药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案
人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT 4 Period 1课时作业含答案
UNIT 4Period One基础练Ⅰ.单词拼写1．This morning I received two ________(包裹) from my family.2．What is the number of your ________(邮件) box?3．The small country road is thickly covered with ________(杂草).4．According to the rule，everybody must be dressed in school ________(制服) at school. 5．Her mother is a ________(药剂师)who works in a hospital nearby.6．You can’t pick off the orange before it is ________(成熟).【答案】1．parcels2．mail3．weeds4．uniform5．chemist6．ripeⅡ.单句语法填空1．Could you please give me a bit ________drinking water?2．I don’t think it a good idea to run on this ________(dust) path every morning.3．One day，I ________(do) some exercise in the park when it suddenly began to rain. 4．________(tell) the truth，I don’t think that doctor is of much skill in his work.5．At the beginning of each class，all the students greet the teacher ________ chorus. 6．You’ll have to adapt ________(you) to the new life in your new school as soon as possible. 7．It is known to us all that clothing and ________(house) are two major necessities in our life. 8．Now, I can hear someone ________(quarrel) in the next door.【答案】1．of2．dusty3．was doing4．To tell5．in6．yourself7．housing8．quarrellingⅢ.完成句子1．He can’t even use a mobile phone，________________________．他连手机都不会用，更不用说电脑了。
2012药学英语翻译
Unit 1 Green pharmacy-herbal medicine1) Plant kingdom once was mere pharmacy of the human race, but now when you get into the modern pharmacy, plant-derived drugs have been hardly found.2) Although today the number of plant-based drugs has been decreased, the effective chemicals in many tables, capsule and bottle-contained drugs are originated from plant kingdom.3) Among chemical substances contained in plants, some must be toxic, but some must be drugs available to us.4) During the millions of years since man came to the earth, he has been doing experiments on a variety of plants about him.5) There exist mistrust, suspicion and hostility between the orthodox medicine and herbal practitioners for many years, which are threatening the possibility of establishing good working relationship.6) When we think of the effectiveness of quinine, the great contributions made by herbal medicine to medical science are quite evident.7) However, in the past few decades, the number of newly-introduced drugs has obviously decreased.8) The medical legacy of our motherland is an inexhaustible new-drug treasure, which remains us to tap with new methods.9) If pharmacological method had not been introduced to the study of vinca rosea, the discovery of vincaleukoblastine would have been postponed by many years.10) Western medicine hardly believes that someone who knows nothing of a disease mechanism could be capable of curing it.Unit 2 How does human body fight disease?People tend to believe that antibiotics were invented by human being, but in fact, they are purely natural products. Since Alexander Fleming, a British biologist discovered anti-microbial substance released by the Penicillium fungi in 1928, it has been learned that this substance can produce powerful antibiotic effect. In fact, antibiotics, are exactly manufactured by organisms, namely, bacteria and fungi, which people aim to destroy. After Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, Selma Walksman in 1943 isolated Streptomycin from a soil bacterium, Streptomycus griseus. Scientists have not made it clear completely why organisms can produce antibiotics. This question has become the topic for discussion.Why antibiotics are useful in medicine is that they can not only kill microbes, but also not kill the body cells as they do to the microbes, body cells are entirely different from those of bacteria cells, so that they can avoid being destroyed at the same time. Thus, antibiotics are called “magic bullet”because they may be particularly used to aim at certain microbes. This feature of antibiotics also makes them essentially different from anti-microbial agents: the latter tends to have poison to a majority of cells, whether the cells of bacteria or the body cells.Unit 3 Drug dependenceStudies indicate that drug dependencies both a health problem and a social concern. The drug dependence affects not only individual’s health but also the public health at the same time. The drug use has obviously and severely negative effects on the human brain and physical health. But drug abuse and addiction have huge and potential threat, because whether the drug is used directlyor indirectly has become the main transmitting ways for many severe communicable diseases, AIDS, hepatitis and pulmonary tuberculosis in particular, plus violent behaviors, etc. The drug addiction is such a complicated and widely health-associated problem that we must duty-boundly put the measures about the public health, extensively-launched education, prevention, treatment and scientific research into our total strategy. Science is offering the foundation to the exploration of public health, which keeps the opposite attitude to the extensively-accepted point of view. It thinks that the drug dependents are made to lose all abilities by drugs, so