语言学教程-chapter6PPT课件
合集下载
语言学6PPT课件
• Such rules concern the pronunciation of specific morphemes.
• Thus the plural morphophonemic rules apply to the plural morpheme specifically, not to all morphemes in English.
Chapter 6 The Sound Patterns of Language
Hale Waihona Puke honology vs. Phonetics
• The study of how speech sounds form patterns is phonology
• The study of speech sounds is called phonetics
Additional example
• The patterns of Plural morph II: house /haus/ thief / i:f/ belief/bili:f/ foot /fu:t/ passer-by/pas bai/
• Morpheme of past tense • The phonological presentation
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
• Plural form of English
how to pronounce the plural morpheme?
• Allomorphs of plural morpheme
• To define the distribution of allomorphs by minimal pair
• The science of phonetics attempts to describe all of the sounds used in all languages of the world.
• Thus the plural morphophonemic rules apply to the plural morpheme specifically, not to all morphemes in English.
Chapter 6 The Sound Patterns of Language
Hale Waihona Puke honology vs. Phonetics
• The study of how speech sounds form patterns is phonology
• The study of speech sounds is called phonetics
Additional example
• The patterns of Plural morph II: house /haus/ thief / i:f/ belief/bili:f/ foot /fu:t/ passer-by/pas bai/
• Morpheme of past tense • The phonological presentation
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
• Plural form of English
how to pronounce the plural morpheme?
• Allomorphs of plural morpheme
• To define the distribution of allomorphs by minimal pair
• The science of phonetics attempts to describe all of the sounds used in all languages of the world.
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition课件
and written production.
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
(1) Access to words
• Steps involved in the planning of words: • 1. processing step, called conceptualization,…… • 2.to select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept. • 3.morpho-phonological encoding • Generally, morphemes are accessed in sequence, according to
• 1). Serial models…… • 2). Parallel models…… • Structural factors in comprehension of sentences • 1). minimal attachment which defines “structural simpler” • 2).“Garden path” • Lexical factors in comprehension • Information about specific words is stored in the lexicon.
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
6.2.3 language production
• Language production involves…… • 1. generation of single words • 2. generation of simple utterances • Different mappings in language comprehension and in language production • Discussions: • A. production of words orally, • B. production of longer utterances, • C. the different representations and processes involved in spoken production
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
(1) Access to words
• Steps involved in the planning of words: • 1. processing step, called conceptualization,…… • 2.to select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept. • 3.morpho-phonological encoding • Generally, morphemes are accessed in sequence, according to
• 1). Serial models…… • 2). Parallel models…… • Structural factors in comprehension of sentences • 1). minimal attachment which defines “structural simpler” • 2).“Garden path” • Lexical factors in comprehension • Information about specific words is stored in the lexicon.
语言学教程Chapter 6. Language and Cognition
6.2.3 language production
• Language production involves…… • 1. generation of single words • 2. generation of simple utterances • Different mappings in language comprehension and in language production • Discussions: • A. production of words orally, • B. production of longer utterances, • C. the different representations and processes involved in spoken production
语言学教程 chapter6 PPT
University of Chicago Press.
含义： An image-schema is a “skeletal” mental
representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied (especially spatial or kinesthetic) experience. 意象图式是在对事物之间基本关系的认知的基 础上所构成的认知结构
Involves repetitious events and event series. Its structure includes the following:
A starting point A progression through successive events
without backtracking A return to the initial state
Cognition is the way we think.
Cognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think.
It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.
类型：
Involves
a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and
degrees of distance from the core.
含义： An image-schema is a “skeletal” mental
representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied (especially spatial or kinesthetic) experience. 意象图式是在对事物之间基本关系的认知的基 础上所构成的认知结构
Involves repetitious events and event series. Its structure includes the following:
A starting point A progression through successive events
without backtracking A return to the initial state
Cognition is the way we think.
Cognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think.
It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.
类型：
Involves
a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and
degrees of distance from the core.
新编语言学教程chapter 6 pragmatics
excuse of being busy at work. I: You have to do some housework because
you don’t work today. (c). Situation: John promised to go shopping
with his wife on Sunday. I: Don’t forget what you promised.
Utterance: unit of speech actually used for communication. It can be understood as the speaker’s purpose or the speaker’s intention.
