Language Families
英语语言文化史
Inflectional (Fusional) languages 屈折语: words consist of stem and affixes which often mark several grammatical categories simultaneously. Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Russian.
3. Ma tulen uuest kohvikust.
Definition of Language Functions of the Language The Origin of Language Families of Languages The Indo-European Family Languages Change
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What is Language?
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Five Theories of the Origins of Language
The 'Bow-Wow' Theory The 'Pooh-Pooh' Theory The 'Ding-Dong' Theory The Ýo-he-Ho' Theory The 'La-la 'Theory
Otto Jespersen (1860--1943) , Danish linguist
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Typologcial classification is to group the langauges into structural types, on the basis of phonology, grammar or vocabulary rather than in terms of any real or assumed historical relationshop.
英语阅读能力提升-研究发现：翻译难以表达出情绪词汇的真正含义
True meanings of words of emotion get lost intranslation, study findsThe true meaning of words may be lost in translation, according to research suggesting the way people understand terms such as “anger” or “love” differs between languages. For example, while the concept of “love” is closely linked to “like” and “want” in Indo-European languages, it is strongly linked to “pity” in Austronesian languages.Writing in the journal Science, Joshua Conrad Jackson and his colleagues from University of North Carolina Chapel Hill report how they carried out an analysis of 24 emotional concepts, such as anger, love and pride, across 2, 474 languages.The team found emotion concepts across all language families tend to be grouped together based on whether they were positive or negative. Moreover, certain emotions such as grief and regret were commonly found to be linked in several different language families, with language families geographically closer showing greater similarities in meanings.Nonetheless, there were variations. For example, the link between “fear” and “surprise” in Austronesian languages like Hawaiian is not evident in Tai-Kadai languages, spoken in South-East Asia and beyon d, where “surprise” sits more closely with “want” and “hope”.Jackson said the research suggested there may be no universal concepts of emotions. “People may universally have the experience of having their heart beat faster when threatened. However, there is variability in the way that we make meaning of that experience, ” he said, adding that such responses appear to be shaped by culture.用 2474 种语言说爱你，意思可能都不一样今日导读提到描述情绪的词语，大家可能会毫不费力地想起“愤怒”、“喜爱”等等。
英语七大体系
英语七大体系English:There are seven major language families in the world, each with their own distinct characteristics and linguistic features. These language families include Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Niger-Congo, Altaic, Dravidian, and Austronesian. Each of these language families is made up of various sub-groups and individual languages that have evolved over centuries in different regions of the world. The Indo-European language family is the largest, with languages such as English, Spanish, Hindi, and Russian belonging to this group. The Afro-Asiatic language family includes languages spoken in North Africa and the Middle East, such as Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic. Sino-Tibetan languages are primarily spoken in East Asia, with Chinese and Tibetan being the most widely recognized. Niger-Congo languages cover a large portion of sub-Saharan Africa, with Swahili, Yoruba, and Zulu being prominent members of this family. Altaic languages are found in Central and East Asia, including Turkish, Mongolian, and Korean. Dravidian languages are primarily spoken in southern India, with languages like Tamil and Telugu belonging to this group. Austronesian languages are spoken throughoutSoutheast Asia and the Pacific, with Indonesian, Tagalog, and Hawaiian being just a few examples. These language families provide important insight into the diversity and complexity of human languages around the world.中文翻译:世界上有七个主要的语言体系，每个都有其独特的特点和语言特征。
统考《大学英语B》阅读理解专项练习
统考《大学英语B》阅读理解专项练习阅读理解（一）Passage 1We are busy talking about and using the Internet, but how many of us know the history of the Internet?Many people are surprised when they find that the Internet was set up in the 1960s. At that time, computers were large and expensive. Computer network didn’t work well. If one computer in the network broke down, then the whole network stopped. So a new network system had to be set up. It should be good enough to be used by many different computers. If part of the network was not working, information could be sent through another part. In this way computer network system would keep on working on the time.At first the Internet was only used by the government, but in the early 1970s, universities, hospitals and banks were allowed to use it too. However, computers were still very expensive and the Internet was difficult to use. By the start of the 1990s, computers became cheaper and easier to use. Scientists had also developed software that made “surfing” in the Internet more convenient.Today it is easy to get on-line and it is said that millions of people use the Internet every day. Sending e-mail is more and more popular among students.The Internet has now become one of the most important parts of people’s life.1. The Internet has a history of more than forty yearsA：T B：F2. A new network system was set up to make computers cheaper.A：T B：F3. At first the Internet was only used by the government.A：T B：F4. Software made “surfing” the Internet more convenient.A：T B：F5. Today it’s still not easy to get on-lineA：T B：FPassage 2Mr. Young ran his own business and worked very hard. His wife was afraid that he would get sick if he continued like that, so she often tried to get him to take a vacation. At last she managed to persuade him to do so, and she hoped that he would be able to enjoy his vacation without any disturbance, so before they left, Mrs. Young went to see her