they cannot rectify their own behaviors. It also offers the suggestions of the foundation for revising the total strategy, so as to reduce the negative effects produced by injection of drugs on the individual and society.Unit 4 The scope of pharmacology1) The science that drugs act on the human body is known as pharmacology, while the scientists who studies this science is called pharmacologist.2) Pharmacology is not a science which can be studied alone, but one that is closely related to other sciences.3) Pharmacologist should not only learn the normal reaction process, but also know how the functions of the human body are affected by diseases.4) If the drug is properly used, it will be a boon to the human race, if not, it will destroy the human race.5) In the first half of the 20th century, the fantastic development has been achieved in the pharmacological field.6) The human race makes constant efforts not only for increasing life expectancy, but also for more healthy life.7) If a patient, the old in particular, constantly uses more than one therapeutic agent, the correlation of the drugs causing toxin tends to occur.8) The clinician is interested primarily in the drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease.9) As most of the natural drugs are now highly purified and differ little from synthetic chemical drugs, the interests of the clinicians in pharmacognosy are correspondingly limited.10) Pharmacodynamics, as a border science, borrows greatly from both the subject matter and the experimental techniques of physiology, biochemistry, microbiology, immunology, genetics, pathology and so on.Unit 5 Combinatorial chemistry and new drugs1) To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2) In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemicals generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3) In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels.4) A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mixsynthesis, the related compound are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required.5) At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.Unit 6 Drug discovery and natural products1) Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optimization.2) Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients or pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3) Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.4) Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species.5) Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes：（1）bioactivity- or mechanism of action directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2)rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)mechanism of action studies.Unit 7 New drugs and drug delivery systems1) Every drug has its innate pharmacological characteristics. With the right dosage, frequency of administration and route of administration, most patients can get the expected pharmacological eficacy.2) But to different patients, there may be certain ,or even very obvious differences. Patients’physique, quality of drug, microorganisms and environmental factors can all affect drug fuctioning. They can enhance or decrease drug efficacy.3) The main factors that produce individual differences are the differences in drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation and elimination.4) In order to achieve the goal of maximum efficacy and minimum side effect for every patient, it is far from enough just to select drugs according to their pharmaceutical functioning.5) Other factors that influence the efficacy of different drugs must be taken into account, and appropriate therapies should be made according to the particular conditions of different patients. These therapies must be adjusted in time in the course of treatment to conform to patients’changed conditions until they recover.Unit 8 What analytical chemists do ?1) Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions:what it is and how much it is, that isqualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2) Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and application. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3) Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms.4) Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicateds the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds or their functional groups.5) The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification.Unit 9 Nonclinical development of biopharmaceuticals1) The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years of work, and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced.2) The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3) Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routesof adminstering systemically acting drugs involve the absoption of drug from the place of adminstration into the blood.4) Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco)proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs.5) In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity.Unit 10 The package insert and prescription1) The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by pharmaceuticalfirm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosage forms.2) The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must beprepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3) If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the published clinical study, plus the physician’s judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice?4) The FDA cannot requirea pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert, the manufacturer cannot advertise his product for that particular use.5) Today, the FDA’s regulatory scope and authority include ensuring the safety and purity of foods, drugs, medical devices, nutritional supplements, vaccines and cosmetics. Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic, and medical device data. With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.Unit 11 Development od new drugs(1)1) Formerly, drugs were extracted from natural plant and animal sources. Therapeutic use was empirical and based on traditional experiences.2) The strategies of the drug research include occasional discoveries, random molecular combination, and a planned research of synthesis of a certain specific chemical element.3) Although this is a ideal method of the development of new drugs, it is expensive and there is no guarantee of success.4) When a drug is used by millions of people, it is sure to develop unhealthy response, though this harm is not too big to particular people.5) Most drugs have a maximum safe dose, if the dose exceeds the limited extent, it will produce toxic side effects.6) Penicillin, one of the most powerful bacterium-killers in the world, was incidentally discovered by Fleming.7) The pharmacological experiment of a new drug will determine whether the drug has the desired medicinal functions in model systems.8) The addition of awareness of the biochemical mechanism will make the development of new drugs more rational.9) Extensive formal toxicological tests are required before new drugs can be used on patients.10) Now chemists and biologists attach importance to research fields of molecular biology, biochemical pharmacology, and so on.Unit 12 Development od new drugs(2)1) The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs, better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.2) The promotion representative of the pharmaceutical manufacturer has been trained to promote a certain new product.3) The clinical evaluation of new drugs should be made after the study on animals proves effective.4) A new drug evaluation in man can be considered in four phases, each of which should be doneunder the strict supervision.5) Dose-ranging study should only be performed in volunteers who are informed about the implications of the tests, and who give their consent freely.6) As dose-ranging study may have a certain dangerous nature, it can only be carried out under medical supervision.7) A large scale of clinical trials in phase 3 will establish the new drug’s profile of action and frequency of adverse effects.8) The large cost of the drug development is borne by the pharmaceutical industry, which justifiably expects to recoupe it when the product is finally marketed.9) Information about new drugs published in well-established journals is more believable than the introductions by the representatives living on promotion.10) Heavy investment used in promotion of new drugs has not only led to the use of undistinguished new drugs but also raised the cost of the drugs.Unit 13 The impact of pharmaceutical care on drug therapy1) The focus of pharmaceutical care is to optimize drug therapy, minimize drug-related problems, and improve self-management for the purpose of achieving the optimal outcome to improve the patients’ quality of life.2) Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Ultimately, it is likely to lead to complications.3) The Pharmaceutical Care process for the patients in the Intervention Group consists of three sections. One of them is provided at hospital, then seamless care at the time of discharge from hospital and the last in the ambulatory setting.4) Pharmaceutical care has a clear benefit and positive impact on patient’s HRQoL, which is feasible in the hospital and in the community setting.5) The result of the study demonsreates that patients who do not receive intensified PC have a higher chance of deteriorationg their quality of life.Unit 14 FDA’s responsibilities and activities1) Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get the license from the corresponding authorized government agency(Drug Safety Commiittee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA;Medical Products Agency in Sweden and etc).2) The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients in controlled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan diseases in small scale trials.3) At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effects caused by overdosages have been documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.4) Continuous use of beta receptor blocking drug practolol for a comparative period of time may produce a syndrome of ocular mucosa and dermis, which had been discovered after several years.5) In similar manner, when thalidomide