国际工程贸易英语U04
名校商务英语课件Unit 4-WTO
The Result of WTO
• Assurance. Consumers and producers know that they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services that they use. • Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them. • The result is also a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world. Decisions in the WTO are typically taken by consensus among all member countries and they are ratified by members’ parliaments. • Trade friction is channeled into the WTO’s dispute settlement process where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments, and how to ensure that countries’ trade policies conform with them. That way, the risk of disputes spilling over into political or military conflict is reduced. • By lowering trade barriers, the WTO’s system also breaks down other barriers between peoples and nations.
GCT综合英语第4单元课文翻译
仅做参考好好学习，天天向上Unit 4International TradeMost countries realize the advantages of world trade. Countries have developed their economies, increased production of goods, and met market demands through increased world trade. The interdependence among trading nations has provided increased business opportunities.International trade develops because certain countries are able to produce some goods more efficiently than other countries. They exchange goods to satisfy their needs and wants. Efficient production may be the result of several factors. A certain climate in a particular country may allow that country to grow agricultural products in abundance. For instance, the climates in the United States and Canada are suitable for production of large amounts of wheat. Natural resources such as oil or coal are abundant in other countries. Countries with a large pool of unskilled laborers are able to produce products which are labor intensive more cheaply than countries with highly paid, skilled labor forces. Another factor is geographical location. Countries like Singapore and Panama engage in banking and trading because they are located on world trade routes.The Scottish economist, Adam Smith, theorized that free market countries produce whatever they can most efficiently grow or manufacture, or what is of the greatest advantage to them. In other words, if they can make more money growing cotton than making cloth, they grow cotton and export it. Then they importcloth from a country that makes cloth more efficiently than it grows cotton. In an uncontrolled free market trade situation, there is international specialization which results in the most efficient production of goods. Therefore, competition guarantees that countries import products which are most efficiently manufactured abroad and export products which are most efficiently produced domestically. Price is determined by the supply side of the market. Smith' s theory was a theory of absolute advantage. The English economist, David Ricardo, refined Smith's theory to one of comparative advantage . He theorized that an exporting country does not have to be the most efficient producer of the product; it only has to be more efficient than the country which imports the product. Mutually beneficial trade arises when one country has a comparative advantage.There are several reasons why governments try to control the imports and exports of a country. One reason is that a country enjoys an advantage if it exports more than it imports. Wealth accrues to the exporting country. Some countries have special programs to encourage exports. They may be programs that provide marketing information, establish trade missions, subsidize exports,and provide tax benefits or incentives. Government subsidies allow companies to sell products cheaply. Sometimes these subsidized companies export their products and sell them cheaply overseas. This practice is known as dumping. Dumping is selling on a foreign market at a price below the cost of production.On the other hand, governments impose taxes and quotas to restrict importsof certain products. For example, to protect Japanese farmers, Japan limits the amount of produce that can be imported. Sometimes governments want to protect a domestic industry because that industry provides employment for the population. Not only the industries, but also the labor unions encourage the government to enact protectionist controls.Protectionist measures are in the form of duties which eliminate the comparative advantage or quotas which restrict the import of the product altogether. There are two forms of import tariffs: specific and ad valorem. A specific tariff is a certain amount of tax for each unit of the product, for example $ 500 for each automobile. An advalorem tariff is based on the