绿色化工专业论文英文文献
The development of the green chemical processLiDanFu 10040343 classAbstract: with the continuous development of science and technology and economy, the green chemical process technology is also constantly by people use. This is just a probably of greening, including the development of green chemical, principles, and the sustainable development of the contact and the problems existing in the development of.Key words: green chemical industry development the principles of sustainable development1The basic meaning of the green chemical processGreen Chemistry is the English name: Green upon, the Green Chemistry is also known as: Environmentally Friendly chemical (Environmentally Benign upon), on the basis of the development of Technology has the following kinds: Environmentally Friendly Technology ((Environmentally image Technology), Green Technology (Green Technology) or Clean Technology (Clean Tech - nology). The core of the green chemical process is to use chemical principle from the source to eliminate chemical industry pollution to the environment, green chemical process is the ideal of the "atomic Economy" (Atom Economy) reaction, that is to say every atoms are transformed into products of raw materials, so as to realize no waste and by-products of society, and realizing the zero discharge of waste; At the same time, notthe use of poisonous and harmful materials, catalysts and solvents, and production of environmentally friendly products. Special need that is: "green chemistry" and the concept of "green chemistry", using "green chemistry" is to emphasize "green chemistry" and" The relationship between the workers ".computer technology, is a clear the needs of society, and the scientific goal of new type of cross subject. From the scientific point of view: it is the updating and development of traditional chemical way of thinking; And if from an environmental point of view: it is from the source to eliminate pollution; If, then, from the economic point of view: it is a comprehensive utilization of resources, reduce the production cost, accord with economic conditions, and accord with the requirement of the sustainable development, is a major, advanced technology and scientific research.2 green chemical industry leading chemical process development2.1 the atom economyAt present, the biggest challenge of all chemical industry is one of energy saving and emission reduction. People through constant reflection and summary of chemistry and the relationship between the environment and resources, and advances some countermeasures for "atom economy" in the new (1991, Stanford university, a doctor professor atom economy concept). Atom economy international energyfrom renewable raw materials and production of the product demand is growing.2.3 green chemical industry"Is the most widely recognized definition of green chemistry to reduce or eliminate the risk of substance use and the design of chemical pareness of environmental protection is the root cause of the serious problem, but now China is vigorously promoting the strategic thought of sustainable development, people must be thoughtful in chemical production, especially the problem of engineering technology, to promote green chemical concept of production. Today, to create economical of economy and society, so for the cost of the pollution caused by waste is to strictly prevent, country before chemical production should be the premise of the economic environment for the development of construction, and attach importance to the chemical pollution. The traditional chemical pollution treatment means -- end though can improve the environment quality, but it is index not effect a permanent cure, and the cost is higher, if you want to completely improve the ease of chemical pollution, or from the chemical production process, on the improvement of the green chemical industry. improve chemical pollution, environmental protection but also economy. Whether it is the efficient utilization of materials or reasonable treatment of waste, green chemical has incomparable advantages. The promotion of green chemical industry is the important measure to realize economic waychange, at the same time, the energy conservation and emission reduction and sustainable development have better security, and promote the development of social economy and natural environment harmonious good.4 the problems of the green chemical technology and developmentBy using the method of the sustainable development of green chemistry, and to reduce maintenance needed for the human life level and the progress of science and technology of chemical products and processes used to produce the harmful substances as a target, and the related chemical activities of all belong to the category of green chemistry. From social, technical, economic, environmental, political, and forces, according to the better Faraday association in 2004, the roadmap of the eight technology, namely, the green product design, raw materials, reaction, catalyst, solvent, process improvement, separation technology and realization technology.5 conclusion"Green chemistry" has been widely recognised as the 21 st century one of the most important fields of science, is the realization of pollution prevention is the most basic means of science. Although it is difficult to make a precise and comprehensive in its future development trend forecast, but according to the research progress of can now conclude that the development of environmental protection and low emissions ofchemical production process to realize the energy saving and emission reduction and environmental protection, and green chemistry in some specific research area has scientific research value, and will produce important social and economic benefits.References:[1] LiuGuoHui, ZhangWen, green chemical industry development were reviewed in this paper, research progress [J]. 2009.12.[2] ChenGuangYu, green chemical engineering is the inevitable trend of the chemical industry to achieve sustainable development, the heilongjiang science and technology believe interest [J]. 2012.[3] ChenLeYi, green chemical industry into the mainstream, the petroleum and petrochemical [J]. 2009.2[4] MaYuChun, ShangQingWei, showing the application of the green chemical process research, heilongjiang science and technology information [J]. 2011.。
绿色化工英语作文
