雅思阅读语法
雅思阅读语法7--名词性从句
三
宾语从句
在复合句中充当宾语
1. that引导宾语从句时无含义，不充当成分，常省略。 ★that不引导介词的宾语从句，至于except that, in that, save that, but that等是 复合从属连词。 I know (that) you have met him. Let's suppose that one day this happens to you. ★在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语（指人）。例如： I told him (that) he was wrong. ★在少数动词如：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, calculate, fancy, reckon, be supposed , seem, appear, feel as if, look as if, look like等后面的从 句中的否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上，这叫否定前置/否定转移 (hope“希望”, guess“认为”后的宾语从句否定不前置。I hope not.“我希望 不是那样的”，是I hope so.的否定式。I don't hope so.是对hope的否定：“我 不希望如此”。）如： I don't think it will be very cold today. I don't think you are right. I don't believe he has finished his work.
翻译练习
【练1/3】中国教育的最大变化就是，已经有更多的人可以接受 教育。 （剑3,T1,S） 【练2/3】早上学的另一个好处是孩子在社交方面发展更快。 （剑4，G,TB,W） 【练3/3】我的观点是年轻人应该受到鼓励，去开阔视野。（剑5， T2，W）
雅思阅读语法1--it句型
PPT课件
5
指出下列所强调的句子成分 原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday
evening.
It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening. It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening. It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.
• 典型例题 • 1）It was last night ___ I see the comet. • A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that （who））+ 主谓句。 强 调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时 ，才用 "who"，其余用that。
PPT课件
11
• 【练1/】（剑7,T4,R）
• It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks—and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries ---- to prosper.
PPT课件
4
• 2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
• A. that B. when C. since D. as
雅思阅读宾语从句
雅思阅读宾语从句在雅思阅读中，长难句解析是一个重要的技巧，能够帮助考生更好地理解文章内容。
其中，宾语从句是一个常见的语法结构，也是考生在阅读过程中可能会遇到的一个难点。
本文将通过分析一些常见的宾语从句类型，帮助考生更好地理解这一语法结构，从而提高阅读理解能力。
一、定义和分类宾语从句是一种句子作宾语的结构，即一个句子作为动词或介词的宾语。
根据从句在句子中的作用和位置，可以将宾语从句分为三类：动词后宾语从句、介词后宾语从句和形容词后宾语从句。
二、常见问题在阅读过程中，考生可能会遇到以下问题：1、无法快速识别宾语从句；2、对从句中的代词指代关系不清晰；3、对从句的引导词不熟悉；4、对从句的时态和语态判断错误。
三、解析方法针对以上问题，以下是一些实用的解析方法：5、找准引导词：宾语从句通常由一个引导词引导，如that、whether、if等。
找到引导词有助于识别宾语从句。
6、判断时态和语态：宾语从句的时态和语态通常与主句保持一致。
考生可以通过判断主句的时态和语态来确定从句的时态和语态。
7、关注代词指代：在宾语从句中，代词通常指代前面提到的名词或名词短语。
考生需要关注代词的指代关系，以确保对句子的理解正确。
8、分析句子结构：通过分析句子结构，可以更好地理解句子意思。
考生可以尝试将长句分解成几个短句，以便更好地理解。
9、积累常见引导词：通过积累常见的引导词，可以更快地识别宾语从句，提高阅读速度。
四、例句分析下面通过几个例句来具体分析宾语从句的解析方法：例1：The company’s board of directors will meet to discuss whether they should accept the new investment proposal.（P2T1）分析：这个句子中有一个宾语从句，即“whether they should accept the new investment proposal”，作为动词“discuss”的宾语。
雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习
Understanding IELTS Grammar---Solution to Long & Complicated Sentences●长难句成因：“树形结构”：•修饰成分纷繁复杂•主从句交织•特殊句式●Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences:一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句2.定语从句3.状语从句4.多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析1. 分隔结构2. 倒装结构3. 强调结构4. 双重或者多重否定5. 比较结构一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句1.1 主语从句•Looking at the picture makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia.•For her, a woman, to defy her husband’s order would be considered audacious at her time.•What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in somedeep sense, are not part of nature.•That he is in love with her is no longer a secret.主语从句解读方法：●●主语从句引导词：Practice:（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（5）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（6）What caused the accident remains unknown.（7）What we need is time.（8）What we need are good doctors.