自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)

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自考《英美文学选读》(英)文艺复兴时期(4)

自考《英美文学选读》(英)文艺复兴时期(4)

IV. Francis Bacon 1. ⼀般识记Brief Introduction English Renaissance philosopher, essayist, statesman, born in London, England, Jan 22,1561 and died in London, April 9 1626. One of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance, Bacon made important contributions to several fields. His chief interest were science philosophy, but he was also a distinguished man of letters & held several high governmental positions during the reign of king JamesⅠ。

He was one of the earliest & most eloquent spokesmen for experimental science. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking & fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. 2. 识记His works As an author, Bacon is most famous for his Essays, which deal with such subjects as honor, friendship, love, & riches. Written in a terse, polished style, with many learned allusions & metaphors, the essays rank with the finest in English literature. Bacon’s other important literary works include The New Atlantis, an account of an ideal society & an imaginary voyage, & The History of the Reign of King Henry Ⅶ, a perceptive psychological study of Henry’s mind & characters. His works can be divided into three groups: First group: The Advancement of Learning (1605) Novum Organum (1620)(Latin version) Second group: Essays Apophthagmes New & Old (1605) The History of the Reign of Henry Ⅶ(1622) The New Atlantis (unfinished) Third group: Maxims of Law The Learned Reading upon the Stature of Uses (1642) 3. 领会 His Major Works Essays The term "essay" was borrowed from Montaigne’s Essais, which appeared from 1580 to 1588. Bacon learned from Montaigne, the first great modern essayist, the economic & flexible way of writing. However, as a practical & prudential man, he intends to write for the ambitious Elizabethan & Jacobean youth of his class & tell them how to be efficient & make their way in public life. Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness & powerfulness. The essays are well arranged & enriched by Biblical allusions, Metaphors & cadence. 4. 领会His achievements As a literary man, Bacon is the first English essayist, whose Essays won him a high place in the history of English literature. As a philosopher, he is the founder of English materialistic philosophy. He advocates the inductive method of reasoning. In his famous plea for progress, Bacon demands three things: 1) the free investigation of nature, 2) the discovery of facts instead of the blind belief in theories 3) the verification of results by experiment rather than by argument. In our day, these are the ABC of science, but in Bacon’s time they were revolutionary, Marx called him "the real father of English materialism & experimental science of modern times in general." 5. 应⽤ Of Studies Of Studies is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, & how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful & persuasive, compact & precise, Of Studies reveals to us Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning. Bacon’s language isneat, priest, & weighty. It is some what affected, like the water in the reservoir, restricted & confined. V. John Donne 1.⼀般识记 Donne & the Metaphysical Poetry John Donne: English poet & Clergyman, born in London, England, 1572, and died in London, Mar. 31 1631. Donne is the leading figure of the 17th-century "metaphysical school." His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences & attitudes, & a free range of feelings & attitudes, & a free range of feelings & moods. The mode is dynamic rather than static, with ingenuity of speech,vividness of imagery & vitality of rhythms, which show a notable contrast to the other Elizabethan lyric poems, which are pure, serene, tuneful, & smooth running. The most striking feature of Donne’s poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that it seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world. "Metaphysical Poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellions spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan Love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with echoes the words & cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself. George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, Abraham Cowley, & Thomas Traherne are also considered to be metaphysical poets. They wrote on a variety of religious & secular themes, & to express their ideas, they used startling, highly imaginative comparisons known as conceits. A conceit is a combination of thoughts or images that are not usually associated with one another. The finest works of the metaphysical poets combine intellectual subtlety with great emotional power. The poems reflect a broad knowledge of science, art, & other branches of learning. At the same time, metaphysical poems express an intense awareness of common human feelings & experiences, such as jealousy, the loss of religious faith, the complexities of love & the fear of death. Although the imagery of metaphysical poetry is frequently strained, the language is often as natural & direct as ordinary speech. 2.识记His major works In his life, Donne wrote a large number of poems & prose works, His poems are especially admired for their unique combination of passionate feeling & intellectual wit. Many of his poems rank with the finest in the English language. Among his most famous works are the poems Death Be Not Proud, "Go & Catch a Falling Star," The Ecstacy, & A Valediction Forbidding Mourning. Most of The Elegies & Satires & a good many of The Songs & Sonnets were written in the early period. He wrote prose works mainly in the later period. His sermons, which are very famous, reveal his spiritual devotion to God as a passionate preacher. His works are classified as songs & sonnets, epistles, elegies, & satires. When read in chronological order, the poems reveal his development from "Gay Jack Donne," a reckless & cynical youth, to Dean John Donne, a man devoted to God. Donne’s great prose works are his sermons, which are both rich & imaginative, exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor & scholastic complexity as his poetry. For example, the well-known Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions (1623-1624)。

