美国律考
通过美国律师考试的7条建议
通过美国律师考试的7条建议我一共参加过两次考试，分别是CABAR和NYBAR。
如果我以下的考bar经验建议对你来说并不适用，请一笑置之。
1. 冥想不少考生相信冥想能在一定程度上提高自己的bar成绩。
说起来令人啼笑皆非，但其实冥想并不无道理。
对于我来说，冥想，意味着我将进入一个独立、静谧的空间，在这个空间中完成自己对法律知识的再次记忆。
2. 学习方法很重要虽然以往的学习方法能让你顺利通过考试，但对于考bar来说却不一定适合。
例如有些考生认为连续学习5个小时高效又省时，而有的考生则不尽相同。
专家认为最高效的学习方法是每学习45分钟再休息15分钟，然后重复循环，这样不容易造成大脑疲劳，对记忆也有帮助。
大家可以在此基础上进行借鉴。
3. 每天增长1%的学习时间如果你第一天的学习时间是100分钟，第二天你可以将之延长至101分钟，依次类推。
此举不仅可增强你的学习耐力，还可以添加趣味性。
你可以为自己设置一个小目标，例如21天。
完成小目标之后，再设置一个30天的目标。
想要通过bar exam，你应该选择马拉松选手的速度，而不是学习飞人博尔特。
4.不要停止学习一周7天，尽管有2天是周末，但也不要停止学习。
相信大家都有所体会，就像健身，不管你坚持了多久，一旦你有天没去健身了，你的身体好像就开始懒惰了，积极性就受到了影响。
如果你实在没有空，那背一背法律法规也是好的。
5. 尝试着在嘈杂的环境中学习当然，安静的环境才是考bar的最佳学习伴侣，但是偶尔也需要去体验一下嘈杂的环境。
考场中你会遇到形形色色的人，你永远不知道他们会做出什么样的举动。
况且，如果你和我一样选择了机考，你会发现敲打键盘的声音不绝于耳，这其中还会掺杂着清嗓声、鼻涕声以及敲击地面的声音等。
为此，我偶尔会选择到一家比较嘈杂的咖啡店学习，不得不说那家的隔音差极了，但为了适应考场环境，我不得不忍着。
6.听音频生活中有很多时间，我们都可以加以利用。
例如锻炼的时候、吃饭的时候、做饭的时候等，你都可以听一听lecture，让你的大脑在潜移默化中记住这些知识点。
美国的律师资格考试
美国的律师资格考试美国律师资格考试称为Bar Exam。
“Bar”是一个多义词，通常是指酒吧或是杆状物。
在法律界，Bar的意思是法庭里的那一道齐大腿高的栏板，将法官席和律师及当事人分开。
栏板中间有扇小门，若律师与法官需要直接沟通，则从小门进入。
我在1994年夏天参加纽约州的律考，那年共有7,737位考生，6,091位通过，占78.7%，其中第一次参加考试的通过率为85.6%，复考的通过率为67.6%。
纽约州每年举行两次律考，一次夏季，一次冬季，冬季的人数较少，不到夏季的一半，多为夏季没通过的参加复考。
1994年夏季的律考通过率算是高的，历年的夏季平均通过率大约为70%以下，而冬季的平均通过率在50%以下。
夏季的通过率之所以高，是因为考生多为当年夏季的毕业生，在校学的东西还没忘记，从毕业考试之后到开始工作之前，大约有三个月的时间，可以全力以赴地复习准备考试。
冬季的考生多为复考，因为第一次没通过，参加工作后无法脱产复习，所以通过率较低。
除了法律专业知识外，要通过美国的律考，考生还必须学会考试的技巧（test taking skill）。
为此，美国有许多律考补习班，如PMBR（现在叫Kaplan）、Pieper和Bar Bri等。
那些补习班通常在法学院的高年级学生中招募销售代表。
销售代表的工作很简单，只要在学校的走廊里轮流摆摊即可。
一张折叠的桌子，上面放一些补习班的材料，动员同学报名，销售代表可以免费上补习班。
当年我报名担任Bar Bri的代表，便免去了几千美元的学费。
“练摊”的另一个好处是，在上课时摊子上没有人，桌子上又有现成的复习资料，自己便可以趁机复习。
纽约州的律考分为两天，第一天考纽约州法，第二天考联邦法。
州法考试分上、下午，上午是选择题，下午是问答题，联邦法则全是选择题，上、下午各100题，必须分别在3小时内答完。
补习班的老师特别强调实战演习，平时自己练习虽然没有时间限制，但还是必须掐着表做题，目标是争取第一小时完成35题，第二小时再完成35题，第三小时完成剩下的30题。
美国律考资格一定是LLM才能参加吗？非法本呢？
关键词：美国律考资格美国律考资格：一定是LLM才能参加吗？非法本呢？最近有不少小伙伴向小编咨询美国律考资格的问题，大部分都是对教育背景有疑惑。
那么小编今天在这里为大家详细解答，并附上不同学历背景参加美国律考的途径！1.执业律师大家知道，加州是美国现在唯一一个还接受海外执业律师直接参加律考的州。
和美国其他州相比，执业律师选择加州的占比很高，因为加州条件相对宽松，不需要再花费大量的时间、金钱去拿学位参加律考。
作为执业律师，小编建议大家尽快报考加州律师，毕竟政策每年都有所改变，谁也无法预料加州在五年之后是否还会接受海外律师直接报考。
2.法本专业/法学硕士法本专业/法硕专业的小伙伴可以选择参加中国司法考试，取得律师资格证，然后再去挂靠律所实习一年，拿到执业律师资格再报考美国加州律考。
不过中国的司法考试通过率很低，小伙伴们且考且珍惜。
众所周知，美国几乎所有的州都要求有美国的LLM或者JD，其实法本专业和法硕专业的申请途径并无差别，想要参加美国律考，二者都需要申请美国的LLM或者JD，拿到毕业证后即可报名参加美国律考。
3.非法本专业/非法硕专业非法本专业/非法硕专业也可以选择先成为执业律师，然后参加美国加州律考。
很多英语类等专业的小伙伴们根据自身语言等优势，都有考取美国律师的倾向。
但由于自己非法学专业的背景，对报考美国律考颇有疑惑。
那非法学专业可以参加美国律考吗？答案当然是可以。
不过非法学的小伙伴的报考途径会稍显曲折，需要先读取一个法学专业的本科或者硕士，然后再申请美国的LLM，毕业后即可参加美国律考。
有的小伙伴会担心这个时间太长，但是如果你想转法律的话，本身付出的就要比法律本科多很多。
而且现在这行竞争激烈，除非特别优秀，否则人家为何要选择只读了一年法律的人？不管是法学背景还是非法学背景，大部分会纠结报考LLM还是JD，一般来说，未来还是想回国发展的话建议报考LLM。
因为JD学制三年，而LLM只需要1年，且JD的花费几乎是LLM的3倍。
