the renaissance 文艺复兴时英国文学
Renaissance(14th—mid 17th-It’s the rebirth of Greek and Roman cultures. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for the classical literature and the other is the keen interest in life and human activities.The RenaissanceA thirsty curiosity for classical literature.Old manuscripts were dug out. There arose a general revival of the study of Greek and Latin authors.. While people learned to admire their works as models of literary form they also caught something very different in spirit from the medieval Catholic dogma.So the love of classics was in fact also an expression of the general dissatisfaction with the Catholic and feudal ideas.B. The keen interest in life and human activities. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. Thinkers, artists, and poets showed their admiration for human beauty and human achievements. So arose humanism—the key-note of the Renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Ideas: both man and the world are hindered from infinite improvement by external checks; man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of human intellect.The Chief Characteristics of the Background of the RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced ------F. EnglesHere from Engels’analysis we may see the chief characteristics of the Renaissance: (1)Politically the feudal nobility lost their power and with the establishment of the great monarchies there was the centralization of power necessary for the development of the bourgeoisie;(2)The Catholic Church was either substituted by Protestantism as a result of the so-called Reformation (as in Germany and England) or weakened in its dictatorship over men’s minds (as in Italy and France and Spain);(3)Geographical discoveries opened up colonial expansion and trade routes to distant parts of the world and brought back gold and silver and other wealth and also broadened men’s mental horizons;(4) In the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran away and flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there; (5) In the cities the merchants and the master artisans grew in wealth and in power and became the bourgeoisie while handicraft turned gradually into manufacture and the modern proletariat sprang up among the employed workers in the factories; and finally,(6) Culturally, as the interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of man and an absorption in earthly life and as materialistic philosophy and scientific thought gradually replaced the church dogmas and religious mysticism of the Middle Ages, a totally new culture rose out of the revival of the old culture ofancient Greece and Rome and out of the emergence of a new philosophy and science and art and literature through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man . Examples①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced S hakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo （米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) created paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．HumanismHumanism is the key note of the Renaissance. The humanists put man at the center of their beliefs and hold that man is the measure of all things. By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they believed that man had not only the right to enjoy the beauty of life, but the ability to perfect and perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are representatives of English humanists.The Renaissance in EnglandSome major historic events:a. The War of Roses (1455-1488) and the establishment of the dynasties of Henry VII and VIII—the centralized monarchy.b. The Enclosure movement (“sheep devoured Men”)c. The religious reformation, establishment of the Anglican Churchd. Flourishing in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)e. defeating the Spanish Invincible fleet “Armada”in 1588 and the establishment of the hegemony（霸权）on the seas.f. The geographical exploration and trade expansion brought about the growth of the cities and the development of the capitalist textile industry.The House of Tudor, one of the English ruling dynasties (1485-1603), including Henry VII and his descendants Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.都铎王朝：英格兰统治王朝(1485-1603年），包括亨利七世及其后代亨利八世、爱德华六世、玛丽一世和伊丽莎白一世Tudor DynastyHenry VII (acceded to throne in 1485)Henry VIII (acceded to throne in 1509)Edward VI (acceded to the throne in 1547)Mary I (acceded to the throne in 1553 and ruled until 1557)Queen Elizabeth I (acceded to the throne in 1558 and ruled until 1603)The Reformation(1) There is an inevitable conflict between the regime（统治）of the Roman Catholic Church and the establishment of an absolute monarchy in England, Hence the far-reaching movement of the Reformation. (2) Under the reign of Henry Ⅷ, England witnessed some rapid social changes. Feudalism was on the decline, population increased fast, printing machines became popular, and intellectual knowledge was spreading rapidly. Henry Ⅷwas a strong king and he always had awill of his own.(3) One thing he did during his reign sowed the seed of trouble for England for many years to come. He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, who had borne only one daughter, Mary. When the Pope in Rome refused to end their marriage, he rebelled by marrying Anne Boleyn without permission. He soon declared himself head of the English Church. So England was separated from Rome. During the reign of his successor, the child king Edward Ⅵ, the Protestant movement developed rapidly.But he died young and the next monarch, Queen Mary, was a devout Catholic. Her attempts to restore Catholicism to England resulted in internal conflicts and much bloodshed. The bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.(4) The Protestant Reformation was in essence a political movement in a religious guise, a part of the long struggle of the bourgeois class for power.Defeating the Spanish Invincible Fleet “Armada”The War with SpainReason: Commercial ExpansionTime : 1588.5.28 –1588.7.29 –the end of Sep.,1588Winner: the English bourgeoisie defeated the Spanish feudalismThe Spanish Armada was a fleet of warships that attempted to destroy the English fleet in 1588. The English defeated the Armada, however, by sending small boats to set a fire to float among the Spanish ships as they lay at anchor off the French coast near Calais. About 60 English ships sank two Spanish ships and damaged over 50 more. The crippled Armada then sailed back toward Spain, but heavy winds wrecked many more ships. Out of the original number of 130 ships in the Armada, only 67 returned to Spain.the Hundred-year W ar with France百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。
英国文学--古英语-文艺复兴
