城市规划专业毕业设计_外文翻译
城市规划英文版
1-2 The Pre-Industrial RevolutionWelcome to this first session.In today's session, we'll explore some of the ideas that dominated the design of settlements prior to the dawn of the Industrial Age.In the 19th century, when industrialization came to cities,everything changed.But before that there was a long continuity of ideas about how to design cities.It's totally foolish to imagine that we could explore several thousand years of history of cities in just one brief session.However, what we can do is to talk about the leading ideas, the things that dominated the design of settlements for that long period of time and help you recognize them in your communities.Many of you who live in cities that date back 100s of years, and the traces of earlier settlements can be seen by just by walking around in your city. But those of you who live in more recent cities, will also probably be surprised to see the number of ideas of contemporary cities that have their roots in what had happened in earlier cities.Human's may have been designing and planning settlements since the dawn of civilization.Many of the earliest settlements were created in informal ways.People simply gathered around the camp fire, built houses around it and and the settlements emerged from that kind of informal process.But beginning at least 3000 years ago people began deliberately designing settlements.As civilizations grew and became more stable and amassed resources, conscious ideas entered into the design of places.The first idea is the wall.Defense became essential, and for over2,000 years,the design of fortifications became a critical part of planning cities. Even after fortifications came down, and the moat was drained, the idea of creating limits to the city remained.The second idea is the grid.As land ownership was dispersed to families and people there was a need to subdivide property in some logical way and record it on maps.There was a need also to define public areas like streets and squares.A grid plan was the easiest way to map on the ground and the easiest to subdivide.Gridiron cities were created by the Greeks as they settled Asia Minor 500 years BC.And, grids were the favorite form of new cities when the Europeans conquered the Americas in the 15th century.As this map of Lima, Peru shows.The third idea is the axis.Some parts of the city have been more important than others throughout history.And some people have been more important than others.Even in a gridiron city like Bejing, the importance of the Emperor was reinforced by creating a central axis and only he was permitted to walk along.In Renaissance Rome, Pope Sixtus, the Fifth, used the axes of a way of uniting the separate and districts of the city and the residue of the monuments that have been left behind, and by creating important plazas and buildings.The fourth idea is the city square.InEuropean cities, public squares were Created to become the living room of the city.A place for all important events.Often they started as open market places.And as markets moved indoors, they became spaces used for multiple purposes.The Piazza Ducale, in Vigevano,Italy, is typical of such central spaces.But in England, in parts of Northern Europe, city squares could also be green spaces, offering relief from the dense city.This idea was carried over into the new world, in the design of new cities.The final idea I'll discuss here is the cloister. Places for worship in the homes of religious deities had a special role in the pre-industrial city. Spaces were created for monasteries,houses of worship, temples and other kinds of shrines and these were often given prominent locations in the city.Bangkok's many wats were the landmarks that defined the character of that city, and do to this day.Church's often defined the skylines of American cities and marked the center of neighborhoods and districts of the city.The sacred spaces were often accompanied by schools, and meeting houses, and residents for all those who they served.All five of these elements can be found in cities with long histories.So let's take a look at how they found their place in the design of a sampling of important cities,from antiquity to the 19th century.In the year 1800, the largest and probably the most important city in the world was Chang-An,in central China, located along the Silk Road.It had over a million people.It was the seat of the Tang Dynasty and had legations from all the important countries of the world.It also housed the political and economic structure of China.Today, Chang-An is known as Xian.The design of Chang-An actually began much earlier, with some of the walls and many of the temples built in100 BC.When the T ang Dynasty made it its capital,it became the prototype for all Chinese cities,including the prototype for Beijing.The original wall of Chang-An was five kilometers by six kilometers, and the city had 11 gates.A central axi s, led to the administrator city and ultimately to the Imperial Palace.The city had a grid plan, with each very large block subdivided into larger or smaller lots, depending on the stature of the occupant.There were two markets near the gates of the city.And hundreds, literally hundreds of T aoist, Buddhist and other temples scattered throughout the city,almost one on every block.Modern day Xian occupies only about one-third of the original city of Chang-An.But it remains one of the few large walled cities in the world with gates in their original locations.The grand axis of the city remains with the drum tower occupying a key locationalong it.The large main streets remain but the life of the city exists on thestreets and alleyways between them, much as it did more than a thousand years ago.The diversity of blocks within the grid is maintained,including the Muslim quarter, which is quite unique for cities in China.Today's Beijing shows the unmistakable elements of Chang-An.Now let's jump to the 12th and 13th centuries inEurope.Most European cities invested heavily in building fortifications to defend their population, secure those who fled the land around the city in the face of invading armies.An example is Klagenfelt, Austria, notable for it sorderly planning of the streets and squares in the town.Roads connect the gates of the town for quick mobilization of troops.But there was also a need to secure their territory.Throughout much of France and the remnants of the Roman Empire, noblemen such as Raymond the 7th of Toulouse built new towns on the perimeter of the lands they controlled.These towns called bastides were also designed as a grid plan.Montpazier is one of the best preserved and we can see today just how it functioned.The market square is located at the precise center, surrounded by the administrative buildings and shops.The church occupies an adjacent block with its cloistered green.While much of the wall has been abandoned,some of the gates remain, and the town is still largely occupied.A real revolution in city design began in Rome in the 16th century.After the fall of the Empire, Rome fell into ruins, and was almost deserted.But with the relocation of the papacy back to Rome and the ambition of the popes who lodged there and we should say, the money collected from the Christian realm all over Europe, were almost ready for a transformation. Pope Sixtus, the Fifth provided the impetus.Although he reigned for only five years, Sixtus the Fifth laid down a new street plan for the city connecting major monuments.It involved axis and view corridors which connected the city visually.New piazzas were added, including the Piazza del Papolo,with its twin churches and vistas to the distance.Sixtus' axis set the stage for the creation of the17th century, St. Peters Square, one of the greatest achievements in city design in history and the icon of Baroque city planning.Sometimes disaster provides the opportunity for changes in city design.In 1666, much of central London burned to the ground.And architects and designers of the day were quick to rush in with their proposals as to how it should be rebuilt.Unfortunately, it was rebuilt pretty much the way it was before.But the schemes by Christopher Wren and John Evelyn had far-reaching influence on the design of new settlements in the New World. Less than 15 years later, William Penn, a Quaker, was given a large land grant by the King, on the Delaware River shores of its American Colony.It was probably as much to get rid of Penn and his colleagues, who