武汉大学考博真题
武大历年考博试题
2007年武汉大学世界史考博试题世界近代史一、简答题（每题10分）1、“价格革命”对欧洲产生了什么影响？2、欧洲宗教改革后，罗马天主教是如何应对的？采取了什么措施？产生了什么效果？3、简要分析英国克伦威尔护国公制的实质及表现形式4、俄国彼得大帝是如何向西方学习，使俄国摆脱落后地位的？5、日本明治维新的三大基本国策是什么？产生了什么影响？二、论述题（每题25分）1、欧洲近代早期，英国和法国在逐步成为主权国家的过程中有何相同和不同？这些相同和不同对这些国家的历史产生了什么影响？2、你如何看待俾斯麦在德国历史上的地位？通过以上对俾斯麦的历史分析，谈谈你对“时势”与“英雄”的关系。
世界现当代史一、简答题（每题15分）1、1921年英苏《临时贸易协定》是在什么背景下签订的?产生了什么影响？2、简述20世纪30年代日本发动侵略的国内外原因。
3、简述“非洲统一组织”的建立过程，宗旨和组织成员国相互关系的准则。
4、1978年《中美建交联合公报》是在什么背景下签订的？具体什么内容？遗留了什么问题？二、论述题（每题20分）1、试析一战后和二战后东亚的国际关系的不同？并以此说明人类社会在战争与和平问题上的进步。
2、列举一至二个20世纪60-80年代的区域合作组织，说明世界区域经济合作对历史进程的影响。
2006年武汉大学世界史考博试题世界近代史一、在近代欧洲从传统社会向现代社会的转型中，为什么英、法等国会走上一条“自上而下”的革命道路，而普鲁士——德意志却走上一条“自上而下”的改革道路？这些不同的道路对这些国家的政治现代化进程产生了哪些不同的影响？（50分）二、面临近代以来西方列强的殖民扩张，为什么日本会成为惟一逃脱沦入第三世界的非西方国家？“明治维新”启动的日本现代化进程究竟有哪些基本特点？（50分）世界现当代史一、简答题1、简述印度甘地主义的基本内容、目标、以及所注重的社会基础（10分）2、简述20世纪30年代欧洲集体安全体系构建的过程（15分）3、简析马歇尔计划的基本特点及其主要影响（15分）4、简析20世纪70年代资本主义经济滞涨性危机的主要影响（10分）二、论述题1、比较两次世界大战对战后国际关系的影响（25分）2、分析20世纪60年代末70年代初中美关系解冻的主要推动因素（25分）2005年武汉大学世界史考博试题世界近代史一、简答题1、在法国波旁王朝中央集权国家的形成和发展过程中，起过决定性推动作用的人物有哪几位？分别列举他们的理论或实际贡献2、比较霍布斯和洛克的政治思想，他们有哪些相同点和不同点。
2024年武汉大学研究生入学考试文博综合348考研真题
2024年武汉大学研究生入学考试文博综合348考研真题
业务课名称：文博综合348
考生须知：1.答案必须写在答题纸上，写在其他纸上无效。
2.答题时必须使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔做答，用其他答题不给分，不得使用涂改液。
一、简答题(8选6，每题20 分，共120分)
1.简述茶技艺申遗成功的意义。
2.列举两个近五年十大考古新发现的旧石器时代遗址.