1.2 Context
Generally, context refers to the background knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer, including general knowledge of the world, knowledge specific to the situation of communication, specific to the counterparts of communication, the knowledge of the purpose of communication.
• Performatives: different from constatives, performative is used to perform an action, to do a thing. Uttering a performative is doing a thing.
you don’t work today. (c). Situation: John promised to go shopping
with his wife on Sunday. I: Don’t forget what you promised.
Utterance: unit of speech actually used for communication. It can be understood as the speaker’s purpose or the speaker’s intention.
1.2 Context
Generally, context refers to the background knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer, including general knowledge of the world, knowledge specific to the situation of communication, specific to the counterparts of communication, the knowledge of the purpose of communication.
• Performatives: different from constatives, performative is used to perform an action, to do a thing. Uttering a performative is doing a thing.
语言学第六章chapter6ppt课件
（5）Susan’s sister bought two houses.
This sentence presupposes that Susan exists and that she has a sister.
In English, words like here, there, this, that, now, and then, as well as most pronouns, such as I, we, you, he, her, them.
(2) You’ll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they aren’t here now.
பைடு நூலகம்
可编辑课件
19
6.2.3 Anaphora
Anaphora (照应) is coreference of one expression with its antecedent. The antecedent provides the information necessary for the expression’s interpretation. This is often understood as an expression “referring” back to the antecedent.
I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.
To study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts is called micropragmatics.
可编辑课件
17
This sentence presupposes that Susan exists and that she has a sister.
In English, words like here, there, this, that, now, and then, as well as most pronouns, such as I, we, you, he, her, them.
(2) You’ll have to bring that back tomorrow, because they aren’t here now.
பைடு நூலகம்
可编辑课件
19
6.2.3 Anaphora
Anaphora (照应) is coreference of one expression with its antecedent. The antecedent provides the information necessary for the expression’s interpretation. This is often understood as an expression “referring” back to the antecedent.
I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.
To study the meaning of such pieces of language in smaller contexts is called micropragmatics.
可编辑课件
17
英语语言学概论 Chapter 6 Syntax
6.4 IC Analysis, ….
IC Analysis of sentences: to divide the words of a sentence into two groups, and then divide each group into subgroups and so on, until the single words of the sentences are obtained. It is a major feature of Bloomfieldian Structuralist linguistics(布龙菲尔德结构 布龙菲尔德结构 主义语言学的主要特征) 主义语言学的主要特征
Chapter 6 Syntax
A study of sentences:sentence structure and formation
6.1 definition of syntax:how the words of a language can be combined to make larger units, such as phrases, clauses(分句 and sentences. It studies 分句) 分句 the interrelationships between elements of the sentence structure and the rules governing the production of sentences
Finite(有限的 有限的)number of words and 有限的 small set of rules can create infinite number of sentences Syntactic knowledge: the intuition of native speakers about how words are combined to be phrases and sentences.
语言学第六章Part One ppt课件
Chapter 6 Language and Cognition
Part One
FOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE
Teaching aim
Introduce to the students language comprehension, discourse interpretations and language production. The students are to have the main ideas of language processing in mind.
5
Psycholinguistics
Psychological aspects of language. Psychological states and mental
activity with the use of language.
6
Psycholinguistics belongs to Macrolinguistics
4
3 approaches to the study of language and Tmhcoeropgfhonorlimotgaiiolcaanpl:,psryonatcahc:tsict,ruacntdulreaxl ipcaatltsetrrnusc,tiunrcelu. ding the study of
--Wikipedia
cognition
1. Mental processes, information processing
2. Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
Part One
FOREIGN LANGUAGES COLLEGE
Teaching aim
Introduce to the students language comprehension, discourse interpretations and language production. The students are to have the main ideas of language processing in mind.
5
Psycholinguistics
Psychological aspects of language. Psychological states and mental
activity with the use of language.