was discovered to make pregnant women who had taken the medicine during their early pregnancy bear babies with limb deformity, it had been sold on market for a few years.Unit 15 Good manufacturing practices(GMP)1) GMP is probably the most widespread quality system followed across the pharmaceutical industry as a whole. GMP compliance is a requirement within the R&D environment for the manufacture and testing of clinical trial materials (both drug product and API) and for commercial manufacture and testing of these materials.2) Although the FD&C Act requires all drugs (products and APIs) to be manufactured to cGMP, the regulations 21CFR parts 210 and 211 are only mandatory for the manufacture of drug products and not APIs. It is only with the issue of ICH Q7 A that the worldwide pharmaceutical industry finally received detailed guidance for manufacture of APIs for boh commercial and R&D purposes.3) There have been distinct and fundamental differences between USA regulation and EU/UK requirements for GMP. The US required all drugs to be made to GMP requirements and performed inspections throughout the world in support of these requirements. In the UK, only drug products and biological manufacturers (not APIs, except some specified antibiotics) were inspected by the regulatory authority fot compliance to GMP.4) An API is normally prepared by chemical processes and even if purification is involved at each stage of manufacture, impurities in APIs can not be removed thoroughly. Therefore, trace impurities are allowed to be present in drug product to a limited extent.5) Harmonization with the US through a Mutual Recognition Agreement（MRA）is seen as a big saving of inspection resources to both the EU and the USA, through mutual acceptance of API facility inspection reports.。
药学英语翻译练习
药学英语翻译练习I. Translate the following phrases and sentences into ChineseA Phrases translation1. Lidocaine hydrochloride盐酸利多卡因2. procaine sulph(f)ate硫酸普鲁卡因3. APC: ( Aspirin Phe n acetin Caffeine)阿司匹林，非那西丁，咖啡因4. Di a zepam地西泮B Sentences translation1. Despite problems of cultural, ethical and regulatory differences, a growing number of foreign companies have begun multi-centre phase III clinical trials in China.尽管由于文化，伦理和规定的不同，越来越多的国外公司开始在中国进行3期临床试验。
2. The interest by US and European pharmaceutical companies in doing something more than a small phase IV trial to meet China’s minimal licensing criteria was modest at best.美国和欧洲医药企业在中国进行超越4期临床试验达到中国注册标准的兴趣并不大。
3. By law, the FDA has responsibility to oversee the purity, quality, safety, usefulness, and related characteristics of the nation’s food, drug, and cosmetic supply.根据规定，FDA负责监督国家食品，药品和化妆品的纯度，质量安全，效果和相关特性。
大学英语精读第四册课后翻译题及答案
UNIT11.我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。
We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience / receive us the next day.2.我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。
I thought it odd that he didn’t seem to remember his own birthday.3.学期论文最迟在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。
Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far.4.看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。
(pain)It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.5.在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。
Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts.6.该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。
The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.UNIT21.比尔已是个成熟的小伙子，不再依赖父母替他做主。
英语文献翻译药学复试题及答案
英语文献翻译药学复试题及答案一、选择题1. 以下哪个是药物代谢的主要器官？A. 心脏B. 肝脏C. 肾脏D. 肺脏答案：B2. 药物的半衰期是指：A. 药物在体内的总时间B. 药物浓度减半所需的时间C. 药物达到最大浓度的时间D. 药物完全排出体外的时间答案：B3. 以下哪个不是药物的副作用？A. 头痛B. 恶心C. 治疗作用D. 过敏反应答案：C二、填空题4. 药物的生物利用度是指药物在体内的_______。
答案：有效成分被吸收并到达作用部位的程度5. 药物的剂量设计需要考虑的主要因素包括药物的_______、_______和_______。
答案：药效、安全性、药代动力学特性三、简答题6. 简述药物的药代动力学过程。
答案：药物的药代动力学过程主要包括药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄四个阶段。
药物首先通过口服、注射等途径进入体内，然后通过血液循环分布到全身各部位，接着在肝脏等器官进行代谢，最后通过肾脏等途径排出体外。
7. 药物的副作用与治疗作用有何区别？答案：药物的副作用是指药物在治疗过程中产生的非预期的、通常有害的生理反应。
而治疗作用是药物的主要目的，即通过其药理作用达到治疗疾病的效果。
副作用与治疗作用的主要区别在于它们对患者的影响和目的不同。
四、论述题8. 论述药物相互作用的类型及其对患者可能产生的影响。
答案：药物相互作用是指两种或两种以上的药物同时使用时，它们之间的相互作用可能影响药物的药效、安全性或药代动力学特性。
常见的药物相互作用类型包括协同作用、拮抗作用、增加毒性作用等。
这些相互作用可能导致药物效果增强或减弱，副作用增加或减少，甚至可能引发严重的不良反应，对患者的健康造成影响。
9. 论述合理用药的重要性及其基本原则。
答案：合理用药是指根据患者的具体情况，选择适当的药物、剂量、用药时间和途径，以达到最佳治疗效果，减少不良反应，降低医疗成本。
合理用药的基本原则包括：确保药物的适应症、避免不必要的药物使用、选择合适的药物剂量、遵循药物的用药指南、监测药物的疗效和安全性等。
英语第四册课后题
Unit 4 Flight 93: What I Never Know1. 这几个省的强队在会上一致宣布他们将参加下一届全国足球赛。
The strong teams from these provinces declared unanimously at the meeting that they would take part in the next national football matches.2. 乔治因踢了对方球员企图使他丧失比赛能力而受到重惩。
George was severely punished for kicking an opponent in an attempt to put him out of action.3. 药物学家们做了一系列实验来试验这种治癌新药；听说过此事的医生正急切地等着结果。
The pharmacologists have carried out a series of experiments to test the new medicine for cancer, and doctors who have heard of this are anxiously awaiting their result.4. 那位业余歌手在歌吟比赛中击败了众多的职业歌手，真令人难以置信。
It is incredible that the amateur singer could have beaten the large number of professionals at the singing contest.5. 我在打猎归家途中，看到史密斯先生和他的孩子们正使劲把汽车推出烂泥地，就赶紧走过去帮助他们。