were constantly needling the king.He called upon a surveyor to lay out a new settlement.Thomas Holme clearly had in mind the unsuccessful schemes for London.Thomas Holme proposed a settlement with a gridiron plan running from the Delaware river to the Schuykill river about two miles away.There would be two major streets, roughly in the cardinal directions,and five squares.One in each quadrant, and one in the center called city square.The blocks and lots would be large enough so that every one living there could have a small orchid or keep animals on their property.William Penn saw it as creating a Greene Country Towne.Philadelphia was slow to develop.20 years after its founding, only a few blocks have been occupied, and it took fully two centuries to fill out the plan from river to river.But they stuck with the plan.Public buildings were added as they were needed,and streets became lively places for residents to meet.And housing which began as townhouses with large green spaces behind, evolved, became more dense, taller and while the blocks remain the same.It was not until the turn of the 20thcentury that city square was built upon, when a new City Hall and Courthouse was constructed.In its time, they were the largest public buildings in America.Philadelphia's Four Squares remain the outdoor center of its four center city neighborhoods and they're loved by all.I lived a block from Ritten house Square and considered it my outdoor living room.There were many others wonderful designs for the new settlements in the Americas.At Savannah, Georgia, Charles Oglethorpe created a plan in 1733for a city where virtually every housefaced a Square.Savannah remains today one of the mostliveable cities in the country.In Australia,Colonel William Light laid out a city quite similar to Philadelphia in 1823, and he surrounded it with a green belt.When it came time to expand, rather than consume the green belt, North Adelaide was added as another free-standing city.Adelaide remains one of the most livable cities in Australia.The combination of all of these ideas in pre-industrial cities was the design for Washington,the national capital that replaced id by Charles L'Enfant, it had a gridiron plan.A monumental axes that emphasized the importance of public buildings and monuments.Public squares and monuments were for both the federal city and the everyday city,and blocks that varied depending upon whether they were commercial areas or residential blocks.Washington would later become recast as the greatest example of the city beautiful movement in America.But that's a story for another session and I will say no more about Washington.What we see through this brief excursion through the history of the ideas about city design, is that many ideas we take for granted today,actually has their origins in pre-industrial cities dating back to antiquity.The early plans for cities provide the armature for future design.They can of course be modified, as Rome was by Sixtus the 5th, o Paris was through Baron Von Houseman's efforts.Or many other American cities were changes through urban renewal and redevelopment in the1970s and 1980s.But the form of a city is in its DNA,inherited from previous generations.It's important to understand where those ideas came from.In the next session, Johnathan Barnett will discuss how some of those changes that occurred to cities as a result of industrialization.You're welcome to join him.。
毕业论文外文文献翻译Solar-Urban-Planning-and-Design太阳能在城市使用的规划
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：太阳能在城市使用的规划文献、资料英文题目：Solar Urban Planning and Design 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Solar Urban Planning and Design 文献、资料来源：期刊外文文献：Solar Urban Planning and DesignAbstract:In recent decades, urban population growth, the acceleration of energy consumption and energy price, the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the demolition of nonrenewable energies, have adverted the attention of different groups to the use of sustainable, available and clean solar energy as a sustainable energy.Specialists like architects and engineers have considered solar energy in designing systems, buildings and equipments. Straggle success achieved in the case, cause the progress of replacing solar systems in buildings and equipments instead of systems consuming unsustainable resources like fossil fuel to be accelerated. But they have not applied coherently yet. In other words, before the enforcement of solar projects in cities, it is necessary to note all the dimensions related to their execution in order to reach their optimum efficiency. The goal that could be attained by long-time and multi dimensional planning.This paper guides the focus of urban and town planning and design on the application of solar energy. That urban planners should consider three aspects of environment, economy and society in three related elements of cities consisting buildings and urban spaces, urban infrastructures and urban land uses to achieve sustainable goals is discussed in this paper. So, after the review of few experiences, the issues and guidelines whose consideration lead to the more efficient solar urban planning and design are outlined.Key words:Solar Urban Planning- Solar Potential- Sustainable City- Solar Master Plan- Smart Infrastructure1. Introduction: the increase of attention to solar energyThe increase of urban population, activities and technologies using fossil fuels, energy price, energy consumption and the increase of public concerns about environmental pollution and the destroy of non-renewable energy resources, are causing different experts including specialists related to building and construction to look for alternative ways of energy provision. Building professionals have not considered the aim of good design aesthetically more and try to design the。
城乡规划专业城市规划效用研究毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：绿地，城市持续发展最重要的指标：城市规划效用研究文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：城乡规划专业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14绿地，城市持续发展最重要的指标：城市规划效用研究Francisco Gómez；José Jabaloyes；Luis Montero；Vicente De Vicente；and Manuel Valcuende摘要：本篇文章总结了在西班牙城市巴伦西亚开展的一次非常广泛的研究，即绿地在城市舒适度中起到的作用。
之前，已经研究出了组成城市环境的环境参数。
根据这些值，一系列的舒适指数被分析并被证实，这些指数证明了之前作出的决定中的最佳的行为。
同样被研究的还有绿地在公共城市空间中的作用：对太阳辐射的保留度和污染滞留容量。
根据绿地的总量，这在公式上达到了舒适指数的极限值，即通过统计相关性，测定出城市达到理论上的舒适所需的绿地的表面积。
本篇文章对城市量度的公式进行了更宽泛的分析，通过对空间和环境以更广泛的视角和更丰富的多样性的研究。
这三个舒适指数已经被巴伦西亚以最佳的运作状态表现出来了，即达到了统计学上的最确定性。
这篇文章最后研究了早前在巴伦西亚进行的绿色规划实验。
最终结果考虑到巴伦西亚的学术权威提出的保护许尔塔的建议，正是这个天然商品花园开始了巴伦西亚的形成，接着形成了欧洲地区的战略哲学和欧洲景观风俗。
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000060. © 2011 美国土木工程师协会关键词：城市规划，植物，树木，应用研究，可持续规划引言：全球人口城市化速度的增长在最近几年值得注意，这一现象的发生根本上是由于城市为居民提供了更优的基本生活条件，极大地增加了他们的自由度。
现实情况是，城市地区表现出越来越多的矛盾、不健康、难管理，其中最主要的是巨大的压力在环境方面。
城市景观规划设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
城市规划相关外文翻译资料
Riverfro nt Lan dscape Desig n for London 2012 Olympic ParkClie nt: Olympic Delivery AuthorityLocati on: London, UKProject Credit: Atk insText: Mike McNicholas, Project Director, Atk insHow do you pla nt along a river's edge, knowing that millio ns of people could be pass ing through thesite in the n ear future? How do you desig n, create and maintain the surrounding wetla nds, knowing that man-made wet woodla nd is very rare and tran siti on alby n ature? How do you en surethat the habitat being created remai ns viable and susta in able in the Ion g-term? Atk ins engin eers of the wetla nds and river edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questi ons.Coveri ng more tha n 246 hectares of formerly derelict in dustrial la nd, London' s new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one of Europe's biggest-ever urba n gree ning projects. Rivers and wetla nds are at the heart of the visi on for the new park, which lies in east London' s Lower Lee Valley. Th e Iandscape that' s now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of theLo ndon 2012 Games.As river edge and wetla nd engin eers for the project, Atk ins has played a critical role in turni ng the visio n in to reality. Atk ins ' remit in cludes desig n of the soft river edges and wetla nds, in cludi ng riverba nk restoratio n and bioe ngin eeri ng.The tran sformati on is un precede nted.More tha n 8km of riverba nks have bee n restored as part of the project; in tan dem with this, 2 hectares of reed beds and ponds have bee n created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodla nd(Fig.01).The challe nge was about gett ing people both visual and physical access dow n to the river-to actually make the rivers more accessible and more ope n, and therefore the cen terpiece of the Park.Mike Vaughan heads up Atkins' multidisciplinary design team, which includes river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists. “The idea was to open up the river corridor by making the steep slopes that line the river fl att e” explains Mike. “ By dropp ing the slopes, we' ve brought the river into the park and made it much more accessible-people can get close to the river and see whats going on there”Gett ing the riverba nk geometry just right was a delicate bala ncing act. Too steep, and the banks would n eed costly artifi cial rein forceme nt; too shallow, and they would start to eat into valuable space on the site. An optimum slope of 1 in 2.5-about 22 degrees- was chose n. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the n eed toconvey fl oodwater and the location of terrestrial Iandscape and infrastructure. As such, the banks were over-steepe nedus ing two approaches.Firstly, where possible, the riverbanks were terraced using coir rolls and timber stakes. In other locations, where only a 70 degree bank was possible, a rein forced detail was used, provid ing layers of geo-grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.Today, with the new Iandscape rapidly taking shape, it s easy to forget how the Lee Valley used to look. Un til the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) took possessi on of the site in 2006, many of the river cha nn els that criss-cross the site were clogged with invasive weeds, along with the predictable detritus of urban decay: aba ndoned shopp ing trolleys and car tires.Th e Lee Valley' s neglected river network wasn t only an eyesore, but also an obstacle-a gulf separating Hackney and Tower Hamlets in the west from Waltham Forest and Newham in the east.Now, the revitalized waterways-and the new crossings spanning them-will be vital not only duri ng the Games, but also aft er 2012. Th ey are an in tegral part of the legacy solutio n, stitchi ng the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east London.1 Bringing Habitats back to LifeMaki ng the most of the site ' s rivers and n atural features to create susta in able habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delivery Authority ' s vision for the Olympic Park. But the process of transforming the park' s rivers from weed and rubbish-i nfested gulches into prist ine watercourses has bee n long and tough.For Atk ins, that process started with develop ing an in timate un dersta nding of the labyri nth of waterways and cha nn els that wind their way through the site. Flows and velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to con struct a detailed hydraulic model to predict flood risk. That' s of critical importa nee, because Atk ins had resp on sibility for everyth ing up to a con tour of 4 meters above ordnance datum (sea level) on the site.A full flood risk assessme nt was un dertake n at en vir onmen tal impact assessme nt stage. Atk ins un dertook an alyses of the risk of fl ood ing caused by freque nt rain fall, taking into acco unt the automated regulati on of water levels in the impo un ded reaches and the impact of tidal lockout. The modeli ng exercise was made con siderably more complicated by the impo un dme nt of the river system duri ng the course of 2008; in effect, this elim in ated the direct tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its in direct infl uence is still felt. “ Whe n the tide comes in on the Th ames, it stops water fl owing out of the River Lee ” explains Mike Vaughan. “ So the river levels fl uctuate by an average of 400mm a day.Atki ns' modeli ng calculati ons correctly predicted this phe nomenon, and also the in creased risk of flood ing. “ These discoveries led to some cha nges in the Ian dscap ing profile,” says Mike. “ The riverside paths have bee n raised by up to a meter and the profile of the wetla nds was also raised, as main tai ning correct water levels is critical to their survival. ”Susta in able drain age tech niq ues have also bee n used across the Park. In theIan dscape areas, porous strips have bee n used in the con course, feedi ng into bioswales which drain dow n into the riverside pon ds. Surface conv eya nee, un dergro und pipes and storage features have also bee n utilized(Fig.O2).The first step in the river restoration process was to“ lay back” the banks, many of which were precipitously steep. This re-profili ng was n ecessary because much of the surrounding land was “made” ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials on the banks included rubble, glass, animal bones and, more recently, wartime demoliti on materials from London' s east end.Ano ther challe nge facing the Atk ins team was the prevale nee of in vasive weeds. These in cluded Himalaya n balsam, Japa nesek no tweed and gia nt hogweed. All are fast-growing non-native plants introduced to Britain in the 19th century as garde ncuriosities; all have prospered on the wrong side of the garde n wall.Invasive species are bad news for riverbanks. They reproduce and grow with prodigious speed, driving out native plant species. And they' re highly resilient. Knotweed can force its way through solid concrete, while giant hogweed contains furocoumari ns, sun-activated tox ins that can cause ski n ulcerati on. Elimi natio n was a priority —soil was treated throughout the site and the banks stripped of all rema ining vegetatio n.In additi on, Atk ins was resp on sible for en suri ng the protect ion of the existi ng fl ora and fauna on the site. Phase one habitat surveys were un dertake n as part of the en vir onmen tal impact assessme nt in 2006, in clud ing bird and fi sh surveys. A major translocation of species was undertaken to suitable receptor sites including a specially-created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atki ns translocated 330 com mon lizards, 100 toads and 4,000 smooth n ewts. In order to protect the flora on the site, Atki ns mai ntai ned a ‘ permit to clear' system for con tractors, and specifi ed safeguarded habitat areas that were not to be touched including areas of sycamore trees.2 Choosi ng Pla nts to Pla ntAtkins is responsible for the final look of the riverbanks and wetlands-and decid ing what to re- pla nt prese nted a challe nge. With banks now bare, new pla nting would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic dema nds-they' d be expected to be in bloom for the Olympic Games-but engin eeri ng imperatives too.The Atk ins desig n team chose bioe ngin eeri ng tech niq ues, rather tha n culvert ing and hard engineering, for the project. That means protecting and consolidating riverba nks by using vegetatio n and n atural products in stead of con crete. Choos ing the right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect the banks from erosi on.An added challe nge was that the river n etwork is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise and fall of around 400mm had the pote ntial to play havoc with new pla nti ng, and the river' s high sedime nt loads threate ned to smother anything pla nted from seed or plugs. “ We don' t actually have a n atural river system” no tes Mike. “ Pla nts don' t cop well in those con diti on s.”To fi nd out which plants would fare best-and to establish the most eff ective planting methods -Atkins conducted a unique riverbank planting trial along a 50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.“We trialled plants of different elevations and different installation techniques. These were monitored over a year,” says Ian Morrissey, senior environmental scientist with Atkins. “ That's really helped to inform exactly what species we should plant and where”.The trial revealed that plug plants would be just too vulnerable. But plants pre-grown in coir -coconut fibre matting-resisted being washed away or swamped. Coir has other benefi ts too-it 's easy and quick to install in rolls and pallets two meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).