去美国当律师,是选CA BAR or NY BAR？
纠结！去美国当律师，选择CA BAR or NY BAR ？通过美国律师考试，成为美国执业律师将增加职场竞争力，并能与国际客户进行合作，专业处理跨境交易。
不仅仅是美国执业，还可以驰骋海外，例如承接国际咨询，国际仲裁，跨国企业法务等！种种优势都体现了美国律师执照的重要性，其中加州律考（CA Bar Examination）和纽约州律考（NY Bar Examination）是大部分人的选择。
有很多律师行业人员咨询小编，加州律考和纽约州律考都不错，我该选哪一个呢？下面小编帮大家详细对比一下。
报考资格加州律考：①美国本土Juris Doctor（JD）或Master of Law（LLM）。
（ABA approved Law School）②获取申请者本国律师执业资格并提交由当司法局或律师协会出具的良好操守证明。
③完成由美国律师协会承认的佛罗里达海滨法学院独家网授课程——Online LLM课程。
*加州不接受其他国家的Online LLM纽约州律考：①美国本土Juris Doctor（JD）或Master of Law（LLM）。
（ABA approved law School）*纽约州不接受其他国家的JD或LLM报考，也不接受其他海外律师报考。
考试费用加州律考：（海外执业律师）983美金；（法学院学生）677美金,可以通过在线报名。
纽约州律考：纽约律考的报名费为750美金，可以通过在线报名。
考试时间加州律考：2017年7月起，时间调整为2天，即每年2月和7月的最后一个周二、周三（全美联邦法统考日）纽约州律考：UBE(Uniform Bar Examination)模式，时间共计2天，每年的2月和7月的最后一个周二、周三（全美联邦法统考日）考试内容加州律考：2017年7月改革后的加州律考，调整了写作部分（Essay＋CPT）和选择题（MBE）的比率，将占比都调整至50%。
其中ESSAY由6篇减少至5篇，CPT从2篇减少至1篇，MBE 数量保持不变，还是200道。
经验分享：3个月备战加州律考,总成绩1521分
经验分享|3个月备战加州律考，总成绩1521分我2007毕业于哥伦比亚大学法学院。
之后，就在纽约一家律所从事非讼律师。
15年1月份的时候，我的女朋友问我是否愿意和她一起搬到加州，因为她在加州拿到了一份她梦寐以求的offer。
那时候刚在纽约执业不久，所以还未满足跨州执业的条件，这也就意味着我需要重新参加加州律师考试。
从我毕业、拿到纽约州律师执照到现在已有几年，而加州律考素以“美国第一难”著称，再次参加考试对我来说有一定的难度。
不管怎么说，去加州对我和我女朋友来说都是一次新的挑战，而为了爱，我接受了这份挑战！15年2月份的时候，我从纽约搬到了加州。
休息了几周之后，我决定开始全心备考加州律师考试。
我在纽约州的执业经验，对我有一定的帮助。
但毕竟州与州不同，相关的法律也有区别，背诵加州法律知识成了我的备考重点。
加州律师考试范围之广、材料之多，令我感到吃惊。
在我女朋友的建议下，我买了一个网络课程包。
现在想来，我觉得自己花了整整3个月进行全天学习是非常明智的。
第一个月，我每天都在看视频、听讲座、写纲要。
然后再次复习提纲，做2-3篇ESSAY，详细对照标准答案进行查漏补缺。
第二个月，我开始以习题为基础，背诵纲要。
我会一行一行的细看答案，将答案所涉及的rules背出来。
下午和晚上的时候，我会做3-4篇ESSAY，以标准答案为范文一直是我的主旨。
第三个月，我则开始全面做真题。
为了提前适应考试的紧张氛围，我特意从IKEA买了一张书桌模拟考试现场，而我的女朋友则充当了监考官的角色。
前半个月的时候，时间根本不够用，第三篇ESSAY才写到一半，考试就已经结束了。
据我的分析，我的困难不是在于找不出问题，而是我习惯性的会加入一些案例参考，想要拿更多的分。
这样容易造成篇幅过长，时间不足。
意识到这个问题之后，我尽量简洁自己的语言，每篇ESSAY的时间控制在50分钟以内。
最终的结果证明我的战术是有效的，我的考试总分是1521（及格分数为1440分）。
详解NYBAR报名条件、报考时间、费用、通过率等信息
详解NYBAR 报名条件、报考时间、费用、通过率等信息美国各州的律师考试、报考条件和通过标准都不一，由于纽约州Bar 可接受LLM 报考，因此颇受中国考生青睐。
下面，小编就为大家详细介绍一下纽约州律师考试。
考试时间纽约州bar exam 于每年的2月和7月举行，其中2018年2月的考试报名已经截止，而同年7月份的考试报名通道将于2018年4月份开启。
报考条件NYBAR 对报考资格相对较严格，要求考生必须拥有美国本土 JD 或LLM ，并且该学历必须在美国当地法学院完成。
赴美国攻读JD 或LLM 的中国留学生只要学校是美国ABA 承认的并满足NYBAR 考试特定科目和学分，即可获取NYBAR 考试资格。
考试项目NYBAR分为三个考试科目，分别为联邦单选题（MBE）、简答题（MEE）以及论述题（MPT）。
NYBAR采取的是UBE考试，考试成绩可以在UBE管辖区进行转移。
考试内容联邦单选题MBE 200 道考核7 个科目：刑法、合同法、宪法、证据法、物权法、侵权法、民诉法。
联邦单选题MBE部分是全美的统一考试，考题和考试时间都一样。
联邦论述题MPT2道和简答题MEE6道NCBE统一考核：包括商业联合法、民事程序、宪法、合同法、刑事法、程序法、冲突法等７个科目。
考试费用对于不同学历的考生来说，纽约州Bar的报考费用有些微区别，其中对于海外考生来说，报考费用为750美元。
考试地点纽约州bar在纽约市、白原市、水牛城、奥尔巴尼市、萨拉托加郡均设有考点。
考试通过率纽约州bar的满分为400分，其中266分及格。
在2017年7月份的NYBAR中，其考试通过率为68%，为近十年来最高通过率，其一战通过率更高达86%。
2017.7月纽约州Bar通过率2004-2016年通过率相较于中国司考的10%左右的通过率，NYBAR可以说是so easy了。
正因为NYBAR的高通过率，使得许多的考生想报考NYBAR。
小编在此强调，NYBAR考试容易通过没错，但是NYBAR的报考条件为美国的LLM/JD。
美国律师职业道德考试(MPRE)二三事!内附真题!