On my way home from hunting, I found Mr. Smith and his children straining to get their car out the mud and went immediately to help them.6. 市领导为国家赢得荣誉的运动员举行了宴会，其中有一名来自我县的杰出田径运动选手。
(完整word版)新编大学英语4课后习题答案完整版
新编大学英语 4 课后习题答案完整版(Book 4)Unit 1Reading comprehension1略2 BDCAC AADBBVocabulary1. 1) A.entertainingB. entertainmentC. entertainedD. entertainer2) A. recognizable B. recognizedC. recognition3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C.reasonableD. reason5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analystD. analysis6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values values7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorousD. humorless8) A.understandableB. understandingC.understand D. misunderstood6)11)3) a sense of inferiority4) a sense of superiority a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance4. 1) certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior disciplining 6) agreed7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question2. 1) a sense of responsibility2) a sense of safety/security5) a sense of rhythm 8) a sense of helplessness5)attempt 12) voice13) directly 14) followed 15) troubleUnit 2Reading comprehension1略2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFTVocabulary1.Creating Compound WordsSTEP ONE:Column A Column B The compound words createdthrough day throughout up man upbeat, uplift draw eareddrawback teen ready teenagehand conscious handout, handwritten birth back birthday,birthstone chair distance chairman rag beat rag-eared everlift ever-readyover age overdue, overage long due long-distance, long-eared self stone self-consciousmile out m ileage, milestonetype wishing typewriter, typewrittenwell writer/written well-wishing, well-writtenSTEP TWO:1) long-2) upbeat 3) ever-ready 4) distanceoverdue 5) typewriter6) milestone 7) handwritten 8) uplifted 9) self-conscious 10) rag-eared11) birthday 12) throughout 13) drawbacks 14) chairman 15) teenage2.1) A. intrigued v. interestB. intrigue n. the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power2)A. straining v. try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strengthB. strain n. a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something3)A. savor n. taste; flavorB. savored v. enjoy the taste or flavor of; enjoy as much as you can4)A. treasure v. treat something as being very special, important, or valuableB. treasure n. a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A. credited v. consider ⋯as having achieved something or being the reason for itB.creditn. trust; faith6) A. boost n. an encouraging act of cheering somebody upB. boost v. make someone feel more confident and less worried7) A. note n. a short, usually informal, letterB. noted v. notice or pay careful attention to something8) A. signedv. write your signature on a letter or document toshow that you wrote it, agreed with itB. sign n. gesture used to express one 's meaning,idea,etc.9) A. totaled v. come to a certain amountB. total n. the whole amount10) A. v. fill something with a substanceB. stuff n. substance or material11) A. count n. the number that is reached when something is being countedB. count v. be important12) A. last v. manage to remain in the same situationB. last n. the remaining part of something13) A. complimented v. express praise or admiration of somebodyB. compliment n. an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14) A. flood n. a large number or amountB.floodingv. arrive in large numbers 15) A. contact n. communication with a person, organization,country, etc.B.contact v. reach (someone) by message, telephone, etc.3. 1) thrives 2) strategytough: 1) D 2) B 3) E 4) F 5) C 6) A8) enterprise 9) follow up 10) characterized 11) lingered12) acknowledgeddeserve 5) spontaneous 6) sincere3) annual 4)7) investments4. column: 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) C5.1)A. complementary B. complimentary C. complimentary complimentary: 1) expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of chargecomplementary: making something complete or perfect; supplying what is lacking or needed for completion2) A. stationery B. stationary C. stationarystationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials (e.g. paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A. typist B. typewriter C. typisttypewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of papertypist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A. vulgar B. vague C. vague vague: 1) not clearly expressed, known, described or decided2) not clear in shape; not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners; not educated5)A. pad B. pat C. padpad: 1) several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2) a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect apart of the body, give shape to something or clean something 6)A. own B. owed C. owes D. ownedowe: 1) have to pay, for something already done or given2) feel gratefulown: 1) a. belonging to oneself and to no one else2) v. possess (something), especially by lawful right6.1)searched2) clever 3) solution 4) wasted 5) tolerate 6) hidden 7) dumb 8) subject 9) noise 10) extra 11) purchased 12) replaced 13) appreciation14) hurried 15)warrant 16) strangeUnit 31 Understanding the Organization of the Text(1)Introduction (para 1)It has been proven repeatedly that the various types of behavior, emotions, andinterests that constitute being masculine and feminine are patterned by both heredityand culture.