翻译理论】翻译学术语列表
二十个英语翻译术语
二十个翻译术语解释1.归化：“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语语文化”【Lawrence V enuti】即在翻译中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来作品。
归化法要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。
归化的目的是力求译文通顺易懂，能为译语读者所接受。
2.异化：“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境”【Lawrence V enuti】异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。
“（翻译）必须有异国情调，就是所谓的洋气”【鲁迅】异化可以很好的保留或传递原文文化内涵，但对不熟悉源语的读者而言阅读有一定难度。
3.语际翻译：（interlingual translation）。
两种（或多种）语言在它们共同构成的跨语言语境中进行的意义交流。
语际翻译更关注如何在更为广阔的地平域和更广阔的（跨）文化天地中实现异质语言的相互对接和转换----以意义为标尺，以交流为目的的语符转换。
对地域性的倾向。
（简单来说，语际翻译就是不同语际之间的翻译活动）4.语内翻译：(intralingual translation)某一种语言内部为着某种目的进行的词句意义的转换。
语内翻译总是把经典的或非经典的历史文本当作转化的对象，并且以译者所在场的文化语境为标尺师徒把历史文本改造为现代文本。
对历史性的关注。
（简单来说就是同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译）5.连续传译：又称“交替传译”或“即席口译”，简称“连传”或“交传”，它是在发言人讲完部分内容或全部内容后，由译员进行翻译。
这种口译方式可以在很多场合下采用，如演讲、祝辞、授课、谈判、情况介绍会、会议发言、新闻发布会等。
一般认为，连续传译的正式职业化是在第一次世界大战后，1919年的“巴黎和会”上大批量地正式使用连续传译。
6.同声传译：（simultaneous interpretation）简称同传，又称同声翻译、同步口译。
翻译术语
Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Translatology翻译学基本用语：源语/译出语source language(SL), original language译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language原作者SL author, original author译者(笔译者)translator译者(口译者)interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience文本text原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译本/译著translated text/translational work源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receivingculture语境context笔译written translation口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting同声传译simultaneous interpreting交替口译consecutive interpreting翻译原则translation principle标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria)翻译过程translation process翻译程序/步骤translation procedures反应/读者反应response/reader’s response对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等equivalence对等物(词语)equivalent形式对等formal equivalence功能对等functional equivalence动态对等dynamic equivalence等效equivalent effect充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)表层结构surface structure深层结构deep structure理解understanding/comprehension表达expression再现reproduction/representation转换transformation传译/转移transferral/transfer误解misunderstanding误译mis-translation异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization /target-accommodating translation词汇空缺lexical gap文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap直译literal translation/direct translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation直译派a literalist/a sourcerer意译派a free-hander/a targeteer重复法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition 减译法/减词法/省略法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法/正反译法/反正译法negation移植法transplant(ing)/transplantation音译法transliteration具体化specification概括化generalization抽象化abstracting明析化explicitation译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)加注法annotation夹注intratextual note脚注footnote尾注/文后注endnote注释性翻译annotated/commented translation 释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase引申法extension替代法substitution/replacement借用borrowing推演法deduction缀合法combination分译法division逆序法/倒置法reversing合译法combination综合法mixture of methods包孕embedding切断/分切cutting拆离splitting-off插入inserting重组recasting回译back translation还原法finding out the original原汁原味essence of the original, original flavor 词序调整inversion选词diction补偿compensation视点转换shift of perspective套译/仿译/仿拟imitation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness通顺smoothness流畅fluency自然naturalness /idiomaticity雅/优美elegance/gracefulness简洁brevity明析clarity简明conciseness内涵connotation含义implication言外之意allocution本文意义(文本固有之意)inherent meaning (of the text)译者隐形translator’s invisibility透明(度)transparency宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rahter to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)神似(傅雷语) spiritual resemblance化境(钱钟书语)sublimation信、达、切(刘重德语)faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (to the original style)三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语)the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beauty in meaning东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra梵语Sanskrit鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva泰特勒(Alexander Fraser )Tytler奈达(Eugene A.) Nida机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn 翻译学translatology/Translation Studies翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译mechanical translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation乱译/胡译excessively free translation歪译(意义扭曲)distortion惯用法usage搭配collocation约定俗成convention形合hypotaxis意合parataxis对应：（Correspondence）1）full correspondence：e.g. chalk2）partial correspondence e.g. 山（hill/mountain），虾（shrimp/lobster）青（blue/green/black）morning （早晨/上午）3）non- correspondence e.g. 粽子zongzi (a traditional food which eaten on Dragon Boat Festival in China ) / a pyramid-shaped rice dumpling wrapped inreed leafMagistrate 治安法官, 地方行政官Salad 色拉Examples:我的眼睛没有错,他是个小男孩。
翻译术语(理论笔译)
Absolute translation 绝对翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Abstract translation 摘要翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Abusive translation 滥译路易斯(Lewis)Acceptability 可接受性托利(Toury)Accuracy 准确Adaptation 改编Adequacy 充分性Adjustment 调整Analogical form 类同形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Analysis 分析奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber)Applied translation studies 应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Architranseme (ATR)元译素范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart) Autonomy Spectrum 自立幅度罗斯(Rose)Autotranslation 自译波波维奇(Popovic)Back translation 回译Class shift 词类转换韩礼德(Halliday)Close translation 贴近翻译纽马克(Newmark)Communicative translation 传意翻译;交际翻译纽马克(Newmark) Community interpreting 社群传译Compensation 补偿赫维(Hervey)Competence 能力托利(Toury)Componential analysis 语义成分分析奈达(Nida) Comprehensive theory 综合理论Conference interpreting 会议传译Consecutive interpreting 接续传译Contextual consistency 语境一致奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber) Conventions 常规诺德(Nord)Corpora 语料库Correspondence 对应Court interpreting 法庭传译Covert translation 隐型翻译豪斯(House)]Creative transposition 创造性移位雅可布逊Creative treason 创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮(Robert Escarpi) Deconstruction 解构主义德里达(Derrida)Descriptive translation studies 描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Diagrammatic translation 图表翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Differance 分延德里达(Derrida)Documentary translation 文献型翻译诺德(Nord)Domesticating translation 归化翻译韦努狄(Venuti)Dynamic equivalence 动态对等奈达(Nida)Dynamic fidelity 动态忠信比克曼(Beekman)与卡洛(Callow) Effort models 用功模式贾尔(Gile)Equivalence 对等Excluded receiver 非目标接受者皮姆(Pym)Exegetic translation 诠释性翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Exoticism 异国情调赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Expectancy norms 期待规范切斯特曼(Chesterman)Explicitation 明示维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet)Expressive text 表情型文本赖斯(Reiss)Extraneous form 外来形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Faithfulness 忠实Foreignizing translation 异化翻译韦努狄(Venuti)Formal corresponding 形式对应卡特福德(Catford)Formal equivalence 形式对等奈达(Nida)Free translation [sense-for-sense translation 意对意翻译] {literal translation 字面翻译;word-for-word translation词对词翻译} 自由译Full translation 全文翻译General theories of translation 普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Gist translation 要旨翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Gloss translation 释词翻译奈达(Nida)Grammatical transposition 语法置换赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Hermeneutic motion 诠释步骤斯坦纳(Steiner)Hierarchy of Correspondences 对应层级霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Horizontal translation 横向翻译福勒纳(Folena)Hyperinformation 超额信息赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔(Vermeer)Idiomatic translation 地道翻译比克曼(Beekman)与卡洛(Callow)Imitation 拟译 1.