husband’s secretary. She said to her, “My husband needs a vacation very much, so whatever happens, please don’t bother him with telegrams and letters about business problems while we are away. Just wait till we get back.”After Mr. and Mrs. Young had been away about a week, Mr. Young received a letter from his secretary which said, “Something terrible happened to your business, but I’m not going to bother you with it while you are enjoying your vacation.”1. Mr. Young was the owner of a private business.A：T B：F2. Mrs. Young worried about her husband’s business.A：T B：F3. Mrs. Young was afraid that her husband’s vacation might be spoilt.A：T B：F4. The secretary didn’t explain in her letter what had happened to Mr.Young’s business, because she didn’t want to spoil Mr. Young’s vacation.A：T B：F5. You can learn from the story that Mr. Young had a stupid secretary.A：T B：FPassage 3Language is always changing. In a society where life continues year after year with few changes, the languages do not change either. The earliest known languages had difficult grammar but a small, limited vocabulary. Over the century, the grammar changed, and the vocabulary grew. For example, the English and Spanish people who came to America during the sixteenth century gave names to all the new plants and animals they found. In this way, hundreds of new words were introduced into English and Spanish vocabularies. Today life is changing very fast, and language is changing fast too.There are several major language families in the world. Some scientists say there are nine main families, but other scientists divided them differently. Th e languages in each family are connected, and scientists think that they came from the same parent language. About 3% of the people in the world speak languages that are not in these major families.1. The early language had many words and easy grammar.A. TB. F2. In the next few hundred years we can expect language to change a great deal.A. TB. F3. This article shows that language changes with changes in society.A. TB. F4. From this article we can know that language will become easier and easier.A. TB. F5. The first English and Spanish people arrived in America more than 400-500 years ago.A. TB. FPassage 4People often say that the Englishman’s home is his castle. They mean that the home is very important and personal. Most people in Britain live in houses rather than flats, and many people own their homes. This means that they can make them personal, and change them in any way they like. Most houses have a garden, even if it is a small one, and the garden is usually loved. The house and the garden are the private space of a person. In a crowded city a person knows that he or she has a private space which is only for him or herself and for invited friends.People usually like to mark their space. If you are on the beach you may have spread yourtowels around you; on the train you may have put your coat or small bag on the seat beside you; in a library you may spread your books around you,Once I was travelling on a train to London. I was in a section for four people and there was a table between us. The man opposite to me had his briefcase on the table. There was no space on my side of the table at all. I was unhappy. I thought he thought that he owned the whole table. I had been reading a book about nonverbal communication so I took various papers out of my bag and put them on his case! When I did this he suddenly became angry and his eyes nearly popped out of his head. I had taken up his space! A few minutes later I took my papers off in order to read them. He immediately moved his case to his side of the table.1. The home matters greatly to Englishmen.A：T B：F2. They love houses more than gardens.A：T B：F3. You want to tell others the space belongs to you.A：T B：F4. He placed his briefcase on the table.A：T B：F5. The writer tried to get back his space by taking all his papers out.A：T B：FPassage 5Three men traveling on a train began a conversation about the world’s greatest wonders.“In my opinion,” the first man said, “the Egyptian pyramids（埃及金字塔）are the world’s greatest wonder. Although they were built thousands of years ago, they are still standing. And remember: the people who built them had only simple tools. They did not have the kind of machinery that builders and engineers have today.”“I agree that the pyramids in Egypt are wonderful,” the second man said, “but I do not think they are the greatest wonder. I believe computers are more wonderful than the pyramids. They have taken people to the moon and brought them back safely. In seconds, they carry out mathematical calculations that would take a person a hundred years to do.”He turned to the third man and asked, “What do you think is the greatest wonder in the world?”The third man thought for a long time, and then he said, “Well, I agree that the pyramids are wonderful, and I agree that computers are wonderful, too. However, in my opinion, the most wonderful thing in the world is this thermos.”And he took a thermos out of his bag and held it up.The other two men were very surprised. “A thermos?” they exclaimed. “But that’s a simple thing.”