value of the product, for example 5% of its value.In order to import and export products, there needs to be a system of inter-national monetary exchange. While a few products like oil are always priced in dollars, most products must be paid for with the legal tender of the producing country. International trade involves the exchange of one currency for another. Most currencies are now exchanged on a floating rate basis. There are no official exchange rates. The rates fluctuate according to market forces. If large amounts of a country's currency are being exchanged, the exchange rate may vary greatly because of demand, and therefore, the price of a currency is either rising or falling. Sometimes these great fluctuations in value threaten economic stability: then central banks change market forces by purchasing a foreign currency to support its price and maintain stability.The amount of money that goes in and out of a country is referred to as the balance of payments. If a country is exporting more than it imports, it is receiving foreign currency and has a balance of trade surplus. If it is importing more than it exports, it is sending money out of the country and has a balance of trade deficit. Continued surpluses or deficits change the demand for the currency of a country and cause its value to float either upward or downward.The comparative advantage which exporting countries enjoy sometimes changes. If transportation costs increase or currency exchange rates change, it may become cheaper to produce the product in the market country, especially if large amounts are involved. Exporting companies sometimes set up subsidiaries in the market countries.The larger company is referred to as the parent company. Some countries have laws restricting the foreign ownership of factories or other production facilities, while others encourage foreign investment. A large company that sets up production facilities in several different countries is referred to as a multinational. Multinational corporations develop a global philosophy ofmanagement, marketing and production, they choose to operate in those countries that afford them comparative advantages.国际贸易很多国家都意识到国际贸易的益处。
国际贸易专业英语讲解材料
• DAT (Delivered at Terminal and Unloaded): The seller fulfills the obligation to deliver when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the agreed delivery platform and unloaded The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they are delivered and unloaded
• DPU (Delivered at Place Unloaded): The seller fulfills the opposition to deliver when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed destination and unloaded The seller bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods until they are delivered and unloaded
国际贸易英文Unit 4
Section 1
I. Bills of exchange
1. Essentials of a bill of exchange
The forms of bills of exchange might be different, but a bill of exchange should cover the following elements: the word “exchange”; an unconditional order to pay; place drawn and date; tenor ; a sum certain in money; name and address of the drawee; the name of the payee; drawer’s name and signature . The following is a sample of a bill of exchange:
encounter
v.遇到
Contents
Section 1 Negotiable instruments Section 2 Remittance Section 3 Terms of Payment Exercises
validity
n. 有效性, 有效期
Section 1
I. Bills of exchange
(4)Tenor A bill of exchange can be payable at sight or at a fixed or determinable future date. If a bill of exchange does not stipulate a date for payment, it should be treated as payable at once. (5)A sum certain in money A certain amount of money must be stated on a bill of exchange both in numbers and words, and the two must be exactly the same. (6)Name and address of the drawee State clearly the name and address of the drawee or the payer.
国际贸易英语词汇总结
千里之行，始于足下。
国际贸易英语词汇总结国际贸易英语词汇总结国际贸易是指不同国家之间的商品和服务的沟通和交易。
在国际贸易中，英语是最常用的沟通语言之一。
以下是一些国际贸易中常用的英语词汇的总结：1. Import（进口）- to bring goods or services into a country from abroad2. Export（出口）- to send goods or services from one country to another for sale3. Trade（贸易）- the activity of buying, selling, or exchanging goods or services between countries4. Tariff（关税）- a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports5. Customs（海关）- the official department that administers and collects import and export duties6. Free trade（自由贸易）- international trade withoutrestrictions or trade barriers7. Balance of trade（贸易平衡）- the difference in value betweena country's imports and exports8. Importer（进口商）- a person or company that brings goods or services into a country from abroad for sale9. Exporter（出口商）- a person or company that sends goods or services from one country to another for sale10. Trade deficit（贸易逆差）- the situation when a country imports more than it exports第1页/共2页锲而不舍，金石可镂。