德莱顿(Dryden)2.利弗威尔(Lefevere)Indeterminacy 不确定性Information offer 信息提供弗米尔(Vermeer)Informative texts 信息文本赖斯(Reiss)Initial norms 初始规范托利(Toury)Instrumental translation 工具翻译诺德(Nord)Integral translation 整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart)Interlineal translation 隔行翻译{free translation} 赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Interlinear translation 逐行翻译Interlingual translation 语际翻译雅可布逊(Jacobson)Intersemiotic translation 符际翻译雅可布逊(Jacobson)Intralingual translation 语内翻译雅可布逊(Jacobson)Intra-system shift 系统内转换卡特福德(Catford)Inverse translation 逆向翻译Kernel sentence 核心句Keyword translation 关键词翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Level shift 层次转换卡特福德(Catford)Lexical translation 词汇翻译卡特福德(Catford)Liaison interpreting[Bilateral interpreting 双边传译] 联络传译凯斯(Keith)Linguistic translation 语言翻译Literal translation 字面翻译;直译Mapping 图谱霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Matricial norms 矩阵规范托利(Toury)Meta-language 元语言霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Metatext 元文本Mimetic form 模仿形式霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Mutation 变异范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart)Naturalness 自然性Negative shift 负面转换Norms 规范Obligatory equivalents 必要对等语奈达(Nida)Oblique translation 曲径翻译维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet) Operational model 操作模式巴斯盖特(Bathgate)Operational norms 操作规范托利(Toury)Optional equivalents 可换对等语奈达(Nida)Overlapping translation 重合翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins)Overt translation 显型翻译豪斯(House)Overtranslation 超额翻译维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet) Paradigmatic equivalence 范式对等波波维奇(Popovic)Paraphrase 释译德莱顿(Dryden)Partial theories of translation 局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes)Participative receiver 参与型接受者皮姆(Pym)Particularizing translation 具体化翻译赫维(Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins) Performance 运用托利(Toury)Phonemic translation 音素翻译利弗威尔(Lefevere)Phonological translation 音位翻译卡特福德(Catford)Pivot language 中枢语言Polysystem theory 多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔(Even-Zohar)Pragmatic translation[pragmatic approach语用途径] 语用翻译Preliminary norms 预先规范托利(Toury)Prescriptive translation studies 规定翻译研究托利(Toury)Primary translation 首级翻译迪勒(Diller)和康纳留斯(Kornelius)Problem-restricted theories of translation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Process-oriented translation theories 过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Product-oriented translation studies 成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Professional norms 翻译规范切斯特曼(Chesterman)Prospective translation 前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特(Postgate)Prototext 原型文本波波维奇(Popovic)Pseudotranslation 伪翻译Pure language[Logos 逻各斯] 纯语言沃尔特·本雅明(Walter Benjamin) Radical translation 原始翻译奎因(Quine)Rank-bound translation 级阶受限翻译卡特福德(Catford)Realia 独有特征弗拉科夫(Vlakhov)和弗罗林(Florin)Receptor language 接受语奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber)Translation with reconstruction 重构式翻译古阿德克(Gouadec) Redundancy 冗余奈达(Nida)Refraction 折射利弗威尔(Lefevere)Regulative translational conventions 规约性翻译常规诺德(Nord) Relay interpreting 转接传译Repertoreme 知识库要素托利(Toury)Resistancy 阻抗韦努狄(Venuti)Restricted translation 受限翻译卡特福德(Catford)Restructuring 重组奈达(Nida)和泰伯(Taber)Retrospective translation 后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特(Postgate)Rewriting 重写利弗威尔(Lefevere)Rhymed translation 韵体翻译利弗威尔(Lefevere)Secondary translation 二级翻译迪勒(Diller)和康纳留斯(Kornelius)Selective translation 选译古阿德克(Gouadec)Semantic disambiguation 语义消歧Semantic translation 语义翻译纽马克(Newmark)Serial translation 序列翻译卡塞格兰德(Casagrande)Service translation [Inverse translation 逆向翻译] 服务型翻译纽马克(Newmark) Sight translation 视译Signed language translation 手语传译Simultaneous interpreting 同声传译Skopos theory 目的论赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔(Vermeer)Source language 源语Source text 源文本Source text-oriented translation studies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification 具体化Structure shift 结构转换卡特福德(Catford)Stylistic equivalence 文体对等Target language 目标语Term banks 术语库Terminology 术语Text typology 文本类型学Textual equivalence 文本对等卡特福德(Catford)Textual norms 文本规范托利(Toury)Thick translation 增量翻译阿皮尔(Appiah)Think-aloud translation 有声思维记录Third code 第三语码弗劳利(Frawley)Time-restricted theories of translation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯(Holmes) Total translation 完全翻译卡特福德(Catford)Transcription 注音Transeme 译素范·路文兹瓦特(van Leuven-Zwart)Transfer 转移Transference 迁移卡特福德(Catford)Translatability 可译性Translationese [Third language 第三语言] 翻译体Translatorial action 译者行动赫尔兹·曼塔里(Holz M?ntt?ri)Transliteration 音译Transposition 置换维纳(Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳(Darbelnet) Unbounded translation 不受限翻译卡特福德(Catford) Undertranslation 欠额翻译纽马克(Newmark)Unit of translation 翻译单位Universals of translation 翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency 词语一致Verifiability 可核实性赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔(Vermeer) Vertical translation 纵向翻译福勒纳Voids 空缺Whispered interpreting 耳语传译Writer-oriented machine translation 作者取向机器翻译。
翻译学术语
成品取向翻译研究
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Professional norms
翻译规范
切斯特曼（Chesterman）
Prospective translation
前瞻式翻译
波斯特盖特（Postgate）
Prototext
原型文本
【翻译理论】翻译学术语列表
本帖最后由jeremy于2010-5-3 16:27编辑
术语
翻译
贡献者
Absolute Translation
绝对翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Abstract Translation
摘要翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Abusive translation
滥译
路易斯（Lewis）
Overlapping translation
重合翻译
赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）
Overt translation
显型翻译
豪斯（House）
Overtranslation
超额翻译
维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）
Paradigmatic equivalence
范式对等
Differance
分延
德里达（Derrida）
Doentary translation
文献型翻译
诺德（Nord）
Domesticating translation
归化翻译
韦努狄（Venuti）
Dynamic equivalence
动态对等
奈达（Nida）
Dynamic fidelity
翻译理论词汇MicrosoftWord文档.doc
