英法百年战争英文版介绍
英法百年战争背景和起因
Reasons for the outbreak of war
Fuse of the war was Flanders region (present-day Belgium and the Netherlands). Then Flanders was European industrial developed region. Particularly in wool textile technology was very advanced. So here was the richest part of Europe.
Louis VII
Background
The United Kingdom monarch of golden bird-flower dynasty theoretically was France subjects, should be for the French King effect render one's services. Not only so, regardless of as Royal history intermarriage of in-laws with France, also was as France most powerful of feudal lords, once France throne appeared the situation-old King had no son, or because various causes no legitimate of throne heir.When the nobles struggled for the throne, the monarch of golden bird-flower dynasty was no doubt that to have participation game of qualification! So after the French King died, Edward III formally proposed requirements inherited the throne of France.
The Hundred Years' War 英法百年战争
➢ It was a disaster for the people.Both of their economy was deeply damaged,so the people in the two countries lived in dire poverty.
➢The war in one hundred, crying in one hundred.
➢ From 1380 to 1415, France was in prolonged instability and its industry and commerce declined seriously.
➢ The war stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it awakened French nationalism.
➢ 贞德原本是一位法国农村少女，她声称在十六岁 时的一日，在村后的大树下遇见天使圣弥额尔、 圣玛加利大和圣加大肋纳，从而得到“上帝的启 示”，要求她带兵收复当时由英格兰人占领的法 国失地。后来她几番转折，得到兵权，于1429年 解奥尔良之围，成为了闻名法国的女英雄，后带 兵多次打败英格兰的侵略者，更促使拥有王位承 继权的查理七世于同年7月16日得以加冕。然而 圣女贞德于1430年在贡比涅一次小冲突中为勃艮 第公国所俘，不久为英格兰人以重金购去，由英 格兰当局控制下的宗教裁判所以异端和女巫罪判 处她火刑，于1431年5月30日在法国鲁昂当众处 死。20年后英格兰军队被彻底逐出法国时，贞德 年老的母亲说服教宗卡利克斯特三世重新审判贞 德的案子，最终于1456年为她平反。500年后被 梵蒂冈封圣。
➢ Hauberk (锁子甲） in Europe had more than one thousand years history. Early in the war, it was still the best protective equipment .But later ， plate armor（板甲） greatly enhance protection.
英法百年战争【英文】
Crusades 1095-1291
Trade
Allows for Exchange of ideas Increased Wealth = Increased Consumer goods/luxuries Crusades/Trade create unified Christendom Renaissance of the 13th Century?
Chartres, France
Competition to Build the Grandest Cathedral for the Glory of God
Scotland Cologne
Notre Dame, Paris
Theocracy of Europe
Popes, Cardinals anoint Kings Europe is united in Christianity Political and Religious hierarchy is similar Some diversity in practices and beliefs Church, Good Works, Sacraments, Key to Salvation Preoccupown (The Founding)
Towns begin to develop around Europe Centered around Churches and Markets Dominated by Guilds Non-Traditional Social Group (Artisan)
The Hundred Year's War 英法百年战争
The results and influence
• disastrous (economy ) poverty.
• Two separate nations were born after the war. The war helped to develop English national identity as well as French national identity.
Jeanne d'Arc
• militarist(军事家）saint(圣女） a symbol of freedom. • When she was just 17 years old,she led the army to fight against the invaders.Under her lead,France recaptured most of territoris,settling the base of final victory. • On 30th May,1431,Jeanne d‘Arc was bound to the stake and burnt to death,when she was just 19 years old.
Jeanne d'Arc
Jeanne was caught Before the punishment
The results and influence
(锁子甲） was replaced by
（板甲）
• Gunpowder (火药）and cannon(火炮）played significant roles as early as 1375. • The last battle of the war, was the first battle in European history in which artillery(大炮） was the deciding factor.