“Oh, no, it’s not, “the third man said. “In the winter you put in a hot drink and it stays hot. In the summer you put in a cold drink and it stays cold. How does the thermos know whether it’s winter or summer?”1. The underlined word “thermos” in Chinese means “保温瓶”.A：T B：F2. That the three men could not agree on what the world’s greatest wonder was because they all had different ideas.A：T B：F3. The first man thought the pyramids were the most wonderful things in the world because they had been built with very simple tools.A：T B：F4. The third man thought a thermos was the most wonderful thing in the world because it cost less than a computer.A：T B：F5. The third man was not very clever because he could not think of anything to say.A：T B：FPassage6The workers who brought the girl to the orphanage (孤儿院) knew little about her. The streets where they found her had been her home for many years. Her parents were unknown. They left her long ago. At the orphanage, the girl, like all the children there, was taught to read and write. While she was studying at the orphanage, she learned something else－to be independent. At twenty-one, she left the orphanage and began work as a secretary. And then, in 1975, while she was still working as an ordinary secretary, something special happened. She entered the Miss Hong Kong competition and won it. This was the turning point in her life. Now her name, Mary Cheung, was known to everybody.Mary entered the competition because she wanted to show that orphanage girls could be something. Winning the competition gave her the chance to start a new life. This led her first into television and then into business as a manager. When she was working as a manager, she had trouble with her reports. “My English just wasn’t good enough.” she says. Luckily, she had a boyfriend (who later became her husband) to help her.Mary studied management at Hong Kong Polytechnic and graduated in 1980. She started her own business in 1985. But she did not stop developing herself. She then studied at the University of Hong Kong. Since 1987, she had spent a lot of time on photography. She has held several exhibitions of her work in many places－China, New Zealand and Paris. She still found time, however, to work on TV, write for newspapers and bring up her family.The girl from the street has come a long way, but her journey is not finished yet.1. Before Mary Cheung was brought to the orphanage, she had lived in the streets for many years.A：T B：F2. The sentence “orphanage girls could be something” means that orphanage girls could be popular and successful.A：T B：F3. Her life changed in 1985.A：T B：F4. This passage is probably taken from a novel.A：T B：F5. Mary’s boyfriend was good at English.A：T B：FPassage 7Before you go to another country it is a great help if you know the language and some of the customs of the country.When people meet each other for the first time in Britain, they say “How do you do?” and shake hands. Usually they do not shake hands when they just meet or say goodbye. But they shake hands after they haven’t met for a long time or when they will be away from each other for a long time.Last year a group of German students went to England for a holiday. Their teacher told them that the English people hardly shake hands. So when they met their English friends at the station, they kept their hands behind their backs, the English students had learned that the Germans shake hands as often as possible, so they put their hands in front and got ready to shake hands with them. It make both of them laugh.1. It is very helpful if you know the language and some of the customs of the country.A. TB. F2. English people usually shake hands when they meet every time.A. TB. F3. Usually English people don’t shake hands when they just meet or say goodbye.A. TB. F4. English people like shaking hands very much.A. TB. F5. This story is about languages and customs.A. TB. FPassage 8Americans with small families own a small car or a large one. If both parents are working, they usually have two cars. When the family is large, one of the cars is sold and they will buy a van.A small car can hold four persons and a large car can hold six persons but it is very crowded.A van hold seven persons easily, so a family of three children could ask their grandparents to go on a holiday travel. They could all travel together.Mr. Hagen and his wife had a third child last year. This made them sell a second car and buy a van. There are seven seats in the van, and the sixth and seventh seats are used to put other things, for a family of five must carry many suitcases when they travel. When they arrive at their grandparents’ home, the suitcases are brought into the room and the two seats can then carry the grandparents.Americans call vans motor homes. A motor home is always used for holidays. When a family is traveling to the mountains or to the seaside, they can live in their motor home for a few days or weeks. All the members of a big family can enjoy a happier life when they are traveling together. That is why motor homes have become very popular. In America there are many parks for motor homes.1. From the passage, a van is also called a motor home.A. TB. F2. Before Mr. Hagen and his wife bought a van, they sold their old house.A. TB. F3. A motor home is usually owned by a family with more than two children.A. TB. F4. Americans usually use motor homes to drive their children to school every day.A. TB. F5. Motor homes have become popular because they can let families have a happier life when they go out for their holidays.A. TB. FPassage 9Long, long ago there was a very foolish thief. Do you know what he did one day? When he wanted to steal the bell on his neighbor’s door, he walked up to the door, took hold of the bell and pulled hard. The bell made a very loud noise. The thief was afraid and went home.Then he sat down to think, “I must do something about the noise,” he said. He thought and thought. At last he had an idea. “Ah, I’ll put some cotton in my ears. Then I won’t be able to hear the noise.” The next day he went to the door of his neighbor, and took hold of the bell. This time he pulled even harder. The bell rang loudly, but the thief did not hear anything. With another hard pull he got the bell out. Just then the neighbor came running out.