绿色化工英语作文Green chemistry is an innovative concept that promotes the design, synthesis and production of chemicals that are environmentally friendly. It is important to develop green chemistry because traditional chemical processes often result in pollution, waste, and hazardous byproducts. Green chemistry focuses on creating products and processes that are sustainable, safe, and efficient.One of the most important goals of green chemistry is to increase the use of renewable resources and reduce the use of fossil fuels. This can be achieved through the development of more efficient and sustainable production processes. For example, biorenewable feedstocks can be used to produce chemicals instead of petroleum-based feedstocks. These biorenewable feedstocks include plant materials, waste biomass, and agricultural residues.Another key aspect of green chemistry is the use of non-toxic and biodegradable substances. Green chemistry strives to avoid the use of harmful chemicals that can pollute water and air. For example, some common solvents, such as methanol and acetonitrile, can be replaced with greener alternatives like water and carbon dioxide.Green chemistry also focuses on reducing waste and increasing efficiency. This can be achieved through the development of catalysts and reaction conditions that require less energy and produce fewer byproducts. For example, catalytic reactions can be used to convert raw materials into desired products with minimal waste.In conclusion, green chemistry is a promising approach to creating chemicals that are safer, more sustainable, and more efficient. By promoting the use of renewable resources, non-toxic and biodegradable substances, and efficient production processes, green chemistry offers a path towards a more environmentally friendly future.。
绿色化学相关作文英文
绿色化学相关作文英文英文：Green chemistry is a concept that has been gaining momentum in recent years. It is the practice of designing chemical processes and products in a way that reduces or eliminates the use and generation of hazardous substances. This approach aims to create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future.One of the key principles of green chemistry is the use of renewable resources. This means using materials that can be replenished naturally, such as plant-based feedstocks, instead of relying on non-renewable resources like fossil fuels. By doing so, we can reduce our reliance on finite resources and minimize the impact of our activities on the environment.Another important aspect of green chemistry is the reduction of waste. This can be achieved through the use ofinnovative technologies and processes that minimize the amount of waste generated during chemical production. For example, instead of using solvents that produce large amounts of waste, green chemistry advocates for the use of solvents that can be easily recycled or reused.Green chemistry also emphasizes the importance of safety. By designing chemical processes and products that are inherently safer, we can minimize the risk of accidents and exposure to hazardous materials. This not only protects workers and the environment, but also reduces the cost of safety measures and cleanup efforts.Overall, green chemistry is an important approach that can help us create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future. By using renewable resources, reducing waste, and prioritizing safety, we can minimize the impact of our activities on the environment and create a better world for future generations.中文：绿色化学是近年来越来越受到关注的概念。
绿色化学的英语作文
Green chemistry,also known as environmentally benign chemistry,is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that seeks to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.This approach is essential in todays world,where environmental concerns are at the forefront of scientific and industrial practices.Heres a detailed essay on green chemistry in English:Title:The Importance of Green Chemistry in Modern SocietyIntroductionIn the21st century,the concept of sustainability has become integral to various fields, including chemistry.Green chemistry,as a branch of sustainable science,aims to design products and processes that minimize the environmental impact while enhancing efficiency.This essay will explore the principles of green chemistry,its applications,and the significance of integrating this philosophy into our daily practices.Principles of Green ChemistryThe twelve principles of green chemistry,as outlined by Paul Anastas and John Warner, serve as a guide for chemists to develop safer and more environmentally friendly processes:1.Prevention:It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is created.2.Atom Economy:Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.3.Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses:Wherever practicable,synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances with little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.4.Designing Safer Chemicals:Chemical products should be designed to affect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity.5.Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries:The use of auxiliary substances e.g.,solvents, separation agents should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.6.Design for Energy Efficiency:Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized.e of Renewable Feedstocks:A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practicable.8.Reduce Derivatives:Unnecessary derivatization use of blocking or protecting groups, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes should be minimized or avoided if possible.9.Catalyst:Catalytic reagents are superior to stoichiometric reagents.10.Design for Degradation:Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.11.Realtime Analysis for Pollution Prevention:Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for realtime,inprocess monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.12.Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention:Substances and the form of a substance used in a process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents,including releases,explosions,and fires.Applications of Green ChemistryGreen chemistry is applied across various industries,including pharmaceuticals, agriculture,and manufacturing.For instance,in pharmaceuticals,green chemistry principles are used to develop drugs with fewer side effects and reduced environmental impact.In agriculture,green chemistry is employed to create biodegradable pesticides and fertilizers,reducing soil and water pollution.Significance in Modern SocietyThe integration of green chemistry into modern society is crucial for several reasons:Environmental Protection:It helps in reducing pollution and preserving natural resources. Health Benefits:By minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals,green chemistry contributes to a healthier environment for humans and wildlife.Economic Benefits:Green chemistry can lead to cost savings through the reduction of waste treatment and disposal costs.Regulatory Compliance:It helps industries meet environmental regulations and avoid potential legal issues related to pollution.ConclusionGreen chemistry is not just a scientific endeavor but a societal necessity.As we move towards a more sustainable future,the adoption of green chemistry practices is imperative. By embracing these principles,we can ensure a cleaner,healthier,and more prosperous world for generations to come.RecommendationsTo further promote green chemistry,educational institutions should incorporate it into their curricula,and industries should invest in research and development for ecofriendly processes.Additionally,governments should provide incentives for businesses that adopt green chemistry practices and enforce regulations that discourage the use of harmful chemicals.In conclusion,green chemistry represents a proactive approach to environmental stewardship,aligning with the global movement towards sustainability.It is a philosophy that,when embraced,can lead to a more harmonious coexistence between human activities and the natural world.。
有关绿色化学的作文英文
有关绿色化学的作文英文英文：Green chemistry is an important and innovative approach to creating chemical products and processes that are environmentally friendly. It focuses on reducing or eliminating the use and generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of chemical products. I believe that green chemistry is essential for a sustainable future, as it can help us minimize the negative impact of chemical processes on human health and the environment.One example of green chemistry in action is the development of biodegradable plastics. Traditional plastics are made from non-renewable resources and can take hundreds of years to decompose, leading to pollution and harm to wildlife. However, green chemists have developed biodegradable plastics that break down much more quickly and do not pose the same threat to the environment. This is a great example of how green chemistry can lead to moresustainable and eco-friendly products.Another example is the use of alternative solvents in chemical processes. Many traditional solvents are toxic and harmful to human health and the environment. Greenchemistry seeks to replace these solvents with safer alternatives, such as water or supercritical carbon dioxide. By doing so, we can reduce the negative impact of chemical processes on both human health and the environment.中文：绿色化学是一种重要而创新的方法，旨在创造对环境友好的化学产品和工艺。
绿色化学英语作文
绿色化学英语作文Green chemistry, also known as environmentally benign chemistry, is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that seeks to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Here's a short essay on the topic:The Imperative of Green ChemistryIn the modern era, where the world is grappling with the consequences of industrialization, the concept of green chemistry has emerged as a beacon of hope for a sustainable future. Green chemistry, a branch of chemistry that focuses on the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances, is not just a trend but a necessity.The principles of green chemistry, as outlined by Paul Anastas and John Warner, emphasize the prevention ofpollution at its source, rather than managing it after it has occurred. This proactive approach is crucial in reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes and products.One of the key tenets of green chemistry is the use of renewable feedstocks. By utilizing materials that are abundant and replenishable, we can lessen our dependence onnon-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels. This not only helps in preserving the environment but also contributes to the development of a circular economy.Another important aspect is the design for energy efficiency. Green chemistry encourages the development of processes that are energy-efficient, thereby reducing the overall energy consumption and carbon footprint. This is particularly important in an era where climate change is a pressing concern.The concept of green chemistry also extends to the design of safer chemicals and products. By creating substances that are inherently less toxic or have reduced potential for harm, we can ensure that the products we use in our daily lives are safer for both humans and the environment.Moreover, green chemistry promotes the use of safer solvents and auxiliaries, which are essential in reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes. The development of bio-based solvents and the reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are examples of how green chemistry is making a difference.In conclusion, green chemistry is more than just a field of study; it is a philosophy that seeks to integrate environmental and human health concerns into the heart of chemical research and engineering. By embracing theprinciples of green chemistry, we can work towards a future where chemistry is not only a science but also a sustainable and responsible practice.This essay provides an overview of the importance and principles of green chemistry, highlighting its role in creating a sustainable and environmentally friendly future.。
绿色化学英语作文
绿色化学英语作文英文回答：Green chemistry is a field of chemistry that seeks to minimize the environmental impact of chemical processes and products. It involves the design, development, and implementation of chemical processes and products that are more environmentally sustainable.One of the key principles of green chemistry is to reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. This can be done by using less toxic chemicals, finding alternatives to toxic chemicals, or designing processesthat do not produce toxic waste.Another key principle of green chemistry is to increase the efficiency of chemical processes. This can be done by using more efficient catalysts, optimizing reaction conditions, or designing processes that use less energy.Green chemistry can be applied to a wide variety of industrial sectors, including the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. For example, green chemistry has been used to develop more environmentally sustainable processes for the production of paper, plastics, and pharmaceuticals.Green chemistry is an important field of research that has the potential to make a significant contribution to environmental sustainability. By designing and implementing more environmentally sustainable chemical processes and products, we can help to reduce the environmental impact of human activities.中文回答：绿色化学是一门寻求最大程度降低化学过程和产品对环境影响的化学学科。