英法百年战争【英文】
Crusades 1095-1291
Trade
▪ Allows for Exchange of ideas
▪ Increased Wealth = Increased Consumer goods/luxuries
▪ Crusades/Trade create unified Christendom
Group (Artisan)
Medieval Universities
Oxford University
The Late Middle Ages and The Catholic Church
Society in 13th Century Europe
▪ Religion Dominates all aspects of life
▪ Scotland
▪ Cologne
Notre Dame, Paris
Theocracy of Europe
▪ Popes, Cardinals anoint Kings
▪ Europe is united in Christianity
▪ Political and Religious hierarchy is similar
▪ Church Monopolizes education
▪ Monasteries centers of education and literature
▪ Monks study and copy ancient texts
▪ Some classic works are preserved
▪ Others destroyed because of the cost of paper
▪ Papacy exerts both secular and spiritual authority
综合案例TermListTheHundredYearsWar百年战争（即是指英国和
综合案例TermListTheHundredYearsWar百年战争（即是指英国和综合案例Term ListThe Hundred Years’ War百年战争（即是指英国和法国，以及后来加入的勃艮第，于1337年- 1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年。
）Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争（即英国兰开斯特王朝（House of Lancaster）和约克王朝(House of York)的支持者之间为了争夺英格兰王位的断续内战。
）The “Babylonian Captivity”“巴比伦之囚”（即公元前597～前538年期间，两度被新巴比伦王国国王尼布甲尼撒二世征服的犹太王国，大批民众、工匠、祭司和王室成员被掳往巴比伦，这些人称为巴比伦之囚。
）The Great Schism大分裂（意大利人对教廷迁往亚威农之事，非常不悦，他们欲使罗马再度变成为教皇宝座所在地。
结果于公元1378年，意大利与法国公开断绝关系，双方各选出一位教皇；于是出现了两位教皇，一位在罗马，一位在亚威农；这段时期(公元1378至1417年)被称为「大分裂」时期。
）Lollard罗拉德派（即中世纪晚期英格兰威克利夫的追随者。
这个贬称（源自中部丹麦，意思是「说话含糊不清的人」）更早用于被怀疑为异教徒的欧洲群体。
）Hussites胡斯派（即15世纪早期捷克宗教改革运动，因其发动者胡斯得名。
胡斯运动主要有两大派，塔波尔派，以及圣杯派。
胡斯运动的残余成员后来组成波希米亚弟兄会，成为一个长期活动的教派。
The Renaissance popes文艺复兴时期（文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
）Austria18世纪初，哈布斯堡王朝领土空前扩大。
1815年维也纳会议后成立了以奥为首的德意志邦联，1866年在普奥战争中失败，邦联解散。
The Hundred Years' War 英法百年战争
The Hundred Years’ War between England andFranceIn 1328, the Capetian dynasty in France came to an end with the death of Charles IV, the son of Philip the Fair. An assembly of French barons gave the crown to Philip VI of Valois, the nephew of Philip the Fair.Causes of the Hundred Years WarEdward III, king of England, asserted that he in fact had a superior claimed to the throne because his mother was Philip the Fair's daughter. This, then, was one of the primary causes of the Hundred Years' War. Another cause of the Hundred Years' War was clearly economic conflict. The French monarchy tried to squeeze new taxes from towns in northern Europe which had grown wealthy as trade and cloth-making centers. Dependent as they were on English wool, these towns through their support behind English and Edward III.The Hundred Years War and the MercenariesTo make matters worse, war had become a more expensive proposition in the 14th century. Larger, healthier and better-trained armies were needed. Most governments began to rely on paid mercenaries to do their fighting for them. The problem with mercenaries is that they were expensive to obtain an even more expensive to retain. More often than not, the mercenary had no allegiance to anyone king and fought for the highest bidder. Furthermore, mercenaries were a competitive and quarrelsome lot. The Hundred Years War - the TaxesTo counteract the high price of war, European monarchs imposed even more taxes upon the people. The French were most adept at this: there were taxes on salt, bread, and wine as well as taxes on the rights to use wine presses, grindstones and mills. And of course, there was the poll tax.The Hundred Years War - the FactionsThe last cause of the Hundred Years' War was factional conflict. By the 14th century the European nobility had become diluted with men who had entered the nobility not because they had a claim by virtue of birth but because of their wealth. Meanwhile, the older nobility was losing income due to declining rents. Many older nobles joined forces with mercenaries in order to maintain their position and status. Other nobles married into wealthy families while still others tried to improve their situation by the buying and selling of royal offices. What all this boiled down to was conflict. Nobles tended to join factions united against other factions. These factions included a greatfamily, their knights, servants and even workers and peasants on the manorial estate. They had their own small armies, loyalties and even symbols of allegiance. The bottom line is that these factions were beginning to form small states within a state and contributed not only to the overall violence of the 14th century but also to the need of monarchs to keep their nobility under constant surveillance. This explains why Louis XIV, the Sun King, housed his nobility at Versailles -- it was so he could keep an eye on them.The Hundred Years War - AquitaineThe most pressing issue during the Hundred Years' War was the status of Aquitaine, a large province in south western France. According to feudal law, Edward III held Aquitaine as part of his fiefdom. Philip attacked this territory, claiming it was rightfully his. Edward's response was to join forces with the Flemish in 1337 and this was the principal cause of the war.The Hundred Years WarThe war, fought entirely on French soil, raged off and on for more than 100 years. English victories were followed by French victories, then a period of stalemate would ensue, until the conflicts again rose to the surface. During periods of truce, English and French soldiers -- most of whom were mercenaries -- would roam the French countryside killing and stealing. After the battle of Agincourt in 1415, won by the English under Henry V, the English controlled most of northern France. It appeared that England would shortly conquer France and unite the two countries under one crown. At this crucial moment in French history, a young and illiterate peasant girl, Joan of Arc (c.1412-1431), helped to rescue France.The One Hundred Years War and Joan of ArcAt the age of 13 Joan believed she had heard the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine and St. Margaret bidding her to rescue the French people. Believing that God had commanded her to drive the English out of France, Joan rallied the demoralized French troops, leading them in battle. Clad in a suit of white armor and flying her own standard she liberated France from the English at the battle of Orleans. Ultimately captured and imprisoned by the English, Joan of Arc was condemned as a heretic and a witch and stood trial before the Inquisition in 1431. Joan was found guilty and was to be burnt at the stake but at the last moment she broke down and recanted everything. She eventually broke down again and faithful to her "voices," decided to become a martyr and was then burnt at the stake and became a national hero.。