《新编当代翻译理论》词汇集《新编当代翻译理论》出版前言internality[]n.内在, 内在性externality n.外形, 外在性, 讲究外表diachronic adj.探求现象变化的, 历时的synchronic adj.不考虑历史演进的, 限于一时的ambiguity含糊, 不明确绪论0．0界说definition 范畴category命题propositions 方法论methodology窠臼beaten track / set pattern 虚无主义nihilism / nihilistic 0．1认知职能(cognitive function)启蒙enlightment / initiation 可知的(knowable) 可掌握的(workable)条理化的methodic执行职能(performing function) 能动性motivation / initia参照性指令(referential instruction) 选择性silectivity多样性diversity 强制的compulsive变通性flexibility 自在的free / unrestrained自为的conscious校正职能(revising function)规范性normality指导性instructiveness 符号学（Semiotics或Semiology）对策(strategy)0．2主心骨main structure 结构主义structuralism转换生成语法generative-transformational grammar形态（学）morphology 依归starting point and destination 0．3．1规定性regularity 描写的descriptive翻译规范(translation norms) 属性property概括(generalization) 诠释(interpretation)参照性(referentiality) 情境context灵活性flexibility 可译性translatability可读性readability 验证tested / testable印象性的impressional 流变的changeable可论证性verifiability 僵化的rigid / inflexible公式化的foumulistic / stereotyped 灵丹妙药wonder drug0．3．2针对性directionality 对策性strategy directionality 指导性instructivity 语境context of situation转换conversion 常规的conventional形式结构障碍(formal-structural obstruction) 音位phoneme序列alignment / array 惯用法障碍(usage obstruction) 表达法障碍(presentation obstruction) 文化障碍(cultural obstruction) 积极的positive 审美的aesthetic语际的trans-linguistic 效用effect情态expressional？/ emotional？方面(dimensions)原著(SL)－译文(TL)－读者(receptor)0．3．3希伯来语Hebrew 依归the starting point and the end 局限性limitedness / limits 观念notion分类学的(typological) 语系family语族branch 多向度的(multi-dimensional)分类学(typology) 概要essentials / outline0．3．4虚实false or true 精华essense糟粕dross 模糊obscurity0．3．5论证deduction / expound and prove 等值equal value等效equal effect 对应值corresponding value辨证的dialectical 感觉sensation知觉perception 印象性术语(impression terms) 0．3．6综合性comprehensive / synthesize 社会符号学(sociosemiotics)语用学pragmatics 语段语言学(textlinguistics)上下文（context）语境/情景（situation）闪语（semitic）---------------第一章翻译学的性质及学科架构1．0使役work /use /apply /exploit 长足的进步by laps and bounds 扩大化broaden 多层次化multi-level语文language and literature 信息论informationism控制论cybernetics/theory of control系统论【计】systematology 1．1概略summary / outline 新兴的newly sprung横断的transversal 实质substance /essence /gist 分水岭divide /shed /watershed 诠释学派（hermeneutic theory）1．2封闭性的closed/sealed/blocked 综合性的synthetical1．3内部系统internal scheme 外部系统external scheme集约化intensivism 集约intensive operation概念conception / concept 内涵connotation1．4内省的introspect 本体noumenon自足性self-sufficiency 广泛的extensive次系统(subschemes) 功能性的(functional)构成性的(constituent) 等量齐观的equate论证expound and prove /deduction 调节regulate有指导意义的instructive---------------第二章中国翻译理论基本模式2．0视角perspective 归结conclude / sum up模式(model) 高度集约highly intensified条理化orderliness/properly arranged 范式(paradigm)始终一贯(consistency) 阐发elusidate拓展expand and develop 校正correct /rectify / nmend 2．1推导deduce 概括generalize局限性limitations 同根词conjugate同一种语言的(intralingual) 诉诸于appeal to难以企及的unattainable 接受美学(aesthetics of reception) 扬弃sublate 可变因素(variables)历时的diachronic 共时的synchronic契合compatible to /tally with 模糊的indistinct/ vague /dim模糊性obscurity / fuzziness 随机性randomization测度inference 不可通约性incommensurability 2．2功能的 functional2．3规定(prescription) 形态shape / form /语言现象language fact 排他性规定(exclusive prescription) 屈折型的inflectional 虚实form and notion接应(cohesion) 意义陈述(meaning presentation)意念机制(mechanism of notion) 形式机制(mechanism of form)语言形态学(morphology) 相容性compatibility协调coordinate / harmonious 同步转换synchronization线性的lineal 配列assortment聚合aggregation/ converge/ group/ polymerization变通(accommodation) 常规(normality)组织成分(constituent) 灵活对应(dynamic equivalence)语义结构框架(the frame of the semantic structure) 话题(topic)历时经验(diachronic experience) 共时的运用(synchronic performance)轴线axis 焦点透视focus perspective意念idea / thought 散loose神omniscience; spirit; 聚（集）aggregation / convergence形式链接(chain connection) 重组(recasting)句段（sentence sections）2．4意义联接形素(meaning connection morph) 成形(formation)对接(1inearity) 聚集(aggregation)简约化simplification 投射（mapping）形态变化inflection2．5字面意义(face value) 严谨的well-knit / strict 文字表面意义的等值equal face-value 寻花问柳womanizing形合hypotaxis 意合parataxis形式对应formal correspondence 搭配(collocation)式微趋势the decline of formal equivalence 散文体(prosaic)扩张趋势(the expansion of functional equivalence)预定效果(presupposed effect) 权宜的expedient2．6歇后语不偏不倚的unbiased语用理据(pragmatic motivation)(1) expressive function表现功能 (2) cognitive function认知功能(3)interpersonal function人际功能 (4)informative function信息功能(5)imperative function祈使功能 (6)performative function行为功能(7)emotive function感情功能 (8)aesthetic function审美功能(9)metalingual function语言文化功能---------------第三章翻译的实质和任务3．0概念意义(conceptive meaning) 语境意义(contextual meaning)形式意义(formal meaning) 风格意义(stylistic meaning)形象意义(figurative meaning) 文化意义(cultural meaning)句群sentencegroups 所指signified主位theme 述位rheme能指（符号本身）signifier 关联/联立interrelating情景意义/功能意义meaning determined by the situation or social function 对联antithetical couplet 骈句（并对的）parrelled sentence 褒贬commendatory / derogatory 轻重（得体）propreity/suitability 分寸sence of appropriateness 比喻的analogical字面意义(1iteral meaning) 着色手段(colouring)白描词(plain word) 修辞rhetoric载体carrier 素质accomplishment多棱镜映象(prismatic images) 行为的behavioral形象的imagery 脑力的intelligent才情latent 外域的alien借鉴experience 参照的referrential概念意义conceptual meaning (sense) 内涵意义 connotative meaning 社会意义social meaning 感情意义affective meaning回应意义reflected meaning 搭配意义collocative meaning；强调意义thematic meaning 联想意义associative meaning 3．0．1命题proposition 理解(comprehension)表达方式(mode of expression) 语义对应(semantic equivalence) 3．0．2联立关系interrelation 上下文(context 或 the frame of words) face value(票面价值) face lift(整容、美容)陈述statement 询问inquiry语域register 语境context3．0．3可感知的perceptible 立意preconception/conception形态的morphological 探求explore语言的形--义变化(intralingual changes in meaning and form)3．0．4风格对应(stylistic equivalence) = 风格价值Stylistic Value3．0．5意象或“映象”image 隐喻意义(metaphorical meaning)明喻意义(simile meaning) 换喻意义(metonymical meaning) 3．0．7原生性origin,originality 概指性denotativeness目的论teleology3．1．3．1．1可读性readability 合乎语法grammaticality合乎习惯idiomaticness 对语体的适应性stylistic adaptability 含义明晰clarity 条理性organization3．1．2多样性diversity 同一性identity可变性flexibility 解释 / 演绎interpretation翻译 / 译式renderings 开拓pioneer3．2理解understanding 意义的领悟comprehension维尼克区Wernike area 陷阱traps原语文本source language text3．2．1交流中的语境context in communication认知语境cognitive context意境artistic conception 坎坷 rough and rugged paths次文本co-text 首语重复法；预指anaphora后指cataphora 互文性intertextuality3．2．2功亏一篑fail to build a mound for want of one final basket of earth 伪古文《尚书·旅獒》为山九仞，功亏一篑。
翻译学基本术语
翻译学基本术语源语/译出语source language(SL), original language译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language原作者SL author, original author译者translator, interpreter读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience文本/原著/原文text/original work/SL text, source text, original text译文/译本/译著translation, version/translated text/translational work笔译written translation口译oral interpretation/oral translation同声传译simultaneous interpretation翻译原则/标准translation principle/criterion翻译过程/步骤translation process/procedures反应response对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence等值/对等/动态对等equivalence/dynamic equivalence充分性adequacy可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability)可读性readability(readable)可译性translatability(translatable)不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)表层结构surface structure深层结构deep structure理解understanding/comprehension表达/再现/转换/传译expression/reproduction/transformation/transferral误解misunderstanding误译mis-translation异化foreignization/alienation归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation直译literal translation意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation 直译派a literalist/a sourcerer意译派a free-hander/a targeteer重译法repetition增译法/增词法/增译amplification/addition减译法/减词法/省译omission词类转移法/词性转换conversion反译法negation移植法transplant(ing)音译法transliteration作注（行内注/脚注/文后注）annotation(interlinear note, footnote, endnote)释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase 引申法extension替代法substitution 推演法deduction 缀合法combination分译法division 逆序法/倒置法reversing 合译法combination 综合法mixture of methods 包孕embedding 切断/分切cutting 拆离splitting-off 插入inserting 重组recasting回译back translation 原汁原味essence of the original词序调整inversion选词diction信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity达/通顺/流畅/自然/易懂intelligibility /smoothness /fluency /naturalness /idiomaticity /expressiveness雅elegance/gracefulness 东方语言Oriental languages西方语言Occidental languages 佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra 梵语Sanskrit 鸠摩罗什Kumarajiva 泰特勒(AlexanderFraser )Tytler奈达Eugene A. Nida 机器翻译machine translation(MT)人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)翻译translate, render, rephrase, reword, transmit, re-express, transmute, transmogrify, interpret, convert, transform, transpose, express, transfer, turn翻译学translatology/translation studies 翻译体/翻译腔translationese死译/硬译/逐字译mechanical translation/word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution乱译/胡译excessively free translation 惯用法usage约定俗成convention形合hypotaxis 意合parataxis。
翻译专业术语
术语翻译贡献者Absolute Translation绝对翻译古阿德克(Gouadec)Abstract Translation摘要翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Abusive translation滥译路易斯(Lewis) Acceptability可接受性托利(Toury)Accuracy准确Adaptation改编Adequacy充分性Adjustment调整Analogical Form类同形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Analysis分析奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber) Applied Translation Studies应用翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes）Architranseme (ATR)元译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven—Zwart）Autonomy Spectrum自立幅度罗斯（Rose）Autotranslation自译波波维奇（Popovic)Back Translation回译Bilateral interpreting双边传译凯斯（Keith) Class Shift词类转换韩礼德(Halliday）Close Translation贴近翻译纽马克(Newmark）Communicative Translation传意翻译；交际翻译纽马克（Newmark) Community interpreting社群传译Compensation补偿赫维(Hervey）Competence能力托利(Toury）Componential Analysis语义成分分析奈达（Nida）Comprehensive theory综合理论Conference interpreting会议传译Consecutive interpreting接续传译Contextual consistency语境一致奈达（Nida）和泰伯(Taber) Conventions常规诺德（Nord）Corpora语料库Correspondence对应Court interpreting法庭传译Covert translation隐型翻译豪斯(House）Creative transposition创造性转换Creative treason创造性叛逆罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）Deconstruction解构主义德里达（Derrida）Descriptive translation studies描写性翻译研究霍尔姆斯(Holmes）Differance分延德里达(Derrida）Doentary translation文献型翻译诺德（Nord) Domesticating translation归化翻译韦努狄（Venuti）Dynamic equivalence动态对等奈达（Nida）Dynamic fidelity动态忠信比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）Effort models用功模式贾尔（Gile)Equivalence对等Excluded receiver非目标接受者皮姆（Pym)Exegetic translation诠释性翻译赫维(Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Exoticism异国情调赫维（Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins）Expectancy norms期待规范切斯特曼（Chesterman）Explicitation明示维纳(Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Expressive text表情型文本赖斯（Reiss）Extraneous form外来形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Faithfulness忠实Foreignizing translation异化翻译韦努狄(Venuti）Formal corresponding形式对应卡特福德（Catford）Formal equivalence形式对等奈达（Nida）Free translation自由译Full translation全文翻译General theories of translation普通翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Gist translation要旨翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Gloss translation释词翻译奈达(Nida) Grammatical transposition语法置换赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）Hermeneutic motion诠释步骤斯坦纳（Steiner）Hierarchy of Correspondences对应层级霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Horizontal translation横向翻译福勒纳（Folena）Hyperinformation超额信息赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）Idiomatic translation地道翻译比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛(Callow）Imitation拟译德莱顿（Dryden）、利弗威尔（Lefevere）Indeterminacy不确定性Information offer信息提供弗米尔（Vermeer）Informative texts信息文本赖斯（Reiss）Initial norms初始规范托利（Toury）Instrumental translation工具翻译诺德（Nord)Integral translation整合翻译范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven—Zwart）Interlineal translation隔行翻译赫维（Hervey）和希金斯(Higgins）Interlinear translation逐行翻译Interlingual translation语际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intersemiotic translation符际翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson）Intralingual translation语内翻译雅可布逊（Jacobson)Intra-system shift系统内转换卡特福德(Catford)Inverse translation逆向翻译Kernel sentence核心句Keyword translation关键词翻译古阿德克（Gouadec）Level shift层次转换卡特福德(Catford）Lexical translation词汇翻译卡特福德（Catford）Liaison interpreting联络传译凯斯（Keith）Linguistic translation语言翻译Literal translation字面翻译；直译Mapping图谱霍尔姆斯(Holmes）Matricial norms矩阵规范托利（Toury)Meta-language元语言霍尔姆斯（Holmes)Metatext元文本Mimetic form模仿形式霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Mutation变异范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）Naturalness自然性Negative shift负面转换Norms规范Obligatory equivalents必要对等语奈达（Nida）Oblique translation曲径翻译维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Operational model操作模式巴斯盖特（Bathgate)Operational norms操作规范托利(Toury）Optional equivalents可换对等语奈达（Nida）Overlapping translation重合翻译赫维（Hervey)和希金斯(Higgins）Overt translation显型翻译豪斯（House）Overtranslation超额翻译维纳（Vinay)和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Paradigmatic equivalence范式对等波波维奇（Popovic）Paraphrase释译德莱顿（Dryden）Partial theories of translation局部翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Participative receiver参与型接受者皮姆(Pym）Particularizing translation具体化翻译赫维(Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins) Performance运用托利（Toury）Phonemic translation音素翻译利弗威尔(Lefevere）Phonological translation音位翻译卡特福德（Catford）Pivot language中枢语言Polysystem theory多元文化理论埃文·佐哈尔（Even-Zohar）Pragmatic Approach语用途径Pragmatic translation语用翻译Preliminary norms预先规范托利(Toury）Prescriptive translation studies规定翻译研究托利（Toury）Primary translation首级翻译迪勒(Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）Problem—restricted theories oftranslation 关于问题的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Process—oriented translationtheories过程取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Product-oriented translationstudies成品取向翻译研究霍尔姆斯（Holmes) Professional norms翻译规范切斯特曼（Chesterman)Prospective translation前瞻式翻译波斯特盖特（Postgate）Prototext原型文本波波维奇(Popovic）Pseudotranslation伪翻译Pure language纯语言沃尔特·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）Radical translation原始翻译奎因(Quine）Rank—bound translation级阶受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Realia独有特征弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）Receptor language接受语奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Translation with reconstruction重构式翻译古阿德克（Gouadec)Redundancy冗余奈达（Nida)Refraction折射利弗威尔（Lefevere）Regulative translational规约性翻译常规诺德（Nord）conventionsRelay interpreting转接传译Repertoreme知识库要素托利（Toury)Resistancy阻抗韦努狄（Venuti）Restricted