美国律师职业道德考试（MPRE）二三事！内附真题！成为美国律师是很多国内法学毕业生的梦想，但是如果你觉得只要通过加州律考就可以成为加州律师，那就too young too simple了。
因为接下来的律师职业道德考试也同样重要！美国律师职业道德考试(Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination，简称MPRE)每年可以考三次，分别在三月、八月和十一月，报名费95美金（美国本土、关岛、塞班岛皆有考点），每次考核时间为120分钟，题量为60道，其目的是衡量考生的知识和对律师专业行为有关标准的理解。
加州律师申请者在完成法学院的第一年并且在线完成了律师委员会的注册即可在之后的任意时间进行MPRE，其中加州的美国律师职业道德考试合格分数为86分。
很多人都认为既然加州律考都通过了，MPRE应该没什么问题了，然后就彻底的放松了戒备。
小编在此敲黑板，MPRE的知识点和复习范围非常有限，千万不要认为凭着内心的正义感就可以做对题目！！！（大神除外！）美国律师职业道德规范简介律师职业道德同其他行业的职业道德一样，有形的和无形的都很多，但主要有以下几点：1.律师不能支持和协助犯罪。
律师最重要的责任是要维护法律的尊严，作为辩护律师要维护法律的尊严，就要在接受当事人委托打官司时了解当事人在这个案件中的全部作用以及这个案件中所涉及到的人与事，弄清楚案子的来龙去脉。
在任何情况下都要以事实为依据，不能出于任何目的同当事人沆瀣一气，诬蔑和诽谤对方。
更不能在庭上做伪证，以此来达到讨好、支持和纵容当事人的犯罪目的。
2.要坚持回避原则。
按照美国司法规定，律师一旦接受当事人委托出任其辩护律师，就同当事人发生了利害关系，无论这场官司结果如何，他都不能在5年之内，受别人委托接受同原当事人打官司的诉讼案件，除非原当事人同意律师接受新当事人的委托。
美国律师认为，这对律师来说是个非常重要的问题，因为在5年前你在代理原当事人打官司时，出于诉讼程序的需要已对当事人的情况有了全面的了解，此时若再接受别人委托，极有可能将对原当事人的了解作为攻击原当事人的武器，影响对此案的公正辩护。
美国律师制度
一、美国“律师”的概念和范围人们常常用美国律师的数量与我国律师的数量简单地作比较，说有八十万名律师，而我国只有八万名律师。
这种比较应该说不是很准确的。
实际上美国“律师”的概念和我们的“律师”概念是不一样的。
我们所说的“律师”，是指从事专门法律服务工作的人，必须符合三个条件，（1）通过律师资格考试；（2）取得律师执照；（3）在律师事务所执业。
美国所说的“律师”，是指具备从事专门法律服务工作资格条件的人，相当于我国的取得“律师资格”。
在美国，凡是从法学院毕业，通过了律师考试的，就都可以称为“律师”，而不管他们此后做什么工作。
所以我们常常听说美国有“政府律师”、“企业律师”、“军队律师”，甚至法院里也有律师。
实际上这些律师不能从专业职务的意义上理解，而应理解为“法律方面的专家”。
这些人通常受职业或专业范围的限制，不能出庭帮人打官司。
它们的业务范围一般仅限于在所工作的部门做一些起草法律、法律性文件，办理非诉讼法律事务，提供法律咨询等方面的工作。
很多人不了解美国律师概念与我国律师概念的这种差异，以为这种律师就是我们国内律师概念意义上的律师，引用时就难免会有误差。
二、美国的律师管理体制美国律师管理体制有以下几个特点：（1）在美国，律师管理权属于各州的权利，联邦不加过问，因此美国没有全国统一的律师管理制度。
虽然各州有各州的律师管理体制，互相都有差别，但基本的东西还是大体相同的。
（2）律师不是由州司法部管，而是由州最高法院管。
其根据是三权分立的理论，认为律师属于司法范畴，由司法部管理律师，在办理与政府有关的案件时会妨碍律师的独立性和公证性。
（3）法院对律师的管理基本上不是直接管理，而是将大部分事务性管理工作委托给州统一律师协会或州的具有相对独立性质的律师管理组织，自己只管有关律师行业规则的批准和律师考试、律师惩戒中的一些重要环节。
即使在这些方面，民间组织也有相当大的参与。
比如律师管理规章的制定，美国律师协会设有一个律师职业道德和惩戒规则办公室，专门起草制定律师职业有关规则。
如何在国内取得LL.M学位获得报考CABAR加州律考资格？
如何在国内取得LL.M学位获得报考CABAR加州律考资格？对于国内的法学人士，想要参加美国律师资格考试，如果没有去美国，并在美国一所由美国律师协会认可的法学院学习获得LL.M学位、J.D.学位或者是S.J.D学位，那么唯一的选择就是报考加州律师资格考试了，因为目前美国只有纽约州和加州允许国外考生报考本州的律师资格考试，而加州的报考门槛是最低的，允许中国执业律师报考，如果有美国律师协会承认的LL.M学位，也可以报考。
宏景国际教育是国内专业打造加州和纽约州律师资格考试的教育培训机构，自2012年10月以来，已帮助多名中国学员成功通过了加州律师资格考试，在这个过程中，不仅为学员提供加州律考课程培训，对于想参加CABAR加州律考却没有报考资格的学员，提供了更有效的帮助，在宏景国际教育，学员可以通过学习佛罗里达海岸法学院的在线LL.M课程，拿到LL.M学位，从而获得报考加州律考的资格。
佛罗里达海岸法学院是一所私立的以营利为目的的大学，成立于1996年，位于美国佛罗里达州的杰克逊维尔市。
学校是仅有的几个完全受美国律师协会认可的法学院之一，模拟法庭在美国律师协会认可的法学院中一直排名在前10位。
学校的学生来自于世界各地。
学校的专任教师有50多名，他们来自全国各地，大多出自哈佛大学、乔治华盛顿大学、杜克大学、乔治敦大学、哥伦比亚大学、纽约大学等著名高校。
2010年曾荣获美国律师协会的SmytheGambrell专业奖。
佛罗里达海岸法学院主要开设法学类的研究生课程。
包括物流与运输法，美国法，同时还开设法学博士与工商管理硕士或公共政策硕士双学位课程。
佛罗里达海岸法学院为国外（美国以外）拥有法律学士学位的律师提供在线美国法律硕士学位LL.M课程。
佛罗里达海岸法学院的入学率排名全美第六，其法律博士项目（J.D.）受美国律师协会（ABA）全权认可授证，其法学硕士学位（LL.M.）也受到了美国律师协会（LL.M.）的认可。
美国如何考司法考试律师执业道德(MPRE)部分
Keep This Bookletfor ReferenceTest services for the MPRE are provided by ACT. For the following information, please write to the addresses shown below, or telephone between 8:30 a.m. and 5:00p.m. central time, Monday through Friday.Application and AdministrationNational Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Application Department101 ACT DriveP.O. Box 4001Iowa City, IA 52243-4001Phone: (319) 341-2500*mpre.registration@ or /mpreQuestions Concerning MPRE ScoresInclude examinee name, Social Security number, birth date, test date, and signature.National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Records Department301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 451Iowa City, IA 52243-0451Phone: (319) 337-1304*mpre.score@Testing Accommodations InquiriesNational Conference of Bar ExaminersMultistate Professional Responsibility Examination 101 ACT DriveP.O. Box 168Iowa City, IA 52243-0168Phone: (319) 341-2500**TDD for persons with hearing impairments:(319) 337-1701 (must call from a TDD)NOTE:The information in this booklet is believed to be correct at the time of publication. Since rules and policies of jurisdictions change, applicants are advised to consult the jurisdictions directly for the most current information.Copyright 2009 by the National Conference of Bar Examiners. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed inContentsNotice to Examinees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Multistate Professional ResponsibilityExamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Jurisdiction Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Copyright Notice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MPRE Application Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Test Dates and Application Deadlines. . . . . . . 4 Examination Fee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Online Registration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Paper Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Admission Ticket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Test Center Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Test Center Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Change of Test Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Accommodations for Applicants withDisabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Reapplying to Take the Examination. . . . . . . . . 8 Test Day Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Admission and Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 What to Bring and What Not to Bring. . . . . . . . . 9 Prohibited Behaviors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Disruptions in Testing and PotentialCompromises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Test Center Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MPRE Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Scoring Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Score Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Additional Score Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Cancellation of Scores by NCBE. . . . . . . . . . . 