“Steal my bell? I’ll teach you a lesson,” the angry man shouted. And he hit the thief on the nose.The foolish thief did not know how the neighbor found out he was stealing the bell. “Why did he come out just then?” he wondered.1. The thief was trying to get a door with a bell on it.A. TB. F2. The thief put some cotton in his ears. He thought it would be safe for him to steal the doorbell.A. TB. F3. The neighbor ran out just because he knew his doorbell was being stolen.A. TB. F4. The neighbor hit the thief to punish him for stealing.A. TB. F5. The thief thought the neighbor couldn’t hear the noise the bell made.A. TB. FPassage 10Computers are useful machines. They can help people a lot in their everyday life. For example, they can help people save much time, and they can help people work out many problems they can’t do easily. Our country asks everyone to learn to use computers except the old people.Today more and more families own computers. Parents buy computers for their children. They hope computers can help them improve their studies in school. Y et many of the children use computers to play games, to watch video or to sing Karaoke, instead of studying. So manyteachers and parents complain that computers can not help children to study but make them fall behind. So computers are locked by parents in the boxes.In some other countries, even some scientists hate computers. They say computers let millions of people lose their jobs or bring them a lot of trouble. Will computers really bring trouble to people or can they bring people happiness? It will be decided by people themselves.1. The computer is a useful machine because it can help us a lot.A. TB. F2. Many teachers and parents complain that computers make the students and children fall behind.A. TB. F3. In this passage we know computers bring us happiness only.A. TB. F4. M any of the children use computers to play games, to watch video or to sing Karaoke.A. TB. F5. The last sentence of this passage means computers are strange machines.A. TB. F阅读理解（二）Passage 1One day a man and his daughter were going out for a walk. The man had put on a pair of odd (奇怪的) shoes, one with a thick sole（鞋跟）and one with a thin sole. As he came out to the street, he felt very uncomfortable. Turning to his daughter, he said: “Why should one of my legs be longer than the other one?” The daughter looked at her father’s legs and said, “Y ou have put on two odd shoes!” When he heard this, the man was very happy and thought to himself: “What a bright daughter I have got!”Then he asked his daughter to go back to the house and got him another pair of shoes. When the daughter went back to the house, all she could find was one shoe with thick sole and one with thin sole. Taking the shoes to her father, she said, “It’s no use changing. These shoes are also odd, one with a thick sole and one with a thin sole.” The man listened and thought to himself: “It can’t help. I might as well wear the ones I have on now.” so they went on for their walk.1. The man thought that his daughter was ________.A. beautifulB. cleverC. lazyD. clean2. It was the ________ that found the reason for the wrong shoes.A. fatherB. daughterC. neighbourD. friend3. The daughter came back, bringing ________ with her.A. a pair of right shoesB. a pair of odd shoesC. a pair of thick-soled shoesD. nothing4. What do you think that the man should have done?A. He should return to his home and get the shoes himself.B. He should have the thick sole cut off.C. He should have changed one of his shoes.D. He should have no shoes on.5. What do you think of the man and his daughter?A. They both were not clever.B. The father was cleverer than the daughter.C. The daughter was cleverer than the father.D. Either of them was clever.Passage 2How men first learned to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters we call words.The power of words, then, lies in their combinations — the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and feelings. This charming and telling use of words is what we call literary (文字的) style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and rude.1. The origin of language ________.A. is reflected in sounds and lettersB. is handed down from generation to generationC. dates back to the prehistoric periodD. is a problem not yet solved2. According to the passage, words are _________.A. visual lettersB. represented by soundsC. represented either by sounds or lettersD. signs called letters3. The power of words lies in their _________.A. beautyB. accuracyC. combinationsD. charm4. The secret of a writer’s success is the use of words that _________.A. recall to us the glad and sad events of our pastB. are arranged in a creative wayC. are as beautiful as musicD. agree with certain literary style5. The author of the passage advises us _________.A. to use words carefully and accuratelyB. not to use silly and rude wordsC. to become a slave of wordsD. to use emotional wordsPassage 3Many people believe they are supposed to drink eight glasses of water a day, or about two liters. Why? Because that is what they have been told all their life. But a new report offers some different advice. Experts say people should obey their bodies; they should drink as much water as they feel like drinking.The report says most healthy people meet their daily needs for liquid by letting thirst be their guide. The report is from the Institute of Medicine, part of the National Academies. This organization provides scientific and technical advice to the government and the public.The report contains some general suggestions. The experts say women should get about two-point-seven liters of water daily. Men should get about three-point-seven liters. But wait — in each case, that is more than eight glasses.There is an important difference. The report does not tell people how many glasses of water to drink. In fact, the experts say it may be impossible to know how many glasses are needed to meet these guidelines. This is because the daily water requirement can include the water content in foods. People do not get water only by forcing themselves to drink a set number of glasses per day. People also drink fruit juices and sodas and milk. They drink coffee and tea. These all contain water.As you might expect, the Institute of Medicine says people need to drink more water when they are physically active. The same is true of those who live in hot climates. Depending on heat and activity, people could need two times as much water as others do.1. According to the passage, experts advise people to _______.A. drink eight glasses of water a dayB. drink as much water as they feel like drinkingC. drink a glass of water after each mealD. drink no less than