绿色化学 英文ScienceDirect文献 (17)
A Low-Cost and Environmentally Benign Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-ionBattery Based on NaTi2(PO4)3-Na2NiFe(CN)6Intercalation ChemistryXianyong Wu,Yuliang Cao,Xinping Ai,Jiangfeng Qian,Hanxi YangPII:S1388-2481(13)00095-7DOI:doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.013Reference:ELECOM4730To appear in:Electrochemistry CommunicationsReceived date:11January2013Revised date:6March2013Accepted date:11March2013Please cite this article as:Xianyong Wu,Yuliang Cao,Xinping Ai,Jiangfeng Qian,Hanxi Yang,A Low-Cost and Environmentally Benign Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-ion Bat-tery Based on NaTi2(PO4)3-Na2NiFe(CN)6Intercalation Chemistry,Electrochemistry Communications(2013),doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2013.03.013This is a PDFfile of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting,typesetting,and review of the resulting proof before it is published in itsfinal form.Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content,and all legal disclaimers thatapply to the journal pertain.A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P TA Low-Cost and Environmentally Benign Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-ion Battery Based on NaTi 2(PO 4)3 - Na 2NiFe(CN)6 Intercalation ChemistryXianyong Wu, Yuliang Cao, Xinping Ai, Jiangfeng Qian* and Hanxi Yang*College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China[*] Corresponding author. Tel: +86-27-68754526.E-mail address: jfqian@ (J.F. Qian); hxyang@ (H.X. Yang)Abstract:An aqueous rechargable Na-ion battery is developed by use of Na-deficient NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode, Na-rich Na 2NiFe(CN)6 cathode and aqueous Na 2SO 4 electrolyte. This battery system can give an average output voltage of 1.27 V, a energy density of 42.5 Wh kg -1 and can retain 88% of initial capacity for 250 cycles cycled at the 5C rate. Moreover, this aqueous Na-ion battery has the advantages of low cost, environmentally friendliness and inherent safety, particularly attractive for grid-scale energy storage applications.Keywords:Sodium-ion Battery • Aqueous electrolyte • Intercalation chemistry • NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode • Na 2NiFe(CN)6 cathode1. IntroductionWith the rapidly growing penetration of renewable electricity (such as solar arrays and wind farms) in the global energy markets, a great challenge needed to overcome is to develop safe and affordable electric storage systems that enableA C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T better use of the intermittent renewable energy sources [1]. Various types of battery chemistry from conventional lead acid to advanced Li-ion batteries [2] have been proposed as a possible strategy for grid-scale energy storage; however, these batteries suffer either from their cost and resource restrictions or from their insufficient operational durability and safety [3].Aqueous rechargeable Na-ion batteries appear to be an attractive alternative to their lithium counterparts [4, 5] for electric energy storage, because of the widespread availability and low cost of sodium resources. However, aqueous Na-ion batteries are rarely reported except that a few of Na-insertion materials [6, 7, 8] have been recently revealed to exhibit anodic or cathodic performance in aqueous Na +-electrolytes. Very recently, hybrid supercapacitors based on NaMnO 2/C [9] and λ-MnO 2/C [10] systems and an Na-ion cell based on NaTi 2(PO 4)3/Na 0.44MnO 2 chemistry [11] demonstrated a feasible possibility to construct rechargeable Na-based batteries using aqueous eletrolytes.Here, we report an aqueous sodium-ion battery system using low-cost and environmentally benign NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode and Na 2NiFe(CN)6 cathode, and describe the electrochemical performances of the “rocking -chair” type Na -ion battery.2. ExperimentalPrussian Blue type Na 2NiFe(CN)6 (Na 2PB) was prepared by mixing 0.1 M NiCl 2·6H 2O and Na 4Fe(CN)6·10H 2O (Alfa Aesar) solutions under continuous stirring. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed, and then dried in vacuum oven.A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T Elemental analysis (ICP-AES) revealed the chemical composition of the Na 2PB to be Na 1.94Ni 1.03Fe(CN)6·4.8H 2O. The NaTi 2(PO 4)3/C composite was prepared by a high-temperature reaction of stoichiometric CH 3COONa·3H 2O, TiO 2, NH 4H 2PO 4 andsome content of citrate at 700 o C for 12 h under argon atmosphere. The carbon content in the composite produced from the decomposition of citrate precursor was about 3.3 %. XRD patterns of the as prepared samples were collected on a Bruker D8 diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation. Th e morphologies of the samples were observed by SEM (FEI Sirion 2000).Electrochemical characterization of the Na 2PB and NaTi 2(PO 4)3/C sample was carried out using three-electrode cells, in which a large piece of activated carbon and a Ag/AgCl electrode (0.197 V vs. NHE) served as counter and reference electrodes. The working electrodes were prepared by pressing a 1 cm 2 thin film, (~10 mg cm -2, containing 70 wt % active materials, 20 wt % carbon black, and 10 wt % polytetrafluoroethylene) onto Ti mesh. Ti was selected as the current collector because of its high overpotential for hydrogen evolution. The electrolyte was aqueous 1 M Na 2SO 4 solution (pH=7) purged with N 2 before use. The 2032 coin type aqueous Na-ion cells was assembled using NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode and Na 2PB cathode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out on a CHI 600c electrochemical workstation (ChenHua Instruments Co.). Galvanostatic charging-discharging experiments were conducted on LAND cycler (Wuhan Kingnuo Electronic Co., China) at room temperature.3.Results and discussionA C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T To realize a workable aqueous Na-ion battery, it is necessary to find suitable Na-rich cathode and Na-deficient anode, both of which have sufficient Na storage capacity and redox reversibility, and work within the potential window of water, i.e., within the O 2 and H 2 evolution potentials. In our previous works [12, 13], we have revealed highly reversible Na storage performance of Na-rich hexacyanoferrate (Na 4Fe(CN)6) and its Prussian Blue analogues (i.e. Na 2NiFe(CN)6) as insertion cathodes for organic Na-ion batteries. In light of these, we synthesized disodium nickel hexacyanoferrate (Na 2NiFe(CN)6, denoted as Na 2PB) and examined its Na-insertion behaviors in aqueous