14 Requests for Rechecking of Answer Sheets. . 14 MPRE Content and Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Overview of the Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Subject Matter Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Test Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 MPRE Sample Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Appendix A: Test Center Locationsand Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Appendix B: Accommodations forApplicants with Disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42NOTICE TO EXAMINEESNCBE assists bar admission authorities by developing bar examination components, including the MPRE. NCBE holds the copyright to these exams and to their content, and exam content may be considered for reuse in future exams or in copyrighted educational materials. Both disclosure of exam content and cheating on a test are prohibited, as such practices undermine the integrity and fairness of the exami-nation process.The following conduct is prohibited during the examination:•Bringing unauthorized devices (whether turned on or off) or unauthorized materials into the testing room, including, but not limited to, calculators, cameras, cell phones, pagers, personal digital assistants, text messaging devices, audio or video recording devices, scanners, language translators, and written materials;•Bringing test materials, unauthorized devices, or unauthorized materials out of the testing room during any scheduled or unscheduled break or at the conclusion of the testing period;•Copying answers from another examinee or sharing answers with another examinee; and•Continuing to work after a supervisor has instructed exam-inees to stop writing.The following conduct is prohibited after the examination:•Sharing the substance or details of any test question, includ-ing the question’s fact pattern, option choices, or answer, in whole or in part, with anyone via electronic (including e-mail, blogs, and online social and professional network-ing sites), telephonic, written, oral, or other means;•Reproducing, paraphrasing, summarizing, or describing to any other person any test content from memory after leaving the testing room; and•Forwarding, re-posting, hosting, or otherwise advancing the distribution of exam content, on the Internet or via other means, that others have disclosed.Unauthorized disclosure of exam content or engaging in prohibited conduct during the examination could result in some or all of the following penalties:•Civil liability;•Criminal penalties;•Cancellation of the examinee’s test scores;•Denial of the examinee’s application to sit for future exams;•Denial of the examinee’s bar application on character and fitness grounds; and•Disciplinary action by a bar authority if the examinee is already admitted to practice law.IntroductionThe Multistate Professional Responsibility ExaminationThe Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE) is administered by ACT on behalf of the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE). The MPRE is based on the law governing the conduct of lawyers, including the disciplinary rules of professional conduct currently artic-ulated in the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, the ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct, and controlling constitutional decisions and generally accepted principles established in leading federal and state cases and in pro-cedural and evidentiary rules.An overview of the examination, subject matter outline, and sample questions are provided in the “MPRE Content and Preparation” section of this booklet.Jurisdiction InformationThe MPRE is required for admission to the bars of all but four U.S. jurisdictions. Since the MPRE requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another, examinees are advised to check with the board of bar examiners in each jurisdiction where admission is being sought before completing the enclosed materials. Passing scores are established by each jurisdiction.NCBE and its contractor, ACT, take steps to ensure that MPRE registration materials are properly handled and processed, and that exams and answer sheets are properly prepared, printed, handled, and scored. In the unlikely event that a mistake occurs in preparing, handling, processing, scoring, or reporting scores, NCBE will correct the error, if possible, or permit the affected examinee(s) either to retest at no additional fee or to receive a refund of his/her/their examination fee(s). Th ese remedies are th e exclusive remedies available to examinees for errors in preparing, handling, or processing registration materials; in print-ing, h andling, or processing exams and exam answer sheets; or in determining or reporting scores.Copyright NoticeThe Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE™) is owned by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) and is a secure exam protected by U.S. copyright laws. NCBE strictly prohibits copying, reproduc-ing, or disclosing any MPRE questions or answers, whether via electronic, telephonic, written, oral, or other means, to any party or to any public forum during or after the exam. NCBE will use every legal means available to protect its copyrighted materials. Any unauthorized disclosure of the MPRE’s contents could result in civil liability, criminal penalties, cancellation of test scores, denial of application to sit for future exams, denial of bar application on character