(2)There is a cultural bias in education that favors boys over girls. (para. 2-4)Supporting evidenceA.Teachers called on males in class far more than on female students. (para 2)i)Its consequence: This has a tremendous impact on the learning process.ii)The reason for this: Active classroom participants develop more positive attitudesand go on to higher achievement.iii)Two examples:a.In many of the former all- women's colleges, the boys were taking over the class-room discussions and active participation by women students had diminished noticeably.b. A similar subordination of female to male students has also been observed in law and medical school classrooms in recent years.B.Teachers assigned boys and girls different tasks according to stereotyped gender roles. (para. 3)i) Its consequence: This prevented girls from participating as actively as boys in class.ii) An example: A teacher had the little boys perform the scientific experiment while the girls were given the task of putting the materials away.C.Gender-biased education is also reflected in the typical American teacher ' assumption. (para 4)i) The assumption: Boys will do better in the hard, masculine subjects of math and science while girls are expected to have better verbal and reading skills.ii) Three examples:a. American boys do develop reading problems, while girls, who are superior to boys in math up to the age of nine, fall behind from then on.b. In Germany, all studies are considered masculine and it is girls who develop reading problems.c.In Japan, where early education appears to be nonsexist, both girls and boys do equally well in reading.(3)The educational bias begins at home. (para 5)A.Supporting evidence:i) Boy preschoolers were permitted to go away from home in a much wider area than girl preschoolers.ii) Boys were encouraged to develop intellectual curiosity and physical skills, while girls are filled with fears of the world outside the home and with the desire to be approved of for their goodness and obedience to rules.B.The consequence when these lessons carry over fromthe home to the classroom: Girls are generally observed to be more dependent on the teacher, more concerned with the form and neatness of their work than its content, and more anxious about being right in their answers than in beingintellectually independent, analytical, or original.C.Conclusion: Through the educational process that occupies most of the child 'sw aking hours, society reinforces its established values and turns out each sex in its traditional and expected mold.2 CBDBCDVocabularyapproved 5) Bias1. 1) genetic 2) assign 3) noticeably 4)6) deprived 7) constituted 8) participation 9) unintentional 10) postgraduate2. conscious –unconscious negativeencourage –discourage –inferior positive –superiordirectly –indirectly biasedlimited – unlimiteddependentappropriately – inappropriately3. 1) C 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) B 6) C 7) F 8)B4. 1) turn out 2) carry over 3) calling on 4) put away 5) fallen behind 6) take overUnit 4Reading Comprehension 1. 1) Introduction(para 1)It is introduced in the article how teachers and parents canencouragecreativity in children.2) An important strategy for parents and teachers to follow (para. 2-3)A. The strategy:To encourage children to spend time thinking anddeveloping new ideas.fairsexistnonsexistindependentB.The significance for adopting the strategy:If children can be taught to think creatively, they will be better able tofunction in tomorrow 's society.3)The definition of creativity (para. 4-5)A.Who successful students and adults are:Those who can find a number of ways to approach problems.B.What creative people can do:They can use what they have to produce original ideas that are good forsomething.4) A big problem in school (para. 6)The problem: Children can obtain and give back information, but can 'tg fuireout ways to apply what they know in new situations.5)A new approach to teaching (para 7)A. The approach: Combining the basics with the activities where students mustuse their imaginations.B. How to do so: By asking questions and meanwhile praising their ideas andnew thoughts.C.How to facilitate the process: To create an atmosphere in which there is norisk in being creative-- a place where wild ideas are honored and valued,never scorned or dismissed.6)Things parents can do at home to encourage creativity (para. 8-10)A.To involve children in decision making.B.To help children to understand the consequences of various decisions.C.To encourage them to talk out loud about things they are doing. The reasonfor doing so: Talking out loud improves language skills and thinking skills.D.To show a sense of humor. The reason for doing so: Children can seecreativity in its purest form.E.To give children choices from their earliest age.Examples:a.When they are very young, let them choose between two food items forlunch.b. B. When they grow older, let them decide how to use their time or spendtheir money2 understanding specific informationTFFTTFFT2. 