曼昆经济学原理第七版第二章
曼昆宏观经济学第七版英文课件第二章
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
Two definitions:
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
3
The Circular Flow
Income ($) Labor
Households
Goods Expenditure ($)
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Firms
4
Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income
18
U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending
$2,882.4
- Federal
1,071.9
Non-defense
337.0
Defense
734.9
- State & local
1,810.4
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
23
Байду номын сангаас
GNP vs. GDP
▪ Gross National Product (GNP):
Total income earned by the nation’s factors of production, regardless of where located
曼昆经济学原理(双语)2.6
曼昆经济学原理（双语）带你读《经济学原理》，每日更新，欢迎来主页查看。
翻译部分经本人校对修改，本文仅供学习交流使用，版权归相关权利人所有！第二章像经济学家一样思考2.6Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier我们的第二个模型：生产可能性边界Most economic models, unlike the circular-flow diagram, are built using the tools of mathematics. Here we use one of the simplest such models, called the production possibilities frontier, to illustrate some basic economic ideas.与循环流向图不同，大多数经济模型都是用数学工具来建立的。
这里我们考虑一个最简单的这类模型，这个模型称为生产可能性边界，并运用这个模型去阐明一些基本经济思想。
Although real economies produce thousands of goods and services, let’s consider an economy that produces only two goods—cars and computers. Together, the car industry and the computer industry use all of the economy’s factors of production. The production possibilities frontieris a graph that shows the various combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology that firms use to turn these factors into output.虽然现实世界生产成千上万种物品与劳务，但我们设想一个只生产两种物品——汽车与电脑——的经济。
经济学原理 曼昆Chapter_02_34902801
劳动,土地,资本
Wages, rent, and profit工资
of Production 生产要素市场
Income收入
13
、租金与利润
循环流向图
The Circular-Flow Diagram
企业Firms
生产和出售产品和服务Produce and sell goods and services
22
Cars Produced
坐标系中的双变量 Two Variables in the Coordinate System
• 理论预测变量之间的关系Theory predicts a causality relationship between variables
• 从数据中检验变量间的关系test the theory from data
20
Quantity of Computers Produced
4,000
3,000
2,100 2,000
The Production Possibiift in the production
possibilities frontier
生产可能性边界外移
对数据的经验（实证）分析 Empirical Analysis of Data
• How to present single variable data
圆形图Pie Chart 柱形图Bar Graph 时间序列图Time Series Graph
0
700 750 1,000
Quantity21of
假设应尽可能少 Fewer assumptions, the better
8
关于假设和结论 On Assumptions and Conclusions
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and
曼昆宏观经济学第七版英文答案 第二章
c.Real GDP falls because with fewer workers on the job, firms produce less. Thisaccurately reflects a fall in economic well-being.d.Real GDP falls because the firms that lay off workers produce less. This decreaseseconomic well-being because workers’ incomes fall (the income side), and there are fewer goods for people to buy (the expenditure side).e.Real GDP is likely to fall, as firms shift toward production methods that producefewer goods but emit less pollution. Economic well-being, however, may rise. The economy now produces less measured output but more clean air; clean air is not traded in markets and, thus, does not show up in measured GDP, but is neverthe-less a good that people value.f.Real GDP rises because the high-school students go from an activity in which theyare not producing market goods and services to one in which they are. Economic well-being, however, may decrease. I n ideal national accounts, attending school would show up as investment because it presumably increases the future produc-tivity of the worker. Actual national accounts do not measure this type of invest-ment. Note also that future GDP may be lower than it would be if the students stayed in school, since the future work force will be less educated.g.Measured real GDP falls because fathers spend less time producing market goodsand services. The actual production of goods and services need not have fallen, however. Measured production (what the fathers are paid to do) falls, but unmea-sured production of child-rearing services rises.9.As Senator Robert Kennedy pointed out, GDP is an imperfect measure of economic per-formance or well-being. In addition to the left-out items that Kennedy cited, GDP also ignores the imputed rent on durable goods such as cars, refrigerators, and lawnmowers;many services and products produced as part of household activity, such as cooking and cleaning; and the value of goods produced and sold in illegal activities, such as the drug trade. These imperfections in the measurement of GDP do not necessarily reduce its usefulness. As long as these measurement problems stay constant over time, then GDP is useful in comparing economic activity from year to year. Moreover, a large GDP allows us to afford better medical care for our children, newer books for their education, and more toys for their play. Finally, countries with higher levels of GDP tend to have higher levels of life expectancy, better access to clean water and sanitation, and higher levels of education. GDP is therefore a useful measure for comparing the level of growth and development across countries.。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第7版)课后习题详解
曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第7版）课后习题详解第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。
微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。
宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。
3．效率（efficiency）答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。
效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。
曼昆微观经济学第二章课后答案
．画出大炮与黄油的生产可能性边界。解释为什么这条边界的形状最有可能是向外凸出。
答：假设该社会如果将全部资源用来生产“大炮”，可以生产500 门炮；如果将全部资源用来生产黄油，可
以生产2 000 千克黄油。
图2—3 大炮与黄油的生产可能性边界
图中的生产可能性边界最有可能性是向外凸出的。这是因为，根据大炮衡量的黄油的机会成本取决于经济中
美元看了一场电影。
答：属于过程(4)和(8)，Shanna 在物品与劳务市场上支出7 美元，消费了一场电影。
D
．Sally
凭借他在顶峰工业公司10%
的股权赚到了1
万美元。
答：属于过程(1)和(5)，Sally 在生产要素市场上提供资本，获得分红收入。
6
图2—2 循环流向图
2
．设想一个生产军用品和消费品的社会，我们把这些物品称为“大炮”和“黄油”。
最终制定出解决经济问题的政策。
9
．在图书馆或网上找一份最近年度的《总统经济报告》（gp /eop/index.html
）， 阅读
和你感兴趣的问题有关的章节。概括出现在的经济问题，并描述委员会建议的政策。
答：2000 年度的《总统经济报告》着重阐述了新经济。我阅读了其中的第一章第四节有关财政政策的内容。
正在生产的每种物品的数量。当经济用它的大部分资源生产黄油时，生产可能性边界是非常陡峭的。因为甚至最
适于生产大炮的工人和机器都被用来生产黄油，经济为了每千克黄油所放弃的大炮数量的增加相当可观。与此相
比，当经济把其大部分资源用于生产大炮时，生产可能性边界非常平坦。在这种情况下，最适于生产大炮的资源
答：实证表述是描述世界是什么的观点，是描述性的。规范表述是企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点，是命
曼昆的经济学原理第七版入门
曼昆的经济学原理第七版入门曼昆的经济学原理第七版是一本经济学入门教材，内容涵盖了经济学的基本原理和概念。
本文将围绕此书展开，介绍该书的主要内容和特点。
第一章：经济学原理与经济学思维本章介绍了经济学的定义和研究对象，强调了经济学思维的重要性。
经济学是一门研究人们如何利用稀缺资源来满足无限的需求的学科，经济学原理则是指导经济决策和行为的基本规律。
第二章：供给与需求本章介绍了供给和需求的基本概念和关系。
供给是指生产者愿意提供的商品或服务的数量，需求是指消费者愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。
供给和需求的平衡决定了市场价格和数量。
第三章：市场机制本章介绍了市场机制的作用和运行方式。
市场机制是指通过供求关系来调节资源配置和价格形成的一种自由市场机制。
市场机制能够有效地分配资源，提高经济效益。
第四章：弹性与供求本章介绍了价格弹性和收入弹性的概念和计算方法。
价格弹性是指商品需求或供给对价格变化的敏感程度，收入弹性是指商品需求对收入变化的敏感程度。
弹性分析有助于了解市场的灵活性和调节能力。
第五章：消费者、生产者和效率本章介绍了消费者和生产者的行为和决策过程，以及市场效率的概念和评价方法。
消费者和生产者的行为决定了市场供求关系，市场效率则是指在给定资源条件下实现最大福利的能力。
第六章：供给、需求和政府政策本章介绍了政府在市场经济中的角色和政策工具。
政府通过税收、补贴、价格管制等手段来影响市场供求关系，实现经济调控和公共利益。
第七章：市场结构本章介绍了不同市场结构的特点和运行机制。
市场结构包括完全竞争市场、垄断市场、垄断竞争市场和寡头垄断市场。
不同市场结构对供给、需求和价格形成有不同的影响。
第八章：劳动市场本章介绍了劳动力市场的特点和运行机制。
劳动力市场是指劳动力供给和需求的市场，劳动力市场的供求关系决定了劳动力的价格和就业情况。
第九章：资本市场本章介绍了资本市场的特点和运行机制。
资本市场是指资本供给和需求的市场，资本市场的运行对企业投资和融资活动起到重要作用。
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E conomics Principles ofN. Gregory MankiwThinking Likean EconomistSeventh EditionCHAPTER 2 W o j c i e c h (G e r s o n ((183111901)(W o j c i e c h (G e r s o n ((183111901)(In this chapter,look for the answers to these questions • What are economists’ two roles? How do they differ? • What are models? How do economists use them? • What are the elements of the Circular-Flow Diagram? What concepts does the diagram illustrate?• How is the Production Possibilities Frontier relatedto opportunity cost? What other concepts does it illustrate?• What is the difference between microeconomics andmacroeconomics? Between positive and normative?The Economist as Scientist! Economists play two roles:1. Scientists: try to explain the world2. Policy advisors: try to improve it! In the first, economists employ thescientific method,the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.3Assumptions & Models! Assumptions simplify the complex world,make it easier to understand.! Example: To study international trade,assume two countries and two goods.Unrealistic, but simple to learn andgives useful insights about the real world.! Model: a highly simplified representation ofa more complicated reality.Economists use models to study economic issues.4Our First Model:The Circular-Flow Diagram! The Circular-Flow Diagram: a visual model of the economy, shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms! Two types of “actors”:! households! firms! Two markets:! the market for goods and services! the market for “factors of production”9Factors of Production! Factors of production: the resources the economy uses to produce goods & services, including! labor! land! capital (buildings and machines used inproduction)10Households:! Own the factors of production,sell/rent them to firms for income! Buy and consume goods & services FirmsHouseholds Firms:! Buy/hire factors of production,use them to produce goodsand services! Sell goods & services11Markets for Factors of Production HouseholdsFirms Markets for Goods & ServicesOur Second Model:The Production Possibilities Frontier ! The Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF): a graph that shows the combinations oftwo goods the economy can possibly produce given the available resources and the available technology! Example:! Two goods: computers and wheat! One resource: labor (measured in hours)! Economy has 50,000 labor hours per monthavailable for production.13A C T I V E L E A R N I N G1Points off the PPFA.On the graph, find the point that represents(100 computers, 3000 tons of wheat), label it F.Would it be possible for the economy