translation受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Restructuring重组奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）Retrospective translation后瞻式翻译波斯特盖特(Postgate）Rewriting重写利弗威尔(Lefevere）Rhymed translation韵体翻译利弗威尔（Lefevere）Secondary translation二级翻译迪勒（Diller)和康纳留斯（Kornelius)Selective translation选译古阿德克（Gouadec）Semantic disambiguation语义消歧Semantic translation语义翻译纽马克（Newmark）Serial translation序列翻译卡塞格兰德(Casagrande）Service translation服务型翻译纽马克（Newmark）Sight translation视译Signed language translation手语传译Simultaneous interpreting同声传译Skopos theory目的论赖斯(Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer) Source language源语Source text源文本Source text-oriented translationstudies 源文本取向翻译研究Specification具体化Structure shift结构转换卡特福德(Catford）Stylistic equivalence文体对等Target language目标语Term banks术语库Terminology术语Text typology文本类型学Textual equivalence文本对等卡特福德（Catford）Textual norms文本规范托利(Toury) Thick translation增量翻译阿皮尔（Appiah）Think—aloud translation有声思维记录Third code第三语码弗劳利（Frawley）Time-restricted theories oftranslation 关于时域的翻译理论霍尔姆斯（Holmes）Total translation完全翻译卡特福德(Catford) Transcription注音Transeme译素范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven—Zwart)Transfer转移Transference迁移卡特福德(Catford）Translatability可译性Translationese翻译体Translatorial action译者行为赫尔兹·曼塔里（Justa Holz-Manttari）Transliteration音译Transposition置换维纳(Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）Unbounded translation不受限翻译卡特福德（Catford）Undertranslation欠额翻译纽马克（Newmark)Unit of translation翻译单位Universals of translation翻译普遍特征Verbal consistency词语一致Verifiability可核实性赖斯(Reiss)和弗米尔（Vermeer）Vertical translation纵向翻译福勒纳Voids空缺Whispered interpreting耳语传译Writer—oriented machine作者取向机器翻译translation。
翻译理论研究名词术语解释总结
翻译理论研究名词术语解释总结1.Foreignizing translation （异化） is a type oftranslation proposed by Ventui in which a target text is produced whichdeliberately breaks target convention by retaining something of the foreignnessof the original. Venuti traces the roots of the term back to Schleiermacher'sfamous notion of the translation which leaves the author in peace, as much aspossible, and moves the reader towards him.2. Domesticating translation （归化） is a type oftranslation proposed by Ventui in which a transparent fluent style is adopted inorder to minimize the strangeness of the source text for target languagereaders. Venuti traces the roots of the term back to Schleiermacher's famousnotion of the translation which leaves the reader in peace, as much aspossible, and moves the author towards him.3. Langue refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by a speech community. Parole refers to the concrete utterancesof a speaker.4. Competence is the unconscious knowledgeof the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance is the languageactually used by people in speaking or writing.5. Sense is the relationship between oneword and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. Itis concerned with the intralinguistic relations. For example, the English wordsbachelor and married have the sense relationship of bachelor=never married.6. Reference is the relationship between aword and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unitand a nonlinguistic entity it refers to in the real word. For example,therelationship between the word tree and the objet tree in the real world.7. Phonetics is a branch of linguisticswhich refers to the study of speech sounds, especially of their production,transmission, and reception. It is the general study of the characteristics ofspeech sounds.8. Phonology is a branch of linguisticswhich refers to the study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in alanguage. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds areorganized in languages, and also toexplain the variations that occur. Phonetics is the study of speech sounds thathuman voice is capable of creating. Phonology is the study of a subset of thosesounds that constitute language and meaning. The former focuses on chaos whilethe latter focuses on order. Therefore these two are at once related anddistinct branches of linguistics.9.Inflectional morphology studies the wayin which words vary in order to express grammatical contrasts insentences, such as single/plural, past tense/present tense, bark+s=barks.10. Derivational morphology studies theprinciples governing the construction of new words, without reference to thegrammatical role a word might play in a sentence.11. Informative function: language is usedto tell something, to give information, or to reason something out. Forexample, the function of the sentece Wwater boils at 100 degree centigrade isinformative.12. Interpersonal function: language isused to establish and maintain social relations between people. For example,the way in which people address others and refer to themselves, such as'dear sir, your obedient servant, indicate the various grades ofinterpersonal relations.13. Performative function: language is usedto do things or to perform acts. For example, at a meeting, as soon as thechairman says I declare the meeting open, the meeting has started.14. Phatic function: language is used toestablish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker andhearer. For example, the expression such as how do you do does not conveyanymeaning, but are used to establish a common sentiment between the speakerand hearer.15. Emotive function: language is used toexpress the speaker's attitudes and feelings. For example, my god!16. Recreational function: language is usedfor te sheer joy. For example, a chanting.17. Conceptual meaning is the basicessential components of meaning which is conveyed by the lteral use of a word.For example, the basic concepts of a word like needle in english might includethin sharp, steel, instrument, which would be part of the conceptual meaning ofthe word needle.18. Associative meaning is te total of allthe meanings a person thinks of when he hear the word. For example, you mayhave associations attached to a word like needle which lead you to think ofpainful whenever you encounter the word.19. Constituent command refers to therelation between an element and another of the same level and under the samenode in a tree diagram, and any others under the latter element as well. Forexample, in the prepositional phrase in the book, the preposition inconstituent command the following noun phrase the book, and the constituentcommand book not in.20. Speech variety refers to anydistinguishable form of a language used by a speaker or a group of speakers. Itis considered a more neutral term than the terms such as standardlanguage anddialect.21. The behaviorist view of languageacquisition: language acqusition is a process of habit formation. Language islearned through stimulus and reinforcement. Reinforcement of selected responsesis the key to understand language development. Children learn to producecorrect sentences because they are positively reinforced when they saysomething right and negatively reinforced when they say something wrong.22. The nativist view of languageacquisition: language acqusition is a specific property of human beings.