and fitness grounds, and/or disciplinary actions by bar authorities.MPRE Application ProceduresTest Dates and Application DeadlinesRegular Application Late Application Test Date Receipt Deadline Receipt Deadline March 6, 2010*January 26, 2010February 11, 2010 August 6, 2010June 29, 2010July 15, 2010 November 6, 2010*September 28, 2010October 14, 2010*The March and November test dates fall on Saturday morning. An applicant whose religious beliefs preclude him or her from taking the examination on one of these dates may apply to take the MPRE on Sunday, March 7, 2010, or Sunday, November 7, 2010. Requests to take the exam on Sunday must be in writing and must include a letter from the applicant’s cleric confirming the applicant’s affiliation with a recognized religious entity that observes its Sabbath throughout the year on Saturday. This documentation must be received by the late receipt deadline and must be sent with a copy of the online confirmation received after submission of an online application or with a completed paper application. The applicant will be notified whether or not the request is granted.Online applications must be received by 11:59 p.m. central time on the published deadline date. Paper applications must be received in the MPRE Application Department in Iowa City, Iowa, by 5:00 p.m. central time. Absolutely no applications will be accepted after the late application receipt deadline.Examination FeeFor applications received on or before the regular receipt deadline, the fee for the MPRE is $63. For those who apply after the regular receipt deadline but before the late receipt deadline, the fee is $126.Fees for online registration will be calculated automati-cally based on the date of submission and must be paid with a credit card (MasterCard or VISA only). For appli-cations that are mailed, all fees must be paid in the form of a personal or business check, cashier’s check, certified check, or money order, payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on a bank in the United States. Checks should be made payable to the National Conference of Bar Examiners. Application materials that include insufficient or improper payment will not be processed.The application fee entitles the applicant to receive a score report and to have a copy sent to the board of bar examiners of the jurisdiction indicated on the applicant’s answer sheet.A $25 fee will be assessed for a check or credit card payment returned because of insufficient funds or stop payment. Scores for the current administration or any future MPRE will not be released until all fees are paid in full. Applicants who need fee receipts should contact the MPRE Application Department at (319) 341-2500 or at mpre.registration@. Fee receipts can only be provided for the current testing year.There is no provision for makeup testing and all fees are nonrefundable and nontransferable.Online RegistrationApplicants may register online at /mpre. An online applicant who successfully submits an application will receive an immediate confirmation screen that should be printed for the applicant’s records. An applicant who enters a valid e-mail address will be sent an electronic confirmation within 48 hours of a successful submission of the online application. (In an effort to reduce unwanted e-mail, many Internet service providers use various filtering techniques. Some of these filtering methods may block automatically generated correspondence from @. It may be necessary to adjust the filtering settings accord-ingly.) The applicant will need to keep his or her user name and password, as they will be needed to access the Admission Ticket and score report.The applicant will be sent an e-mail message providing instructions and a link to access a printable Admission Ticket approximately five weeks before the examination.mpre.registration@ if there are any difficulties with online access.NCBE cannot be responsible for online applications that are not successfully submitted or payments that cannot be processed.Paper ApplicationApplicants are strongly encouraged to use the online registration.Applicants who apply by paper application will not be able to access their Admission Tickets or down-load their score reports online. It is advisable to mail application materials well in advance of the deadline. This will allow time to check on the status of application materials prior to the deadline and, if necessary, to resolve any problems. NCBE cannot be responsible for materials lost in the mail or payments that cannot be processed. Application forms must be completed using a No. 2 pencil or a mechanical pencil with HB lead. In each block, where required, clearly print the needed information in the boxes. Then, in the column below each box containing a letter or number, completely fill in the corresponding oval containing the same letter or number. Below each empty box, fill in the blank oval.When application materials are received by the MPRE Application Department, they will be checked to ensure that all the necessary information is present. Complete application materials will be processed and an Admission Ticket will be sent via USPS. If application materials do not include the necessary information, they will be returned with an explanatory letter. Corrected application materi-als that are resubmitted must still meet the published receipt deadline for the test date requested.For acknowledgment of receipt of application materials, send a self-addressed, stamped postcard with the completed application materials. The card will be returned when the materials are processed. To ensure receipt of