electrolyte. The as-prepared Na 2PB appeared as aggregated particles with an average diameter of 20 nm and with a typical Prussian Blue structure (FCC, space group Fm3m) as shown in Fig. 1. In this face-centered cubic lattice, the Ni(II) ions are 6-fold coordinated to nitrogen atoms, and the Fe(II) ions are octahedrally surrounded by carbon atoms of the CN ligands, forming large ionic channels along the <100> directions for facile insertion and extraction of alkaline cations. Fig. 1c-f displays the electrochemical properties of the Na 2PB electrode in aqueous Na 2SO 4 electrolyte. As shown in Fig. 1c, the main CV feature appears as a pair of broad and symmetric redox peaks between 0.30 and 0.60 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), which resemble very much the insertion/extraction reaction of Na + ions into/from the Na 2PB lattice in organic electrolyte [12]. In the light of the well-documented intercalation chemistry of Prussian Blue lattices [14], the CV peaks in Fig. 1c can be attributed to the reversible redox reactions of the Fe +2/Fe +3 couples in theA C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T Na 2PB lattice with insertion/extraction of Na + ions for charge counterbalance, whereas, the Ni 2+ ion is electrochemically inactive due to the limitedelectrochemical window of aqueous electrolyte:Na 2NiFe Ⅱ(CN)6 - Na + - e - ↔ NaNiFe Ⅲ(CN)6In accord with the CV data, the Na 2PB electrode showed very similar charge and discharge profiles with well-defined voltage plateaus at 0.4 ~ 0.6 V (Fig.1d). The charge/discharge capacities in the first cycle are 74/65 mAh g -1 respectively, corresponding to an initial coulombic efficiency of 88%. The excess charge capacity possibly results from the side reactions, ie, the evolution of oxygen at high potential. Since the second cycle, the charge/discharge efficiency rapidly rose up to ~99% and the reversible capacity kept unchanged at 65 mAh g -1 at subsequent cycles. This redox capacity corresponds to a nearly 100 % utilization of its 1 Na insertion capacity of the Na 2PB material, based on the chemical composition of Na 1.94Ni 1.03Fe(CN)6·4.8H 2O.The high-rate capability and cycling stability of the Na 2PB electrode are displayed in Fig.1e. The reversible capacity of the Na 2PB electrode decreased very slightly from 65 mAh g -1 to 63 mAh g -1 when the current density was increased from 1C to 5C rate. Even the current density was increased to a very high rate of 10C, the electrode can still deliver a reversible capacity of ~61 mAh g –1. Also, as shown in Fig.1f, the Na 2PB electrode can be very well cycled at 5C rate with a slight capacity decay up to 500 cycles. This high-rate cyclability is hardly seen from Na-insertion cathodes, probably due to the open Prussian Blue structure withA C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T large ionic channels, which allow Na + ions to insert reversibly without spatial and kinetic restrictions [14].In the search for a suitable anode for aqueous Na-ion battery, we focused our attention on the Na-deficient NaTi 2(PO 4)3 because of its ability to accommodate 2 Na + ion per molecular unit as reported recently [6]. As displayed in Fig. 2a and b, the as-prepared NaTi 2(PO 4)3/C nanoparticles appeared as aggregated particles ~50 nm and with well-defined NASICON structure (JCPDS 85-2265). The main CV feature of the NaTi 2(PO 4)3/C in Fig. 2c is a pair of very symmetric redox peaks at -0.96 V and -0.68 V, characterizing the reversible insertion/extraction reaction of Na + ions in the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 lattice (NaTi 2(PO 4)3 + 2Na + + 2e - ↔ Na 3Ti 2(PO 4)3). More significantly, this redox reaction took place at the potentials much more positive than the H 2 evolution potential of water in this Na 2SO 4 electrolyte (< -1.2V, vs. Ag/AgCl), excluding the influences of water decomposition reaction on the normal charge-discharge of the insertion anode. Fig. 2d shows the charge/discharge profiles of the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode at a high rate of 5C in aqueous electrolyte. As displayed in the figure, the charge reaction proceeded mostly at a very flat plateau of -0.82 V, while the discharge reaction took place at a slightly higher potential of -0.75 V, suggesting an electrochemical reversibility and rapid kinetics for the Na + insertion on the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode. Except for a 85% columbic efficiency in the first cycle, the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode exhibited a nearly 100% columbic efficiency since the second cycle and delivered a stable cycling capacity of 101 mAh g -1, corresponding to a 77% utilization of the activeA C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T NaTi 2(PO 4)3 material at such a high rate. Such high rate performances obtained from the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode are really surprising, probably due to the NASICON (Na + superionic conductor) type structure and the nanoparticle morphology of the material. Usually, nathiated anodes are unstable in aqueous electrolyte, because it can be easily oxidized by water and oxygen [4]. However, by eliminating oxygen from the electrolyte and carbon-coating treatment, the as-prepared NaTi 2(PO 4)3/C exhibited a superior cycling stability with 94% capacity retention after 100 cycles.Based on the above mentioned results, we assembled a “rocking -chair”-type aqueous Na-ion battery using the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode and Na 2PB cathode with an optimized mass ratio of NaTi 2(PO 4)3 : Na 2PB = 1 : 2. Fig. 3 gives the charge/discharge performances of these cells. As expected from their flat working potentials of the individual anode and cathode, the full aqueous Na-ion cells exhibited flat charge and discharge voltages at ~1.27 V, showing an insignificant voltage hysteresis. As an anode-limited cell design, the reversible capacity of the anode in the cells reached 100 mAh g -1, corresponding to a ~100% utilization of the anode materials. Cycled at changing high rates from 1C to 10C, the discharge capacities remained very stable and decreased slightly from 100 to 86 mAh g -1, showing a strong rate capability and cycling stability (Fig. 3b). Also, this Na-ion cells can be very well cycled at 5C rate with 79 mAh g -1 (88% of initial capacity) retained after 250 cycles (Fig. 3c). Taking into account the total mass weight of the cathode and anode-active materials, we drew a Ragone plot to show the dependence of the energy densities on the power densities of the Na-ion system,A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T