eight glasses of water a day2. Most healthy people meet their daily needs for water by drinking _______.A. when they are tiredB. when they are sweatingC. when they are thirstyD. when they are hungry3. The Institute of Medicine usually ________.A. changes some traditional ideasB. announces some medical advancesC. provides scientific and technical advice to the government and the publicD. provides scientific and technical advice to the National Academies4. Which of the following is TRUE?A. People’s daily water requirement can include the water content in foods.B. The report does tell people how many glasses of water to drink a day.C. The experts say it may be possible to know how many glasses are needed to meet these guidelines.D. People can’t get water when they drink fruit juices and sodas and milk.5. People need to drink more water ________.A. when they are physically activeB. when they live in hot climatesC. when they are running long distanceD. all of the abovePassage 4Man has always wanted to fly. Some of the greatest men in history have thought about the problem. One of these, for example, was the great Italian artist, Leonardo da V inci（达•芬奇）. In the sixteenth century he made designs for machines that would fly. But they were never built.Throughout history, other less famous men have wanted to fly. An example was a man in England 800 years ago. He made a pair of wings from chicken feathers. Then he fixed them to his body and jumped into the air from a tall building. He did not fly very far. Instead, he fell to the ground and broke every bone in his body.The first real steps took place in France, in 1783. Two brothers, the Montgolfiers, made a very large”hot air balloon”. They knew that hot air rises. Why not fill a balloon with it？The balloon was made of cloth and paper. In September of that year, the King and Queen of France came to see the balloon. They watched it carry the very first air passengers into the sky. The passengers were a sheep and a chicken. We do not know how they felt about the trip. But we do know that the trip lasted eight minutes and that the animals landed safely. Two months later, two men did the same thing. They rose above Paris in a balloon of the same kind. Their trip lasted twenty-five minutes and they travelled about eight kilometres.1. Leonardo da V inci ________.A. said that man would fly in the sky one dayB. built a kind of machine which never flewC. drew many beautiful pictures of birdsD. made designs for flying machine2. Eight hundred years ago an Englishman ________.A. made a kind of flying machineB. tried to fly with wings made of chicken featherC. wanted to build a kind of balloonD. tried to fly on a large bird3. In fact, the Englishman who tried to fly ________.A. lost his lifeB. flew only 8minutesC. got badly woundedD. succeeded in flying4. The very first air passengers in the balloon were ________.A. the King and the QueenB. two FrenchmenC. two animalsD. the Montgolfiers5. When did two Frenchmen rise above Paris？A. In December 1783.B. In September 1783.C. In November 1783.D. In the seventeenth century.Passage 5Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does a certain thing again, he is driven by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly, then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits. Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits lasting as long as they live, and sometimes become ruined by them.There are other habits which, when formed in early life, are of great help. Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life, such as early rising, honesty and so on.Among the habits which children should not form are laziness, lying, stealing and so on. These are all easily formed habits. Unfortunately older persons often form habits which could have been avoided (避免).We should keep away from all these bad habits, and try to form such habits as will be good for ourselves and others.1. ________ are formed little by little.A. Good habitsB. Bad habitsC. Both good habits and bad habitsD. Either good habits or bad habits2. The underlined word “them” in the first paragraph refers to ________.A. bad habitsB. good habitsC. childrenD. other persons3. Generally speaking, it’s difficult for one________ and easy for them _________ which should be avoided.A. to form bad habits; to form good habitsB. to form good habits; to form bad habitsC. to form such habits as will be good; to get rid of bad habitsD. to get rid of bad habits; to form good habits4. Why should we pay much attention to the formation of habits?A. Because habits are of great help to every one of us.B. Because a man can never get rid of a habit.C. Because it’s hard and sometimes even impossible to throw away bad habits.D. Because we are forced to do them again and again.5. According to the passage, early rising ________.A. has something to do with successB. is an easily formed habitC. is such a habit as should have been avoidedD. is such a habit as will be kept。
English and Chinese belongs to different language families
English loan-words in ChineseEnglish and Chinese belong to different language families. English is classified as a member of the Indo-European family, while Chinese belongs to the Chinese-Tibetan language family. Therefore, they borrow words mutually based on not word form but sound and meaning. Thus the major ways to borrow words mutually are through Literal Translation and Free Translation. I will deal with the types of English loan-words in Chinese ,the field English loan-words involve in and the influences of load-words on Chinese culture.When it comes to the types of English load-words , two major types are generally accepted. They are phonetic loans, free translated words. Literal Translation is to connect the phonetic features of a English word with that of Chinese and replace it with a Chinese word similar in pronunciation. Such as 沙龙(saloon), 维他命(vitamin),沙发(sofa),拷贝(copy),磅(pound), 基因(gene),咖啡(coffee), 吉普(jeep), 坦克(tank),因特尔(Intel), 汉堡包(hamburger), etc. Free Translation is to translate the meaning of a English