英国文学（1）-----古英语—文艺复兴Chapter I An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature & The Renaissance PeriodI. 古英语（文学）Old English—Anglo-Saxon, language spoken by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes 449 (the Anglo-Saxon Invasion) -1066 (the Norman Conquest)Beowulf-- the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons （最高成就）Anglo-Saxon ChronicleII. 中世纪英语(文学) Medieval (Middle) English—With the three languages intermingling, Old English developed into Middle English1066 - middle 14th century1. Romance—the most prevailing kindof literaturein feudalEngland （封建英国最流行的文学形式，取材于贵族，为贵族而作）2. 民间流行文学—Piers the Plowman by William Langland (written version)the Ballads (oral form)（英国民间文学最重要的一个分支）3. 乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer ----the father of English poetry (wisdom, humor, humanity)The Canterbury Tales---the first time to use ―heroic couplet‖英雄双韵体诗4. 文学术语----Alliteration；Epic;Romance; BalladIII. 文艺复兴The Renaissance - A rebirth or revival of art, literature and science between 14th and mid 17th centuries in Europe; An intellectual movement; started in Italy1. Series of historical events:1). rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture2). the religious reformation & economic expansion3).the appearance of the Authorized Version of the English Bible (the King James Bible)2. Humanism人文主义- the essence(keynote, great spirit) oftheRenaissance, the dignity of humanbeing & the importanceof the present lifeBest representatives: Thomas More,Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare3. The Elizabethan drama: the realmainstream of the English RenaissanceMost famous dramatists: William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben JohnsonEdmund Spenser斯宾塞- the poets' poet诗人中的诗人,The Faerie Queenequality: 1) a perfect melody 2)a rare sense of beauty 3)a splendid imagination4)a lofty(高尚的) moral purity and seriousness 5)a dedicated idealism6) written in Spenserian Stanza ( 8iambic pentameter lines followedby a ninth line of six iambic feetwith the rhyme schemeababbcbcc)Major Characters：Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloriana –the Fairy QueenChristopher Marlowe–“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama Marlowe’s achievement:1) blank verse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality(活力) and grandeur(伟大) into the blank verse with his “mighty lines,”which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.(not strong in dramatic construction.)→the pioneer of English drama3 tragedies:Dr. Faustus the human passion for knowledge, power and happinessTamburlaine a play about an ambitious and pitiless overpowering king.The Jew of Maltanon-drama The Passionate Shepherd to His Love pastoral life，one of the most beautiful lyricsREADING: 1. excerpt from Dr. FaustusA play based on the German legend Content: Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration(念咒文召唤) he call upMephistophilis, the Devil’s servant. Hemake a bond(契约) to sell his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give himeverything he desires. Devil’s name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is human rather than religious2.The Passionate Shepherd to His Lovethis short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.The shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cherishing a pastoral and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature. William Shakespeare–playwright & poet (above all writers in the past and in the present time)1. historical plays:Henry Ⅵ, Richard Ⅲ…Richard Ⅱ, Henry Ⅳ, Henry Ⅴ, KingJohn…2. Comedies:Four great comedies--A Midsummer Night’s Dream, TheMerchant of Venice, TwelfthNight,As You Like It（皆大欢喜）3. Tragedy:Four great tragedies-- Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth romantic tragedy--Romeo and Juliet. To praise the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.4. tragicomedies：The Tempest Achievement:A. exploring the characters’s inner mind.soliloquy or monologue - fully revealthe inner conflict of the characters contrasts –bring vividness to the charactersB. adroit plot constructionC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is an important device to create dramatic irony.D. the language. A great master of the English language, a large vocabulary in his work: commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writers and used about 16000 words. Many of his coinages and expressions have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible (in 1611, James I) are the 2 great treasuries of the English language.READING：1. Sonnet 18Sonnet 18eternal or immortal（不朽的）beauty, have a faith in the permanence of poetry.A nice summer’s day is usually transient(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2.excerpt from The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable（不知足的）greed and brutality of the Jew.Double plot:(1) Bassanio ask Antonio for a loan so that he might marriage with Portia(2) Antonio borrow money from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. Shylock make a strange bond that requires Antonio to surrender a pound of hisflesh if he fail to repay him within a certain period of time. Portia disguised as a young lawyer instructed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there is no mention of blood in the bond. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be confiscated(充公) according to he law of Venice. 3．Excerpt from HamletHamlet hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated（复杂的）to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengercontent: Hamlet, the prince, appearing in a mood of world-weariness（厌世）occasioned by his father’s death and his mother’s hasty remarriage with Claudius, his father’s brother. Hamletis informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his father’s throne and widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek revenge. Note: To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionFrancis Bacon –philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern scienceHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻）and cadence（韵律）.The Advancement of Learning man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry toman’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.Novum Organum written in Latin on methodology方法论Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法( i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general)in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法( i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING: Of StudiesOf Studies uses and benefits of study –studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary (互补) to each other. The correct attitude toreading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.文学术语Sonnet—a poem of 14 lines in iambic pentameter with a fixed rhyme scheme1.I talian form: octave, sestet; abba abba cde cde2.E nglish or Shakespearean form: 3 quatrains and one couplet; abab cdcd efef ggBlank verse(无韵体)—unrhymed iambic pentameter, literary form masterly handled by Shakespeare and MiltonI. Choose the right answer:1. Dr. Faustus is a play based on the _____legend of a magician aspiring for____ and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A.British/ immoralityB.French/moneyC.German/knowledgeD.American/political power Answer: C2. _____, is a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.A.The Wife’s ComplaintB.BeowulfC.The Dream of the RoodD.The SeafarerAnswer: B3.It’s Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English Society in his masterpiece__________.A.The Canterbury TalesB.The Legend of Good WomenC.Troilus and CriseydeD. The Romaunt of the Rose. Answer: A4. The Essence of Renaissance, the most significant intellectual movement, was_____.A. Geographical explorationB. Religious reformationC. Publishing and translationD. Humanism.Answer: D5. ―Prince Arthur’s greatest mission is his search for Gloriana, with whom he has fallen in love through a love vision.‖The two figures come from_____.A.Paradise LostB.Dr. FaustusC.The Faerie QueeneD.HamletAnswer: C6. In ―Sonnet 18‖, Shakespeare_________________.A.Meditate on the destructive power of time and eternal beauty by poetry.B.Satirize human’s vanity.C.Predict the eternity of love.D.Eulogize the power of the beauty. Answer: A7. ____ gave new vigor to the blank verse with his ―mighty lines‖ and make ’blank verse’ the principle vehicle of expression in drama.A.SurreyB.WyattC.MarloweD.SidneyAnswer: C8. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are the following works except____.A.HamletB.King LearC.Romeo and JulietD.OthelloAnswer: C9. The Renaissance refers to between 14th----mid-17th century, which was under the reign of Queen___and absolute monarchy in England reached its summit, and in which the ―real mainstream ‖ was ____.A.Victoria/poetryB.Elizabeth/ dramaC.Mary/ novelD.James/ dramaAnswer: B10. In The Legend of Good Women, Chaucer used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter, which is to be called later____.A.The Spenserian stanzaB.The heroic coupletC.The blank verseD.The free verseAnswer: B11. The Redcrosse Knight in ―The Faerie Queene‖ stands for_____, and Una stands for_____.A.bravery/ chastityB.holiness/ truthC.error/ deliveryD.true gentleman/ lady.Answer: B12. Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A.Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.B.Attempt to remove the old feudalist ideas in Medieval Europe.C.Exaltation of man’s pursuit of happiness in his life, and tolerance of man’s foibles.D.Praise of man’s efforts in soul delivery and personal salvation. Answer: D13. ―The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune‖ is an example of ______.A.MetaphorB.SimileC.IronyD.PersonificationAnswer: A14. _____ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Greeks/ RomansD.Romans/ NormansAnswer: B15. It is ___ alone who, for the first time in English literature presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A.Edmund SpenserB.Geoffrey ChaucerC.William ShakespeareD.John DonneAnswer: B16. The following belong to the characteristics of ’metaphysical poetry’ represented by ’John Donne’ except___.A.ConceitsB.Actual imagery and simple dictionC.Argumentative formD.Elegant styleAnswer: D17. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.A.Greek MythologyB.Roman legendC.The Old TestamentD.The New TestamentAnswer: C18. In ―Paradise Lost‖, Satan says ―We may with more successful hoperesolve/ To wage by force or guile eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our grand Foe‖ What does the ―Eternal war‖ mean?A.To remove God from his throneB.To burn the Heaven DownC.To corrupt God’s creation of man and woman-----Adam and EveD.To beguile into a snake to threaten man’s lifeAnswer: C19. _____, the first of the great tragedies, is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a ―blood-and-thunder‖ thriller and a ’philosophical exploration’ of life and death.A.The Merchant of VeniceB.HamletC.King LearD.The Winter’s TaleAnswer: B20. It was ___and ___ the two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.A.Anglos/ SaxonsB.Normans/ Anglo-SaxonsC.Romans/ NormansD.Greeks/ RomansAnswer: B21. Paradise Lost is ___’s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority.A.John DonneB.Christopher MarloweC.John MiltonD.Edmund SpenserAnswer: C22. The following description fit into Milton ’except’_____.A.a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB.an outstanding political pamphleteerC.a great stylist and master of blank verseD.a kind of elegant and refine style. Answer: D23. _____is not written by John Milton.A.Samson AgonistesB.Paradise LostC.Paradise regainedD.TamburlaineAnswer: D24. Marlow’s greatest achievement is that he perfected the ’blank verse’, and he is regarded as ’the pioneer of English drama’, which of the following is not written by him?A.TamburlaineB.The Jew of MaltaC.The Passionate to His LoveD.The Sun RisingAnswer: D25. ____Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.A.John Milton’sB.Francis Bacon’sC.Montaigne’sD.Thomas Gray’sAnswer: B26. _____Was known as ―the poets’ poet‖.A.William ShakespeareB.Edmund SpenserC.John DonneD.John MiltonAnswer: B27. ―And we will make thee beds of roses / And a thousand fragrant posies/ A cap of flowers, and a kirtle/ Em broidered all with leaves of myrtle.‖The above lines are probably taken from______.A.Spenser’s The Faerie QueeneB.John Donne’s The Sun RisingC.Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18D.Marlow’s The Passionate Shepherd to His Love.Answer: D28. Which of the following statement best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on man’s salvation.Answer: CII. Read the quoted part and answer the questions:1.―For herein Fortune shows herselfmore kindThan is her custom. It is still her use To let the wretched man outlive his wealth,To view with hollow eye and wrinkled browAn age of poverty; from which ling’ring penanceOf such misery doth she cut me off‖ 1.Identify the title of the works and author.2.Explain ―from which…cut me off‖.3.What happened to him, which caused the words?The lines are from ―The Merchant of Venice‖,William Shakespeare.2) This sentence means she, ’Lady Fortune’, is more kind to him because she is taking away both his wealth and life.3) The speaker is Antonio, it’s said that his ship have all been lost, and he is penniless, and will have to pay the pound of flesh. (Because Shylock has made a strange bond that requires Antonio to pay him a pound of flesh if he can’t repay him the money that he borrowed for his friend in due time.) 2.―Read not to contract and confuse, not to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider‖1)Identify the work and author.2)What idea does the passage express?1) The sentence comes from ―Of Studies‖ written by ’Francis Bacon’. 2) The Sentence talks about the proper way to read: When you read, don’t be puzzled by the content of the book; don’t take it for granted; don’t quote too much from the book; before accepting its idea, you’d better thinkabout its shortcomings and consider it from all sides.3.― Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;Nor shall dea th brag thou wander’st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.1) Where does the poem comes from? Who wrote it?What does ―eternal lines‖ mean? Interpret it briefly.1) The poem is ― Shall I Compare thee to a Summ er’s Day‖, by Shakespeare.2) Eternal lines means the lines of the poem and other sonnets.3) It means: you will not lose your beauty, and death will not threaten youwith darkness, either. As long as man can live in the world, they will see your beauty in my lines of my poem, which has given you eternal life. (Or A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. 4.―… All is no lost: the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome?……Irreconcilable to our grand Foe‖1) Please identify the poem and the poet.2) Interpret―all is not lost‖.3) What does the whole passage mean?1) It is taken from Joh n Milton’s ―Paradise Lost‖.2) ―all is not lost‖ is the word from Satan----Satan and other angels rebel against God, but they are driven fromHeaven into hell. In the fire of the hell, Satan is determined to fight back, just like what he says: not all is lost, the unconquerable will, the deep hatred, and the courage to fight till death still remain.3) This passage shows Satan’s will not to submit, and the desire to long for freedom; to beg God for mercy and worship his power is more shameful and disgraceful than the downfall. 5.―If he be not apt to beat over matters, let him study the lawyer’s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.‖Questions:3)What does ―beat over matters‖ mean?4)What does ―receipt’ r efer to?5)From which essay does the above sentences come, what is the essay mainly about?1)It means: make through examinations of things.2)―Receipt‖ ref ers to cure, prescription.3)The sentences are from ―Of Studies‖ (Francis Bacon). It is the most popular of bacon’s essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.6.