国际货代专业英语Unit 4教案
Unit 4UCP 600教学目的和要求：1、了解UCP的目的和发展2、理解制订UCP 600的原因3、了解UCP 600的大致内容和结构4、了解UCP 600对比UCP 500的变化5、掌握重要的词汇教学重点：1、修订UCP 600的原因2、UCP 600对比UCP 500的变化教学过程：一、复习提问1、Incoterm的目的是什么？2、有哪些主要的trade terms？3、它们之间有什么区别？二、重点单词Consolidation 合并Settlement 结算三、什么是UCPUniform Customs and Practice for Commercial Documentary Credits跟单信用证统一惯例a set of rules drafted as the applicable legal framework under which aLetter of Credit operates internationallyThe Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP) is a set of rules on the issuance and use of letters of credit. The UCP is utilized by bankers and commercial parties in more than 175 countries in trade finance. Some 11-15% of international trade utilizes letters of credit, totaling over a trillion dollars (US) each year.Historically, the commercial parties, particularly banks, have developed the techniques and methods for handling letters of credit in international trade finance. This practice has been standardized by the ICC(International Chamber of Commerce) by publishing the UCP in 1933 and subsequently updating it throughout the years. The ICC has developed and moulded the UCP by regular revisions, the current version being the UCP600. The result is the most successful international attempt at unifying rules ever, as the UCP has substantially universal effect. The latest revision was approved by the Banking Commission of the ICC at its meeting in Paris on 25 October 2006. This latest version, called the UCP600, formally commenced on 1 July 2007.（Wikipedia）国际商会为明确信用证有关当事人的权利、责任、付款的定义和术语，减少因解释不同而引起各有关当事人之间的争议和纠纷，调和各有关当事人之间的矛盾，于1930年拟定一套《商业跟单信用证统一惯例》，并于1933年正式公布。
国际贸易专业英语
王海媚加油~~国际贸易专业英语《国际贸易专业英语》是国际贸易专业和商务英语专业高年级的核心业务课程之一，是一门将英语与外贸业务相结合的课程。
内容有英文业务信函的写作和翻译、以及拟写不同业务环节的信函的要点和技巧；商品买卖的各个业务环节(如,询价、报价、报盘、还盘、订货、订单的执行、买卖合同的签订、支付、运输、保险、包装、索赔和理赔等)所必须了解的专业术语,常用词组和句型；英语买卖合同的填制；审核信用证和修改信用证；国际贸易其他贸易方式(如,寄售、代理、包销、大型设备进口等)的交易特点及所签订协议或合同的重要条款;对外经济合作方面所涉及的合资经营、招标、投标等业务的运作特点，和所签订合同的详细条款。
通过学习和训练，使学生能综合运用英语语言知识，理解外经贸内容的书面材料，具备包括写信、填制合同及审证和改证等的实务操作能力，为以后参加外贸行业和涉外企业的工作打下厚实的基础。
本指导书遵循三个基本原则：一、实用性原则；二、理论联系实际原则；三、以学生为主体原则。
本指导书突出实际操作，供职业学校商务英语、国际商务和其它相关专业学生在校学习使用。
本指导书主要特色有：一、模块式。
章节内容安排清楚有序，一目了然；二、形式新颖、活泼，突出了以往教材常用格式；三、实用。
四、难易适中。
所选词句、范文均具代表性，且浅显易懂。
熊卉2008年8月目录Chapter I 进出口合同的填制............................................. - 1 -Chapter II 信用证的审核和修改......................................... - 7 -Chapter III 商务信函的翻译............................................ - 11 -Chapter IV 商务信函的写作 .......................................... - 14 -Chapter V 外贸短文的翻译 ........................................... - 17 -国际贸易实务常用词汇..................................................... - 21 -Chapter I 进出口合同的填制一、本章概述在国际贸易中，交易的一方明确接受另一方的交易条件，交易即达成，然后签定具有合同性质的文件。
外贸英语函电课件unit4
be in the hope of
I called all the companies on this page in the hope of finding a customer.
I am e-mailing you in the hope of establishing business relations with you.
Please inform us of your trade terms and forward samples and product brochures.
If your prices are in line, we trust important business can materialize.
We are looking forward to your early reply.
Yours faithfully，
Language points
Avail ourselves of this opportunity to… ( 后接动词原型)利用这个机会做… 还可以说take advantage of this opportunity or take this opportunity
The nature of enquiry:
In foreign trade an enquiry is usually (not absolutely) made by the prospective buyer without engagement（约束）, requesting for information on the supply of certain goods. So we call it 询盘 or 询 价 in Chinese.
国际工程贸易英语U03
Cost calculation
Cost-plus method （成本加成法）
Marginal cost pri
– – – – – Determine the objective in the foreign market Compute the actual cost of the export product Compute the final consumer price Evaluate market demand and competition Consider modifying the product to reduce the export price – Include "non-market" costs, such as tariffs and customs fees – Exclude cost elements that provide no benefit to the export function, such as domestic advertising.
• Pro forma invoice: 是一种非正式发票，是卖方对潜在的 买方报价的一种形式。买方常常需要形式发票作为申请进 口和批准外汇或开立信用证之用。形式发票是在没有正式 合同之时，经双方签字或盖章之后发生法律效力的充当合 同的文件，它括产品名称、单价、数量、总额以及报价方 式、汇款方式和交货期等。它本来只是在客户确认了价格 并下了定单之后卖方所做的使对方再次确认的发票，但在 没有正式合同它即是合同，通常用于报关之时作为报关的 六文件之一进行报关查验。“Pro forma”是拉丁文，它的 意思是“纯为形式的”，所以单从字面来理解，Pro forma Invoice 是指纯为形式的、 无实际意义的发票。这 种发票本来是卖方在推销货物时，为了供买方估计进口成 本，假定交易已经成立所签发的一种发票
国际贸易专业英语
—无力偿还 —失败 —到期的 —接受 —取消 —续约；续签 —征用 —没收 —强迫接受
Part 3 New Words
Ban Shipment Transfer Currency Shortage Influence party
—禁令 —装载（货物） —转移 —货币 —紧缺 —影响 —政党
资本和劳动力在国家之间的流动比在国内的流动 要困难很多。
Capital and labor are typically less mobile within a country than across countries.