word into a Chinese word on the basis of word formation patten of Chinese words. Such as 街舞(hip-hop),峰会(summit),吉祥物(mascot),网络(network),汽车旅馆(motel),微软(microsoft),牛市(bull market),课件(courseware) , etc.As for the field English loan-words relate to, there exist several fields English loan-words involve in, not only natural science, politicalsystem, etc but also other aspects of social life. English loan-words relating to daily life have entered people’s life, such as 迷你裙(miniskirt),比基尼(bikini),牛仔裤(jeans),巧克力(chocolate),威士忌(Whisky),飘柔(Rejoice),奔驰(Benz), ect. In addition, with the development of techonology and the frequent communication with the western world, the number of words involving in art, entertainment, and techonology has been rapidly increasing, such as 迷幻摇滚乐(acid rock), 甲壳虫乐队(the Beetles), 迪士尼乐园(Disney land), 局点(game point), 高科技园(hi-tec park),克隆(clone), 微软(microsoft), DNA, 鼠标(mouse), etc.As for the influences on Chinese culture brought up by English load-words, there exist three aspects. First, English loan-words can be considered as a record of cutural communication with the western world. There are varieties of media and ways of mutual communication between Chinese and English cultures. Through the studies of English loan-words, we can have a better understanding of various media and ways of mutual cutural communication. Second, English loan-words can enrich Chinese culture ,help us better comprehend the value of western culture, including material culture, institutional culture, and psychological culture, as well as enhance cultural diversity. Third, English loan-words can enrich the manifestation of Chinese culture and make Chinese language culture more close to life and lively.。
English and Chinese belong to two different language families
English and Chinese belong to two different language families: English, the Indo-European family and Chinese, the Sino-Tibetan family. The two languages also have different cultural backgrounds. Translation is an interlingual and intercultural transfer and multi-dimensional contrastive studies of the two language and cultures are therefore essential. Therefore, before translation, we should pay attention to the cultural elements.According to the difference between English and Chinese translation, There are ten pairs of features which we should take into consideration when we translate English to Chinese.1 Synthetic and Analytic (综合语和分析语)A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.Modern English has become a analytic language, but Chinese is a typical analytic language.Inflection(变化词形), word order（安排词序）and the use of function words(运用虚词) are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences.1.1 Inflectional vs. Non---inflectionalIn English, nouns, pronouns and verbs are inflected. Such grammatical meaning as parts of speech, gender, case, person, tense, aspect, voice, mood and non--finite verb, can bta,expressed by the use of inflected forms with or without the help of function words and word order, whereas in Chinese this is generally not true: the above grammatical meanings are mostly implied in contexts or between the lines, though often with the help of word order and function words,e.g They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. 他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在一起工作就有三十年了。
语言学导论英语作文
语言学导论英语作文Title: An Introduction to Linguistics。
Language is a fundamental aspect of human communication, shaping our thoughts, interactions, and cultures. Linguistics, the scientific study of language, delves into the complexities of this phenomenon. In this essay, we will explore the significance of linguistics, its core components, and its impact on our understanding of language and society.To begin with, linguistics encompasses a diverse rangeof fields and approaches. Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are key branches of linguistic inquiry. Phonetics examines the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology focuses ontheir systematic organization within languages. Morphology investigates word formation and structure, syntax studies sentence structure and grammar rules, semantics explores meaning in language, and pragmatics analyzes language usein context.One of the central aims of linguistics is to understand how language is acquired, used, and processed byindividuals and communities. Psycholinguistics studies the cognitive processes involved in language comprehension and production. Sociolinguistics examines how social factors such as region, class, and ethnicity influence language variation and use. Historical linguistics traces language change over time, revealing connections between languages through language families and linguistic evolution.Furthermore, linguistics plays a crucial role in broader societal contexts. Applied linguistics applies linguistic theories to real-world issues, such as language teaching, translation, and language policy. Computational linguistics develops algorithms and models for natural language processing and artificial intelligence applications. Forensic linguistics aids legalinvestigations by analyzing language evidence, such as authorship attribution and deception detection.The study of linguistics also deepens our understanding of human cognition and cultural diversity. Noam Chomsky's theory of universal grammar suggests that all human languages share underlying principles, highlighting the innate aspects of language acquisition. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that language shapes thought, influencing how speakers perceive and interpret the world around them.Moreover, linguistics sheds light on the intricate interplay between language and identity. Language serves as a vehicle for cultural expression and collective memory, reflecting societal norms and values. Endangered languages, in particular, highlight the importance of linguistic diversity and preservation efforts to safeguard linguistic heritage and knowledge.In conclusion, linguistics is a multifaceted discipline that explores the nature, structure, and function of language. From its theoretical foundations to its practical applications, linguistics illuminates the complexities of human communication and enriches our understanding oflanguage diversity and cultural dynamics. By studying linguistics, we gain insights into the intricate workings of language and its profound impact on human cognition, society, and identity.This introduction to linguistics underscores its significance as a cornerstone of human knowledge and underscores the relevance of linguistic inquiry in our increasingly interconnected world.。