1) perfected2) approaching3) value 4) functions5) approach6) perfect7) honor8) function 9) honor10) value3. 1) dismiss2) consequences3) promoting 4)applies 5) vitalVocabulary 1. 1) confused, confusion humorous, humor4) strategy, strategic combination, combined7) creation, creative 2) intelligence, intelligent 5) motivated, motivation 8) pursuit, pursuing3)6)9)6) scorned 7) conventional 8) original4. 1) consciously 2) innovative 3) unconsciously 4) determines 5) Imagination6) aware 7) control 8) created 9) extension 10) technique11) vulnerable 12) unfolding 13) joyful 14) gain15) Applyunit 5Understanding the organization of the text1)Introduction (para. 1)Athletes are chosen to be role models, and they can choose only to be good orbad ones.2)Athletes should be role models. (para. 2-5)The author 's arguments:A. Athletes should not refuse the responsibility of being a role model whileaccepting all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete.(para. 2)B. I try to be a positive role model, but that doesn 't mean I am perfect. (para. 3)C.Qualities of a positive role model: (para. 4)a. He influences people 's livesin a positive way.b. He gives of himself in time or money to help those who look up to him.c.He displays the values like honesty and determination.D.Athletes cannot take the place of parents, but can help reinforce what parentstry to teach their children. (para. 5)3)People sometimes expect so much that some athletes don 'twant to be rolemodes. (para. 6-7)A. Sometimes people put athletes on a pedestal.Example: I have had parents in Utah put my picture on the wall beside JesusChrist. (para. 6)B. Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times.Example: 1: Negative publicity Michael Jordan received aboutgambling.2. Ever since I played on the Dream Team, I cango anywherewithout being the center of attention and I can 't even buy amotorcycle I really want. (para. 7)4)Conclusion (para 8-9)The good things about being a role model outweigh the bad. A. It 's a great feeling to think you are part of the reason that a id decided to tryto be good.B. But parents should remind their kids that there are no perfect human beings.C.Charles Barkley is a good role model.2、 F T F T F F F F T F T FVocabulary2. 1) is bound to 2) follow their lead 3) goes too far/is going too far4)take the place of 5) dropped out 6) have a fit 7) measure up to8) look up to 9) Let 's face it 10) you name it3. 1) outgrown 2) outdo 3) outwitted 4) outweigh 5) outlivedUnit 6Vocabulary Practice1.1)sensiblesensible: having or showing good sense; reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say2)relativerelevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or consideredrelative: considered in relation or proportionto somebody/something else; comparative3)mechanismmachine: 机器mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect4)requiresrequire: need somethingrequest: ask for something politely or formally5)eliminatereduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary orunwanted6)crashcrash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions2.1)character 2) end up 3) Rarely 4) casual 5) risky 6) all manner of 7) inform 8) sensible 9) definitively3.1) On the strength of 2) all manner of 3) feed on 4) reduce ⋯to 5) end up6) associated with 7) focus on 8) turned to 9) participatein 10) involved inunit 71. C E B D A F2. relearn 再学习regain 收回，重新获得redo 重做，再做rewrite 重写，改写rearrange 重新整理reclaim 要求归还，收回remodel 重新塑造，改变replace 取代rephrase 重新措辞rejoin 再结合，在加入reform 改革readjust 重新调整reunited (使)再结合rebroadcast 转播，重播reread 再读review 复习3. B A D A D C A A A Bunit 91. 1) observation 2) available 3) discoveries 4) acceptance5)experimentation6)inventions 7) evolution 8) adaptable 9) innovative 10) objectivity2. 1) out of the ordinary 2) preceded 3) To be exact 4) Contradict(ed) 5) ProsperityCOLUMN A COLUMN Binvention inventavailable AvailInnovation InnovateAdaptable AdaptDiscovery DiscoverAcceptance AcceptEvolution EvolveObjectivity ObjectiveObservation ObserveExperimentation ExperimentProsperity Prosperdisastrous disaster6) Gave birth to 7) Catch our breath 8) had in mind 9) proposed 10) converted 11) disastrous 12) negative3. 1) She had hardly sat down2)Especially if/ when you want to reserve a seat3)is not necessarily the most useful4)What sort/kind of person do you have in mind5)There 's a limit on the time6)Spend part of his childhood7)three times as many girls as boys8)as do most of the people who live in this village9)but on the other hand it would be sad to lose the family atmosphere10)Depite/ In spite of international pressure。
药学英语,课后翻译