6
Psycholinguistics belongs to Macrolinguistics
4
3 approaches to the study of language and Tmhcoeropgfhonorlimotgaiiolcaanpl:,psryonatcahc:tsict,ruacntdulreaxl ipcaatltsetrrnusc,tiunrcelu. ding the study of
--Wikipedia
cognition
1. Mental processes, information processing
2. Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
语言学概论(第四版)PPT第6章 文字
二、完善和扩大语言交际功能的书写符号系统
1. 文字的发明，打破了语言的时空界限性。 2. 文字的产生，标志着人类告别了原始的蛮荒时代而进入文明时代。 3. 文字与语言
• 文字和语言不同，语言是第一性的，文字是第二性的。文字是在语言的基础上产生 的，是标记语言这一符号系统的符号系统，语言对文字有决定性作用。
2. 分类 （1）意符：文字系统中的字符跟文字所代表的语言单位在意义上有联系的字符是意符 （2）音符：音符最初都是由已有的意符转化而来的。 （3）字符：
• 分类：字符又可以分为“单纯字符”和“复合字符”两种 • 注意：并不是所有的图形部件都是字符；单独的字符还不等于文字
二、文字的类型
（一）几种不尽相同的分类标准 1. 按照文字系统中的字符跟何种语言单位相联系来分类，在理论上各种文字可以分为“词
• 文字对语言又有很大影响，文字把语言记录下来，形成书面语使之向横的方向和纵 的方向传播，这也使人们有可能对语言进行加工和锤炼，使之愈来愈丰富，愈来愈 精密细致，进而形成书面语言。此外，语言中有的词语是在文字基础上创造出来的。
一、字符
1. 含义：字符也就是文字符号，是文字的最基本的单位，也就是直接跟某种语言单位相联 系的符号。
二、文字创制
文字创制是指在现代社会里为没有文字的语言创制文字，特别是政府或语言学家为还没有文 字的民族创制文字，不涉及历史上各种民族语言的文字的创制过程，它是特定历史条件下的 一种现象。
一、女书
• 女书，也称女字，在我国湘南江永县潇水流域 已经流传很久了，是当地妇女专用的文字符号 （她们称汉字为男书），这种文字传女不传男， 男人不学也不用。
2. 内容：字形规范、字表规范、字音规范、标点符号规范、字组合规范和版面组合规范等。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
范畴
其关系 认识其关系 意象图式
.
14
含义： An image-schema is a “skeletal” mental
representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied (especially spatial or kinesthetic) experience. 意象图式是在对事物之间基本关系的认知的基 础上所构成的认知结构
Examples：
The ship is coming into view. She’s deep in thought. We stood in silence.
.
18
Cycle schema
Involves repetitious events and event series. Its structure includes the following:
.
19
Examples (English)
Days Weeks Years Sleeping and waking Breathing Circulation Emotional buildup and
release
.
20
End-of-path schema
An image schema in which a location is understood as the termination of a prescribed path
认知语言学
.
1
含义 渊源 基本理论 应用
.
2
What is Cognition?
Mental processes, information processing
Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
员和边缘成员之分
.
11
行为 & 事件范畴
含义 也符合原型理论
例子：lie & white lie 也包含三个层次
例子：move-walk-limp，hobble，amble， wander
例子：meal-breakfast-fast breakfast
.
12
Image Schema（意象图式）
It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.
.
4
含义：
Categorization （范畴化）：The process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences
.
3
Cognitive Linguistics
Cognition is the way we think.
Cognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think.
Johnson, Mark. 1987.The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
.
13
世界 认知的两个层面
事物 认识事物
含义
.
9
Basic level
Superordinate level Animal
Horse
Dog
Cat
Chihuahua
German shepherd
dachshund
Subordinate level Vertical organization
.
10
原型理论
Prototypes：the best examples of a category 作用 原形范畴的特点： ✓ 成员之间享有家族相似性 ✓ 成员之间的地位不是平等的，具有中心成
范畴：指事物在认知中的归类
.
5
层次：
basic level superordinate level subordinate level.
.
6
Basic Categorysuperordinate Category
含义
.
8
subordinate Category
A starting point A progression through successive events
without backtracking A return to the initial state
The schema often has superimposed on it a structure that builds toward a climax and then goes through a release or decline.
类型：
.
15
Center-periphery schema
Involves
a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and
degrees of distance from the core.
Examples (English):
An individual’s social sphere, with family and friends at the core and others having degrees of peripherality
.
16
Containment schema
Involves a physical or metaphorical
.
17
Bodily experience: human bodies as containers.
Structural elements: interior, boundary, exterior