3.列举商代主要城址。
4. 简述红山文化的发现及其意义。
5. 简述东晋帝陵的布局及特征
6. 简述秦始皇陵兵马俑。
7. 简述南宋景德镇官窑瓷器的特点。
8.简述博物馆观众的研究方法。
二、论述题(8选6，每题30分，共180分)
1. 论述河北泥河湾遗址的考古发现及意义。
2. 论述西安地区汉墓的分期及特征。
3. 论述如何加强历史文化遗产保护。
4. 论述北魏洛阳城的布局特征及对后世都城规划的意义。
5. 论述二里头遗址的布局及意义。
6. 论述南宋临安城的布局特征及主要考古发现
7.论述良诸遗址群的布局及意义
8.论述博物馆教育的四个模型。
(完整word版)武汉大学思想政治教育考博专业课试题(word文档良心出品).doc
武汉大学 2008 年博士研究生入学考试试题马克思主义思想政治教育原著选读1、试论述“凡属于思想性质的问题，凡属于人民内部的争论问题，只能用民主的方法去解决，只能用讨论的方法、批评的方法、说服教育的方法去解决，而不能用强制的，压服的方法去解决。
”试述正确处理人民内部矛盾。
（30 分）2、试分析列宁的“工人阶级本来也不可能有社会主义民主主义意识。
这种意识只能从外面灌输进去。
”试述“灌输”理论。
（ 30 分）3、论述马克思主义“人的本质”理论，以及对正确加快人的社会化的影响。
马克思主义人的本质理论是什么？如何促进人的社会化？（40 分）思想政治教育理论与方法1、试论述推进当代中国马克思主义大众化。
如何推进当代中国马克思主义大众化？（30 分）2、试论述心理咨询的思想政治教育价值及其实现。
心理疏导的思想政治教育价值的实现。
（ 30 分）3、阐述国家文化软实力的科学内涵及其提升。
国家文化软实力的科学内涵和提升的措施。
（40 分）武汉大学 2010 年思想政治教育专业考博真题科目一：马克思主义思想政治教育经典原著选读（共三题）1、为什么说马克思列宁主义的基本原则就是要使群众认识自己的利益并且团结起来为自己的利益而奋斗？（ 30 分）2、为什么说思想掌握群众是精神变物质的先决条件？（30 分）3、恩格斯曾经指出 : “就个别人来说 , 他的行动的一切动力 , 都一定要通过他的头脑 , 一定要转变为他的意志的动机 , 才能使他行动起来。
”为什么？循此如何增强人们的精神动力？（ 40 分）科目二：思想政治教育原理与方法（共三题）1、论科学建构思想政治教育主客体关系的意义及其重点。
（30 分）2、为什么说人们思想的形成是客观反映和主观建构的统一？（30 分）3、论全球思想文化交流交融交锋的新特点及其对思想政治教育提出的新课题。
（40 分）答题心得体会：1、夯实学科理论的基础知识（如思想政治教育主体及其争论焦点；精神鼓励与物质鼓励相结合的原则）；2、关注出题教师的研究兴趣（如骆郁廷老师的学术专长和研究偏好——《精神动力论》，精神力量与物质力量之间的关系）；3、掌握学科研究的前沿动向（如提升文化软实力；马克思主义大众化、中国化、时代化）。
武汉大学生理学2014--2015年考博真题
武汉大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.射血分数
2.中心静脉压
3.胃粘膜屏障
4.肺牵张反射
5.球管平衡
6.血脑屏障
7.血细胞比容
8.皮层诱发电位
9.微循环
10.神经激素
二、问答题
1.简述生理性止血的过程。
2.简述胃大部切除术对消化功能的影响。
3.葡萄糖在体内的重吸收部位及其过程。
4.雌激素的生理作用。
5.剧烈运动后，人体尿量的变化及其机制。
三、论述题
1.生活在高原的正常人，熟睡后周期性呼气的特点及其机制。
2.试述钙参与人体功能的几个方面。
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博
历年真题试卷
武汉大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
问答及论述
1.细胞信号转导的几Байду номын сангаас途径
2.雌激素的功能
3.简述胃大部分切除对消化的影响
4.剧烈运动对肾泌尿的影响及其机制
5.切断迷走神经后对呼吸、泌尿、消化和心血管系统的影响
武汉大学考博英语作文题目04年-17年
17.Write a composition in no less than 150 words on the topic: What Do You Think of Advanced Artificial Intelligence. Read the following words in English. You should write according to the outline given below. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1.Google's DeepMind Alpha Go program has beaten all the world champions ofthe game Go in a series of battles between man and artificial intelligence.2.Some people fear advanced artificial intelligence because?3.Your attitude towards advanced artificial intelligence.16.Read the following information and write an essay of ABOUT 200 WORDS. It is an ARGUMENTA-TIVE ESSAY and a TITLE is needed.According to a new study, 92% of college students would rather do their reading the old-fashioned way, with pages and not pixels. The finding comes from American University linguistics professor Naomi S. Baron, author of the book Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World, Baron led a team that asked 300 college students in the United States, Slovakia, Japan and Germany how they preferred to read. Physical books were the choice of 92% of the respondents, who selected paper over an array of electronic devices. It’s not just college students who’d rather spend their time with a book instead of an e-reader. In 2015, e-book sales dropped in the United States, and it’s the same story in the United Kingdom.15.Plagiarizing, or representing someone else’s ideas or words as your own, will caus e problems for people in any stage of life. Students get flunked for it and it even cost Joe Biden a shot at becoming the US President in 1988. Please elaborate in your writing on how to avoid plagiarism, either on purpose or by accident. You should write at least 200 words.14.Plan and write an essay of about 200 words in which you develop your point of view on the issue given below. Give a title to your essay and support your position with reasoning and examples. Please write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Is it better to change one’s attitude than to change one’s circumstances? If we are dissatisfied with our circumstances, we think about changing them. But the most effective changes—in our attitude —hardly occur to us. In other words, we should worry not about how to alter the world around us for the better but about how to change ourselves in order to fit into the world.You are to write a composition of no less than 200 words with the following information and do your composition on the ANSWE SHEET. You are to come up with the title for the essay.Now many people enjoy emails and other people prefer face-to-face conversations. Which is better and why?12.More and more Chinese scholars now believe that their academic studies should be oriented toward the needs of society and government instead of personal interests. What do you think of this belief? You are required to make comments on this belief in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.11.More and more people now believe that the purpose of university education is to cultivate a creative mind. Do you accept this idea? You are required to make comments on this idea in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.10.Presently, there are more and more grown-up children who live off their parents, for which they are often referred to as the “eating-the-old” on t his phenomenon in anybody to blame for this? You are required to make a comment on this phenomenon in about 200 words. Don’t forget to give a title to your comments. Please write your short essay on the ANSWER SHEET.09.07.06.05.。
