第二讲 汉英词语翻译1

第二讲汉英词语翻译（一）

一、汉英词义关系及翻译

1. 相符

广播讲话radio address 尾灯tail light 尾随某人tail after sb. 改革措施reform measure 综合国力overall strength of the country 民族自尊national dignity 束紧腰带tighten one’s belt

但汉英有许多不对应的词组，切忌按字面意思直译，切忌一味迷信汉英词典——一般要用有例子的大的汉英词典，在所给的数个英语词中要有所选择，这就要求译者有相当的英语基础。例如：

盐水salt solution 学英语歌learn English songs

强硬政策tough policies 实现自足reach self-sufficiency

2. 包孕：不对等，有时汉语某个词意思广，有时英语词意思广

风wind (只指自然风，室外风)，室内风draught

不要坐在风口上，不然你要感冒的。

Don’t sit in a draught, or you will catch cold.

汽车automobile (auto, 小轿车)，bus, minibus, truck, taxi

Beauty 美，美人；sister, brother, aunt, uncle

3. 交叉

骑ride

骑Ride a horse, ride a bike, sit on the fence (fence-sitter)

乘公交ride in a bus, a ship riding the waves, an eagle riding the wind 4. 空缺：由于文化风俗等差异，汉语中的某些词，英语中根本没有，

反之亦然。例如：

三八红旗手March 8 red-flaggers (a honorific title for women who have made extraordinary achievements and outstanding contributions on the various fronts of socialist construction)

糖葫芦Tanghulu, a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of children’s favorite food in winter

我属鸡，鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the Year of Rooster, which will bring me good luck or bad luck.

二、词语翻译策略

1. 一词多义：翻译时要根据上下文选词

这两个箱子轻重不一样。

The two cases do not weigh the same.

工作应分轻重缓急，不要眉毛胡子一把抓。

Work should be done in order of importance and urgency; you shouldn’t grasp all at one time.

请你别见怪，他说话就是不知轻重。

I hope you won’t mind about his words, for he simply doesn’t know the proper way to talk.

2. 同义词：英译时也要用不同的同义词或近义词

孔乙己争辩道：“窃书不能算偷……窃书！……读书人的事，能算偷么？”

Kong Yiji protested: “Taking books can’t be counted as stealing…Taking books…for a scholar…can’t be counted as stealing.”3. 色彩：语体色彩，感情色彩

（1）注意词的语体色彩（下例中前者非常正式，后者则较口语化）别了，司徒雷登

Farewell, Leighton Stuart

这小伙子干活真冲。

The young fellow does his work with vim and vigor.

（2）注意词义的褒贬

他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。

They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.

三、短语翻译

1. 并列短语

（1）并列成分意思不同：均可译出

安定团结stability and unity 典雅大方elegant and graceful

打砸抢beating, smashing and looting

改革开放reform and opening to the outside world

辞旧迎新to send off the old and welcome the new

丰衣足食well-fed and well-clothed

（2）意思基本一样，只是为了修辞效果：只译一个，以免累赘

生动活泼lively 光辉灿烂brilliant 打击报复to retaliate

植树造林afforestation 繁荣昌盛prosperous

丰功伟绩great achievements 风调雨顺good weather for the crops 添油加醋to add spice to 心灰意懒to feel disheartened

贼眉鼠眼thievish-looking

2. 偏正短语

（1）偏正名词短语：一般情况下定语在前，尤其是一个词作定语

产权关系property relations 合资企业joint venture

期货贸易forward trade 多边贸易multilateral trade

最惠国待遇most-favored-nation treatment

但也有例外，属习惯，需要记

知识产权intellectual property rights 自由贸易区free trade area （2）一个词以上作定语一般后置

流行歌曲排行榜hit parade of the pop songs

中美关系the relations between China and the US

3. 主谓短语

（1）作主语：可用形式主语，也可翻成两句

老一辈教育家对青年教师这样关心，真叫我感动。

The educators of the old generation have shown so much concern about young teachers. That has moved me greatly.

（2）作补语：视情况组织语序

一阵微风吹得湖上泛起涟漪。

A breeze rippled the lake.