late applica-tion materials by the late receipt deadline, applicants may wish to send materials by a traceable courier service. Admission TicketThe Admission Ticket will include the applicant’s test date and assigned test center, and a Photo Identification section, which must be completed. The applicant must sign the ticket and attach a recent, representative, 2" x 2" passport-type photo. Digital photographs printed on photo paper will be accepted. Photocopied photographs will not bempre.registration@ if an Admission Ticket has not been received within three weeks of the examination. Test Center LocationsOn the application form, the applicant must indicate his or her choice of test date and test center, including both the code and the name of the test center where the exami-nation is to be given. A list of test center locations is located in Appendix A. Test centers may change during the year. Test Center AssignmentsTest center choices for applicants cannot be guaranteed. Test center assignments are made on a first-come, first-served basis. We will make every attempt to assign the applicant to his or her first or second choice of test centers; however, if those test centers are at capacity at the time assignments are made, the applicant will be assigned to an available test center as close as possible to his or her choices. Applicants are advised that travel to another city or state may be required.Additional space or a new test center sometimes will be established after most assignments have been made. Applicants who have not yet been assigned to a space are then placed in the new test center.Occasionally, test centers will be closed after test center assignments have been made. It is then necessary to assign those applicants to another test center. At that time, the applicants will be sent new Admission Tickets and an attempt will be made to contact them by phone.Change of Test CentersIf an applicant wishes to change test centers after submitting application materials, a change may be requested by contacting the MPRE Application Department at (319) 341-2500. Test center change requests will be considered if time and space permit; however, such changes are solely within the discretion of NCBE. Applicants may request a test center change no later than two weeks prior to the test date.Accommodations for Applicants with Disabilities The National Conference of Bar Examiners provides reasonable testing accommodations for MPRE examinees who have qualified disabilities as defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and who provide appropriate documentation in a timely manner. Information regarding requesting accommodations is located in Appendix B.Reapplying to Take the ExaminationIf an applicant is unable to take the examination on the scheduled test date and wishes to reschedule, or does not attain a passing score on the MPRE and wishes to retake the exam, the applicant must reapply for another sched-uled examination with all new application materials and pay the full and appropriate fee.Test Day InformationAll examinees must report to the test center by 9:00 a.m. The examination is 2 hours and 5 minutes in length. Testing will begin as soon as all examinees have been checked in and seated. Late arrivals will not be admitted.Beginning and ending testing times may vary depending on the size of the test center and the number of rooms used. Examinees can expect testing to be completed in 21⁄2to 31⁄2hours from the reporting time.NCBE is not responsible if examinees are delayed or unable to reach the test center because of weather or road condi-tions. In the event of inclement weather (blizzard, flood, hurricane, etc.), listen to local radio or television stations for announcements concerning the status of the test center. Admission and IdentificationEach examinee must present a completed test center Admission Ticket in order to be admitted to the test cen-ter. If an Admission Ticket is misplaced, the examinee must contact the MPRE Application Department in Iowa City, Iowa, before the test date.The test center supervisor will inspect each Admission Ticket to verify that it is for the correct test center and date, and that the identification portions of the Admission Ticket are properly completed. Examinees will also be asked for additional photo identification, such as a current (unex-pired) driver’s license, passport, or school identification card, bearing a photograph and signature. Only examinees who have been positively identified will be admitted to the testing room.All Admission Tickets and attached photographs will be collected during the admission process on the day of the exam and will become part of examinees’ MPRE files. NCBE reserves the right to notify any board of bar exam-iners if an examinee fails to present an Admission Ticket with a suitable photograph on it and/or if an examinee fails to present an acceptable form of identification that includes a photograph.The examinee must know his or her Social Security num-ber when reporting to the test centers, as this information is requested on the answer sheet. If an examinee does not fill in the corresponding ovals on the answer sheet for his or her Social Security number, he or she may be assigned an identification number for processing and record-keeping purposes. This number will appear on the score report in the space for the Social Security number. Examinees will not be permitted to select their own seats. The test supervisor will assign seats in the testing room. Access to the testing room will be restricted to test center personnel and examinees.If an examinee is unable to