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. They arepredisposed to develop their native language along a universal predeterminedroute through similar stages. They go about acquiring the grammar of theirnative language using principles unique to language acquisition.23. Euphemism refers to the use of a wordwhich is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another word. Forexample, indisposed instead of sick, or pass away instead of die.24. Taboo refers to a word or expressionthat is prohibited by the polite society from general use. For example, cunt,prick, fuck, for vagina, penis, sexual intercourse.25.Lingua franca refers to a language thatis used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking adifferent language. For example, english is an international lingua franca usedin numerous social and political situations where a common language is asked for.26. Variationist linguistics refers to atheoretic framework advanced by william labov to study how language variationand change take place in different social contexts or geographic districtsunder the influence of social factors such aseconomics,education, class,gender, style, and so on. The method it uses is basically quantitative, butqualitative instruments have recently been introduced in this branch oflinguistic research fora better description and explanation of the datacollected.27. Critical period is a period in oneslife extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain ismost ready to acquire a particular language naturally and effortlessly. It is aperiod that coincides with the period of brain lateralization for languagefunctions.28. Critical period hypothesis is thetheory which states that in child development there is a period in ones lifeextending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most readyto acquire a particular language naturally and effortlessly. There are twoversions of the critical period hypothesis. While the strong one suggests thatchildren must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never beable to learn from subsequent exposure, the weak holds that language learningwill be more different and incomplete after puberty. These two views can findsome support respectively in victors and genies cases.29. Translationese refers to targetlanguage usage which because of its obvious reliance on features of sourcelanguage is perceived as unnatural, impenetrable, or even comical. It istypically caused by an excessively literal approach to the translation processor an imperfect knowledge of target language, and is reflected in theperception that the source language of a translation seems reluctant to makeits exit, and it prefers to seek reincarnation in the target language.30. Interlanguageis the type of language produced by foreign or second language learners who arein the process of learning a language. It is the approximate language systemthat asecond language learner constructs which represents his or hertransitional competence in the target language.31. Over translation is the translationthat gives more detail than the original.32. Under translation is the translationthat gives less detail and is more general than the original.33. Transcription is a type of interlingualtransfer in which the forms of the original are preserved unchanaged in targettext.34. Transliteration is a process in whichsource language graphological units are replaced by target languagegraphological units.35. Source culture-linked overttranslation: semantic translation36. Source culture-linked coverttranslation: communicative translation37. Back translation is a process in whicha text which has been translated into a target language is retranslated intosource language.38. Back translation test is a process inwhich a text which has been translated into a target language is retranslatedinto source language, for purposes of comparison and correction.39. Neologism is a new word or expressionwhich has come into a language. For example, user-friendly.40. Eponym is a word derived from names ofpeople or places. For example, bycott.41. Buhlers classification of languagefunction: representative, expressive, and appelative.42. Jackobsons classification of languagefunction: referential, poetic, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual.43. Hallidays classification of languagefunction: ideational,interpersonal, and textual.44. Newmarks classification of languagefunction: expressive, informative, vocative, esthetic, phatic, and metalingual.45. Linguistic sexism refers to the sexbiased phenomena in any language use. It aims to reveal and deal withlinguistic issues related to male chauvinism.46. Women register refers to the hypothesiswhich assumes that the following features are prevailing in womens linguisticbehaviour: 1)women use more tag questions, 2)women use less powerful cursewords, 3)women use more intensifiers such as terrible and awful, 4)women usemore fancy colour terms such as mauve and beige, 5)women use more statementquestions like “Dinner willbe ready at seven?” with a rising intonation at the end, 6)womens linguistic hehaviouris more indirect and more polite than mens.47. Regional dialect is a variety of alanguage used by people in the same geographical region. For example, guangdongdialect in china.48. Ethnic dialect is a variety of alanguage which cuts across regional differences and is mainly spoken by a lessprivileged people that has experienced some form of social isolation such asracial discrimination or segregation. For example, black english in america.49. Signified refers to the conceptualconcept of a linguistic sign.50. Signifier refers to the materialrepresentation of a linguistic sign takes the form of sounds or characters.51. C-command: constitute command52. M-command: maximal command53. Discourse is a general term forexamples of language use.It is the language which has been produced as theresult of an act of communication. Grammar refers to the rules a language usesto form grammatical units such as clause, phrase, and sentences, whilediscourse refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs,conversations, and interviews. Sometimes the study of both spoken and writtendiscourse is knowen as discourse analysis, some researchers, however, usediscourse analysis to refer to the study of spoken discourse and text linguisticsto refer to the study of written discourse.54. Text is a piece of spoken and writtenlanguage. A text may be considered from the point of view of its structure orits functions, e.g warning, instructuring, carrying out a transaction.A fullunderstanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context inwhich it occurs. A text may consist of just one word, e.g danger on a warning sign, or it may be ofconsiderablelength, e.g a novel, a sermon, or a debate.55. Deixis is a term for a word or phrasewhich directly relates an utterance to a time, place, or person. Examples ofdeictic expressions in English are1). Here and there which refer to a place in relation to the speaker;2). I which refers to the speaker or writter, you which refers to the person or persons