（9）Whatever you did is right.Example 1：That the nineteenth– century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters.Example 2:That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static.Example 3:However, it can not be denied that it was Smith who introduced such a target for later novelists.Further Practice:1. It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather.2. It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.3. It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.4. It is probable that he has known everything.5. It appeared that he had a taste for music.6. It made us very happy that she was saved7. It remains unknown when they are going to get married.8. It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.9. It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.1.2. 宾语从句（object clause）引导词：Example 1：A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Example 2：Yet new findings in neuroscience suggest that the brain retains its ability to reorganize itself in response to experience or injury throughout life: after the loss of sensory input from an amputated limb, for example, adults are able to learn new motor skills effectively.Example 3：Art historian Kenneth Clarke, for example, writing in 1973, could not accept that the Mona Lisa was famous for reasons other than its inner qualities.Example 4:The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults.1.3 表语从句引导词：who, how, when, as, whetherExample：The key issue in judging overpopulation is not how many people can fit into any given space but whether Earth can supply the population’s long-term requirement for food, water, and other resources.Practice:The miracle is how they all cooperate, and are integrated together, in the creation ofa self.1.4 同位语从句Example:He was surprised at the fact that he had passed the IELTS examination.先行词：破解关键：Example 1：There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.Example 2:The belief that it is harmful to the black community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have troubling effects.Example 3:【剑3】In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.Example 4:【剑3】This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration in to a notoriously fickle worldeconomy.Practices：I take further comfort in the fact that human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statue of Anne, the world’s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. [剑9]2.定语从句引导词：Which:Like the slaves, women took literally the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal.Libraries made education possible，and education in its turn added to libraries；the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law，which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.That:With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours.O ften, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. [剑9]There is something, they argue, inside the painting that speaks to us all, that unleashes feelings, emotion, and recognition.关系代词that的省略：Because the potential talent John has is obvious, he is going to be elected as the president.Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.Who:The student who is answering the question is John.The person who was here yesterday is a musician.Whom:In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.Whose:Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.关系副词:When:She will never forget the day when she got married.Where:One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.Why:Give me one reason why we should help you.复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词This is the desk on which I found my book.The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. His book vividly illustrates the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion the forces of industrialization and urbanization.We are not conscious of the extent to which work provide the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.