which were calculated from the charge/discharge profiles of the coin cells at various current densities from 1C to 10C rates. As shown in Fig. 3d, the specific energy of the cells is 42.5 Wh kg -1 at a power density of 130 W kg -1, and stillremaines 34 Wh kg -1 at a high power of 1200 W kg -1.4.Conclusions In summary, we have demonstrated an aqueous Na-ion battery based on the Na-intercalation chemistry inbetween the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode and Na 2PB cathode in a Na 2SO 4 electrolyte. This battery system avoids the use of poisonous metals and corrosive acidic or alkaline electrolytes, so that it is much more environmentally friendly than the existing batteries. In addition, all the electrode materials are low cost and naturally abundant, affordable for widespread applications. Furthermore, the aqueous electrolyte has nonflammability, strong thermal and electrochemical stabilities, ensuring a great safety of the aqueous battery. All these advantageous features together with its high rate capability and long cycle life make the aqueous Na-ion battery particularly attractive for grid-scale energy storage.AcknowledgementsWe gratefully thank the 973 Program (2009CB220103) of China for financial Support.ReferencesA C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T [1] B. Dunn, H. Kamath, J.M. Tarascon, Science 334 (2011) 928.[2] V. Etacheri, R. Marom, R. Elazari, G. Salitra, D. Aurbach, Energy &Environmental Science 4 (2011) 3243. [3] R.T. Doucette, M.D. McCulloch, Journal of Power Sources 196 (2011) 1163.[4] Y.G. Wang, J. Yi, Y.Y. Xia, Advanced Energy Materials 2 (2012) 830.[5] W. Tang, L. Liu, Y. Zhu, H. Sun, Y. Wu, K. Zhu, Energy & Environmental Science 5 (2012) 6909.[6] S. II Park, I. Gocheva, S. Okada, J. Yamaki, Journal of the Electrochemical Society 158 (2011) A1067.[7] J.F. Whitacre, A. Tevar, S. Sharma, Electrochemistry Communications 12 (2010) 463. [8] Q.T. Qu, B. Wang, L.C. Yang, Y. Shi, S. Tian, Y.P. Wu, Electrochemistry Communications 10 (2008) 1652.[9] Q.T. Qu, Y. Shi, S. Tian, Y.H. Chen, Y.P. Wu, R. Holze, Journal of Power Sources 194 (2009) 1222.[10] J.F. Whitacre, T. Wiley, S. Shanbhag, Y. Wenzhuo, A. Mohamed, S.E. Chun, E. Weber, D. Blackwood, E. Lynch-Bell, J. Gulakowski, C. Smith, D. Humphreys, Journal of Power Sources 213 (2012) 255.[11] Z. Li, D. Young, K. Xiang, W.C. Carter, Y.-M. Chiang, Advanced Energy Materials (2012) /10.1002/aenm.201200598.[12] J.-F. Qian, M. Zhou, Y.-L. Cao, H.-X. Yang, Journal of Electrochemistry 18 (2012) 108.A C C E PT EDM A NU SC R I P T[13] J.F. Qian, M. Zhou, Y.L. Cao, X.P. Ai, H.X. Yang, Advanced Energy Materials 2 (2012) 410.[14] C.D. Wessells, S.V. Peddada, R.A. Huggins, Y. Cui, Nano Letters 11 (2011)5421.A C C E PT EDM A NU SC R I P TFigure captionsFig. 1 a. XRD pattern and b. SEM image of the Na 2PB sample; Electrochemicalcharacterization of the Na 2PB electrode: c. CV curves measured at a scan rate of 5mV s -1; the dotted line is the electrochemical window of electrolyte. d. Charge-discharge profiles at 65 mA g -1 (1C). e. Reversible capacities cycled atchanging rates. f. Cycling stability at a constant current of 5C.Fig. 2 a. XRD pattern and b. SEM image of the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 sample; Electrochemical redox behaviors of the NaTi 2(PO 4)3 electrode: c. CV curves measured at a scan rate of 5 mV s -1; the dotted line represents the electrochemical window of electrolyte. d. Charge-discharge profiles at a high rate of 5C (500 mA g -1). The reversible capacities and coulombic efficiency at high rate (5C) cycling are given in the inset.Fig. 3 a. Charge/discharge curves; b. Rate performance and c. Long-term cycleperformance of 2032 type NaTi 2(PO 4)3-Na 2PB coin cells. d. Ragone plot of the aqueous Na-ion battery.A C C E PT EDM A NU SC R I P TFig. 1A C C E PT EDM A NU SC R I P TFig. 2A C C E PT EDM A NU SC R I P TFig. 3Graphical AbstractTPIRCSUNAMDETPECCAA C C E PT EDM A NU SC R I P THighlights►An aqueous rechargable Na-ion battery is developed.►This battery is constructed by a combination of a NaTi 2(PO 4)3 anode, a Na 2NiFe(CN)6 cathode and an aqueous Na 2SO 4 electrolyte.► The low cost, environmentally friendliness and inherent safety of this battery system offer a new choice for grid-scale energy storage applications.。
绿色化学英文作文
绿色化学英文作文Green chemistry is all about finding ways to make chemical processes and products more environmentally friendly. It's about using renewable resources, reducing waste and energy consumption, and minimizing the use of hazardous substances.One way to achieve green chemistry is by designing chemical processes that produce less waste. This can bedone by using catalysts to make reactions more efficient,or by using techniques like recycling and reusing materials.Another important aspect of green chemistry is using renewable resources as raw materials for chemical processes. This means using things like plant-based feedstocks or biomass instead of relying on fossil fuels.In addition, green chemistry also focuses on finding alternatives to hazardous substances. This could involve using less toxic solvents, or finding ways to eliminate theuse of harmful chemicals altogether.Furthermore, energy efficiency is a key component of green chemistry. This can involve using techniques like microwave or ultrasound-assisted reactions, or finding ways to minimize the energy required for chemical processes.Overall, green chemistry is about finding innovative solutions to make chemical processes and products more sustainable and less harmful to the environment. It's about thinking creatively and finding new ways to do chemistry that benefit both people and the planet.。
以绿色化学为主题英语作文
以绿色化学为主题英语作文Green Chemistry: A Vital Pathway for a Sustainable Future。
Green chemistry isn't just a buzzword; it's arevolution in how we approach science and production. Think about it, why create harmful waste when we can design processes that are clean and efficient?I mean, imagine a world where every product we use is made without polluting our planet. No more toxic chemicals leaking into our rivers or the air we breathe. It's possible, and green chemistry is leading the way.But it's not just about the environment. Green chemistry also makes economic sense. Think about the money we could save by not having to clean up after ourselves or pay for the health issues caused by pollution. It's a win-win situation.And it's not just scientists in labs who are makingthis happen. Companies are starting to see the value of green chemistry and are investing in it. Consumers are also demanding more sustainable products, which is driving the change.So, the next time you hear someone talking about green chemistry, don't just brush it off as something too technical or boring. It's a movement that's changing the world for the better, and we all have a role to play in it. Let's make our planet a better place, one step at a time。