addressed, he/she/they whichrefer to some other person or persons.56. Linguistics is the scientific study oflanguage. It tries to answer the basic questions what is language and how doeslanguage work. Linguistics studies not any particular language but language ingeneral. It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematicinvestigation of linguistic data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reacheduntil the linguist has done the following three things: observing the waylanguage is actuallyused, formulating some hypotheses about languagestructure, and testing these hypotheses repeatedly against linguistic facts tofully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, dataand theory stand in a dialectical complementation: data without being explainedby some theory remain a muddle mass og things, and theory without the supportof data can hardly claim validity.57. Triphthongrefers to a combination of three vowels. For example, in English, // as in fireis a triphthong.58. Vowel glide refers to a vowel that involves achange of quality throughout the articulation, including diphthongs, when asingle movement of the tongue is made, and triphthongs, when a double movementis made. Diphthongal glide in English can be found in words like way //, andtoe //, and triphthongal glide can be found in words like wire //, and tower//.59. Chomsky defines language as a set ofrules. Chomsky belives that the aim of linguists is to produce a generative grammarwhich captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language.Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the nativespeaker’s tacitknowledge. Chomsky’s methodology is hypothesis deductive, which operates at two levels:the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure, which is testedby grammars for particular languages, and each such grammar is a hypothesis onthe general linguistic theory. Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy andmentalism in psychology. Chomsky’s innateness hypothesis is the starting point of transformationalgenerative grammar, which is based on his observations that some importantfacts can never be otherwise explained adequately.60. Chomsky’s transformational generative grammar hasundergone five stages ofdevelopment. The classical theory aims to make linguistics a science. Thestandard theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistictheory. The extended standard theory focuses discussion on language universaland universal grammar. The revised standard theory focuses discussion ongovernment and binding. The minimalist programme is a further revision of theprevious theory. The development of transformational generative grammar is aprocess of constantly minimalizing theories and controlling generative powers.Although transformational generative grammar has involved proposing, revising,and cancelling of many rules, hypotheses, mechancisms, and models, its purposeis to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language.61. Assimilation is a process in which onesound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighbouring sound. If a following sound is influencing a precedingsound, it is called regressive assilimation. If a preceding sound isinfluencing a following sound, it is called progressive assilimation.62. Coarticulation is the simultaneous oroverlapping articulation of two successive phonological units. If the soundbecomes more like the following sound, as in the case of lamb, it is calledanticipatory coarticulation. If the sound becomes more like the precedingsound, as in the case of map, it iscalled perseverative coarticulation.63. Affix refers to the meaningful formthat is attached to another form to make a more complex word. It can beclassified into three subtypes: prefix, suffix, and infix, depending on theirposition with reference to the root or stem of the word. For example, prefixmini- suffix -tion infix foot feet goose geese64. Category refers to a group of itemswhich fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such ascase, person, aspect, and tense. Some linguists also related groups of wordssuch as nouns, verbs, and adjectives as catagories, but these groups are usuallyreferred to in traditional grammar as parts of speech.65. Stress is the degree of force used inproducing a syllable. When a syllable is produced with more force and istherefore more prominent, it is a stressed syllable.66. Intonation is the occurence ofrecurring fall rise patterns, each of which is used with a set of relativelyconsistent meanings, either on single words or on groups of words of varinglength.67. Representive refers to the speech act which states what the speakerbelives to be true. For example,I have never seen the man before.The earth is a globe.68. Directive refers to the speech act which tries to get the hearer to dosomething. For example,Your money or your life!Open the window!69. Commissive is the speech act committing the speaker himself to somefurther action. For example,I promise to come.I will bring you the book tomorrow withoutfail.70. Expressive is the speech act expressing feelings or attitude towards anexisting state. For example,I’m sorry for the mess I havemade.It’s really kind of you to have thought of me.71. Phonetics is a branch of linguisticswhich refers to the study of speech sounds, especially of theirproduction,transmission, and reception. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which refers tothe study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Bothphonetics and phonology are concerned with the study of speech sounds. Butwhile both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approachand focus. Phonetics is of a general nature. It is interested in all the speechsounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ fromeach other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified,and so on. Phonology focuses on the system of sounds of a particular language.It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how thesesounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. For example, thearticulation of the sond t in the two words tea and too differ from each other.Phonetics is concerned with how these two sounds differ in the way they arepronounced while phonology is interested in the patterning of such sounds andthe rules that underlie such variations.72. First language acquisition is the learning of a native language. Secondlanguage acquisition is the learning of a foreign language. The studies onfirst language acquisition have influenced enormously those on second languagelanguage acquisition at both theoretical and practical levels. The new findingsand advances in first language acquisition, especially in learning theories andlearning process, are illuminating in understanding second languageacquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first languageacquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of secondlanguage acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language studyhas served as a backcloth for perceiving andunderstanding new