【剑5】This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology—to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior.【剑8】Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognized by teachers and schools.【剑8】The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.3.状语从句关联词：破解关键：When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.I’m not living where I was.Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.Take your coat in case it rains.He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam.He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.4.多重复合句However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. [剑9]Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious.二、特殊结构句式1.分隔结构处理原则：Example:In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labour and management or within an organization or a family, the question (of who is more powerful) turns on who is less dependent on the other.In developing countries, where at least 10 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.It will take years for whites—including those who think of themselves as liberals—to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have.Thirdly, the waste radioactive material, including not only the uranium but also water and even the clothes used by power station personnel, must be disposed of.A cousin of the tenacious Asian longhorned beetle—which since its initial discovery in 1996 in New York City has caused tens of millions of dollars in damage annually – ,the citrus longhorned beetle, was discovered on a juniper bush in August 2001 in Tukwila, Washington.Generations of teachers have assigned Thoreau’s book Walden (1854), which recounts his experiment in living in solitary harmony with nature, as an illustration of the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion into pastoral harmony of the forces of industrialization and urbanization.Practices:Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classification is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry.Like Douglass, who invoked the rhetoric of male individualism to encourage identification with his narrative, she had to make her readers take the oppression of slave women personally, to see it as a threat to their own sense of themselves as women.2. 倒装结构(1). Only+状语位于句首Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a mother.(2). 以never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引导的句子。
雅思阅读之定语从句分析
雅思阅读之定语从句分析在雅思阅读中，定语从句是一个重要的语法结构，通常用于修饰和限定名词，提供更多的信息。
以下是定语从句的几种类型以及它们的分析方法：1.限制性定语从句这种从句对被修饰的名词有严格的限制，不可省略，否则句子的意义会不完整。
例如：“The scientist who discovered the Higgs boson was awarded the Nobel Prize.”（发现希格斯玻色子的科学家被授予诺贝尔奖。
）2.非限制性定语从句这种从句对被修饰的名词没有严格的限制，可以省略而不影响句子的意义。
例如：“His father, who is a doctor, works in a hospital.”（他的父亲是一名医生，在医院工作。
）3.关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词如“that”、“which”、“who”等用于引导定语从句，指代被修饰的名词。
例如：“The1book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.”（我从图书馆借来的书很有趣。
）4.关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词如“where”、“when”、“why”等也可以引导定语从句，用于修饰名词。
例如：“The reason why he was late for class was that he got up late this morning.”（他迟到的原因是他今天早上起床晚了。
）5.分隔式定语从句在这种结构中，定语从句与被修饰的名词被其他成分分隔开。
例如：“The company, which was founded in 1990, has grown rapidly in recent years.”（这家成立于1990年的公司近年来发展迅速。
）在分析定语从句时，首先要判断它是限制性还是非限制性的，然后确定关系代词或关系副词的意义和作用。
雅思语法之抽象名词
雅思语法之抽象名词一、概念抽象名词表示性质、行为、状态或情感等抽象概念的名称。
如：phenomenon, anger, freedom, life, knowledge, fun, mind 等等，都是抽象名词。
比如C5T1P3（剑桥5的套第三篇，后同）第二段中”One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem.”文章中出现了phenomenon和impact 两个抽象名词。