3-(3)阅读理解新题型(含答案).docx
Passage 1When a man is taller and stronger than other men, he is sometimes called a giant. Many people think of Chamberlain as a giant. He is so tall that he has a special, extra-long bed to sleep in and a special car with enough space for his long legs. During his playing days, Wilt was paid about $200 000 a year. That was what the president of the United States earned for being president. At that time, it was more than any other athlete in the entire history of sports had ever been paid.Wilt played for the Los Angeles Lakers team. He helped to make it the best team in the Western Division of the National Basketball Association, which is a group of the very finest professional teams in the world. Wilt owns a beautiful apartment building in Los Angeles and another one in New York. He owns racehorses （赛马）. He wears fine clothes. He owns an English Bentley car.When Wilt was just seven years old, he took a job. He did not tell his mother or father, but one day his mother found out. She looked out into the street and saw Wilt lifting crates for a milkman. Mrs- Chamberlain told the milkman that Wilt was only seven. She said he shouldn't be lifting those heavy milk crates. “I thought he was twelve”，said the milkman.6.According to the passage, people called Wilt Chamberlain a giant.A.TB. F7.Wilt Chamberlain played for the Seattle Seahawks.A.TB. F8.The president of the United States earned as much money doing his job each year as Wilt earned playing basketball.A.TB. F9.Wilt Chamberlain could be such a famous basketball player only because he played for the finest professional team.A.TB. F10.According to the passage, the word “honesty” best describes Wilfs desire to work when he was seven.A.TB. FPassage 2Before you go to another country it is a great help if you know the language and some of the customs of the country.When people meet each other for the first time in Britain, they say “How do you do?v and shake hands. Usually they do not shake hands when they just meet or say goodbye. But they shake hands after they haven't met for a long time or when they willbe away from each other for a long time.Last year a group of German students went to England for a holiday. Their teacher told them that the English people hardly shake hands. So when they met their English friends at the station, they kept their hands behind their backs, the English students had learned that the Germans shake hands as often as possible, so they put their hands in front and got ready to shake hands with them. It make both of them laugh.6.It is very helpful if you know the language and some of the customs of the country.A.TB. F7.English people usually shake hands when they meet every time.A.TB. Fually English people dorft shake hands when they just meet or say goodbye・A.TB. F9.English people like shaking hands very much.A.TB. F10.This story is about languages and customs.A.TB. FPassage 3Gladys Holm was a secretary （秘书）.She worked in an office all her life. Gladys earned （挣）about $ 15,000 a yea匚She died when she was 86 years old. And she left a big surprise - $ 18 million! She gave the money to a children^ hospital.Gladys Holm never got married or had any children. But she always liked children, and she wanted to help them. When her friend's daughter was ill in hospital, Gladys brought her a teddy bear. After that, she visited the hospital many times. Every time she visited, she brought teddy bears for those children. After that, people started to call Gladys the “Teddy Bear Lady".Gladys always gave toys and presents to her friends and family but no one knew she had a lot of money. She lived in a small house outside Chicago. Everyone was very surprised when they learned she was a millionaire. A family friend said, “She always gave us nice presents and things, but we didn^t know she was rich.How did Gladys get so much money? She asked her boss how to earn more money, and she listened to what he said. She bought the stocks （股票）that he told her to buy, and she got very rich. Before she died, she talked to her friends about “giving something to the children^ hospital^. No one knew that the “something” was $ 18 million!6.Gladys Holm often visited the hospital and gave children teddy bears because she had a lot of teddy bears.A.TB. F7.People started to call Gladys the “Teddy Bear Lady，' after she died.A.TB. F& Everyone was surprised that Gladys had so much money.A.TB. F9.Gladys did what the boss told her to do, so she got rich.A.TB. F10.When Gladys Holm became a millionaire, she stopped working.A.TB. FPassage 4Language is always changing. In a society where life continues year after year with few changes, the languages do not change eithe匚The earliest known languages had difficult grammar but a small, limited vocabulary. Over the century, the grammar changed, and the vocabulary grew. For example, the English and Spanish people who came to America during the sixteenth century gave names to all the new plants and animals they found. In this way, hundreds of new words were introduced into English and Spanish vocabularies. Today life is changing very fast, and language is changing fast too.There are several major language families in the world. Some scientists say there are nine main families, but other scientists divided them differently. The languages in each family are connected, and scientists think that they came from the same parent language. About 3% of the people in the world speak languages that are not in these major