药学英语Unit 1Inflammatory reaction induced by local ischemic injury is one of the important pathophysiological characteristics after ischemic stroke, so anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective strategy for acute ischemic stroke. Enlimomab, an anti-ICAM-1 murine monoclonal antibody, can inhibit the recruitment and activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduce their adhesion and decrease cerebral infarct size in experimental stroke models. However, a much larger efficacy trial including 625 acute ischemic stroke patients has shown that enlimomab was ineffective on ischemic stroke patients even with a worsening outcome. The therapeutic time window of rt-PA is within 3 hours of ischemic onset. Administration of the drug after more than 3 hours of ischemic onset has no significant therapeutic implications and may even end up with an increased hemorrhagic risk. A study using the animal ischemic model indicated that combination of anti-inflammatory therapy and rt-PA could significantly and might as well extend the therapeutic time window of thrombolysis.局部脑缺血损伤引起的炎症反应是缺血性脑卒中发生后的重要病理生理特征，因此，抗炎治疗策略可能是治疗急性缺血性脑卒中的一种有效方法。
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多媒体技术教程》（第三版）习题解答第1章绪论1．多媒体信息系统和多媒体计算机有什么不同？在概念上应如何看待两者之间的关系？多媒体信息系统是新一代高度集成的、功能强大的、智能化的计算机信息系统，它是提供多媒体信息、辅助人们对环境进行控制和决策的系统，是基于计算机、通信网络等现代化的工具和手段，服务于管理领域的信息处理系统。
而多媒体计算机指的是硬件设施，多媒体计算机是多媒体信息系统得以应用的平台。
2．试归纳叙述多媒体关键特性以及这些特性之间的关系。
多媒体的关键特性主要包括信息载体的多样性、交互性和集成性这三个方面，这既是多媒体的主要特征，也是在多媒体研究中必须解决的主要问题。
信息载体的多样性是相对于计算机而言的，指的就是信息媒体的多样化，有人称之为信息多维化；多媒体的第二个关键特性是交互性，多媒体系统将向用户提供交互式使用、加工和控制信息的手段，为应用开辟更加广阔的领域，也为用户提供更加自然的信息存取手段；多媒体的集成性主要表现在两个方面，一是多媒体信息媒体的集成，二是处理这些媒体的设备与设施的集成。
信息载体的多样性是集成性的基础，没有多种信息媒体，也就无法进行多媒体信息的集成化处理；而处理多媒体的设备与设施的集成性是实现交互性的前提，没有系统、网络、软硬件设施的集成，就无法为用户交互式使用、加工和控制信息提供平台。
3．为什么说多媒体缩短了人类信息交流的路径？人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是什么？与以往的方法相比，计算机在数据处理方面有了很大的改善。
计算机所提供的功能强大的数据组织和构造技术，如传统数据结构中的数组、向量、队列、堆栈、树和堆等，为动态地加工和处理数据提供了基础。
高效的算法和高速的网络通信，大大地加强了用文字和数据表示概念的能力并加速了它的传递过程。
但人类并不是仅仅依赖文本这一类单一的数据形式来传递所有的信息和接受概念的，图像、声音等多媒体信息都是人类获取和传递信息极为重要的渠道。
图像的信息量最大，一幅画胜过千言万语，最直观、最能一目了然。
而动态的影像视频和动画则更生动、更逼真、更接近客观世界的原型、更能反映事物的本质和内涵。
声音和文字也是信息的重要媒体，综合应用不仅有利于接受，也有利于存储（记忆）和保留。
这就意味着必须同时启动大脑的形象思维和逻辑思维，才能更好地获得更多更有用的信息。
因此，通过多种感觉器官用多种信息媒体形式向人提供信息才算是更好的表达方法，它不仅加速和改善了理解，并且提高了信息接受的兴趣和注意力。
多媒体正是利用各种信息媒体形式，集成地用声、图、文等来承载信息，也就是缩短信息传递的路径。
人类与计算机进行信息交流的目的是为了高效的获取、传递以及使用信息。
计算机的发展使得人类的信息处理手段得到加强，高速的计算能力扩展了对数据进行重复计算的能力，大规模的存储扩展了记忆信息的范围，高速通信网使得我们可以同远在异地他乡的同事、朋友、亲人甚至陌生人进行快速的信息交换。
这些机器成为我们与他人进行交流的中介。
第2章媒体及媒体技术1．为什么说媒体具有不同的抽象层次？对媒体的抽象层次和性质进行小结。
在获得媒体语义的过程中，抽象起着十分重要的作用，这种抽象是复杂的，而且与任务有关。
通常包括若干抽象层，每一个抽象层都包含着与具体的任务和问题域有关的模型。
从接近具体感官的信息表示层到接近符号的信息表示层，信息的抽象程度递增，而数据量则递减。
语义就是在从感官数据到符号数据的抽象过程中逐步形成的。
对不同媒体来说，媒体的语义是处于不同层次上的。
抽象的程度不同，语义的重点也就不同。
2．媒体的空间含义是指什么？媒体的时间含义是指什么？媒体的时空综合是指什么？什么是媒体的时空“上下文”？多媒体信息的空间意义有两种解释。
第一种是指表现空间，尤其是指显示空间的安排，目前在大多数研究中指的都是这一类。
第二种空间意义是把环境中各种表达信息的媒体按相互的空间关系进行组织，全面整体地反映信息的空间结构，而不仅仅是零散的信息片断。
2媒体的时间也有两种含义。
一是表现所需的时间，这是所有媒体都需要的。
第二种时间意义即同媒体的空间一样，媒体的时间也可以包含媒体在时间坐标轴上的相互关系。
媒体的时间关系存在于同步、实时等许多方面。
空间和时间组成了一个三维的时空坐标系统。
时间与空间的联系构成了媒体的时空“上下文”。
3．媒体的结合为什么会产生“感觉相乘”的效果？试举几个例子对此加以说明。
多媒体的作用在很大程度上是媒体之间结合产生的影响。
这种结合可以是低层次的，如在显示窗口中提供多种媒体信息片断，并将视觉、听觉相互结合，造成一种比较适合的媒体表现环境；也可以是高层次的，由各种媒体组成完全沉浸的虚拟空间，但应该如何结合现在还缺乏理论上的指导。
媒体之间可以相互支持，也可以相互干扰。
如果媒体之间是相互支持的关系，则这种媒体结合所产生的效果就是“感觉相乘”效应。
“感觉相乘”的例子很多，比如以视听并举的方式传递信息，比仅仅依靠观察或者解说能产生更好的效果；为了追求更强的沉浸感，虚拟现实环境的构建往往需要综合考虑视觉、听觉、触觉甚至嗅觉等多种感觉。
4．什么是媒体的语义？什么是隐喻？[不考]各种媒体的信息在最低层次上都是二进制位流。
如果仅仅作为信息的简单通道，系统不必了解媒体的语义，但如果要多媒体系统具有对媒体进行选择、合成等方面的能力，就必须赋予它媒体的语义知识，从而使得系统能在媒体之上对媒体进行比较、选择和合成。
媒体被赋予的媒体的语义知识即为媒体的语义。
在与多媒体系统交互的过程中，人所依据的是关于这种交互的概念模型，也称心智模型（Mental Model）。
这种概念模型的建立往往需要培训和经验，不易于被用户所接受。
一种较好的方法是模拟人对其他事物的知识和技能，把它们挪到多媒体系统中使用，媒体的多样性为这种模拟提供了一个很好的基础，这种模拟，就是隐喻技术。
5．研究声音心理学对声音的处理会带来哪些好处？试举例加以说明。
说明掩蔽、临界频带、相位对声音的影响。
[不考]各种声音可以互相掩蔽，也就是说一种声音的出现可能使得另一种声音难于听清。
纸张的沙沙声、鼓掌声、咳嗽声等往往会掩盖说话声和音乐声。
一般说来，在掩蔽音条件下，要听清被测量的测验音，就必须提高测验音的强度。
由于声音的掩蔽效果，可以欺骗人的听觉。
在频率的某一临界区里，各种声音强度是相互作用的，合成声音的响度由这些频率共同决定，但在临界区内不会改变。
如果超出临界区，声音的响度不再相互作用，随频率而变。
这个临界区就是临界频带，其宽度视其中心频率而定。
从声音的波形来看，声音的起点和方向也要反映声音的特性，这就是声音的相位。
当两个声音相同而相位完全相反时，它们将相互抵消；当两个声音相同而且相位也相同时，声音就会得到加强。
相位的确定对于多声道声音系统的设计非常重要，它可以应用在回声的消除、会议系统的声音设计上等。
6．声音的数字化过程是怎样的？什么是声音的符号化？声音在真实世界是模拟的，时间和幅度上是连续的，声音的数字化主要包括采样、量化、编码等步骤。
波形声音可以把音乐、语音都进行数字化并表示出来，但这并没有将它看成音乐和语音。
对声音的抽象化（即符号化）表示包括两种类型，一种是音乐、一种是语音。
声音的符号化即将声音转变为符号序列的过程。
7．声音的三维化处理所基于的原理是什么？双工理论的作用在何时体现得较为明显、何时又会失效？耳廓模型的建立是为了达到什么样的目标？[不考]声音的三维化处理基于的原理是双工理论。
人耳对声音定位的特性，通过大脑的综合作用后，对有差别的声音信号进行了相对于空间位置的定位。
很显然，如果按此方法使用计算机向人耳提供不同的声音，人的大脑也会综合出声音的位置信息。
双工理论过于简单，这一理论实际上是处于一个较理想的状态下，即无反射、无折射和单频率等，但实际上人耳所处的环境比双工理论描述的环境要复杂得多。
按照双工理论，人耳应没有在垂直平面的定位能力，不能够区分前后，因为在这些情况下两耳间声音的到达时间差ITD和两耳间声音的强度差IID都几乎为零；而实际上，人耳确实具有这方面的能力，这就是耳廓的作用。
耳廓模型的建立，主要为了模拟出人耳的听觉特性，具体来讲，就是模拟如何解析声源的本身信3号特征、声源的空间三维位置、声源所处的环境这3个因素。
建立正确的耳廓模型有利于创造三维的虚拟听觉空间。
8．视觉心理学对视觉信息的处理辅助体现在哪些地方？如何利用这些心理学特性？[不考]虽然光的物理特性与心理知觉有关，但并不是线性的。
把物理波的强度加倍，感受到的亮度却并不加倍。
对光的色调和亮度的感觉不仅和它的频率与强度有关，而且还和它出现的背景有关，和同时出现的周围光有关。
即使是最简单的物理因素也要受到神经系统的复杂分析，从而产生出复杂的心理知觉反应。
将物理性质和心理知觉区分开来，就是十分重要的。
在多媒体信息系统的设计过程中，充分考虑视觉心理学特性，能提供更好的人机交互方式。
第3章多媒体数据压缩1．如何衡量一种数据压缩方法的好坏？多媒体数据存在哪些类型的冗余？评价一种数据压缩技术的性能好坏主要有3个关键的指标：压缩比、图像质量、压缩和解压的速度。
希望压缩比要大，即压缩前后所需的信息存储量之比要大；恢复效果要好，尽可能地恢复原始数据；实现压缩的算法要简单，压缩、解压速度快，尽可能地做到实时压缩解压。
除此之外还要考虑压缩算法所需要的软件和硬件。
一般而言，多媒体数据中存在的数据冗余类型主要有以下几种。
（1）空间冗余在同一幅图像中，规则物体和规则背景的表面物理特性具有相关性，这些相关性的光成像结果在数字化图像中就表现为数据冗余。
（2）时间冗余时间冗余反映在图像序列中就是相邻帧图像之间有较大的相关性，一帧图像中的某物体或场景可以由其他帧图像中的物体或场景重构出来。
音频的前后样值之间也同样有时间冗余。
（3）信息熵冗余信源编码时，当分配给第i个码元类的比特数b(yi)= .lgpi时，才能使编码后单位数据量等于其信源熵，即达到其压缩极限。
但实际中各码元类的先验概率很难预知，比特分配不能达到最佳。
实际单位数据量d>H(S)，即存在信息冗余熵。
（4）视觉冗余人眼对于图像场的注意是非均匀的，人眼并不能察觉图像场的所有变化。
事实上人类视觉的一般分辨能力为26灰度等级，而一般图像的量化采用的是28灰度等级，即存在着视觉冗余。
（5）听觉冗余人耳对不同频率的声音的敏感性是不同的，并不能察觉所有频率的变化，对某些频率不必特别关注，因此存在听觉冗余。
（6）其他冗余包括结构冗余、知识冗余等。
2．数据压缩技术可分为几大类？每类有何主要特点？根据解码后数据与原始数据是否完全一致进行分类，压缩方法可被分为有失真编码和无失真编码两大类。
有失真压缩法压缩了熵，会减少信息量，而损失的信息是不能再恢复的，因此这种压缩法是不可逆的。