“Th e mat itself acts like a mulch, so you prevent any weeds growing up through it that might already be within the bank material. But more importantly, when the banks become inundated, you get fine sediment trapped within the coir. Th at helps to bind the roots and feed the plant”s, says Ian.3 Banking on Tomorrow' s SeedlingsCreating a sustainable riverbank ecosystem means using native species. So before the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seed was then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed by the Olympic Delivery Authority to cultivate plants off site in what 's believed to be one of Britain's biggest-ever nursery contracts.The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced in June 2009, as plants must be a year old and well established in their coir pallets before encountering the tough riverbank environment.Plants for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000 pots at Salix' s nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here, more than 300,000 plants representing some 28 different species, including sedges, common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.During the summer of 2010, the 18,000 square metres of planting were then pieced together like a giant jigsaw. This was a massive logistical challenge. To make it easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one went in exactly the right space so as to avoid cutting and trimming the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a plan, to make sure this didn't happen.4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from ScratchWhile the riverbanks of the “Old River Lee” occupied much of the attention of the Atkins team, there were also entirely new bodies of water to consider. A fundamental part of the biodiversity of the river edges in the north of the Park lies in three new triangular ponds, off the east bank. Two of these were designed to dry up in the summer, forming moist grassy hollows. Th e third pond was created to retain water, en abli ngspecies such as water lilies and marsh marigold to thrive(Fig.O5).Preve nting that third pond from dryi ng out -while also en suri ng that it did not fl ood along with the River Lee-was a conun drum. Atk ins resp on ded by desig ning a conn ecti on betwee n the pond and the river to act as both overfl ow and feed. Flows could be regulated: whe n the pond level rose too high, water could be drained back into the river; whe n it started to dry out, a valve could be ope ned to release river water back into the pon d. It sounds simple, but it is believed to be the fi rst of its kind for a habitat feature of this scale.As well as the improved waterways and riverba nks, new wet woodla nds will be a no table feature of the Olympic Park. They' re now a rare habitat in the UK, and the ones in the Park are being created from scratch.“ It was quite a novel thing to be asked to do” recalls Atkins' Ian Morrissey. “ The challenge was to make sure we had the right water levels within the wetwoodla nd areas. Atk ins was resp on sible for work ing out the topographies and the cha nn els, and how they would in teract with the river”Wetla nds have a tendency to become dry land eve ntually, a process that can be slowed dow n through select ing the right vegetatio n, careful water level man ageme nt and maintenan ce.“ The sedge species we selected were chose n because they are quite vigorous so are able to compete well with terrestrial species, says Ian.Tree species for the wet woodla nd in clude willow, alder, birch and the now rare black poplar, points out Atkins' Mike Vaughan: “It' s fantastic for wildlife. You get a lot of in vertebrates in there, as well as n esti ng birds.Birds, though, can present a challenge, particularly on the freshly planted riverba nks.“There' s a risk of wildfowl grazing our plants when they get on site, ” says Mike. To prevent that happening, hundreds of meters of deterrent fencing were erected around new vegetati on. That stayed there un til spri ng 2O12(Fig.O6).5 Beyond the Finishing LineThe transformation of the lower Lee Valley and the creation of the new park, now n eari ng completio n, is remarkable by any sta ndards. Visitors to the Olympic Park - up to 250,000 every day at the peak of the Games - will encounter one of the gree nest and most en viro nmen tally frie ndly parks ever to be created for the Olympics.And the ben efits will be felt lo ng after 2012. “ We' re pulli ng that really difficult trick of putting in infrastructure that' s good for the Games, but will work in legacy” said the ODA's John Hopkins. “This will be a great place to live and work, with rivers and parkla nds at the heart. Socially, econo mically and en vir onmen tally, there will be a terrifi c legacy-it ' s a new Iandscape powering a new piece of city.伦敦2012奥林匹克公园滨水景观设计与营造业主委托：伦敦奥运交付管理局项目位置：英国伦敦项目设计：阿特金斯撰文：迈克•麦克尼古拉斯/阿特金斯项目经理如果在不久的未来，将有数百万人途经这块滨水区域，沿河该如何种植？如果了解到自然界中人造湿林地已十分罕见，该如何设计、创造并维护周边这种湿地环境？该如何长期保持栖息地的活力和可持续性？在伦敦2012奥林匹克公园项目中，来自阿特金斯的工程师们受托负责湿地和河滨地区设计及建设，将会找到所有这些问题的答案。
城市规划外文翻译
城市规划外文翻译集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#外文文献翻译河北工程大学建筑学院城市规划1101A KNOWLEDGE-BASED CONCEPTUAL VISION OF THE SMART CITYElsa NEGRE Camille ROSENTHAL-SABROUX Mila GASCóLAMSADE LAMSADE Center for Innovation in CitiesParis-Dauphine University Paris-Dauphine University Institute for Innovation SIGECAD Team SIGECAD Team and Knowledge ManagementFrance France ESADE-Ramon Llull UniversityAbstractThe term smart city is a fuzzy concept, not well defined in theoretical researches nor in empirical projects. Several definitions, different from each other, have been proposed. However, all agree on the fact that a Smart City is an urban space that tends to improve the daily life (work, school,...) of its citizens(broadly defined). This is an improvement fromdifferent points of view: social, political, economic, governmental. This paper goes beyond this definition and proposes a knowledge-based conceptual vision of the smart city, centered on people’s information and knowledge of people, in order to improve decision-making processes and enhance the value-added of business processes of the modern city.1. IntroductionOver the past few decades, the challenges faced by municipal ,such as urban growth or migration, have become increasingly complex and interrelated. In addition to the traditional land-use regulation, urban maintenance, production, and management of services, governments are required to meet new demands from different actors regarding water supply, natural resources sustainability, education, safety, or transportation (Gascóet al,2014). Innovation, and technological innovation in particular, can help city governments to meet the challenges of urban governance, to improve urban environments, to become more competitive and to address sustainability concerns. Since the early 90s, the development of Internet and communication technologies has facilitated the generation of initiatives to create opportunities for communication and information sharing by local authorities. This phenomenon appeared in the United States then moved to Europe and Asia. Indeed, in oureveryday life, we are more and more invaded by data and information. This flow of data and information is often the result of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Moreover, potentialities of ICT, that have almost exponentially increased have given rise to a huge mass of data to treat (Batty, 2013). The world is becoming increasingly digital and people are affected by these changes. Also, the digital infrastructure infers an information environment that is “as imperceptible to us as water is to a fish”(McLuhan & Gordon, 2011).There exists a kind of parallelism between technologies and humans. On one hand, people use technologies more and more and are hyperconnected, and, on the other hand, (numeric) systems are more and more user-centered (Viitanen &Kingston, 2014). Thus, within cities, systems have to adapt to hyper-connected citizens, in a very particular environment, the one of cities in constant evolution where systems and humans arenested. The advent of new technologies also confronts the city to a large influx of data (Big Data) from heterogeneous sources, including social networks. Itis also important to note that much information and /or knowledge flow between different people (with different uses and backgrounds) and between different stakeholders (Kennedy, 2012). In this respect, the city sees that numerous data circulate via the internet, wireless communication, mobile phones,…Finally, smart cities are exposed to technological issues tied to the huge mass of data which pass within them. These data can carry knowledge and, by the way, the smart city, and de facto, the smart city,aware of the existence and of the potential of