families-6.The early language had many words and easy grammar.A.TB. F7.In the next few hundred years we can expect language to change a great deal.A.TB. F8.This article shows that language changes with changes in society.A.TB. F9.From this article we can know that language will become easier and easie匚A.TB. F10.The first English and Spanish people arrived in America more than 400-500 years ago.A.TB.FPassage 5Most dog owners feel that their dogs are their best friends. Almost everyone likesdogs because they try hard to please their owners. One of my favorite stories is about a dog that wanted his owner to please him.One of my friends has a large German shepherd named Jack. These dogs are often very intelligent. Every Sunday afternoon, my friend takes Jack for a walk in the park. Jack likes these long walks very much.One Sunday afternoon, a young man came to visit my friend. He stayed a long time, and he talked and talked. So it was time for my friend to take Jack for his walk, but the visitor didn，t leave. Jack became very worried about his walk in the park. He walked around the room several times and then sat down directly in front of the visitor and looked at him. But the visitor paid no attention. He continued talking. Finally, Jack couldn't stand it any longe匚He went out the room and came back a few minutes later. He sat down again in front of the visitor, but this time he held the man's hat in his mouth.German shepherds aren't the only intelligent dogs. Another intelligent dog is a Seeing Eye dog. This is a special dog, which helps blind people walk along the streets and do many other things. We call these dogs Seeing Eye dogs because they are the “eyes" of the blind people and they help them to “see”. Seeing Eye dogs generally go to special schools for several years to learn to help blind people.6.Like many other dogs, Jack tried to please its owner maste匚A.TB. F7.Jack came to sit in front of the visitor in order to invite him for a walk.A.TB. F8."Finally, Jack couldn^t stand it any longer'9 means that Jack could no longer put up with the visitor.A.TB. F9.Seeing Eye dogs help and see for blind people.A.TB. F10.Famous Dogs in Germany would be the most suitable for this passage・A.TB. FPassage 11. A2.B3. A4. B5. B Passage 21. A2. B3. A4. B5. B Passage 31. B2. B3. A4.A 4. B Passage 41. B2. A3. A4. B5. A Passage 51. B2. B3. A4. A5. B。
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Language Families
There are more than 3,000 languages used throughout the world today. Almost all of these languages belong to a much smaller number of language families. All of the languages within a language family are related and all of them have a similar history. Therefore the grammar, vocabulary, and sounds of related languages are similar. In addition, the way of thinking and the style of talking among related languages are similar.
There are about 20 to 30 major language families. One of the largest language families is the Indo European family. It includes most of the languages that are spoken throughout Europe, languages such as English, French, and Greek. Of course, nowadays many Indo European Languages are spoken in other parts of the world. For instance, Spanish, which is an Indo European language, is spoken throughout South and Central America, but originally it was spoken only in Europe.
Traditionally, it was thought that one could affect the luck that they would have throughout the coming year by what they did or ate on the first day of the year. For that reason, it has become common for folks to celebrate the first few minutes of a brand new year in the company of family and friends. Parties often last into the middle of the night after the ringing in of a new year. It was once believed that the first visitor on New Year’s Day would bring either good luck or bad luck to the rest of the year. It was particularly lucky if that visitor happened to be a tall dark-haired man. Traditional New Year foods are also thought to bring luck. Many cultures believe that anything in the shape of a ring brings good luck, because it symbolizes “coming full circle”, completing a year’s cycle. For that reason, the Dutch believe that eating donuts on New Year’s Day wil l bring good fortune.
The last days before Easter were busy and exciting ones. Father whitewashed the house inside and out, and painted the window boxes and shutters a bright blue. The two children selected the largest, most perfect eggs, and they were laid aside for decorating. Evenings Mother got out her dye pots and the fascinating work of making dozens and dozens of fancy Easter eggs kept the family busy. There were two ways of decorating them. The plainer ones were dyed first. When they dried, Father scratched patterns on them with pen knives. The fancy ones were lots of work. Mother had a tiny funnel, with melted beeswax in it. With this she drew intricate patterns on the white eggs. After the wax hardened, she dipped them in the dye. Then she scratched off the wax and there was the beautiful design left in white on the colored eggs. The finished ones were placed in baskets and put on a shelf until Easter morning.
English is almost overwhelming in the richness of its vocabulary, estimated to contain more than a million wor ds and to be the world’s largest. From this vast storehouse, users of the language can coin words to suit their needs or give new meanings to existing words in ways that seem natural and effortless. Many other features lend force and flexibility to the language. Whatever the future may hold for English, it has proved to be eminently suitable for almost all forms of written expression as well as for everyday use. It is sure to develop and change, for such is the nature of a living language. Probably it will become increasingly informal, under the impact of mass education and the mass media. Thus the written and the spoken forms of the language will be drawn closer together, making for greater flexibility. In the view of some, English might in time become the one generally accepted international language.。