complete the test due to illness during testing, he or she must return the test booklet and answer sheet to the supervisor, who will mark the answer sheet VOID and indicate on the Testing Irregularity Report that the answer sheet should not be scored. No special test-ing arrangements can be made. To apply for a subsequent examination, the examinee must submit all new applica-tion materials and pay the full and appropriate fee. What to Bring and What Not to Bring Examinees should bring several No. 2 black lead pencils or mechanical pencils with HB lead to their assigned test center, along with their Admission Tickets and proper identification.Examinees are not permitted to bring the following items into MPRE test centers:•cell phones•pagers•text messaging devices•portable media players•personal digital assistants, handheld computers, or wire-less e-mail devices•audio or video recording devices•cameras, scanners, or other picture-taking devices •language translators•radios or tape recorders•pens or highlighters•written materials, such as books or notes•scratch paper•calculators•rulers•backpacks, purses, or briefcases•hats, earplugs, or headphones•watches•alarms•food or drink, including waterProhibited BehaviorsTest security procedures are designed to ensure that exam-inees have an equal opportunity to demonstrate their aca-demic achievement and skills, that examinees who do their own work are not unfairly disadvantaged by examinees who do not, and that scores reported for each examinee are valid. The following behaviors are prohibited at test centers:•attempting to remove test materials or information, including test questions or answers, or any unauthorized items from the testing room during any scheduled or unscheduled break or at the conclusion of the testing period•looking at another examinee’s test booklet or answer sheet•giving or receiving assistance•using any device to share or exchange information dur-ing the test•using any unauthorized aids•creating a disturbance or allowing an alarm, pager, or phone to sound in the testing room•filling in ovals after time has been called Examinees may not retain any test materials. Pages or covers of test booklets are not to be torn out of or separated from the test booklets in any way. Examinees are not permitted to duplicate or record, by copying, photograph-ing, or any other means, any part of the MPRE. All test materials, including test booklets and answer sheets, must be returned intact to the test supervisor after testing. The MPRE is part of the bar examination requirements of participating jurisdictions and the same standards of conduct by the examinees apply as if the examination were being administered by a board of bar examiners. NCBE reserves the right to report question able con duct in connection with the MPRE to the appropriate board of bar examiners.Disruptions in Testing and Potential Compromises NCBE and ACT take steps to ensure standardized admin-istration on the test day. If events occur that cause testing to be cancelled or interrupted, involve a mistiming on any part of the test, result in a deviation from required testing procedures, raise concerns about possible advance access to an exam’s content by one or more examinees, and/or otherwise disrupt or compromise the normal testing process or the validity of test scores, NCBE will examine the sit-uation and determine if corrective action is warranted, including score cancellation(s) or nonscoring of answer sheets. If NCBE, in its sole discretion, determines thataction is warranted, the affected examinees will be offered the option either to retest at no additional fee or to receive a refund of their examination fees (unless the affected examinees are found to have caused or been involved in the conduct which resulted in the corrective action, in which event NCBE shall have the right to withhold either or both of these options). If NCBE offers a retest and an examinee selects that option, the examinee must retake the entire exam in order to produce a valid score.Test Center ReviewAt the end of the examination, examinees will be given the opportunity to assess testing conditions by completing a Test Center Review section in the examination booklet. The responses provided are used to monitor and improve testing conditions and procedures for future administra-tions of the MPRE. Responses to the Test Center Review do not affect the test score.Written complaints about testing conditions or procedures must be received at ACT within four weeks of the test date. Concerns may be detailed in an e-mail to TestACT@ or a letter to:National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Test Administration301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 168Iowa City, IA 52243-0168MPRE ScoresScoring ProcessThe MPRE scaled score is a standard score. Standard scaled scores range from 50 (low) to 150 (high). The mean (average) scaled score was established at 100, based upon the performance of the examinees who took the MPRE in March 1999.The conversion of raw scores to scaled scores involves a statistical process that adjusts for variations in the diffi-culty of different forms of the examination so that any particular scaled score will represent the same level of knowledge from test to test. For instance, if a test is more difficult than previous tests, then the scaled scores on that test will be adjusted upward to account for this difference. If a test is easier than previous tests, then the scaled scores on the test will be adjusted downward to account for this difference. The purpose of these adjustments is to help ensure that no