The Hundred Year's War 英法百年战争
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第4章 15世纪(1400～1550)【圣才出品】
第4章15世纪(1400～1550)4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）(1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争）The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne.百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。
(2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争）The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war.玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。
它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。
(3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现）In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with thesupport of the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella.1492年，热那亚水手克里斯托弗·哥伦布相信只要一直向西航行就能到达印度，在费迪南和伊莎贝拉的支持下，他登上了美洲大陆。
The Hundred Years' War 英法百年战争
➢ It was a disaster for the people.Both of their economy was deeply damaged,so the people in the two countries lived in dire poverty.
➢The war in one hundred, crying in one hundred.
➢ From 1380 to 1415, France was in prolonged instability and its industry and commerce declined seriously.
➢ The war stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it awakened French nationalism.
➢ 贞德原本是一位法国农村少女，她声称在十六岁 时的一日，在村后的大树下遇见天使圣弥额尔、 圣玛加利大和圣加大肋纳，从而得到“上帝的启 示”，要求她带兵收复当时由英格兰人占领的法 国失地。后来她几番转折，得到兵权，于1429年 解奥尔良之围，成为了闻名法国的女英雄，后带 兵多次打败英格兰的侵略者，更促使拥有王位承 继权的查理七世于同年7月16日得以加冕。然而 圣女贞德于1430年在贡比涅一次小冲突中为勃艮 第公国所俘，不久为英格兰人以重金购去，由英 格兰当局控制下的宗教裁判所以异端和女巫罪判 处她火刑，于1431年5月30日在法国鲁昂当众处 死。20年后英格兰军队被彻底逐出法国时，贞德 年老的母亲说服教宗卡利克斯特三世重新审判贞 德的案子，最终于1456年为她平反。500年后被 梵蒂冈封圣。
➢ Hauberk (锁子甲） in Europe had more than one thousand years history. Early in the war, it was still the best protective equipment .But later ， plate armor（板甲） greatly enhance protection.
综合案例TermListTheHundredYearsWar百年战争（即是指英国和
综合案例TermListTheHundredYearsWar百年战争（即是指英国和综合案例Term ListThe Hundred Years’ War百年战争（即是指英国和法国，以及后来加入的勃艮第，于1337年- 1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年。
）Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争（即英国兰开斯特王朝（House of Lancaster）和约克王朝(House of York)的支持者之间为了争夺英格兰王位的断续内战。
）The “Babylonian Captivity”“巴比伦之囚”（即公元前597～前538年期间，两度被新巴比伦王国国王尼布甲尼撒二世征服的犹太王国，大批民众、工匠、祭司和王室成员被掳往巴比伦，这些人称为巴比伦之囚。
）The Great Schism大分裂（意大利人对教廷迁往亚威农之事，非常不悦，他们欲使罗马再度变成为教皇宝座所在地。
结果于公元1378年，意大利与法国公开断绝关系，双方各选出一位教皇；于是出现了两位教皇，一位在罗马，一位在亚威农；这段时期(公元1378至1417年)被称为「大分裂」时期。
）Lollard罗拉德派（即中世纪晚期英格兰威克利夫的追随者。
这个贬称（源自中部丹麦，意思是「说话含糊不清的人」）更早用于被怀疑为异教徒的欧洲群体。
）Hussites胡斯派（即15世纪早期捷克宗教改革运动，因其发动者胡斯得名。
胡斯运动主要有两大派，塔波尔派，以及圣杯派。
胡斯运动的残余成员后来组成波希米亚弟兄会，成为一个长期活动的教派。
The Renaissance popes文艺复兴时期（文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
）Austria18世纪初，哈布斯堡王朝领土空前扩大。
1815年维也纳会议后成立了以奥为首的德意志邦联，1866年在普奥战争中失败，邦联解散。
英法百年战争英文PPT
The Europe in the eyes of the British
The Europe in the eyes of the Franch
map:
Battle of Agincourt, England aligned with Burgundy,invaded almost all the north of France 141 5 England attacked Orleans, France was in danger,French people fight aginst the invaters,It become a national liberation movement 142 0 Treaty of Troyes, France had become part oBritish Commonwealthf 142 8 142 9 Jeanne d'Arc appeared,lead the army ,got a lot of victories, Charlie VII crowned Jeanne d'Arc was betrayed ,under the plot of England,she was burnt to death.