英法百年战争
• One hundred war greatly blow to the aristocratic forces between the two countries, the two countries on the path of the centralization百年战争极大地打击了两国的贵族势 力，是两国走上了中央集权的道路 • The war of one hundred is conducive to the formation of modern nationalism in both countries百年战争有利于两 国近代民族主义的形成
• Knights of the war of one hundred, representing the nobles of the French army in large-scale encounter failure, finally by a civilian Joan of arc didn't win the morale, is identified with the retreat of aristocratic chivalry and the rise of the national war consciousness
the reason of the war
• Historical disputes between Britain and France, the two sides of the king's throne, led to the outbreak of the war
英法两国之间的历史纠葛，双方对国王宝座的争夺，导致了战争的爆发
British and French war of one hundred - important people
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Treaty oBlack Prince Edward(黑太子爱德华)arrived in Bordeaux(波尔多),invincibility(不可战胜地),in September,in Poitiers(普瓦捷),beat France,caught alive the emperor of France Jéan II the prince Philippe and a lot of noblemen(贵 族).The prince was forced to conclude and sign the Treaty of Brétigny,which mainly involved the following things: 1.the England emperor gave up the right of inheritance(纪 承权) of the French emperor 2.France gave lots of French territories(领土) to England 3.France must pay for a great deal of money to ransomed(赎回) Jéan II.
Hundred Years´War 英法百年战争
It‘s the longest war of the sted for 116 years,from 1337 to 1453. It began betweeen The Kingdom of England and The Kingdom of France.
the Second Stage
1364,Prince Charlie(France) went to the throne(继位),who was exactly the Charlie V.For recapturing the land lost,he reformed a lot which promoted the France to develop. 1369,Charlie V attacked England for some times,to recapture more land.Charlie V appointed Bertrand du Gai Kelan(贝特朗· 杜· 盖克兰)as the leader of military.He used some flexible tactics(战术) successfully beat England in Montiel Battle(蒙铁儿战役). 1396,the king of England warried about that if contiued,he would lose all of his territories(领土),so the king conclued and signed a tready 20-year Armistice(二十年停战协定) with France.Form then on,England only kept down a few territories,which approximately was half of the former.
the Fourth stage
In the fourth stage,Jeanne d'Arc(圣女贞德) led the French army to defeat the invaders,and got los of victories. In 1558,France recaptured Calais,which was the last point of England in Continental Europe(欧洲大陆). Until this moment,Hundred Years Wars ended,and France got the final victory.
• Primacord
In 1328,Charles IV died.Capetian Dynasty was without offspring. The house of Valois’s Philippe VI acceded to the throne. Edward III fight with Philippe VI for the throne in the quanlification of Charles IV’s nephew. The war broke out.
• Background
The source is in the region Flanders(法兰德斯).At that time,Flanders is a famous industry advanced area of Europe.The businessmen of Flanders wanted to escape from the control of the emperor of France.But they daren't to be rebels,so they thought out a good idea,they issued that the emperor of England is the feudal lord(领主)of France.Because England had a part of French land,so they could say they were English people.And just because of Flemish(法兰德斯人的)statement,England and France began the war that lasted for one hundred years.
the Third Stage
From 1415 to 1429,in France broke out an internal conflict(内 讧),and many a farmer and prety of citizen rose up against the goverment as the same time.England seized the opportunity(乘机)to invade France again. In 1415,England invaded most of French territories,which was about all of the north. On 21st May,1420,England and France concluded and signed Treaty of Troyes(特鲁瓦条约).England became the prince regent(摄 政王) of France,had the right to inherit the throne(王位) .France had reduced to be a part of British Commonwealth(英联邦).◎ In October,1428,England invaded Orleans(奥尔良),French people raised guerrillas(游击队) to fight against the invaders.The war had become a national liberation movement(民族解放运动).
Before the punishment
Jeanne was caught
Influnence
The victory of the war promoted the the unity of France and laid the foundation for the expansion in europe.at the same time ,the Nationalism of was built and imposed the policy of banlancing power on the European continent.then The Kingdom of England switched its focus to overseas and became the biggest empire in the world .
Philippe VI
Edward III
• Process
The First Stage
Nevember 1337,Edward III(爱德华三世)leaded the military to attack France,the war began. 1337-1360 year,England and France fighted for Flanders and Keane(基恩）. 1340,England beat France in Battle of Sluys(斯鲁伊斯海 战),England controled the English channel(英吉利海峡). August 1346,England got a great victory in Battle of Crécy. The next year,in July,England captured Calais. 1348,the black death spread across the European,and the two contries stopped battling for 10 years. 1356,England invaded France again,and captrued Keane and Gasconha (加斯科涅),being in the south-west of France. 1360,France was forced to conclude and sign(签订) the Treaty of Bretigny(布勒丁尼合约),which was a very unfair treaty.
Battle of Crecy