自考英美文学选读 教材翻译

自考英美文学选读 教材翻译

自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译第一部分:英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。

岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。

古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。

盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。

正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。

英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。

这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。

这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。

他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。

总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。

宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。

比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。

在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。

除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。

这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。

其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。

诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。

《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。

尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。

自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)

自考英美文学选读-(中英文对照)

Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

文艺复兴和启蒙运动的中英文介绍

文艺复兴和启蒙运动的中英文介绍

文艺复兴(一)一、概念(Concept)意大利文艺复兴(Italy Renaissance)文艺复兴运动是发生在14—17世纪的欧洲,是正在形成中的资产阶级在复兴希腊罗马古典文化的名义下发起的弘扬资产阶级思想和文化的运动The Renaissance was occurred in 14 - seventeenth Century in Europe, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the revival of Greek classical culture in Rome under the name of initiating promoting bourgeois ideology and cultural movement为什么称这场运动为“文艺复兴”?Why is referring to this movement as " the renaissance "由于新生的资产阶级是借助古代希腊、罗马的文化来反对封建神学的,所以历史上称这场新兴的文化运动为“文艺复兴”。

The new bourgeoisie is have the aid of ancient Greece, the culture of Rome to oppose the feudal theology, so the history that the new cultural movement of the Renaissance " ".二、实质(Solid matter)是一场以古典文化复活为外衣的新文化运动,是当时欧洲社会经济与政治结构变革条件下的产物,是中世纪晚期欧洲世俗文化发展的必然结果,同时,它又反过来进一步加速欧洲社会的进步。

To be a classical culture the resurrection as the coat of the new culture movement, was the European social economy and political structure reform under the conditions of the product, is a late medieval secular European culture and the inevitable result of the development, at the same time, it in turn further acceleration of European society.实质:资产阶级文化的兴起性质:资产阶级性质Properties: bourgeois文艺复兴运动为什么首先开始于意大利?The Renaissance began in Italy why?(1) 资本主义萌芽最早出现在意大利,这是意大利成为文艺复兴发源地的前提条件。

自考英美文学选读(英国篇

自考英美文学选读(英国篇

The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》:第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集,描写了各行各业中的人物形象Italy 三方面:painting+sculputre+literature主要作家:William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》(1)手法:pun 双关(“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew /Thou mak ’st thy knife keen.”“狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,而是在你的心口上磨刀”)(2)主人公名字:安东尼奥Antonio 巴萨尼奥Bassanio 鲍西亚Portia 犹太人Jews 夏洛克Shylock 生平2long poems 154sonnets38playsVenus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》(1)手法:soliloquy 独白(“To be,or not to be —that is the question ”)(2)The first and the most popular play of Shakespeare十四行诗(18)(1)起源Italy引入英国的人Wyatt 华埃特(2)经典名句:“Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?”我可能把你和夏天相比拟?(3)修辞:Personification 拟人手法(4)主题:美好夏日通常短暂,但诗歌之美却能永存。

自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要

自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要

1234代价,与敌人同归于尽。

51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. 弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。

Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values. 总之, 这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。

2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason. 英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代, 或曰理性时代。

3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。

他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。

5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, becamea very popular means of public education. 其实, 当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

英美文学选读复习资料_1._文艺复兴时期

英美文学选读复习资料_1._文艺复兴时期

一、学习目的和要求通过本章学习,了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史,文化背景,认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张,及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响;了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯,创作思想,艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构,人物刻画,语言风格,思想意义等;同时结合注释,读懂所选作品,了解其思想内容和写作特色,培养理解和欣赏文学作品的能力。