St. George's Cross flag
England
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France
食物 天然气 15
旅馆
10
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0
一月
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king
Edward III
In 1337,he declared himself as the king of france,so Philippe VI determined to recover the whole territory of England in France,and the war began.
英法百年战争英文版介绍
Jeanne whment
Influnence
The victory of the war promoted the the unity of France and laid the foundation for the expansion in europe.at the same time ,the Nationalism of was built and imposed the policy of banlancing power on the European continent.then The Kingdom of England switched its focus to overseas and became the biggest empire in the world .
Thank you！
• Background
The source is in the region Flanders(法兰德斯).At that time,Flanders is a famous industry advanced area of Europe.The businessmen of Flanders wanted to escape from the control of the emperor of France.But they daren't to be rebels,so they thought out a good idea,they issued that the emperor of England is the feudal lord(领 主)of France.Because England had a part of French land,so they could say they were English people.And just because of Flemish(法兰德斯人 的)statement,England and France began the war that lasted for one hundred years.
浅论英法百年战争爆发的原因2.1
浅论英法百年战争爆发的原因百年战争（Hundred Y ears' War）是指英国和法国，于1337-453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年。
英法两国的战争行动从1337年11月开始，到1338年才正式宣战。
以法王宣布没收爱德华在法国的领地，并出兵包围基恩为开始。
以1453年，英军被法国军民驱赶出去，只控制加莱港一地为结束。
要了解英法百年战争，就要首先了解西欧的封建制度。
在西欧封建制度下，西欧封建主之间普遍结成封君封臣关系。
封臣对封君承担义务，概括来说，分为三项：其一是效忠，不能做危害封君的事；其二是帮助，这是最主要、最重要的义务，包括为封君服兵役、提供协助金和物资；其三是劝告，有义务出席封君召集的会议，提出意见帮助封君，会议兼有封君法庭和封建议事会的性质，审理的案件主要是封臣之间或封臣与封君之间发生的纠纷。
封君对封臣也有义务，主要是保护和维持封臣，不得伤害后者的荣誉、财产和生命。
10世纪后，封土与封臣制紧密结合，封土的领有是世袭的，封臣死后，其子为继续领有封土需重新向封君行臣服礼，所以事实上，封君封臣关系是世袭的，这种关系一经缔结无论是封君还是封臣都不能随意解除。
其次，要了解英法两国的历史渊源。
911年时，西法兰克王查理三世将今法国诺曼底半岛一带封给诺曼人首领罗伦，建立诺曼底公国。
1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉成为英国国王，自此历代英国国王都享受了海峡群岛的统治权。
诺曼底公国从封建义务上是法国的附庸，但是当时英国国王兼任诺曼底公爵，法王与英王之间形成了封君封臣关系，在封建义礼上说，英王九应该臣服于法王，这就为英法百年战争埋下了伏笔。
征服者威廉的儿子亨利一世统治时(1100-1135年)，首先夺取了诺曼底公国，使他与法国卡佩王朝的矛盾益趋激化。
1154年，亨利外孙安茹伯爵继位，是为亨利二世，金雀花王朝统治开始。
亨利二是从父母继承的领土有英格兰、诺曼底、安茹、曼恩、屠棱；由于同阿奎丹女继承人埃莉娜结婚又取得了普瓦都、阿奎丹、加斯科尼，后来在1169年又取得了布列塔尼。
The Hundred Years' War 英法百年战争
The Hundred Years’ War between England andFranceIn 1328, the Capetian dynasty in France came to an end with the death of Charles IV, the son of Philip the Fair. An assembly of French barons gave the crown to Philip VI of Valois, the nephew of Philip the Fair.Causes of the Hundred Years WarEdward III, king of England, asserted that he in fact had a superior claimed to the throne because his mother was Philip the Fair's daughter. This, then, was one of the primary causes of the Hundred Years' War. Another cause of the Hundred Years' War was clearly economic conflict. The French monarchy tried to squeeze new taxes from towns in northern Europe which had grown wealthy as trade and cloth-making centers. Dependent as they were on English wool, these towns through their support behind English and Edward III.The Hundred Years War and the MercenariesTo make matters worse, war had become a more expensive proposition in the 14th century. Larger, healthier and better-trained armies were needed. Most governments began to rely on paid mercenaries to do their fighting for them. The problem with mercenaries is that they were expensive to obtain an even more expensive to retain. More often than not, the mercenary had no allegiance to anyone king and fought for the highest bidder. Furthermore, mercenaries were a competitive and quarrelsome lot. The Hundred Years War - the TaxesTo counteract the high price of war, European monarchs imposed even more taxes upon the people. The French were most adept at this: there were taxes on salt, bread, and wine as well as taxes on the rights to use wine presses, grindstones and mills. And of course, there was the poll