―What, is great Mephistophilis to passionateFor being deprived of the joys of heaven?Learn thou of Faustus manly fortitude And scorn those joys thou never shalt possess.……Say he will spare him Four and twenty yearsLetting him live in all voluptuousnessHaving thee ever to attend on me…Questions:1)Identify the passage and author;2)―Say he surrenders up to him his soul‖, who will surrender his soul? What for?3)Who are thee? What will he do?1) The passage comes from ―Dr.Faustus‖ written by Chris topher Marlowe.2) Dr.Faustus will surrender his soul to devil. Because he was a great scholar who has a strong desire to ’get knowledge’ in vain, finally he ’made a bond’ to sell his soul to Devil in return for 24 years of life in which he may get anything he desires.3) The ―thee‖, refers to ―Mephistophilis‖, the Devil’s servant. He helped Dr.Faustus to do anything he wants.7.―Busy old fool, unruly sun,Why does thou thus,Through windows and through curtains call on us?‖Questions:6)Identify the work and author.7)What idea does the passage express?1)The passage comes from ―The Sun Rising‖,written by ’John Donne’.2) The speaker questions the sun’s authority and speaks condescendingly, placing the sun in the status of a subordinate. In the lover’s kingdom, the sun has no right to dictate the time of day or the passing of seasons. His presence in their bedchamber is an intrusion on their privacy.III. Questions and answers:1. What do you know about Renaissance? Give a summery about English literature in the period?1).The Renaissance refers to the period between 14th----mid-17th century. Itfirst started in Italy.2).The Renaissance means rebirth or revival----the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.3).In essence, The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of the old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of Roman Catholic church.4). Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. The humanism exalted/praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life. They thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the ability toperfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and drama were the most outstanding literary forms.5). Shakespeare, Marlowe and Francis Bacon etc. were the remarkable representatives of the English Renaissance.2. Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be”soliloquy.“To be or not to be‖ is ’a philosophical exploration of life and death’. The soliloquy condemned the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption of the world, and revealed the character of Hamlet---so ’speculative, questioning, contemplative and melancholy./gloomy’. It was notbecause he was not able to take action to revenge, but because of his ’hesitative/hesitant character’, when the chance for action came, it seemed defeat.It can be interpreted as: Hamlet bears the heavy burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, he is forced to live in the suspense of facts and fiction, language and action. He considers that it wou ld be better to ’commit suicide’, but being scared of what might happen to him in the afterlife. So he put off the thing because of the sin. He considers the plan carefully only to find reason for not carrying it out. The soliloquy conveys ’the sense of world-weariness’.3. What common features do the characters share in Marlow’s works? The creation of The Renaissance herois one of Marlow’s contributions.1)Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from god and men. They had human dignity and capacity, trying to get heaven/highest ideas on the earth by their own efforts.2)For example: Tamburlaine is a character written by Marlowe. By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal forc4e in conquering, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of man for infinite/ limitless power and authority. In Dr.Faustus, Marlowe celebrated the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.3) Tamburlaine and Dr.Faustus are typical in owning such Renaissance spirit, Tamburlaine, being a cruel conquer, found happiness in conquering other kingdom. Only deathcould defeat him. While Dr.Faustus, a more introspective and philosophical figure, had high spirit for knowledge but he had sin for having despair in God and trust in Devil.4. What are the main themes of Shakespeare’s plays? Shakespeare’s plays are divided into 3 types: comedies, tragedies and historical plays.1) His historical plays are with the theme-----national unity under a might and just sovereign/ruler is necessary. 2)In his romantic comedies, he takes an optimistic attitude toward love friendship and youth.3)In his tragedies, Shakespeare always portrays some noble heroes, who faces the injustice of life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of his nation. Each hero has his weakness ofnature. We also see the conflict between the individual and the evil force in the society. And his major characters are always individuals representing certain types.5. Please comment on the character of Satan in ―Paradise Lost.‖Satan is a rebellious figure against God in literature, defeated, he and his rebel angels were cast into hell. However, Satan refused to accept his failure, swearing that “all was not lost”and that he would revenge for his downfall. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Satan’s character, which was the important spirit of the rising middle class. But he tempted Adam and Eve, which proved his evilness.6. What are the characteristics of the Humanism?1)’Humanism’ is the essence ofRenaissance.2)Humanists see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to ’question, explore, and enjoy’. 3)They also believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.。
英美文学作家及作品
PART ONE: ENGLISH LITERATURE 英国文学An Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期I. Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德.斯宾塞牧人日记《The Shepheardes Calender》仙后《The Faerie Queene》婚曲《Epithalamion》II. Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫.马洛帖木儿-----Tamburlaine浮士德博士的悲剧----Dr. Faustus爱德华二世----Edward II激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘---- The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveIII. William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亚哈姆莱特---Hamlet奥塞罗---Othello李尔王—King Lear麦克白--Macbeth终成眷属---All’s Well That Ends Well仲夏夜之梦—A Midsummer Night’s Dream威尼斯商人---The Merchant of Venice无事生非---Much Ado about Nothing皆大欢喜---As You Like It罗密欧和朱丽叶---Romeo and JulietIV. Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根培根散文集---Essays学术的进展---The Advancement of Learning新工具----Novum Organum法律原理---Maxims of Law—论学习---Of StudiesV. John Donne 约翰.邓恩挽歌与讽刺----The Elegies and Satires歌与十四行诗---The Songs and Sonnets告别爱情----Farewell to Love圣十四行诗---Holly Sonnets圣父赞美诗----A Hymn to God the Father日出---The Sun Rising死亡，你别骄傲---Death, Be Not ProudVI. John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿失乐园---Paradise Lost复乐园---Paradise Regained力士参孙----Samson AgonistesChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期I. John Bunyan 约翰.班扬天路历程---The Pilgrim’s Progress罪人头目的赦免---Grace Abounding to the Chiel of Sinners拜得门先生生死录—The Life and Death of Mr. Badman圣战----The Holy WarII. Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯论批评---An Essay on Criticism夺发记---The Rape of the Lock群愚史诗---The Dunciad人伦---An Essay on Man译有荷马史诗《伊利亚特》、《奥德塞》III. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福鲁滨逊漂流记----Robinson Crusoe辛利顿船长----Captain Singleton莫尔.弗朗德斯-----Moll Flanders杰克上校----Colonel Jack— <成为异教徒的捷径>---The Shortest Way with the Dissenters(1702) 让他身陷囹圄《地地道道的英国人》-The True-Born Englishman使他成为英王的好朋友。