二、考核要求(一) 文艺复兴时期概述1. 识记:()文艺复兴时期的界定(2)历史文化背景2. 领会: (1)文艺复兴运动的意义与影响(2)文艺复兴时期的文学特点春节快乐(3)人文主义的主张及对文学的影3响3. 应用:文艺复兴,人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释Brief Introduction to the Renaissance PeriodI. 应用Definitions of the Literary Terms:1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from themedieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the periodbetween the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see thathuman beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza:Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery isdrawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. The Renaissance 对不起,我这个心直口快的人是内向的。

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英美文学选读翻译(英语专业自考)
第一部分:英国文学
第一章文艺复兴时期
文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。

一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。

它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。

文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。

地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。

因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。

文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。

乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。

好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。

著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。

后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。

然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。

在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。

基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。

自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。

英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。

这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。

但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。

人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。

通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。

在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。

然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。

由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。

人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。

标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。

托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

在亨利八世长达四十年的统治期间,英国对内、对外的国力都大大增强,并且欧洲大陆的宗教改革之风也踏上英国领土。

宗教改革是由德国新教徒马丁·路德(1483-1546)发起的。

路德认为每个真正的基督徒都是他自己的牧师,都有权力为自己诠释《圣经》。

在路德教义的鼓舞下,北欧的改革派使新教运动进一步兴盛,并以此次运动作为脱离中世纪的腐败与迷信,恢复早期教会的纯洁性的工具。

繁冗造作的天主教的各种仪式都被简化了,免罪、朝圣及其它许多活动都被废止。

欧洲宗教改革早期,亨利八世被誉为罗马教廷忠实的儿子,并获得教皇授与的"忠诚卫士"称号。

仅仅因为他想有一个合法男性继承人,也就是说想要另娶后妃,触犯了教规,导致了他与罗马教廷反目成仇。

与此同时,英国人民早已不满教会的腐败,并受到欧洲大陆改革思潮的鼓舞。

他们欢迎并支持亨利国王与罗马教廷决裂。

1534年,亨利八世通过议会技票宣布自己成为英国教会的最高头领。

至此,英国宗教改革轰轰烈烈地进入了全盛期。

改革的一个主要成果便是每个教堂都配备了英语的《圣经》,所有的礼仪都用英语而不是拉丁语举行,这样更多的人都能听懂。

在亨利八世之子爱德华六世短暂的统治期间,教义与传教的改革开始实行。

而到了玛丽王后执政时,又出现了大幅度退回天主旧教的思潮。

后来在伊丽沙白女王一世统治中期,新教终于被稳固地确立了,但其中包含了天主教与新教一定程度的折衷。

这场宗教改革其实是新兴资产阶级与封建统治阶级及其思想体系斗争的写照。

都铎王朝时期培养的英国民族情感激励了文化的发展。

新的学校与大学就在原先的寺院上修建起来。

随着古代文化与意大利人文主义的涌入,英国的文艺复兴开始进入繁盛期。

在所有对文艺复兴有所贡献的人物中,我们不能不提到威廉·卡克斯顿,因为他是第一个将印刷术引进英国的人。

卡克斯顿一生中用英语出版印刷了一百多部书籍,其中有乔曼的《坎特伯雷故事集》〈1483年)与《马洛利的默特·达瑟》(1485)。

从此,英国实现了将一本新书或一个新点迅速流传到全国各地的梦想。

在印刷术引进后,接踵而来的是翻译时代。

大批欧洲大陆上的文学作品,不论是古代的还是当代的,都被译成英语,而后出版。

比如,古希腊传记家普鲁塔克的《希腊罗马名人比较列传》被托马斯·诺思爵士译成英文,戈尔丁翻译了古罗马诗人奥维德的《变形记》,查普曼翻译了荷马史诗《伊利亚特》与《奥德赛》,弗洛里奥翻译了法国思想家蒙田的《随笔集》,等等。