二、抽象名词对解题帮助雅思阅读中抽象名词多出现在配对题中，重点考察同义替换：语气、词性和范围的替换比如：1.语气的替换：C6T1P2中14题:14. a suggestion for improving trade in the future定位词future表示将来，可以对应would do等虚拟语气，所以可以定位到尾短的最后一句话。
“Bring these barriers down would help the world’s economies grow ever closer.”(C6T1P2)2.词性替换：C6T2P3中29题29. In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number题目中的ability可以变换为词组be able to do，可以对应原文第四段最后一句“In fact, to qualify as a witness in a count of law a man had to be able to count to nine!”(C6T2P3)成为一个目击证人需要有能数到9的能力，本句中的witness 也是抽象名词，需要理解为人的意思，看选项只有A和B提到了人A. was necessary in order to fulfill a civic role.B. was necessary when people begin farming.但B项的farming没有提到，所以答案可以锁定为A。
雅思阅读评分标准a类
雅思阅读评分标准a类雅思阅读评分标准包括4个方面：1. Task Achievement（任务完成度）：针对题目所要求的内容，读者能否准确理解和回答问题。
2. Coherence and Cohesion（连贯性和衔接）：文章结构是否清晰，过渡是否自然，段落是否明确，句子是否流畅。
3. Vocabulary（词汇）：选择和使用词汇的准确性和适当性，以及词汇量的充分性和多样性。
4. Grammar（语法）：语法结构的准确性和多样性，如句子结构、主谓一致、时态等。
评分的等级分为9个等级，分别是9-1分。
其中，9分为最高等级，1分为最低等级。
例如，得到9分的阅读文章必须在以上4个方面都达到了尽可能完美的状态。
针对以上4个方面，具体的评分标准如下：Task Achievement：9分：准确回答问题，全部理解并对问题做出恰当回应。
8分：大部分题目被准确回答，有些许遗漏或不完全符合要求的回答。
7分：大部分题目被回答，但存在几处无法符合题目要求的回答或有些许错误。
6分：尽管有些许理解困难，但也对大部分问题做出回答。
5分：答案存在大量错误或无法回答问题。
Coherence and Cohesion：9分：结构清晰，具有高度的连贯性和衔接性。
使用合适的过渡表达方式和段落划分。
8分：结构较清晰，存在过渡表达方式和段落划分的使用。
7分：文章结构有些混乱或不够连贯，但依然有过渡表达方式和段落划分的使用。
6分：文章不够连贯且没有使用过渡表达方式和段落划分。
5分：文章存在很多结构性的错误，且缺乏连贯性和衔接性。
Vocabulary：9分：使用非常准确、丰富和多样的词汇，包括学术和通俗词汇。
8分：使用准确、丰富和多样的词汇，但对某些词汇有些困难。
7分：使用大量正确的词汇，但缺乏词汇量和多样性。
6分：使用的词汇存在一些错误和冗余，且缺乏多样性。
5分：使用的词汇非常有限，且存在大量错误和冗余。
Grammar：9分：语法使用极为准确和多样，印象深刻。
2023年雅思阅读真题的6种段落结构整理
2023年雅思阅读真题的6种段落结构整理雅思阅读真题的6种段落结构明白雅思阅读文章的段落结构对于雅思阅读题目的解答关心特别大,由于大家知道了文章结构就可以到相应的部分去查找阅读题目的答案,特别省时省力.下面我就与大家共享雅思阅读文章的6种段落结构,供大家参考.雅思阅读真题的6种段落结构一般的段落结构可概括为六种：一.总分段落.一般其次句话有for example/for instance之类举例关系词时, 那么可以断定第一句为中心句.如剑3T2section C段落可说明此问题.这种文章结构在雅思阅读文章中是最常见的一种.二.总分总段落.这种段落就是在总分结构段落最终加一个总结句.如剑3T1P3就是这种段落,通过分析此段中心句仍是第一句.这种文章结构和上面的结构一样,在雅思阅读文章中也是最常见的一种.三.分总段落.这种段落把主题句放在了最终.如《剑桥高校老样题》P2Q12中心句为最终一句This is a purely person-skills match approach to selection.这是个下定义句型,一般下定义的句型(A is B, A is defined as.,A is called, The definition of A is .)我们可以看之为中心句,这种方法在剑2T1P2B段和E段都有体现.这种段落结构而后上面的两种不一样,这种结构的消失并不多.四.分总分段落.即在分总的基础上连续分述某些详细内容,参见剑3T1P3Q3.五.对比段落结构.此种段落的特征为段落中间方向发生转变(如转折),因此,假如段落当中消失but, however, while之类转折词,转折后面是重点,可作为中心句的位置.如剑6T2P1B段.这种段落结构在雅思阅读文章结构中是以说明性的科技文章比较多.六.并列段落结构.几个共同的例子说明同样的问题.如剑2T3P3A 段.以上6雅思文章的段落结构都是一些特别常见的段落结构形式,但是大家想要把握这些结构还是需要经过多次的雅思阅读文章的练习才能达到的.雅思阅读：高效提分必需把握的三大技巧雅思阅读单词要求多少? 7000-8000!什么?我四级都没过，2000都觉得多，坑爹了这是!小盆友们不要急，的确，阅读是四门课中对单词量要求最高的科目，但是要求的质是最低的，只要能明白个也许即可。
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一各类句式结构“分”崩离“析”
雅思阅读之所以成为广大考生高分征途中的拦路虎，原因有三：一是文章长度长（三篇文章的总长度在2000到2750词之间）；二是学术性强；三是生词多。
学术性强也就意味着考生不仅要对付各个学术领域内的专业术语，还要努力肢解灵活多变的句式结构，从复杂的信息群中挖掘出解题关键点。
解题关键句往往是结构复杂的长难句，要想实现“真正理解”，除了注意“日积月累”词汇量之外，还要掌握扎实的句法结构知识。
接下来的章节将围绕可能造成广大考生理解障碍的句式结构，结合具体的实例，教会大家如何化翻为简，以最快的速度定位关键信息。
所有句子的主干均以加彩和加粗的方式呈现。
（一）结构复杂的简单句
这类句子的简单就体现在它们只包含一个主谓结构，而“复杂”则表现在句子的成分多由对考生容易造成困扰的动名词短语、分词短语或不定式短语充当。
在分析这类句型时，考生一定要牢记一条原则：千万不要把动名词短语、分词短语或不定式短语当作谓语来对待。
1.Preserving a language is more like preserving fruits in a jar. (主系表结构)
2.In Singapore, renting out road space to users is the way of the future.
3.Reconciling such kind of interest conflicts is not easy.
4.In other words, seeing large pupils gives rise to larger pupils.（主谓宾结构）
Pupil 瞳孔；学生give rise to 引发，使发生
5.By setting on all the colleges’ boards and committees and by joining with NUS nationally, the
Students’Union aims to represent your interests as student, fighting for your rights and welfare.
NUS 全国学生联合会
Represent 代表
Fight for 为……而斗争
6.For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than
those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains.（主系表结构）
Inhabit vt. 生活在；居住在
Turbid adj. 浑浊的
7．The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. （主谓宾结构）
Suffragette n. 妇女参政论者。