英国文学
英国文学主要分为六个时期一Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。
Old English: 450-1066头韵体诗歌（alliteration）<Beowulf>《贝奥武甫》the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsMedieval English：1066-14世纪中期1、Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟：英国诗歌之父t he father of English poetry<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集首创英雄双韵体first time to use 'heroic couplet'2、William Langland 威廉·兰格伦：< Piers the Plowman>《农夫皮尔斯》二The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期（伊丽莎白时代）14-16世纪，始于意大利，核心是人文主义Humanism）Most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson1、Thomas More-Utopia 托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Edmund Spenser: 埃德蒙·斯宾塞被人称为the poets' poet “诗人中的诗人”代表作《仙后》（The Farie Queene）被誉为英国文艺复兴时期―最杰出的史诗‖。
他的诗歌包含了民族主义（nationalism）、人文主义（humanism）和清教徒主义（puritanism）等思想。
Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗节：在其代表作《仙后》(The Faerie Queene)中首先使用这种诗体，遂以他的名字命名作品：<The Shepherdes Calender>牧羊人日历<The Faerie Queene>仙后3、Christopher Marlowe克里斯托夫·马洛– representative of ―University Wits‖, the pioneer of English drama英国戏剧先驱马洛是“大学才子派”―University Wits‖中最杰出的剧作家在英国文学中，素体诗blank verse是在马洛手里成为英诗中最富有表现力和最雄伟的格律形式的。
Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期
• 2). Religious reformation • Henry VIII declared the break with Rome • Catholicism（天主教）was got rid of and Protestantism （新教）became the official national religion.
The Bourgeoisie
• The word "bourgeoisie" originally meant "town dwellers", especially those who lived by trading. By nature, the feudal order was agrarian. At the time of the Renaissance, the bourgeoisie appeared as a new class of society, and the conflicts between the newly arising bourgeoisie and feudalism and the Church became the main social contradiction of the time. Humanism was the very weapon for the bourgeoisie to use in its fight against feudalism restrictions and the dominating influence of the church, which had ruled men’s minds for centuries.
General introduction
• The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. It began in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe by the 16th century. Its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.
英国文学简史Part Two The English Renaissance
Part Two The English Renaissance第二部分英国文艺复兴时期(14th century to 17th century)14世纪到17世纪I Background 背景1.It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.起源于意大利，结束于英国和西班牙。
2.Meaning意义:(1)The Renaissance, which means “rebirth”or “revival’, is actually an intellectual movement with a thirsting curiosity for classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.文艺复兴意味着“复活”与“重生”，实际上是对古典文学与人文活动的热情。
(2)It aims to get rid of conservation in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.为了去除封建欧洲的特性，引进资产阶级的思想。
3.Essence of Renaissance文艺复兴的本质It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.资产阶级的上升在文化领域显示了其影响力，从而掀起了文艺复兴的学术运动。
II Chapter 1 Old England in Transition过渡时期的旧英格兰1.The Renaissance and Humanism文艺复兴和人文主义(1)The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. So the love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.一是对古典文学的渴望和好奇。
文艺复兴材料Renaissance
The Renaissance English Literature（ca.1485-1603）学习目标：1了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；2.文艺复兴时期英国文学的总体特征，诗歌、戏剧及散文的发展状况；3掌握这一时期诗歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。
4.培根散文特点。
5.莎士比亚的主要作品及创作特点，《哈姆雷特》、《威尼斯商人》及十四行诗分析；I. Historical backgroundIn 1485，the Wars of the Roses(1455-1485) came to an end，and following the invention of printing and Tudor dynasty which was established by Henry VII in 1485. Henry VIII，whose needs for the annulment of his first marriage in order to father a son and heir, ended the rule of the Catholic Church in England, closed (and largely destroyed) the monasteries --- which had for centuries been the depositors of learning, history, and culture --- and established himself as both the head of Church and the head of state.Protestantism became the official national religion.The Enclosure movement compelled peasants to become the hired laborers for the merchants.The commercial expansion and the rise of bourgeoisie.The war with Spain: in 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated. England had sovereignty over the seas. London developed in size and importance as the nation’s capital，and from the foundation of the first public theatre in London，the stage became the forum of debate，spectacle，and entertainment. Hand in hand with the growth in theatrical expression went the growth of Modern English as a national language.Ⅱ. Introduction to RenaissanceRenaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities.Two features of renaissance:1.It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned toadmire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form.2.It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Humanists emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life and believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason. They alsoexpressed their rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and ecclesiastical domination.III. English Literature in the Renaissance PeriodEnglish literature in the Renaissance Period is usually regarded as the highlight in this history of English literature. In Elizabethan Period, English literature developed with a great speed and made a magnificent achievement, especially the drama. Thus appeared a group of excellent dramatists. They are John Lyly, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.Next to the drama is the Lyrical Poetry. In that period, writing poetry became a fashion. England then became " a nest of singing birds". The famous poets of that period were Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser.There were not so many prose writers. In the beginning period, the great humanist, Thomas More, wrote his famous prose work "Utopia", which may be thought of as the first literary masterpiece of the English Renaissance. In Elizabethan Period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists in English literature.3.1 Poetry in the Renaissance Period1). Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542)He is the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.2). Philip Sidney (1554-86)Astrophel and Stella3). Edmund Spenser (1552 -1599)Spenser is often referred to as "the poets' poet".Spenser’s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his masterpiece The Faerie Queene.In 1579, he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.Writing Features of “ The Faerie Queene”a. The long poem is written in the form of allegory. It has sweet melody and its lines are very musical.b. Spenser invented a new verse form for this poem. The verse form has been called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbcc.3.2 Proses in the Renaissance Period1). Thomas More (1477-1535)Thomas More's UtopiaUtopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor. The name "Utopia" comes from two Greek words meaning "no place". The whole work is divided into two books. Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England. The author severely criticizes English society and exposes social evils. BookⅡoffers us a good picture of an ideal society called Utopia in some unknown ocean. In this societyproperty is held in common and there is no poverty.2). John Lyly (1553-1606)A) EuphuesLyly was one of "the university wits". He wrote poetry, court comedies and prose romances. As a prose writer, he was famous for his prose romance Euphues.The work Euphues contains two parts. The first is entitled "Euphues or the Anatomy of Wit"; the second part is called "Euphues and His England", a satire on England.B) Writing Style of EuphuesEuphues was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism". This kind of style consists of two distinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences and words alliterating, riming or identical. The second element is that Lyly decorated his prose with odd similes and comparisons, which were usually drawn from natural history, history and geography.3). Francis Bacon (1561-1626)A) IntroductionFrancis Bacon was the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science. Bacon's mind was universal in its comprehensiveness; there was nothing in the world of which he could not write. Alexander Pope called him, “the wisest, brightest, and the meanest of mankind”. During the course of his lifetime he distinguished himself as a scholar in several fields and as a scientist, writer, and philosopher. His practical experience of the world also made him a great lawyer and a considerable statesman.B) Bacon's WorksBacon's works may be divided into three groups: the philosophical works; the literary works and the professional works.Advancement of Learning《治学之道》and New Instrument《新工具》were his philosophical works. Bacon's literary works are his essays. The final edition of the Essays 《论说文集》published in 1625 contained 58 pieces. These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. Among these essays, the famous pieces are Of Studies, Of Travel and Of Wisdom. C) Writing Style of Bacon's EssaysBacon's essays are noted for heir clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon's chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally Speaking, Bacon's literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.3.3 English Drama in the Renaissance Period1). Shakespeare's PredecessorsA) Lyly, Peele, Kyd, and MarloweAfter 1588, the flourishing period of English drama arrived. The summit was Shakespeare's works. Before Shakespeare, a group of university graduates known as "University Wits" wrote excellent plays. They were John Lyly, Robert Greene, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe, and Thomas Kyd.B) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and the most gifted of the "University Wits".Marlowe's best plays include Tamburlaine the Great, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is symbolic of a humanist in the age of Renaissance.C) Marlowe's Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama. His blank verse is a living thing; it is vigorous, fluid and precise. It translates thoughts and emotions into rhythmical speech with happy exactness, thus interpreting the restlessly moving and questing spirit of the Renaissance. Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse. His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist – Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.2). Shakespeare’s contemporary and successorBen Jonson(1572-1637) was a forerunner of classicism in English literature and the Poet Laureate of James I. he is chiefly remembered for his comedies V olpone, or the Fox,The Alchemist.William Shakespeare (1564-1616)I LifeFrom three sources, we know Shakespeare's life: the church and legal records, the folk traditions, and the comments of his contemporaries.Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire( 沃里克郡艾汶河畔的斯特拉福镇).He got education in a local grammar school for a few years. There he picked up the “small Latin and less Greek".When Shakespeare was about fourteen years old, he left school and became a country schoolmaster to help support his family.In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway who was eight years older than her husband.A few years later, Shakespeare went to London, where he first did some odd jobs. It was said that he kept horses for the audience outside the play houses. Then by 1592, he became an actor and a writer.In 1593-1594, Shakespeare published his two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece.In 1612 he retired from the stage and returned to his hometown, where he bought a considerable estate and lived until his death on April 23, 1616, which was his 52nd birthday.II Literary careerDuring the twenty-two years of his literary career, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets and two long poems. Shakespeare’s literary career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.1.The first period (1590-1594)It is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing. His work in this period relies not so much on character as on fine or witty speech and situation and bears the mark of youth, but of youth with astonishing versatility and wonderful talent. The comedies are chiefly concerned with the affairs of youth and full of romantic sentiment. In historical plays, the dramatist tried to handle political themes and give historical lessons. Besides, Shakespeare’s early plays show an extraordinary facility in expression and a felicity in the choice of phrases and epithets. And blank verse developed by him into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thought and emotion freely.1)historical play:1590，Henry VI, part 2《亨利六世，中》1590，Henry VI, part 3《亨利六世，下》1591，Henry VI, part 1《亨利六世，上》1592，Richard III 《查理三世》2）comedy:1592，The Comedy of Errors《错误的喜剧》1593，Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》1594，Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》1594，Love's Labour’s Lost《爱的徒劳》3)tragedy:1593，Titus Andronicus《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》1594，Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》4)narrative poems:1593，Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》1594，The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》2.The second period (1595-1600)It is a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays. The dramatist made an advance in every way and the general spirit is optimism. In the historical plays of this period, different phrases of English life are shown before us. There is a great lift in characterization(人物创造)and sources the dramatist employed in this period are many and diversified. As a whole, this period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.1) Six Comedies:1595，A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》1596，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》1598，The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》1598，Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》1599，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》1600，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》2) Five historical plays:1595，Richard II《查理二世》1596King John《约翰王》1597，Henry IV, part 1《亨利四世，上》1597，Henry IV, part 2 《亨利四世，下》1598，Henry V《亨利五世》3) A Roman tragedy:1599，Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》Some Sonnets3.The third period (1601-1607)It is a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”. In the plays of this period, the tragic note is aggravated. The sunshine and laughter of the second period has turned into clouds and storms. Even the comedies written in this period are known as “dark”because they give somber pictures of the world. The cause of such a change should be sought from Shakespeare’s change of moods as influenced by the social upheavals at the turn of the century. There were plots and rising against Elizabeth. In 1604, the Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare’s patron, was arrested by James I.1) Five tragedies:1601，Hamlet《哈姆莱特》1604，Othello《奥赛罗》1605，King Lear《李尔王》1605，Macbeth《麦克白》1607，Timon of Athens《雅典的泰门》2) Three