tax.The Hundred Years War - the FactionsThe last cause of the Hundred Years' War was factional conflict. By the 14th century the European nobility had become diluted with men who had entered the nobility not because they had a claim by virtue of birth but because of their wealth. Meanwhile, the older nobility was losing income due to declining rents. Many older nobles joined forces with mercenaries in order to maintain their position and status. Other nobles married into wealthy families while still others tried to improve their situation by the buying and selling of royal offices. What all this boiled down to was conflict. Nobles tended to join factions united against other factions. These factions included a greatfamily, their knights, servants and even workers and peasants on the manorial estate. They had their own small armies, loyalties and even symbols of allegiance. The bottom line is that these factions were beginning to form small states within a state and contributed not only to the overall violence of the 14th century but also to the need of monarchs to keep their nobility under constant surveillance. This explains why Louis XIV, the Sun King, housed his nobility at Versailles -- it was so he could keep an eye on them.The Hundred Years War - AquitaineThe most pressing issue during the Hundred Years' War was the status of Aquitaine, a large province in south western France. According to feudal law, Edward III held Aquitaine as part of his fiefdom. Philip attacked this territory, claiming it was rightfully his. Edward's response was to join forces with the Flemish in 1337 and this was the principal cause of the war.The Hundred Years WarThe war, fought entirely on French soil, raged off and on for more than 100 years. English victories were followed by French victories, then a period of stalemate would ensue, until the conflicts again rose to the surface. During periods of truce, English and French soldiers -- most of whom were mercenaries -- would roam the French countryside killing and stealing. After the battle of Agincourt in 1415, won by the English under Henry V, the English controlled most of northern France. It appeared that England would shortly conquer France and unite the two countries under one crown. At this crucial moment in French history, a young and illiterate peasant girl, Joan of Arc (c.1412-1431), helped to rescue France.The One Hundred Years War and Joan of ArcAt the age of 13 Joan believed she had heard the voices of St. Michael, St. Catherine and St. Margaret bidding her to rescue the French people. Believing that God had commanded her to drive the English out of France, Joan rallied the demoralized French troops, leading them in battle. Clad in a suit of white armor and flying her own standard she liberated France from the English at the battle of Orleans. Ultimately captured and imprisoned by the English, Joan of Arc was condemned as a heretic and a witch and stood trial before the Inquisition in 1431. Joan was found guilty and was to be burnt at the stake but at the last moment she broke down and recanted everything. She eventually broke down again and faithful to her "voices," decided to become a martyr and was then burnt at the stake and became a national hero.。
新编英法百年战争
What is the Black Death about?
➢The Black Death was during Edward III period. It was one of the worst natural disasters in history. In 1347 A.D. , a great plague swept(鼠疫)over Europe. One third of the European died.
The Huanr dred Years’ War
Henry Ⅴ
The four famous battles:
Main Events
Edward III Black Death
(1348-49)
Richard II The
Peasant Uprising
Henry V Recognized to
Definition
• A series of wars fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453 that resulted in the final expulsion of the English from all French territories except Calais. It is the longest war in the world. During this period, many new tactics and weapons have developed quickly.
bourgeoisie grew rapidly.