this knowledge, can exploit and use them.Note that, for a city, all citizens become knowledgecitizens, especially those whose knowledge is the crucial factor enabling them to improve theirdecision-making processes. In this respect,knowledge is fundamentally valuable to make better decisions and to act this context, this paper focuses on knowledge in the smart city. The paper discusses both explicit knowledge (knowledge extracted from data which flows within the city) and tacit knowledge(that is, citizen’s knowledge). Our argument is twofold:on one hand, we believe that, due to the importance for the city management of tacit knowledge, the city should be closer to its citizens(Bettencourt, 2013). On the other, a city can become smarter by improving its decision-making process and, therefore, by making better decisions. ICT can help in this respect: more data and better-managed data result in, not only more information, but also more knowledge. More knowledge gives rise to better decisions (Grundstein et al, 2003; Simon,1969).The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Next, we present some literature on smart cities and knowledge. Subsequently, we describe the opportunities and challenges smart cities offer for cities development and growth. The City’s Information and Knowledge System is then introduced. Finally, we bring to a close, drawing some conclusions on what a knowledge-based smart city is.2. Related Work. On smart citiesThe origins of the smart city concept are related to the European Union’s energetic efficiency programs that aimed at making cities sustainable(AMETIC, 2013). However, important conceptual trends have also contributed to the emergence of this term. In particular, the influence of open innovation has been key. Chesbrough (2006 & 2003) defines open innovation as a strategy by which firms commercialize external (as well as internal) ideas by deploying outside (as well as in-house) pathways to the market. Inaddition, “ideas can also originate outside the firm’s own labs and be brought inside for commercialization. In other words, the boundary between a firm and its surrounding environment is more porous, enabling innovation to move easily between the two”(Chesbrough, 2003: 37).Despite open innovation was born in relation to the industry and the business world, several authors think this theory can be easily implemented in different fields. In this respect, while historically the public sector has lagged on the innovation curve,today information technology is opening up new opportunities to transform governance and redefine government-citizen interactions, particularly within cities (Chan, 2013; Pyrozhenko, 2011; Almirall &Wareham, 2008). In this context, a smart city can be understood as an environment of open and userdriven innovation for experimenting and validating ICT-enabled services (Schaffers et al., 2011).A second relevant stream of theory that has contributed to the development of smart cities is urban planning and urban development (Trivellato etal., 2013). Ferro et al. (2013) state that the term smart city probably finds its roots in the late nineties with the smart growth movement calling for smart policies in urban planning. According to Anthopoulos & Vakali (2011), urban planning controls the development and the organization of a city by determining, among other, the urbanization zones and the land uses, the location of various public networks and communal spaces, the anticipation of the residential areas, and the rules for buildings constructions. Traditionally, urban planners have been concerned with designing the physical infrastructure of communities, such as transportation systems, business districts, parks and, housing development (Fernback, 2010). Currently, in doing so, urban planners find in technology an enormous opportunity to shape the future of a city (Townsend,2013), particularly for urban planning is a complextask requiring multidimensional urbaninformation, which needs to be shared and integrated.Regardless of its origins, various attempts have been made to academically define and conceptually describe a smart city. AlAwadhi & Scholl (2013) state that, actually, these definitions depend on different types and groups of practitioners think about what a smart city is. In this respect, although no generally accepted academic definition has emerged so far, several works have identified certain urban attributes that may characterize what a smart city start with, Giffinger et al. (2007) rank 70 European cities using six dimensions: smart economy (competitiveness), smart people (human and social capital), smart governance (participation), smart mobility (transport and ICT), smartenvironment(natural resources), and smart living (quality of life).As a result, they define a smart city as “a city well performing in a forward-looking way in these six characteristics, built on the ‘smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive,independent and aware citizens”(p. 11). Moreover, Nam & Pardo (2011) suggest three conceptual dimensions of a smart city: technology, people, and community. For them, technology is key because of the use of ICT to transform life and work within a city in significant and fundamental ways.However, a smart city cannot be built simp ly through the use of technology. That is why the role of human infrastructure, human capital and education, on one hand, and the support of government and policy, on the other, also become important factors. These three variables considered, the authors conclude that “a city is smart when investments in human/social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance a quality of life, through participatory governance”(p. 286).In turn, Leydesdorff & Deakin (2011) introduce a triple helix model of smart cities. They argue that can be considered as densities in networks among three relevant dynamics: the intellectual capital of universities, the wealth creation of industries, and the democratic government of civil society. Lombardi et al. (2011) build on this model and refer to the involvement of the civil society as one of the key actors, alongside the university, theindustry and the government. In Lombardi’s words(2011)“this advanced model presupposes that the four helices operate in a complex urban environment, where civic involvement, along with cultural and social capital endowments, shape the relationships between the traditional helices of university, industry and government. The interplay between these actors and forces determines the success of a city in moving on a smart development path”(p. 8).Yet, so far, one of the most comprehensive and integrative framework for analyzing smart city projects has been presented by Chourabi et al. (2012).The authors present a set of eight dimensions, both internal and external, that affect the design,implementation, and use of smart cities initiatives:1) Management and organization: Organizational and managerial factors such as project size, leadership or change management. 2)Technology: Technological challenges such as lack of IT skills.3) Governance: Factors related to the implementation of processes with constituents who exchange information according to rules and standards in order to achieve goals and objectives.4) Policy context: Political and institutional components thatrepresent various political elements and external pressures.5) People and communities: Factors related to the individuals and communities, which are part of the so-called smart city, such as the digital divide or the level of education.6) Economy: Factors around economic variables such as competitiveness,innovation,entrepreneurship, productivity or flexibility.7)Built infrastructure: Availability and quality of the ICT infrastructure.8) Natural environment: Factors related to sustainability and better management of natural resources. Finally, according to Dameri (2013), within the European Union, the concept of smart city is based on four basic elements that composed the city:1) Land: The territorial dimension is not limited to the administrative boundaries of the city but may extend to the region. Sometimes, cities group together and form a network to share knowledge and best practices to tackle urban problems. The city is subjected to influences and regulations of the nation, which itself is affected by more global prerogatives.2)Infrastructures: Buildings, streets, traffic and public transports impact the quality