)这船真漂亮。

(5)这般真结实。

(6)他要坐船去欧洲。

(7)船泊在小河边树下。

(1)、(2)中的“船”指船这一事物对象,(3)侧重指船的体积容量,(4)侧重指船的形式装饰,(5)侧重指船的结构,(6)指大轮船,(7)指小木船。

但它们都有共同的指示对象,即作为运输工具的“船”。

12、请说明分析词构造的传统方法,以及这种分析方法存在的问题。因为这种方法存在一些问题,有人提出的新的分析方法。你怎么看这种现象?

传统的构词分析法是这样:一般认为,由一个语素构成的是单纯词,由两个及两个以上的语素构成的词是合成词。单纯词可以从其音节特征划分类型,合成词可以从分析构成它的语素之间的关系划分类型。

单纯词可以分为:单音节、双音节、三音节、四音节以上。各类可从来源上划译音词、拟声词等。两个音节的还可以从声母、韵母的特征分为双声、叠韵、叠音、非双声叠韵等。

合成词的分析将合成词分解为词根和词缀,全部合成词的结构分析可以分为“词根+词根”和“词根+词缀”两大类型,前者再分为偏正、并列、支配、陈述、补充、重叠等类型,后者再分为前附加、后附加等类型。这些类型可以有各种组合,成为多层结构。这种划分的基础,是分析词的构成成分的意义、作用及其间的关系。

这种分析方法存在一些问题:

(一)并未涵盖现代汉语合成词结构的各种情况

(二)所提出的“词根”概念有一定的解释力,但对于像“人民性”(人民+性)、“急性子”(急+性子)、“无产阶级”(无产+阶级)这些词,包含有词作为构成成分,分析为由语素作为构成成分组成的合成词,不太恰当。

(三)所提出的“词缀”概念,范围不清,争论较大。

上述是传统分析方法存在的问题,但是我们认为,尽管如此,这种方法在教学上是有用有效的。有人提出了其他的分析方法,虽然可以覆盖更多的合成词,但不一定适合于教学。此外,我们认为,对于同一个现象,我们可以采用不同的理论的分析解释它,其中越简洁、解释力越强的理论就是好理论。

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