examinee is unfairly penalized or rewarded for taking a more or less difficult form of the test.Score ReportsAn MPRE score report will be released to the examinee and sent to the jurisdiction requested on the answer sheet within five weeks of the examination date. Results will also be kept on file with ACT in Iowa City, Iowa. The score report includes the examinee’s scaled score and the jurisdiction, if any, that the examinee requested to receive the score. If an examinee did not request that his or her score be sent to a jurisdiction, no indication will appear on the score report.An examinee who registered online and provided a valid e-mail address will be sent instructions and a link to access a printable version of his or her score report. Score reports are available for only a short time after scores are released. Examinees are advised to save the file for future reference. An examinee who registered by paper application will be sent his or her score report via USPS.It is the responsibility of the examinee to contact the MPRE Records Department at (319) 337-1304 or at mpre.score@ if he or she encounters difficulties with online access or does not receive the score report within five weeks of the examination.Additional Score ReportsAdditional score reports are available after the examina-tion for a fee of $15 per report. A score report request form is available at and on page 13 of this booklet. Requests should be sent to:National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Records Department301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 451Iowa City, IA 52243-0451Additional MPRE Score Report(s) Request Form ALL INFORMATION REQUIRED—PRINT CAREFULLYName:Address:City:State:ZIP code:Daytime phone:E-mail:Social Security number:Date of birth:MPRE date: YEAR_______❏March ❏August ❏NovemberIf the actual test date is not known, provide an approximate date (mo/yr) _________________Send an MPRE score report to the following jurisdictions ($15 fee per jurisdiction):______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Send an MPRE score report stamped “unofficial” to me ($15 fee): ❏Yes ❏NoSignature:________________________________________ Date:____________________________________________ Enclose $15 for each score requested.Checks should be made payable to the National Conference of Bar Examiners. Mail to: National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Records Department301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 451Iowa City, IA 52243-0451An applicant to the District of Columbia (DC)should not request transfer of his or her MPRE score to DC. Instead, the applicant must provide DC with a copy of his or her unoffi-cial MPRE score report when filing an application to DC.If you have any questions concerning MPRE scores, you may call (319) 337-1304. (TDD for persons with hearing impair-ments (319) 337-1701; must call from a TDD.)。
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美国律考
一一审判实务WELCOME TO VISIT USWE HOPE YOU LIKE IT正文：
美国没有全国统一的司法考试。
每一个州都是独立的司法单位，都有自己的律师考试、报考条件和通过标准。
如果你获得了某个州的执照，通常只能在该州执业。
跨州执业要另行申请，一般需要四到七年的执业经验才可以申请到其他州免试执业。
到联邦法院出庭也要经该法庭另外核准。
首都华盛顿特区有点特殊，只要你有任何一个州的执照，你都可以到首都执业。
加州和纽约是美国人口最多，经济最发达的两个州，因此考生人数也最多。
纽约是世界金融中心，国际化程度最高，超大规模的国际律师事务所多云集于此，也就吸引了最多外国考生。
美国律考，每年两次，分别在二月底和七月底举行。
律考本身由两大块组成：全国联考部分和各州单独测试部分。
考试时间两到三天，各州不等。
纽约州考两天。
上午三小时，下午三小时15分。
通过律考的考生，还必须通过职业责任联考Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE) 才能被授予执业资格。
MPRE是单独的全国考试，全是选择题，一年多次，可在当地考，各州分数线不一，但成绩全国有效。
纽约是85分通过。
律考的全国联考部分是有专
门机构统一命题，有MBE（Multi-state bar exam）和MPT (Multi-state performance Test) 两部分，各州自行决定采用其一或全部，考的是联邦统一法和通行普通法。
联考科目包括：宪法、刑法和刑事程序法、证据法、合同法、不动产和侵权行为法。
MBE一共有两百道选择题，被四十八个州采用，考生按每三个小时一百题的速度在两个时间段内完成。
MPT是文书写作，被二十一个州采用。
各州有权决定统考部分在总分里的比重。
纽约州采用了MBE 和MPT，MBE 占总分的40%，MPT占总分的10%。
律考的各州单独测试部分侧重于本州的法律。
既有选择题，也有综合问答题（essay question）。
纽约单独测试部分考十八门法律，有五十条选择题和七条问答题。
选择题占总分的10%，问答题占总分的40%。
J.D.学生通常会在三年级下学期报名，各州随意考，如果考试时间无冲突，你可以参加多个州的考试，同次联考成绩（MBE）各州之间互相承认。
LL.M.学生只能在美国的11个州报考，纽约是其中一个，它吸引了绝大多数的LL.M.考生。
LL.M.学生要在考试前的六个月向考试单位申请“考试资格审核”，一般要求递交本科四年法律教育的成绩单，律师执照和LL.M.证明等。
只有审核通过后，方可在考试前三个月缴费报考。
加州律考美国加州允许外国律师参加加州律师资格考试。
只要你是中国律师，有当地律协出具的良好操守证明，你就可以申请加州律考
资格。
申请办理加州律考资格，约2个月的时间。
加州律考资格为长期有效，申请成功后，你将可以直接报名参加每年（二月和七月）两次的加州律考，无需再次申请。
加州律考资格材料和官方费用1)申请表格(Registration as the Foreign Attorney Applicant) 2)社会保险豁免申请表(Social Security Exemption)3)本地律师协会开据的职业操守证明(The Certificate of Good Standing)4)加州律考资格申请费1500元( 含支票费300元) ，联邦快递往返800元，共计2300元。
加州律考时间共计3 天，每年二月和七月最后一周的周二，周三（全美统考日）和周四。
加州律考题型包括三种题型：联邦单选题(MBE) 35% 、简答题(Essays) 39% （其中联邦和加州内容各占50% ）和论述题(Performance Tests) 26%。
联邦单选题200 道，考核6 个科目：宪法、侵权法、物权法、刑法/ 程序、证据法、合同法。
联邦单选题部分是全美的统一考试，考题和考试时间都一样。
简答题6 道，考核13 个科目：包括上述单选题的6 个科目和加州的7 个特定科目（民事诉讼法、公司法、职业责任规则、救济法、共有财产法、继承法、信托法）。
（其中联邦和加州内容各占50% ）论述题2 道，没有特定科目的限制，它是一种' 开卷' 考试，答题所需的所有法律知识和资料都会在考卷中提供，考生只需要利用考题中提供的法律知识和资料来答题。
纽约州律考
申请纽约律考资格(Not Required but Preferred) 免费。
律考资格为长期有效，申请成功后，你将可以直接报名参加每年（二月和七月）两次的律考，无需再次申请。
1. 中国政府认可的法学院的毕业生2. 美国律师协会认可的法学院LLM课程3. LLM课程必须包括美国法的基础课程的两门（宪法、侵权法、物权法、刑法/程序、证据法、合同法，商务关系、法律冲突、纽约宪法、刑事诉讼程序、家庭法、救济法、纽约和联邦的民事诉讼和程序、职业责任规则、信托法、遗嘱及遗产法、统一商法典UCC 第2、3、9 条）4. 纽约州律考资格所需的材料（不接受中国公证件）(1) (Not Required but Preferred) 免费,但需再考前7-8个月提交申请(2) 中国法学院英文成绩单原件（加盖学校公章）(3) 法学院本科学位证及英文翻译件（复印件加盖学校公章）(4) 美国法学院LLM毕业证书及成绩单原件(5) 或法学院开具：20 个学分和2 门基础核心课程的的结课证明纽约州律考，一半是客观选择题，一半是主观写作题。
对于外国学生，由于语言功底相对较弱，要通过考试就必须在选择题部分拿高分。
外国考生能在写作部分拿五成的分数已经相当不易，这样的话，选择题部分至少应该有75%的准确率。
多做多练，准确率自然就上来了。
备考的最后阶段应多模拟测试几次，严格按照考试时间来，把握好解题的节奏，找出临场应对的感觉。
外国考生通常要到纽约
州的州府阿巴尼(Albany)，而非纽约市考试。
考试当天，会有几千外地考生云集阿巴尼。
考试地点一般设在酒店，阿巴尼公共交通不算便利，如果你能够尽早订到考点附近的酒店，可省心多了。
赴美考试官方费用约25,000 元;项目包括：1. 往返国际机票2. 全程9天的住宿3. 美国国内的交通4. 参加加州2 月和7 月律师考试5. 参观美国洛杉矶，好莱坞和旧金山6. 参观美国律师事务并与美国律师交流
律考现场>。