Part 5 Barriers to international
trade
Part 4 New Words
World trade organization
—世贸组织
Describe
—描述
Umbrella Organization
—联盟组织
Agreement
—协定
Uruguay
—乌拉圭
Multilateral
—多边的
Negotiation
—谈判
Part 4 New Words
一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和 劳务的价值，常被公认为衡量国家经济状况的最佳指 标。它不但可反映一个国家的经济表现，还可以反映 一国的国力与财富。
Notes to Text
GDP和GNP的区别 —国民生产总值（GNP）是一个国民概念，是指某国国
民所拥有的全部生产要素在一定时期内所生产的最终 产品的市场价值。一个在日本工作的美国公民的收入 不计入美国的GDP中，而计入日本的GDP中。
—有利于NOL公司把金融管理职能全部集中到为公司创 造价值的核心活动上来。埃森哲凭借其优秀的操作经 验、为人称道的管理流程和管理工具，将有助于NOL 缩减成本、改善现金流和提高服务品质。
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Collection (托收)
托收是出口商开立汇票，委托银行代收款
项，向国外进口商收取货款或劳务款项的 一种结算方式。(a supplement to the book)
Other payment mechanism
Consignment sales (代销、寄售) Countertrade (对销、抵偿贸易)
1. Methods of payment
Generally,
the payment in an international project follows the method of international settlements in international trade. Please refer to all the books both in English and in Chinese concerning international payer of credit (跟单 信用证)
跟单信用证，有时也称为“银行家的商业信用证(banker’s commercial credits)”及“银行商业信用证(commercial letters of credit)”，为国际货物买卖 的卖方提供担保，确保他能够在货物装运后获得付款，即使买方无法付款或 买方的票据被拒收(dishonored)。 一单涉及跟单信用证的国际货物买卖通常涉及以下流程： 货物买方在他本国向他的银行（开证行）按该银行的标准格式以另一国的卖 方为受益人开立信用证。信用证开立涉及开证行支付货物合同价款或承兑或 议付卖方按该金额开立的汇票（例如：支票）的承诺。开证行可能要求买方 为其对卖方的预期支付责任提供保证金，或也可能依赖买方的良好信誉。开 立信用证的标准条件通常是向银行缴纳针对货物的一笔费用以及和货物相关 的装运单据。一旦开证行同意开立信用证，他要求在卖方国家的通知行告知 卖方以其为受益人的信用证的开立。通知行也可能承担向卖方付款的义务， 在此情况下信用证是“承兑”的（相反为“非承兑”的）。此后卖方向通知 行提交装运单据（包括货物发票、提单或海运单以及，在CIF条件下的海运保 险单，等等）。如果备齐单证，通知行通过支付、承兑或议付买方开立的汇 票而向卖方支付货款。随后通知行将装运单据递交开证行，开证行随后向买 方交单，使得买方能够在卸货港接受货物。开证行开立信用证是收费的，当 然最终费用由买方承受。
Cash in advance (预付现金) Documentary letter of credit (跟单信用证) Documentary draft (跟单汇票documentary bill) Collection (托收) Open account (赊账) Other payment mechanism Foreign currency: the risk of fluctuation of foreign exchange rate Payment problem: payment default by a buyer
2. Payment stipulations in a commercial contract
One
of the most important matters in a deal. Payment currency Payment sum
Unit 4 Payment and Terms of Payment
Content
1. Methods of payment 2. Payment stipulations in a commercial contract 3. A template of payment terms quoted from a real case: an intensive study is necessary 4. A sample of draft: an intensive study is necessary 5. A sample of letter of credit: an intensive study is necessary
Documentary draft (跟单汇票 documentary bill)
又称信用汇票、押汇汇票,
是需要卖方提供 附带提单、仓单、保险单、 装箱单、商业 发票等单据, 才能得到付款的汇票。它从票 据上保证买方的货物已发出，卖方能够得 到付款。
Sight draft (即期汇票) Time draft and date draft (远期汇票和定期汇 票)