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The results and influence
• disastrous (economy ) poverty.
• Two separate nations were born after the war. The war helped to develop English national identity as well as French national identity.
Jeanne d'Arc
• militarist(军事家）saint(圣女） a symbol of freedom. • When she was just 17 years old,she led the army to fight against the invaders.Under her lead,France recaptured most of territoris,settling the base of final victory. • On 30th May,1431,Jeanne d‘Arc was bound to the stake and burnt to death,when she was just 19 years old.
Jeanne d'Arc
Jeanne was caught Before the punishment
The results and influence
(锁子甲） was replaced by
（板甲）
• Gunpowder (火药）and cannon(火炮）played significant roles as early as 1375. • The last battle of the war, was the first battle in European history in which artillery(大炮） was the deciding factor.
1396, The king of The united kingdom signed a 20-year armistice treaty (二十年停战协定) with France. England only kept down a few territories.(half of the former)
Black Prince Edward
The second stage(1364-1396）
1364, the Charlie V went to the throne. For recapturing the land lost, he reformed a lot 1369,Charlie V attacked England for some times Bertrand du Gai Kelan is the leader of military. used flexible tactics successfully in Montiel Battle (蒙铁儿战役)
The third stage(1415-1429)
Agincourt Battle（阿金库尔战役） In 1415,France was under domestic contradiction England seized the opportunity(乘机)to invade France again . In 1420, Charlie Ⅵ signed Treaty of Troyes (特鲁瓦条约) In October,1428,England invaded Orléans(奥尔良),French people raised guerrillas(游击队) to fight against the invaders. The war had become a national liberation movement(民族解放运
动).
The forth stage(1429-1453)
Jeanne d'Arc(圣女贞德) led the French army to defeat the invaders,and got lots of victories . In 1558,France recaptured Calais(加莱）,which was the last point of England in Continental Europe(欧 洲大陆). Until this moment,Hundred Years Wars ended,and France got the final victory.
Timeline
⑤
1337
1360 1364
1396
1415 1428
1458
Hale Waihona Puke ①23Years②
32years
③
④
13years 30years
The first stage(1337-1360)
November 1337:Edward III leaded the military to attack France, the war began. 1337-1360 :England and France fought for Flanders and Keane(基恩）. 1340 Battle of Sluys (斯鲁伊斯海战) 1346 Battle of Cré cy(克雷西会战） 1348,stopped battling for 10 years because of the black death 1356,England invaded France again, the king of France was caught by Black Prince Edward 1360,France was forced to sign the Treaty of Bré tigny(布勒丁尼合约)
Louis VII the French King
did not meet any obligations as France nobles tried every way to fight against Henry, regained the territory belonging to France
Reasons for the outbreak of war
In 1328, Philip VI inherited the throne. King Edward III fought the succession. France occupied Flanders region, King Edward III was banned to the wool exports.
The Kingdom of France subsequent joining of Burgundy Result : France got the final victory Main leader: Harry VI and The Jeanne d Are Influence: France recaptured its territories the development of new tactics and weapons have a significant impact for the formation of modern national State
Brief information The background
4 stages of the war The results and influence
The Hundred Year’s War
Time : from 1337 to 1453 (116 years) Place: The France and its lowland Participants: The Kingdom of England
The background
1066 1337
The hundred year’s war
1453 1485
The medieval age
William ……. Henry Ⅱ Richard Ⅰ
Consolidate the feudalism
In 1154
Henry Ⅱ the United Kingdom's ruler France's subjects(国民）
• Both of the countries became the centralized countries because of the need of the hundred years’ war, which was beneficial for their future development.
the richest part of Europe. Particularly in wool textile technology Edward III
reasons
got rid of the rule of France King and seek freedom
wanted the United Kingdom to help them against France United Kingdom (lion)would be regarded as France's (lily)ruler, France King was very angry. the wars were broke up between United Kingdom and France finally
The black death
Treaty of Brétigny
1.the England emperor gave up the right of inheritance(纪承权) of the French emperor