facts aboutsecond language learning. Second language acquisition, however, is differentfrom first language acquisition, and the second language learners generallyfail to attain native like competence in all aspects of a second language,particularlly in phonology. The language they produce, which is called interlanguage,tends to become fossilized at certain level, and fossilization has become oneof the features of interlanguage. One key issue in second language acquisitionresearch therefore concerns the extent to which second language acquisition andfirst language acquisition are similar or different. Second languageacquisition researchers are also interested in the causes of the difficultiesthat adult learners encounter and the methods that may be used to facilitatethe acquisition process of a second language.73. Formal equivalence is one of two different types of equivalencesproposed by Nida which focuses attention on the message itself, in both formand content. It is the quality of a translation in which the features of theform of the source text have been mechanically reproduced in the receptorlanguage.74. Dynamic equivalence is one of two different types of equivalencesproposed by Nida which characterizes a translation in which the message of theoriginal text has been so transported into the receptor language that theresponse of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors.75. Primary translation is one of two modesof translation proposed byDellier and Kornelius which establishes a communication between source languagewriter and target language reader.76. Secondary translation is one of two modesof translation proposed byDellier and Kornelius which informs the target langereader of a communicationbetween source language writer and reader and includes the translation ofliterary and scientific texts.77. Overt translation is one of two contrasting modes of translationproposed by House in which the target adressees are quite overtly, not beingdirectly adressed. The production of the overt translation is generally amatter of relatively straightforward linguistic recoding, usually with nonecessity to carry out any subtle cultural realignment.Sermons, politicalspeeches, and much artistic literature are all examples of text types for whichovert translation is held to be appropriate.78. Covert translation is one of two contrasting modes of translationproposed by House which is to produce a target text which is as immediately andoriginally relevant as it is for the source language addressees. The productionof the covert translation can therefore be viewed as an attempt to conceal thetranslation nature of a target text by producing a text which is functionallyequivalent to source text. Advertising, journalistic, and technical materialare all examples of text types for which covert translation is held to beappropriate.TOT： tip-of-the tongueSOT: slip-of-the-tongue。
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迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）
Selective translation
选译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Semantic disambiguation
语义消歧
Semantic translation
语义翻译
纽马克（Newmark）
Serial translation
序列翻译
韩礼德（Halliday）
Close Translation
贴近翻译
纽马克（Newmark）
Communicative Translation
传意翻译；交际翻译
纽马克（Newmark）
Community interpreting
社群传译
Compensation
补偿
赫维（Hervey）
Competence
Expectancy norms
期待规范
切斯特曼（Chesterman）
Explicitation
明示
维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）
Expressive text
表情型文本
赖斯（Reiss）
Extraneous form
外来形式
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Faithfulness
忠实
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Metatext
元文本
Mimetic form
模仿形式
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Mutation
变异
范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）
Naturalness
自然性
Negative shift
负面转换
Norms
规范
Obligatory equivalents
必要对等语
奈达（Nida）
Oblique translation
曲径翻译
维纳（Vinay）和达尔贝勒纳（Darbelnet）
Operational model
操作模式
巴斯盖特（Bathgate）
Operational norms
操作规范
托利（Toury）
Optional equivalents
可换对等语
奈达（Nida）
Product-oriented translation studies
成品取向翻译研究
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Professional norms
翻译规范
切斯特曼（Chesterman）
Prospective translation
前瞻式翻译
波斯特盖特（Postgate）
Prototext
原型文本
Regulative translational conventions
规约性翻译常规
诺德（Nord）
Relay interpreting
转接传译
Repertoreme
知识库要素
托利（Toury）
Resistancy
阻抗
韦努狄（Venuti）
Restricted translation
受限翻译
卡特福德（Catford）
首级翻译
迪勒（Diller）和康纳留斯（Kornelius）
Problem-restricted theories of translation
关于问题的翻译理论
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Process-oriented translation theories
过程取向翻译研究
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
术语
翻译
贡献者
Absolute Translation
绝对翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Abstract Translation
摘要翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Abusive translation
滥译
路易斯（Lewis）
Acceptability
可接受性
托利（Toury）
Accuracy
准确
Adaptation
Foreignizing translation
异化翻译
韦努狄（Venuti）
Formal corresponding
形式对应
卡特福德（Catford）
Formal equivalence
形式对等
奈达（Nida）
Free translation
自由译
Full translation
全文翻译
General theories of translation
地道翻译
比克曼（Beekman）和卡洛（Callow）
Imitation
拟译
德莱顿（Dryden）、利弗威尔（Lefevere）
Indeterminacy
不确定性
Information offer
信息提供
弗米尔（Vermeer）
Informative texts
信息文本
赖斯（Reiss）
Initial norms
卡塞格兰德（Casagrande）
Service translation
服务型翻译
纽马克（Newmark）
Sight translation
视译
Signed language translation
手语传译
Simultaneous interpreting
同声传译
Skopos theory
能力
托利（Toury）
Componential Analysis
语义成分分析
奈达（Nida）
Comprehensive theory
综合理论
Conference interpreting
会议传译
Consecutive interpreting
接续传译
Contextual consistency
语境一致
奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）
Conventions
常规
诺德（Nord）
Corpora
语料库
Correspondence
对应
Court interpreting
法庭传译
Covert translation
隐型翻译
豪斯（House）
Creative transposition
创造性转换
Creative treason
卡特福德（Catford）
Inverse translation
逆向翻译
Kernel sentence
核心句
Keyword translation
关键词翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
Level shift
层次转换
卡特福德（Catford）
Lexical translation
词汇翻译
卡特福德（Catford）
初始规范
托利（Toury）
Instrumental translation
工具翻译
诺德（Nord）
Integral translation
整合翻译
范·路文兹瓦特（van Leuven-Zwart）
Interlineal translation
隔行翻译
赫维（Hervey）和希金斯（Higgins）
Interlinear translation
Restructuring
重组
奈达（Nida）和泰伯（Taber）
Retrospective translation
后瞻式翻译
波斯特盖特（Postgate）
Rewriting
重写
利弗威尔（Lefevere）
Rhymed translation
韵体翻译
利弗威尔（Lefevere）
Secondary translation
创造性叛逆
罗伯特·埃斯卡皮（Robert Escarpi）
Deconstruction
解构主义
德里达（Derrida）
Descriptive translation studies
描写性翻译研究
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Diagrammatic translation
图表翻译
古阿德克（Gouadec）
诠释步骤
斯坦纳（Steiner）
Hierarchy of Correspondences
对应层级
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Horizontal translation
横向翻译
福勒纳（Folena）
Hyperinformation
超额信息
赖斯（Reiss）和弗米尔（Vermeer）
Idiomatic translation
Liaison interpreting
联络传译
凯斯（Keith）
Linguistic translation
语言翻译
Literal translation
字面翻译；直译
Mapping
图谱
霍尔姆斯（Holmes）
Matricial norms
矩阵规范
托利（Toury）
Meta-language
元语言
波波维奇（Popovic）
Pseudotranslation
伪·本雅明（Walter Benjamin）
Radical translation
原始翻译
奎因（Quine）
Rank-bound translation
级阶受限翻译
卡特福德（Catford）
Realia
独有特征
弗拉科夫（Vlakhov）和弗罗林（Florin）