of urban life and urban environment.3) People: All the stakeholders who are linked to the city (students, workers, neighbors, friends, tourists, …).4) Government: Urban policies are defined at the local level, and also at the central level, or even at a more global level, such as the European level, depending on the topic, the action, the project, However, a definition of a smart city is indispensable to define its perimeter and to understand which initiatives can be considered smart and which cannot. Moreover, a standard definition is also the first step for each city to specify its own vision of a smart city strategy. The definition and the comprehensive smart city framework(threats,opportunities,…) are the necessary basis on which to build the smart city goals system. That is why, in this paper, we agree with the Chourabi, et al’s framework(2012) and the Caragliu, etal.’s definition (2009) and consider that cities are smart when investments inhuman and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuelsustainable economic growth and a high quality oflife, with a wise management of natural resources,through participatory governance.. On knowledgeAs mentioned in the introduction, the smart city must be able to exploit knowledge that result from data management. This knowledge will result in better decisions in order for the 21st century city to address its main challenges (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Wesuggest an approach to digital information systems centered on people’s information and knowledge of people, in order to improve decisionmaking processes and enhance the value-added of business processes of the city.ICT allow people located outside a city to communicate with other people and to exchange knowledge. These observations concerning knowledge in the city context highlight the importance of tacit knowledge. It points out the interest of creating a favorable climate for both the exchange and sharing of tacit knowledge and its transformation into explicit knowledge and therefore extending the field of knowledge which will come under the rules and regulations governing industrial property (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Moreover, we should emphasize the fact that capitalizing on city’s knowledge is an ongoing issue, omnipresent in everyone’s activities, which specifically should have an increasing impact on management functions of the city. Polanyi (1967) classifies the human knowledge into two categories: tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge. He says: “tacit knowledge is personal,context-specific, and therefore hard to formalize andcommunicate. Explicit or 'codified' knowledge, on the other hand, refers to knowledge that is transmittable in formal, systematic language" . Our point of view can be found in the work of Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995), with reference to Polanyi (1967), considering that “tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge are not totally separated but mutually complementary entities”(Nonaka &Takeuchi, 1995: 61). For Nonaka & Takeuchi (1995), explicit knowledge can be easily expressed in written documents but is less likely to result in major decisions than tacit knowledge, which is to say that the decision process stems from knowledge acquired through experience, albeit difficult to express in elements are “explicit knowledge”. Heterogeneous, incomplete or redundant, they are often marked by the circumstances under which knowledge was created. They do not express the unwritten rules of those who formalized knowledge, the “unspoken words”. They are stored and disseminated in archives, cabinets, and databases, ...(Polanyi, 1967).Intangible elements are “tacit knowledge”.Acquired through practice, they are adaptable to the situations. Explicitly or non-explicitly, they are often transmitted by implicit collective apprenticeship or by a master-apprentice relationship. They are located in people's minds (Polanyi, 1967).By analogy with the works of Polanyi (1967),Nelson and Winter (1982), Davenport & Prusak(1998) and Grundstein et al. (2003), the city’s knowledge consists of tangible elements (databases,procedures, drawings, models, documents used for analyzing and synthesizing data, …) and intangible elements (people's needs, unwritten rules of individual and collective behavior patterns, knowledge of the city’s history and decision-making contexts, knowledge of the city environment(citizens, tourists, companies, technologies,influential socio-economic factors, …). All these elements characterize the city’s capability to innovate, produce, sell, and support its services. They are representative of the city’s experience and culture. They constitute and produce the added-valueof the city.These observations concerning knowledge in the city context highlight the importance of tacit knowledge. They point out the interest in taking into account tacit knowledge in decision processes. As a reminder, we believe that the decision in the context of smart cities, where data and knowledge flow, is permanent and important. 3. Opportunities and challenges of the smart citiesCities are confronted to a continuous improvement process and have to become smarter and smarter (Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014). In doing so, they are confronted with threats and opportunities.Opportunities in cities are given by innovation,education, culture, companies, public organizations and public spaces where people can exchange, make sport, share experiences, meet each other, …On the other side, difficulties related to urbanization, environment protection, pollution,inefficient public transports, traffic, lack of green spaces, social differences, …are threats to city.To deal with these threats and opportunities,questions regarding knowledge in the city arise: How should we link knowledge management to the smart city strategy What activities should be developed and promoted What organizational structures should be put in place How should we go about creating them How can we implement enabling conditions for knowledge management initiatives What impact and benefit evaluation methods should be installedHow can we go about provoking cultural change towards a more knowledge-sharing attitude Within this perspective, we must keep in mind that cities need to evolve through their own efforts, by intensifying diversity and creating new foundations for thought and behavior.A knowledge-based city requires that each citizen takes responsibility for objectives, contributions to the city and, indeed, for behavior as well. This implies that all citizens are stakeholders of the city.This vision places strong emphasis on the ultimate goal of the digital information system which is providing knowledge-citizens,engaged in a daily related decision process, with all the information needed to understand situations they will encounter to make choices - which is to say, to make decisions –to carry out their activities, capitalizing the knowledge produced in the course of performing these tasks.The use of high technology help to improve a better way of life in the city because citizens are more informed, connected and linked. Moreover,using Information and Communication Technology(ICT) is essential to create social inclusion, social communication, civil participation, higher education and information quality.Finally, it is important to note that if smart cities are too connected/linked, they can become ICTaddicts(Viitanen & Kingston, 2014). In that case, it is possible that, one day, some smart cities will be confronted to problems of cyber-security and/or resilience, such as in the new video game “Watch Dogs”(Ubisoft) in which the player is at the heart of a smart and hyper-connected city in which his smartphone gives him/her control of all infrastructures of the CTOs (Central Operating System - high performance system that connects infrastructures and facilities of public security of the city to a centralized exchange pole). The player can handle the traffic lights to create a huge pile or stop a train to board and escape the forces ... Everything that is connected to the network can become a weapon.Opportunities and challenges should be more related to knowledge in the smart city. Therefore, in the next section, we propose to adapt the concept of Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System(EIKS) introduced by Grundstein & Rosenthal- Sabroux (2009) to smart cities to address challenges related to knowledge in the smart city.4. The Smart City’s Information and Knowledge SystemIn general, an information system “is a set ofelements interconnected which collect (or recover),process, store and disseminate information in order tosupport decision and process control” (Laudon &Laudon 2006). Grundstein & Rosenthal-Sabroux(2009) introduced the notion of knowledge into the information system and proposed the concept of Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System(EIKS). In this section, by analogy, we propose our Smart City’s Information and Knowledge System(CIKS) where data and knowledge flow within.Under the influence of globalization and the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) that modify radically our relationship with space and time, the city increasingly develops its activities in a planetary space with three dimensions:A global space covering the set of cities (the nation).A local space corresponding to the city located in a given geographic area.An area of influence that covers the field of interaction of the city with the other cities.The city locked up on its local borders is transformed into an extended city, without borders,opened and adaptable. The land is the territorial dimension of a city, with different levels. These levels range from the local dimension, to regional, network, national and finally the global dimension.Furthermore, this city is placed under the ascendancy of the unforeseeable environment that leads towards uncertainty and doubt.The city meets fundamental problems of information exchange and knowledge sharing among,on the one hand, its formal entities distributed in the world and on the other hand, the city's people(nomadic or sedentary), bearers of diversified values and cultures according to the origin. Two networks of information overlap:A formal information network between the internal or external entities, in which data and explicit knowledge circulate. This network is implemented by means of intranet and extranet technologies.An informal information network between nomadic or sedentary peoples. This network favors information exchange and tacit knowledge sharing. It is implemented through converging Information and Communication Technologies (for example the new IPOD with Web .The problems occur when nomadic people(tourists or students for example) placed in new,unknown or unexpected situations, need to get“active information”, that is, information and knowledge they need immediately to understand the situation, solve a problem, take a decision, and act.That means that ICT provide the information needed by people who are the heart of the city. By extension, our reflection is: ICT bear potentialities,they bring new uses, they induce a new organization,and they induce a new vision of city, what we call a “smart city”. And, ICT are the heart of the smart city.Building on this, a city can be seen as an information system and because of its hyperconnected nature, smart city can be seen as more than an information system: an information and knowledge system. In fact, the City’s Information and Knowledge System (CIKS) consists mainly in a set of individuals (people) and digital information systems. CIKS rests on a socio technical context,which consists of individuals (people) in interaction among them, with machines, and with the very CIKS. It includes:Digital Information Systems (DIS), which are artificial systems, the artefacts designed by ICT.An information system constituted by individuals who, in a given context, are processors of data to which they give a sense under the shape of information. This information, depending of the case, is passed on, remembered, treated, and diffused by them or by the DIS.A knowledge system, consisting of tacit knowledge embodied by the individuals, and of explicit knowledge formalized and codified on any shape of supports(documents, video, photo, digitized or not).Under certain conditions, digitized knowledge is susceptible to be memorized, processed and spread with the DIS.We must identify information and knowledge to a city’s activities and for individual and collective decision-making processes. The objective could be to design a Digital Information System (DIS) which would allow the city’s stakeholders to receive, to gain access to, and to share the greatest variety of information and knowledge they deem necessary, as rapidly as possible, in order to accelerate decisionmaking processes and to make them as reliable as possible.5. ConclusionThe city has evolved over time: it started with scattered houses, then these houses were grouped into cities, which were industrialized and mechanically connected to other cities and, now, we have hyper connected cities (with citizens who are connected,who need access to different information, and with cities that are connected to the rest of the world)(Kennedy, 2012).In this paper, we propose a conceptual vision of the smart city, based on knowledge. Knowledge can be: explicit knowledge (knowledge extracted from data which flows within the city) and/or tacit knowledge (that is, citizen’s knowledge). According to the previous works on the area of smart cities and knowledge management and the study of threats and opportunities of cities, one specific challenge appears(among some): knowledge must be integrated into the city. Thus, we introduce our Smart City’s Information and Knowledge System (CIKS) where data and knowledge flow within.The smart city is more than Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and more thanpeople. It also has to do with knowledge (Kennedy,2012; Negre & Rosenthal-Sabroux, 2014).Our vision is an approach that takes into account people, information, knowledge and ICT. From our point of view, knowledge is a factor of competence in order to improve the “smartness”of the city and to handle the complexity of the cities (du, in part, to ICT).6. ReferencesAlAwadhi, S. & Scholl, H. J. (2013). “Aspirations andrealizations: the smart city of Seattle”. Paper presented at the 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Maui, HI, January 7-10.Almirall, E. & Wareham, J. (2008). “Living labs and openinnovation: Roles and applicability”. The ElectronicJournal for Virtual Organizations and Networks, 10(special issue): (2013). Smart cities. Barcelona: AMETIC. Anthopoulos, L. & Vakali, A. (2012). “Urban planning andsmart cities: Interrelations and reciprocities”. In F. Alvarezet al. (eds.). Future Internet Assembly 2012. From promisesto reality. New York: Springer (pp. 178-189). Batty, M. (2013). “Big data, smart cities and city planning”.Dialogues in Human Geography, November 2013 vol. 3no. 3 274-279Bettencourt, L. (2013). “Four simple principles to plan thebest city possible”. New Scientist, 18 (December):30-31.Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C. & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart citiesin Europe. Technical , C. (2013): “From open data to open innovationstrategies: Creating e-services using open governmentdata”. Paper presented at the 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Big Island (HI), , H. (2006).译文:基于知识理论角度的智慧城市作者：艾尔莎内格雷卡米尔·罗森塔尔摘要术语智慧城市是一个模糊的概念，没有很好地在理论研究亦或是在实证项目的定义。
History and Civilization of the City 城市规划方面英文论文(专业、雅思、托福等可用)