2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionThe calendar used in Australia and in most other countries was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It provides for 366 days in those years for which the year number when divided by 4 gives a whole number (i. e. without a remainder), those years are called leap years. All other years have 365 days. The Gregorian calendar further specifies that years whose year number is divisible evenly by 100 are not leap years, unless the year number is also divisible by 400. In a leap year February has 29 days, whereas in a non-leap year it has 28 days. A decade is a 10-year period, such as I January 1885--31 December 1894.1．Which one of the following years was a leap year?A．1880B．1894C．1906D．1926正确答案：A解析：1880年是闰年，因为1880能被4整除，1894，1906年1926这三个数字均不能被4整除，因此1894年、1906年和1926年均不是闰年。
武大博士英语考试真题
武大博士英语考试真题In recent years, the English proficiency test for doctoral candidates at Wuhan University has gained significant attention and importance. This comprehensive examination serves as a crucial benchmark for evaluating the English language skills of aspiring doctoral scholars. The test is meticulously designed to assess various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, writing abilities, listening skills, and oral communication.The reading comprehension section presents candidates with a diverse range of academic texts, encompassing various disciplines and genres. These passages are carefully curated to challenge the candidates' ability to comprehend complex ideas, grasp nuances, and synthesize information from multiple sources. The questions accompanying these texts delve into the candidates' critical thinking skills, requiring them to analyze, interpret, and draw inferences from the provided material.The writing component of the examination is a true test of the candidates' ability to articulate their thoughts coherently and persuasively. Typically, candidates are asked to compose a well-structured essay on a given topic, demonstrating their command oflanguage, organization, and argumentative skills. This section not only evaluates their ability to convey ideas effectively but also their mastery of grammar, vocabulary, and overall writing proficiency.The listening section is designed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend spoken English in various contexts. This may include academic lectures, discussions, or dialogues on a wide range of topics. The questions accompanying these audio materials test the candidates' ability to grasp main ideas, follow intricate arguments, and identify relevant details. Furthermore, this section often evaluates their note-taking abilities, a crucial skill for effective learning and research.The oral communication component of the examination measures the candidates' ability to express themselves clearly and confidently in spoken English. This may involve individual presentations, group discussions, or one-on-one interviews with examiners. Candidates are evaluated on their fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and ability to engage in substantive academic discourse. This section also assesses their ability to think critically and articulate their ideas in a coherent and persuasive manner.Preparing for the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test requires dedication, extensive practice, and a solid foundation in the English language. Candidates often seek guidance from experiencedinstructors, engage in mock tests, and immerse themselves in a variety of English language resources to hone their skills. The examination not only serves as a gateway to doctoral studies but also prepares candidates for the rigorous demands of academic research and international collaboration in their respective fields.Ultimately, the Wuhan University doctoral English proficiency test stands as a testament to the institution's commitment to excellence and its recognition of the pivotal role of English language proficiency in the pursuit of advanced research and scholarly endeavors. By successfully navigating this comprehensive examination, candidates demonstrate their readiness to contribute to the global academic community and embark on a journey of intellectual exploration and discovery.。
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。