绿色化学的论文(Papers on Green Chemistry)
绿色化学的论文（Papers on Green Chemistry）In this paper, the contribution of the cold front to the broken mirror is givenDOC documents may experience poor browsing on the WAP side. It is recommended that you first select TXT, or download the source file to the local view.Undergraduate course paperTitle, class name, student name, professional class, mailbox, class number and time, teacher's datePollution factors in foods and their solutions -- Green ChemistryJie Ping ChengTitleprofessorApril 20, 2009Pollution factors in food and their solutionsAbstract: food contamination is a major problem affecting food safety. According to the nature of pollutants, it can be classified into biological pollution, abstract pollution, chemical pollution and radioactive pollution. Through the analysis of the pollution factors in food, the harm of foodpollution and the method of solving food pollution are pointed out.Key words: food pollution; harm; prevention and control measuresFood contamination is a major problem affecting food safety. With the continuous development of new food resources, the increasing variety of food, the production scale expansion, increased processing, storage, transportation and other sectors, the diversification of consumption, the human food chain has become more complex, factors that cause food pollution is becoming more and more complex, the agricultural environmental problems caused by the rapid development of the affected the food, and caused a series of serious food pollution accident. In recent years, there have been a series of food pollution accident shocked the world, such as Europe's livestock feed dioxin pollution incident, Coca-Cola Belgium pollution incident, the Japanese students with the 0157 pollution incidents such as salad vegetables, the formation of shock waves and food safety accidents, cause people to pay more attention to food safety. What should we eat tomorrow? The issue of food safety has become a hot issue of concern among consumers, and more and more affecting consumer desire and consumer confidence.A definition of food contamination, food contamination refers to all kinds of people eat food, such as grain, vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, eggs, etc., in the process of production, processing, packaging, storage and transportation of contaminated by some toxic and harmful substances. In theproduction of food (farming and planting, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, sales, cooking and eating process, inadvertently mixed in food, exotic, not conducive to the quality and safety of food hygiene material, called food contaminants. Food pollution can be divided into three categories: biological pollution, chemical pollution and radioactive pollution according to the nature of pollutants.Two or three major pollution factors and their solutionsThe source and hazard sources 1, biological pollution and solution of 1.1 biological pollution in the production, circulation and consumption process, may be due to mismanagement and pathogens, parasites breeding and biological toxins into the human food chain. Microorganisms and their toxins caused outbreaks of infectious diseases, over the years is harm to human health disease. Over the past more than 20 years, more than 30 new infectious diseases have been identified worldwide, according to data released by the WHO. In addition, China's vast sea, sea parasitic worms and other parasites a wide range of species, these natural foci of parasites once invaded the human body, not only can cause harm, or even lead to death. In human history, some infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, meningitis and other run wild for a brief period, in improving the health and living conditions, has a certain degree of control. But the reality proves that every victory in the contest with pathogenic microorganisms is far from being complete. Some tuberculosis which has been effectively controlled is now spreading in a certain range. The worsening of drinking water and environmental sanitation caused by cholera is beginning to emerge. Dengue fever, plague andmeningitis have also occurred in some countries or regions of the world. An Escherichia coli that can cause intestinal bleeding has repeatedly been harmful to humans in Europe, America, Japan, Hongkong and other places, causing great shock in the world. Microorganism and parasite pollution are the main factors that cause food insecurity, and they are also the most important tasks that the administrative departments and social circles all over the world strive to control. 1.2 biological pollution solutions (1) remove pollution sources, control the proliferation of bacteria in food, and reasonable sterilization, the provisions of the number of bacteria in food restriction standards. To strengthen veterinary hygiene monitoring, such as strict implementation of the procedures for slaughtering animals before and after slaughter, and strictly handling meat according to the meat inspection procedures, and strictly prohibit the meat and poultry meat that have not been inspected by the veterinarian. Slaughterhouses, milk farms, poultry farms, as well as meat, milk and egg processing and marketing units must meet the requirements of the food hygiene law (Trial Implementation) and the relevant food hygiene regulations and regulations, so that they can be produced and operated. Qutao de sac, to avoid human excrement for animal and fish food.Manure can only be used as vegetable manure. (2) to strengthen food inspection, meat, fish parasites were handled according to national health regulations to promote infection; meat and fish cooked vegetables thoroughly, carefully cleaning, try not to eat lettuce or at least after boiling water burns. (3) prevention of fungal diseases of crops. Cereals, Oils and fermented food enterprises should reduce fungal contaminationin warehousing, processing and transportation. (4) inspect the products and compare with the national food hygiene standards, keep the environment suitable temperature and humidity, and prevent food mildew and toxin production.