History and Civilization of the CityAs a saying goes, there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand audience's eyes, undoubtedly, a city has a great number of images in citizens' minds because every city definitely has its long-standing history and splendid civilization just like every individual has its memory. If all of our cities abandon them in order to become what called the "modern city", which is more advanced than it before, citizens would have much less impression of the city's tradition. Is this good for our cities? I suppose not. It can be imagined that if Hamlet had monotonous character, audience would no longer like it. Consequently, in my opinion, a city should not abandon its traditional civilization when in the process of urbanization.There is a concept called "urbanization", which not only means modernizing the city, but also means making the rural area alter to city. Some people, however, give an additional meaning that abandoning the traditional culture to it. Maybe, as is known to them, when taking the tradition into consideration, it is no more a significant element to the modern city. Yet as far as I know, the traditional culture is crucial and fundamental fortune. When we are facing to various type of lure, the government should not lose itself and should protect the valuable treasure. For instance, Nanjing is a big city which owns over 2470 years of history, and Nanjing was the capital of many dynasties of ancient China. In the construction, the government reserves its quadruple castles and ancient bridges of the Ming Dynasty and lots of other historical sites. In addition, establishing ten protection zones such as Ming Palace and Confucius Temple is another brilliant method to prevent the traditional civilization from damaging during the process of modernization or urbanization. There is no doubt that the government attaches great importance to it in urban construction.Thus, on the one hand, the tradition of a city is definitely a significant element and fortune which we should consider and protect in urbanization. On the other hand, it also can benefit the development of the city even the whole country.History and culture are root and soul of the city, because when citizens know the history, they know the derivation of themselves, similarly, when they understand the culture of the city, they understand the spirit of it. Furthermore, the people from other area will be attracted. There are many instances we can learn from them, such as Pingyao, Lijiang, Wuzhen, etc. They are all famous ancient towns with less tall buildings and cars. Nevertheless, their long history and various cultures attract numerous tourists every year. Taking Pingyao for the example, about ten years ago, it had already attracted 1.5 million tourists as well as earned more than 200 million from them, it can be imagine that the number is much more tremendous today. As the same time, the native people not only remember themselves’ cultures but have more chances to work for hometown, and the government have fund to protect the ancient buildings, augment the planting or prevent the pollution rather than waste money to build excess similar modern buildings. As far as I am concerned, the developing of our city cannot be separated from the history and traditional culture.As a philosopher told us, to know the passed one thousand year is to better develop the next five hundred years of the future, no matter which type of city we want in the future, we should not forget the long history and abandon the splendid traditional civilization. After all, memorizing and inheriting is our responsibility.。
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献
城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscapeforms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscapeand ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, tothousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "halfnatural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the righttemperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plant form the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and longgrowth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increase in the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is thefoundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 1992城市与景观摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Spatial Planning System of National Territory in Japan，China and Korea日本、中国和韩国的国土空间规划体系Kyungrock YE, Jun-hua ZHANG, Takeshi KINOSHITA, Xing-yan WANG Abstract: This study conducted the national territory planning system of Japan, China and Korea, on a premise to discuss possibility of integrated spatial planning of Eastern Asia. The purpose of this study is to arrange major spatial plans of three countries according to classification of urban and non-urban area, and to clarifying role of each spatial plan.。
文摘:本研究是在进行中国、日本、韩国的国土规划体系前提下,探讨整个亚洲东部的综合空间规划的可能性。
本研究的目的是根据城市区域和非城市区域的分类，明确大空间计划下三个国家在规划中所扮演的角色。
As a result, Korea, the smallest country among three countries, has one system on land use, development and conservation, considering whole national territory to be one city planning area, and a role and relation of each spatial plan is comparatively clear. On the other hand, China, the largest country among three countries, although a role and relation of each spatial plan are clear in urban area, a general recognition for necessity of non-urban area planning is weak. In case of Japan, the characteristics that the spatial planning system is consisted on the division into urban area and non-urban area, is very similar to China, and there is hardly relation between these two kinds of spatial planning.最终,作为最小国家的韩国,已拥有一个针对土地使用、发展与保护的体系,它把整个国家领土是一个城市规划区考虑，每个空间的规划的角色和关系较为清楚。
另一方面,作为最大国家的中国,尽管市区的空间规划是很明确，但人们对非城市的空间规划重视程度都非常薄弱。
在日本，空间规划系统对城市区域和非城市地区的划分原则跟中国是非常相似的,这两种类型的空间规划几乎没有必然的关系。
Key words: National territory plan; Japan; China; Korea; Spatial planning; Eastern Asia Community.关键词:国土规划;日本、中国、韩国、空间规划、东亚共同体。
Recently it is frequently discussed on the Eastern Asia Community. This is still mainly focused on the economy, but in environmental aspect we also have some common serious problems ,e.g.sustainable development, bio-diversity, outstanding landscape/nature conservation, balanced development of town and country, cultural assets conservation/utilization and several environmental problems. In order to settle these subjects, it is important not only to challenge by each country but also to prepare a common framework for comprehensive spatial planning covering whole eastern Asia..最近东亚共同体经常被讨论，主要关注仍然是经济问题,但在环保方面我们也有一些常见的严重问题需要解决,如可持续发展、生物多样性、优秀景观、自然保护、城乡协调发展、文化遗产保护、环境问题等。
解决这些问题,重要的不仅是对每个国家的挑战,而是需要准备一个常见的全面覆盖整个亚洲的空间规划的框架。
This study was done to clarify the similarities and differences of national territory planning system of Japan, China and Korea as a first step to discuss on the subjects and possibilities of comprehensive Eastern Asian spatial planning. Until now the national territory planning system of Japan and Korea have already been studied , but the comparative study between three countries including China from the viewpoint of spatial planning has never seen before. We used mainly related literatures on planning system and government's official websites of each country to clarify the purposes of this study. And we classified each country's major spatial plans into four categories,national, regional, urban area and non- urban area, and discussed on the vertical and horizontal relation between them.本研究之目的：第一步是明确日本、中国和韩国的国土规划体系的异同,讨论综合东亚空间规划的课题和可能性。
迄今为止,日本和韩国的国土规划体系已经进行了比较研究阶段,但从空间规划的角度对三个国家的比较研究还未进行。
我们主要在每一个国家的规划系统的相关文献、政府的官方网站上阐明了本篇研究的目的。
我们按照整个大空间规划把每个国家分为国家、地区、城市区域和非城市区域四类,讨论垂直和水平的关系。
1 National Territory Planning System of JapanThe Comprehensive National Development Act(1950), Land Use Planning Act(1974) and City Planning Act (1968) support Japanese major spatial planning (Table 1). These are all under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Land, infrastructure and Transport. The CNDP provides tong-range visions on nation-wide land use, development and conservation, social overhead capital, and a traffic policy. According this plan, the CPDP and MLP are to be prepared. The Plans provided by Land Use Planning Act includes NLP and PLP on the perspective of effective national land use and LUMP that classified prefectural land use into five areas (town, agriculture, forest, natural park and natural conservation area). Fig. 1 shows that there are main two spatial plans by two acts at national and regional level, but the relation and a role sharing between the acts and plans.Representative plans of urban area and non-urban area are the MLP by Land Use Planning Act and the CP by City Planning Act, but the relation between the two is not clear and actually the only CP plays a key role to control land use. it is clear that the Japanese national territory planning is divided into NLP and CP and the role of regional planning is relatively small. Therefore the area that is closely covered by main three acts is only 'city planning area', the other non-urban area is depended on other related acts (Fig.1). The area classification by LUMP supports competent ministries and acts, and separate plans are applied to each area. In other words, one may say that the Japanese national territory planning stresses the urban areas' plans and in non-urban areas there isno comprehensive plan that unifies the related plans (Fig. 1) and a frame/role of regional planning is relatively weak.一、日本的国土规划系统综合国家发展行动(1950年)、土地利用总体规划(1974年)和城市规划条例(1968)都支持日本主要的空间规划(表1)。