comedies:1602，Troilus and Cressida《特洛勒斯与克里西达》1603，All's Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》1604，Measure for Measure《一报还一报》3) Two Roman tragedies:1606，Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克丽奥佩特拉》1607，Coriolanus《克利奥兰纳斯》4.The fourth period (1608-1612)It is the period of romantic drama. With this period we turn from the storm, the gloom, and the whirlwind of the third period to “a great peacefulness of light”, and a harmony of earth and heaven.1) Four romantic comedies:1608，Pericles, Prince of Tyre《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》1609，Cymbeline《辛伯林》1610，Winter's Tale 《冬天的故事》1611，The Tempest《暴风雨》2) A historical play:1612，Henry VIII《亨利八世》III His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream，The Merchant of Venice，As You Like It，Twelfth Night are Shakespeare’s great comedies.In these plays he portrayed the young people who had just freed themselves from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of the Renaissance. They trust not in God orKing but in themselves.Shakespeare put women characters at a prominent place in his comedies. He showed great respect for the dignity, honesty, wit, courage, determination and resourcefulness of women. The young heroines in Shakespeare's comedies are independent in character and very frank. They are no longer controlled by their parents or husbands. They are of a new type. They are witty, bold, loving, laughing and faithful. They are happy and make others happy. They carry their destinies in their own hands. Shakespeare's comedies are imbued with bourgeois ideas and show progressive significance.IV His great TragediesHamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth are Shakespeare's great tragedies. They are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. All of these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life. They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evil of the tune, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark and evil society.V Historical PlaysShakespeare's historical plays are political plays. The principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one sovereign.Shakespeare's historical plays reflect the historical events of two centuries from RichardⅡto Henry VIII. They show the horrors of civil war, the necessity for national unity, the responsibilities of efficient ruler, and the importance of legitimate succession to the throne.In Shakespeare’s historical plays there is only one ideal king Henry V, though his real prototype differs little from the other kings. Among Shakespeare's 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays. Henry V is the continuation of Henry IV. The two plays deal with the events of the 15th century and give the picture of a troubled reign.VI Shakespeare's Poetical WorksVenus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece are two long narrative poems written by Shakespeare:Venus and Adonis is a poem in 6-line stanzas. It tells us that Venus woos the youth Adonis, but she c an’t get his love. Finally Venus finds the young man killed by a boar.The Rape of Lucrece is a poem in 7-line stanzas. It tells us a sad story about a lady called Lucrece, who has been outraged by a lustful prince, and then she kills herself because of shame.The bulk of Shakespeare's sonnets were written between 1593 and 1598. Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. His 154 sonnets seem to fall into two series: one series are addressed to W. H, evidently a patron, and the other addressed to "dark lady" who played the poet false. For depth of sentiment, for mastery of diction, for perfection of finish, they are among the most excellent of Elizabethan poetry.VII Features of Shakespeare's Dramatic Works1. Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in the world literature. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit.2. Shakespeare borrowed his plots from old stories of Greek and Roman, Italian and English3. Shakespeare’s dramatic works are very elastic. The action develops freely, without being hindered by the classical rules of three unities (i.e. unities of time, place, and action)4. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the Song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse.5. Shakespeare was a great master of English language. In his drama, he used about 16,000 words. Many of his new coinages and turns of expression have become everyday usage in English life.Knowledge of poetryI. Rhythm(韵律)1.syllable: a word or part of a word which contains one vowel sound(元音).2. Stress: a word or part of a word which should be pronounced with more force.3. Rhythm:In English, words of two syllables always contain one that is stressed syllable and one that is unstressed; longer words contain one stressed syllable and two or more unstressed syllables. Unstressed syllables are marked with a curve “︶” and stressed, with a dash “—”.e.g. above suffer around standingterrible disaster political processionIn a line of poetry, when the stressed and unstressed syllables of all the words are arranged in a definite order, the line will rise and fall in a musical way. And this musical flow, or the rise and fall of language in poetry, is called “rhythm”.e.g. My heart is like a singing bird.II. foot(音步)● 1. definition: foot is the unit of rhythm and contains two or three syllables, one of whichis stressed.● 2. 4 kinds of foot:● A. iambus(︶—): consists of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable.e.g. Appear, besides , attack , supply.● B. Trochee(—︶): consists of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.e.g. holy, upper, failing● C. anapaest(︶︶—):consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressedsyllable.e.g. reappear, indistinct, incomplete, on the hill● D. dactyl(—︶︶): consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.e.g. messenger, merrily , property , accidentIII. meter(格律)● 1. The meter of a line of poetry is determined by the kind of foot used and by the numberof feet in a line. The longest poetical line contains 8 feet.●Monometer单音步诗行, dimeter二音步诗行, trimeter三音步诗行, tetrameter四音步诗行, pentameter五音步诗行, hexameter六音步诗行, heptameter七音步诗行, octameter 八音步诗行（八步格）.● A line of five iambic feet is an iambic pentameter line.● A line of six dactylic feet is a dactylic hexameter line.●e.g. but every eye was fixed on her alone.On her white breast a sparkling cross she woreIV.Rime●Rime is a repetition of the same sound at the end of two or more lines.● E.g. day, may; wore, adore.V.stanza1. A stanza is a group of two or more consecutive lines bound together by end rime.2. Usually, we use letters to represent the rime scheme（押韵方式).● A. couplet: aa bb cc…..● B. terza rima（三行换韵）：aba bcb cdc ded…..● C. Quatrain(四行诗体): there are 4 rime schemes1)abcdThen come home, my children, the sun in gone downAnd the dews of night arise.Come, come, leave off play, and let us awayTill the morning appear in the skies.2) aabaA book of Verses underneath the BoughA Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--- and ThouBeside me singing in the wilderness----Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!3) abab4)abba● D.quintette: ababb● E .sextette: ababcc● F.septette: ababbcc●G.octave: abababcc●H. nonette: ababbcbccHeroic Couplet(英雄双韵体）● 1. They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consistingof five iambic feet rime together in pairs.● 2. The rime scheme :aa bb cc …..poem→stanza→line→foot→syllable。
英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。
它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。