(5) minor pollution of food can also be treated properly. The source of chemical pollution sources 2, chemical pollution and solution of the 2.1 chemical pollution refers to food contaminated with toxic and harmful chemical substances, such as pesticide residues, plant emissions of "three wastes" (waste, waste water and waste residue) for food and water pollution, the irrational use of food additives. Chemical pollution mainly refers to the use of agricultural chemicals, food additives, food packaging containers and industrial waste pollution; mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, cyanide, organic phosphorus, organic chlorine, nitrite and nitrosamines and other organic or inorganic compounds caused by pollution. There are several reasons for the chemical pollution. (1) the wide use and improper use of agricultural chemicals (such as fertilizers and pesticides). The influence of pesticides, veterinary drugs and feed additives on food safety has become the focus of attention in recent years. In the United States, 35 potentially carcinogenic pesticides have been banned as a result of a strong consumer response. Organochlorine pesticides in our country although in 1983 has stopped production and use, but because of the nature of organochlorine pesticide chemical stability, not easy to be degraded, long-term residues in the food chain, the environment and the human body, at present in many food still has higher detection quantity. The organic phosphorus, then instead of carbamate and pyrethroid pesticides residues, although the short period, less dosage, easy degradation, butthe misuse of pesticides in agricultural production, resulting in enhanced pest resistance, which makes people to increase the amount of pesticide and pesticide, using a variety of alternate use of the way of agricultural production. Such a vicious cycle poses a great threat to food safety and human health. (2) using food additives that are not hygienic. (3) for packaging quality is not up to the hygiene requirements, such as vinyl chloride in ceramics, lead in PVC monomer are likely to transfer into the food; and as packaging stencil wax may contain benzopyrene, may contain PCBs color ink and printing paper, they are particularly vulnerable to the rich in oil the shift in food solution. (4) environmental pollution caused by unreasonable emission of industrial "three wastes" will also endanger human health through the food chain. (5) fried foods contain a lot of nitrosamines and benzopyrene, it accumulated to a certain amount in the human body, will tissue induced cancer, smoked grilled food more dangerous, so fried and smoked grilled food chemical pollution is very serious.2.2 chemical pollution prevention measures (1) with high efficiency and low toxicity pesticide residue varieties; safety rules promulgated (Department of Agriculture pesticide varieties, dosage, dosage form, application security object, etc.); provisions allowed in food residue limits. (2) restricted the industrial "three wastes" emissions; to strengthen health supervision and management of food production and operation of enterprises, control equipment, containers, raw material quality, eliminate the potential pollution sources; metal poison food provisions allow content standards, and strengthen regular inspection. 3, radioactive pollution prevention and control measures of3.1 radioactivepollution sources and harm of radioactive pollution refers to food contamination with radioactive substances, mainly from radioactive materials on mining and smelting, nuclear waste peacetime accidental nuclear explosion or nuclear leakage accident radionuclide release etc.. Inorganic pollutants such as mercury, cadmium, lead and other heavy metals and radioactive substances, which is affected by food production to a certain extent the geological and geographical conditions, but the more common pollution sources are mainly industrial, mining, energy, traffic, city sewage and agricultural production caused by the environment and endanger human health through food chain. Organic pollutants such as dioxins, PAHs, PCBs and other industrial compounds and by-products have the characteristics of enrichment and toxicity in the environment and food chain, and pose a great threat to food safety. In the case of continued deterioration of human environment, environmental pollutants in food may continue to increase, and more effective measures must be taken to strengthen governance. Nuclear tests, nuclear explosions, nuclear leaks and radiation can cause food contamination by radionuclides and pose a threat to food safety. Chernobyl nuclear accident happened in the former Soviet Union, almost all of Europe by the settlement of nuclear damage.First of all, animal husbandry such as cattle and sheep, many European countries produced milk, meat, animal liver, are found because of excessive amounts of I, Cs, Ag and other radioactive nuclide was abandoned. Japanese milk contains more than 4-5 times the normal amount of I. 3.2 measures for the prevention and control of radioactive pollution (1) strengthen the hygienic protection of pollution sources and regular sanitarysupervision. (2) regular monitoring of food hygiene, strict implementation of the national hygiene standards, and the control of the content of radioactive substances in food within the allowed limits. (3) in 1977 China formulated the limit standard for radioactive substances in food and the measures for the administration of radioactive substances in food. In addition to monitoring environmental pollution, it should also be monitored and enforced strictly according to the provisions of the state on the measures for the control of food radioactivity and the limited standards for radioactive substances in food.Three, summing up food safety is not only a problem in our country, but it has become a global problem. The pollution factors in food have attracted the attention of the top government and the governments of various countries. What shall we have tomorrow? To answer this question, we should adopt different solutions to different pollution factors, so as to ensure food safety and ensure that people eat healthy food.Reference: (1) Liu Zhicheng, in Shouyang. Nutrition and food hygiene [M]. Second edition. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 1987. (2) Xing Xiuqin: that the biological pollution and prevention measures of meat meat hygiene..2005 (12):43 44. (3) Jin Zheng Yu food. Security introduction [M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2005 (4) sample set. Thanks to Wu harm animal food pollution to consumers. Guizhou animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, 2001 (3):17 19. (5) Peng Yangxi. Food chemical pollution and its control strategy [J]. Food science and technology, 2003 (3:28 - 29.)One。