初中英语 句子的基本结构

句子的基本结构

一、句子基本成分：

主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。

1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。

一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。

The boy needs a pen; Smoking is bad for you.

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真主语为后不定式）

2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。

The train leaves at 6 o’clock; She is reading.

1)简单谓语： We study for the people.

2)复合谓语： I can speak a little English. We are reading books.

He has gone to Beijing.

3、宾语：表示动作的对象，跟在及物动词之后。

一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。

He won the game. He likes playing computer.

1）双宾语：有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink.

2）宾语补足语：有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如： We make him our monito r(班长).

4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。

一般由名词或形容词担任，置系动词之后；或代词数词不定式动名词介词短语等。

He is a student. We are tired.

Is it yours?（代词）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）The ruler must be in your box.（介词短语） The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）

注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，

1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。

2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。

3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。

5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰限定作用的词短语或句子。

但副词，动词不定式，介词短语或从句等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。

The black bike is mine.（形容词）China is a developing（发展中） country

The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）The bike in the room/over there/ is mine.

I have nothing to do today不定式He is always the first to enter the classroom.注意、当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，

定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如：I tell him something interesting.

6、状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活，一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。

1、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；I am very sorry.

2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。

In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth. They are writing English in the classroom.

3、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。

We often help him. He is always late for class.

状语种类如下：

How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）

Last night she di dn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）

I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）

Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）

She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）

She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）

In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）

He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）

She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）

I am taller than he is.（比较状语）

6、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。

由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后，就是宾语补足语。

He made me sad.（形容词）She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）The war made him a soldier.（名词）I find him at home.（介词短语）

I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）Let the fresh（新鲜的） air in.（副词）

They painted（涂漆） their boat white.

You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you

8、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。

Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment.

She is the oldest among them six.

增加成分—句子的扩写

1. The children played.

Lots of lovely children from China played happily in the park this morning.

2. The boy lent me a book.

The kind boy in blue coat lent me a very interesting book several days ago, and I love it so much.