(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。
它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。
(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。
英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。
宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。
(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。
威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。
2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。
在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。
到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。
第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。
英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。
英国文学各时期作家整理
英国文学（一）The Old&Middle Ages 中古时期449-1066 1066-13501、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟（二）The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期14th-mid 17th✧散文Essay1、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根✧诗歌Poetry1、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特2、Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德·斯宾塞3、John Lyly 约翰·李利/黎里✧戏剧drama1、Christoper Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛2、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚（三）The Period of Revolution and Restoration资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期17C1、John Donne 约翰·多恩2、John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿3、John Bunyan 约翰·班杨4、John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿（四）The Age of Enlightenment/Reason 启蒙运动时期18C 1688-17981、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福2、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特3、Henry Fielding 亨利·菲尔丁4、Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德·谢里丹5、Joseph Addison 约瑟夫·爱迪生6、Richard Steele 理查德·斯蒂尔（五）The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1798-1832✧诗歌Poetry1、William Blake 威廉·布莱克2、Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯3、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯✧小说Novel1、Jane Austin 简·奥斯汀2、Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特（六）The Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1832-19021、Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯2、William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷3、George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4、The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹5、Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生6、Robert Browning 罗伯特·勃朗宁7、Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁8、Mathew Arnold 马修·阿诺德（七）The 20th Century 二十世纪1、Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代2、John Galsworthy 约翰・高尔斯华绥3、Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德4、wrence 大卫·赫伯特·劳伦斯5、Virginia Wolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫6、Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德7、James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯8、George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳9、E.M.Forster 爱德华·摩根·福斯特10、William Golding 威廉·戈尔丁。
自考英美文学选读要点总结精心整理2
英美文学选读要点总结细心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到足够的论据，来赞美人性，并开始留意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探究以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
英国文学简史 文艺复兴(16世纪)
四、The Renaissance（16世纪）一、文学知识Definitions of the Literary Terms:1. The Renaissance: It is a cultural and intellectual movement. It started in Italy in the late 13th century and gradually spread in Europe. The peak of Renaissance occurred at different time in different places. In England it was in 16th century. It was brought out by the growth of productive forces with the development of new forces of social relationships. It signified the beginning of disruption of feudal system. It’s a great liberation of human thought. It became the movement against feudalism and the classical literature and culture. The second feature is keen interest in human activities. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2. Humanism:Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It is a kind of literature and psychological system of thought. It tries to place the affairs of mankind at the center of their concerns. It originated in Italy during Renaissance and soon spread through out west Europe. It reflects the interest and new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.二、文学分类和代表作家1、小说：1)Thomas More (1478-1535)an outstanding humanist in the early 16th centuryUtopia: The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is describedin detail an ideal communist society, Utopia.2)John Lyly(1553-1606):Eupheus大学才子：Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Deloney, Thomas Nashe,Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene.2、诗歌lyrical poems:Sonnet:is a lyrical poem in 14 lines with 10 syllables in each line, usually in iambic pentameter. It’s composed in definite rhyming scheme, of which the Petrarcan and Shakespearean are the principle. The Petrarcan sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey in the early 16th century. The rhyme pattern was abba abba cdcdcd/ cde cde. The rhyme pattern of Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. Sonnet became a perfect English poetic medium in the hands of Shakespeare and Milton and so on.1Thomas Wyatt(1503-1542)[first introduced the sonnet into English literature]; Earl of Surrey2Earl of Surrey(1527-1547)[created blank verse];3Philip Sidney(1554-1586);4Edmund Spenser(1552-1599). the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen; The Shepherds’ Calendar.He created a new stanza, called the Spenserian stanza, which is well suited to narrative verse.Spenserian stanza: Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.3、EssayFrancis Bacon(1561-1626)The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science in England.. He is the first English essayist.散文：Of Truth; Of Studies4、戏剧A Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)Marlowe was the first great English Dramatist. In his plays, Marlowe used blank verse, which he molded into a superb instrument for expressing intense emotions. After his development of blank verse it became the standardmedium for English dramatic & epic poetry.作品：Doctor Faustus; The Jew of Malta; TamburlaineB) Ben Jonson(1572-1637)作品：Every Man in His Humour; V olpone, or the Fox; The Alchemist; Bartholomew Fair.C William Shakespeare(1564-1616)The First Period (1590-1594)-five historical plays & four comedies:Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅰ (1590)Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅱ (1590)Henry Ⅵ, part Ⅲ (1591)Richard Ⅲ (1592)Titus Andronicus (1593)The Comedy of Errors (1592)The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594)The Taming of the Shrew (1593)Love's Labor's Lost (1594)The Second Period (1595-1600)-five historical plays, six comedies & two tragedies:Richard Ⅱ (1595)King John (1596)Henry Ⅳ, Part Ⅰ & Part Ⅱ(1597)Henry V (1598)A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595)The Merchant of Venice (1596)Much Ado About Nothing (1598)As You Like It (1599)Twelfth Night (1600)The Merry Wives of Winsor (1598)Romeo & Juliet (1595)Julius Caesar (1599)The Third Period (1601-1609)-Seven tragedies & two dark comedies:HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony & CleopatraTroilus & CressidaCoriolonusAll's Well That Ends WellMeasure for MeasureThe Fourth Period (1609-1612)-Romantic tragic-comedies & two plays:PericlesCymbelineThe Winter's TaleThe TempestHenry ⅧThe Two Noble KinsmenShakespeare's authentic non-dramatic poetry consists of two long narrative poems: Venus & Adonis & The Rape of Lucrece & his sequence of 154 sonnets.。