to produce this combination of the two goods?Why or why not?B.Next, find the point that represents(300 computers, 3500 tons of wheat), label it G.Would it be possible for the economy to producethis combination of the two goods?The PPF: What We Know So Far Points on the PPF (like A – E)! possible! efficient: all resources are fully utilizedPoints under the PPF (like F)! possible! not efficient: some resources underutilized(e.g., workers unemployed, factories idle) Points above the PPF (like G)! not possible19The PPF and Opportunity Cost! Recall: The opportunity cost of an itemis what must be given up to obtain that item.! Moving along a PPF involves shifting resources (e.g., labor) from the production of one good to the other.! Society faces a tradeoff: Getting more of one good requires sacrificing some of the other.! The slope of the PPF tells you the opportunity cost of one good in terms of the other.20Economic growth shifts the PPF outward.The Shape of the PPF! The PPF could be a straight line or bow-shaped. ! Depends on what happens to opportunity costas economy shifts resources from one industryto the other.! If opp. cost remains constant,PPF is a straight line.(In the previous example, opp. cost of acomputer was always 10 tons of wheat.)! If opp. cost of a good rises as more of the goodis produced, PPF is bow-shaped….25At A, opp. cost of mtn bikes is low.B At B , opp. cost of mtn bikes is high.Why the PPF Might Be Bow-Shaped! So, PPF is bow-shaped when different workers have different skills, different opportunity costs of producing one good in terms of the other.! The PPF would also be bow-shaped when there is some other resource, or mix of resources with varying opportunity costs(E.g., different types of land suited fordifferent uses).29The PPF: A Summary! The PPF shows all combinations of two goods that an economy can possibly produce,given its resources and technology.! The PPF illustrates the concepts oftradeoff and opportunity cost,efficiency and inefficiency,unemployment, and economic growth.! A bow-shaped PPF illustrates the concept of increasing opportunity cost.31Microeconomics and Macroeconomics! Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.! Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.! These two branches of economics are closely intertwined, yet distinct—they address different questions.32Summary• As scientists, economists try to explain the world using models with appropriate assumptions. • Two simple models are the Circular-Flow Diagram and the Production Possibilities Frontier.• Microeconomics studies the behavior of consumers and firms, and their interactions in markets. Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole.• As policy advisers, economists offer advice onhow to improve the world.Graphing: a brief review! Graphs purposes:! Visually express ideas that might be less clear ifdescribed with equations or words! Powerful way of finding and interpreting patterns ! Graphs of a single variable! Pie chart! Bar graph! Time-series graph42Types of Graphs (a)Figure A-1The pie chart in panel (a) shows how the U.S. national income in 2011 was derivedfrom various sources.Figure A-1 Types of Graphs (b)The bar graph in panel (b) compares the 2011 average income in four countries.Types of Graphs (c)Figure A-1The time-series graph in panel (c) shows the productivity of labor in U.S.businesses from 1950 to 2010.Graphing: a brief review! Graphs of two variables: the coordinate system ! Display two variables on a single graph! Scatterplot! Ordered pairs of points! x-coordinate– Horizontal location! y-coordinate– Vertical location46Using the Coordinate SystemGrade point average is measured on the vertical axis and study time on thehorizontal axis. Albert E., Alfred E., and their classmates are represented by variouspoints. We can see from the graph that students who study more tend to get higher grades.Graphing: a brief review! Curves in the coordinate system! Data! Number of novels purchased! Price of novels! Income! Demand curve! Effect of a good s price! On the quantity of the good consumers want tobuy! For a given income48Table A-1Novels Purchased by EmmaThis table shows the number of novels Emma buys at various incomes and prices. For any given level of income, the data on price and quantity demanded can be graphed to produce Emmas demand curve for novels, as shown in Figures A-3 and A-4.Graphing: a brief review! Negatively related variables! The two variables move in opposite direction! Downward sloping curve! Positively related variables! The two variables move in the same direction! Upward sloping curve! Movement along a curve! Shifts in a curve50! Slope! Fairly flat upward-sloping line! Slope is a small positive number! Steep upward-sloping line! Slope is a large positive number! Downward sloping line! Slope is a negative number! Horizontal line! Slope is zero! Vertical line: infinite slope54。