这样一来,印刷术的引人激活了文学作品的市场,为英国人民提供了无数的书籍读物,从而也就为伊丽莎白时代的伟大作家的出现作好了准备。

英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

意大利式样的各种学院纷纷建立起来。

英国作家都尊意大利的彼特拉克为文学的源泉。

因为正是彼特拉克与他的后继者们确立了描述爱情的语言,并将文艺复兴时期的爱情诗与先前的爱情诗严格区别开来。

托马斯·怀亚特与萨里伯爵将意大利诗歌中的韵味与形式,即彼特拉克式的爱情基调,烙印在自己的创作中,并影响了当时其它许多诗人。

怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国(十四行诗分三个诗节,每行都是抑扬格五音步,韵式为abba,abba,cdeede.),而萨里则引进了无韵体诗,也就是不押韵的五音步抑扬格诗行,同时开创了英国式的十四行诗,后来被莎士比亚广泛
使用,其韵式为abab,cdcd,efef,gg。

此后锡德尼又带来了六节诗(一种由六节六行诗以及结尾的一节三行诗构成的诗体)与三行诗节隔句押韵法(三行一节的诗体,韵式为
aba,bcb,cdc,gg以及各种古典式格律。

马洛将无韵体诗运用到他那气吞山河的雄伟诗句中,使无韵体诗成为英语诗剧中的最高诗体。

从怀亚特与萨里开始往后,人文主义诗歌的主要目标与特点是对传统习俗的熟练运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律、韵脚(式)、组织结构、意象(比喻、描述)与议论都结合起来构划出情感主题,并将其极为解明生动地表现出来。

诗歌是集思想、技艺与学识为一体的综合艺术。

斯宾塞的田园浪漫诗作《牧人日记》中就展示了如何将牧人的习俗运用到各种主题中,不论道义上的还是英雄主义的,还展示了如何通过措辞与格律的变化运用正规的条则及依照主题选择合适的风格。

在诗歌《激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘》中,马洛运用了一种十分天真的语气,以至于我们很难将这种语气同他创作悲剧时的语气联系起来。

在文艺复兴时期,诗歌与诗剧是最杰出的艺术形式,尤其是莎士比亚与本·约翰逊继承了这种形式。

但是约翰·邓恩、乔治·赫伯特及其他类似于他们的文学家(后来德莱顿和约翰逊称他们为玄学派诗人)的作品则标志着他们与其前辈及同时代作家的艺术风格上的决裂,也就是说他们没有继承上述的艺术传统。

总体上讲,伊丽莎白时期的戏剧是英国文艺复兴的文学主流。

英国戏剧的渊源还要追溯到中世纪。

幕间短剧与道德剧在中世纪兴盛起来,此后一直流传到莎士比亚时代。

而戏剧发展成一种精美复杂的艺术形式还离不开希腊罗马古典戏剧的营养,生动活泼的英国本土的故事题材穿上了古罗马喜剧家普劳图斯与泰伦斯的拉丁语喜剧形式的外衣,而悲剧则追随古罗马悲剧大师塞内加的艺术形式。

古典艺术形式与英国的故事内容的融汇结合为戏剧艺术走向精美、成熟铺垫了道路。

文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克里斯朵夫·马洛、威廉·莎士比亚与本·约翰逊。

他们的作品为全人类颂扬至今。

他们效仿意大利和西班牙的骑士抒情诗,吸收了德国骑士传奇的神秘色彩,并且将诗歌联想中的虚构成份与生活中的真实事件结合起来,从而创作出许许多多反映过渡时期封建主义与新兴资产阶级尖锐冲突的伟大作品。

与此同时,以莎士比亚为代表的戏剧又融入了幽默、哲学理论精华及生机勃勃的活力,成为文艺复兴的纪念碑,单就创作力而言,当时就没有其它任何一种艺术形式能够匹敌。

除了诗歌、戏剧艺术之外,散文也得以发展。

弗兰西斯·培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。

是他将散文艺术发展到一个新高度。

培根还是英国现代科学的奠基人,他的作品为科学技术的广泛应用铺设了道路。

因此,他也是英国文艺复兴时期当之无愧的代表人物。

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