英语语法现在分词、过去分词和动名词的用法
过去分词和现在分词的用法和形式

过去分词和现在分词的用法和形式过去分词和现在分词是英语中两种常见的非谓语动词形式。
它们在句子中具有多种用法和形式,能够表达不同的动作或状态。
在本文中,我们将探讨过去分词和现在分词的用法和形式。
一、过去分词的形式和用法过去分词是以-ed、-en或其他不规则的形式构成的。
它通常与助动词“have”或“had”连用,构成完成时态或过去完成时态。
过去分词也可以作为形容词来使用。
1. 完成时态当过去分词与助动词“have”或“had”连用时,构成了不同的完成时态。
例如:- We have visited Paris before.(我们以前去过巴黎。
)- She had finished her homework by the time I arrived.(我到达的时候,她已经完成了作业。
)2. 形容词过去分词可以作为形容词,修饰名词或代词。
例如:- The broken window needs to be fixed.(那个破窗户需要修理。
)- The lost key was found in the living room.(丢失的钥匙在客厅里找到了。
)二、现在分词的形式和用法现在分词是以-ing结尾的动词形式,常用于进行时态,或作为形容词和副词来使用。
1. 进行时态现在分词与“be”动词连用,构成了进行时态,表示正在进行的动作或状态。
例如:- He is studying for the exam.(他正在为考试复习。
)- They were playing basketball in the park.(他们在公园里打篮球。
)2. 形容词现在分词可以作为形容词,修饰名词或代词。
例如:- The running water is very clear.(流动的水非常清澈。
)- I saw a crying baby on the street.(我在街上看到一个哭泣的婴儿。
)3. 副词现在分词还可以作为副词,修饰动词或整个句子。
不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词

非谓语动词:英语中两个动词不能直接放在一起,要么加TO,要么加ING!不定式:to do (表示事情没做,将要做)动名词:V+ing现在分词:V+ing(表主动,进行)过去分词:done(表被动,完成)特殊类动词直接加动原的:1.使役动词(have ,let, made ) 2.感观动词3.情态动词2.区别1.加to与加ing无区别的:start, begin, continue...2.加to do 与加ing 区别小的(前者表一次性的动作,后者表习惯性动作):like , love ,hate...3.加to do 与加ing 区别大的forget to do sth:忘记做某事(还没做) remember to do sth:记得做某事(还没做) forget doing sth忘记已经做了某事 rembember doing sth:记得已经做了某事stop to do sth:停止某事去做另外一件事regret to do sth:遗憾/后悔没做某事stop doing sth:停止正在做的事情rgeret doing sth:遗憾/后悔做了某事mean to do sth:打算做某事 try to do sth:努力做某事mean doing sth:意味着.. .try doing sth:尝试做某事三,接to do 还是V-ing (常考词)接to do 的词:want/hope/wish/agree/ask/choose/learn/plan/seek/fail/offer/manage/pretend/promise/ref use接V-ing的词:finish/avoid/mind/suggest/miss/practise/risk/feel like/give up/cann't help四,用现在分词还是过去分词Walking in the street, you must be careful.表主动,逗号后面的主语是人,用现在分词.Written in English, it is difficult to read.表被动,逗号后面的主语是物,用过去分词.五:特殊词:interest/excite 等词的非谓语动语结构:人+interested/excited/...物+interesting/exciting/...。
英语不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词

(eat, give up, finish, explain, tell) give up his 1.My teacher was made to _______ teaching because of poor health. explaining/to be explained 2.The sentence wants________________ once more. 3.We find it impossible for the work to be finished ahead of time. __________ to eat oily food 4.The patient was warned not ______ after the operation. to have told you about it, but I 5.I meant _________ forgot to do so.
(6) 状语 Adverbial
I came here to see you. He got up early to catch the train.
2.表原因 3.表结果 1.表目的
in order to , so as to ,
We were very excited to hear the news. This room is big enough to hold us. He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)
(3).She pretended to have known it before.
(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)
巩固练习3 1.The boy pretended ____ when his mother entered. A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read 2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_____ everything. ( 01年高考) A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
动名词 现在分词与过去分词的区别

作表语
(1)动名词
(2)现在分词
My job is teaching. The play is exciting.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
= Teaching is my job. ≠ Exciting is the play.
Her full-time job is The story he told us
)
(6) The child 表fel结l o果ff the tree, hitting his head
against the ground. (
)
2.动词-ing分词一般式
1. 尽管知道我住在哪里,但他从没来看过 我K。nowin
g_____T_h_o_u__ghwhheerkenIowlivsew, hheerneeIvelirvec,ohmees to see me .
6.从山上看, 我们发现这湖泊更加漂亮了。
If we see from the hill, we find the lake looks more beautiful.
S__e_e_i_n_g_ _fr_o__m_ _t_h_e_h__il_l___, we find that the lake looks more beau-itnifgu分l. 词作条件状语
never comes to see me. 让步状语从句
2. 因B为ec我au不se知I d道id她n’t的kn电ow话h号er码tel,eph所on以e 不能 打给n她um。ber, I didn’t phone her.
Not _k_n_o_w__in__g_____ h-eirntge分lep词ho作ne原nu因mb状er语, I didn’t
英语语法现在分词过去分词和动名词的用法

现在分词和过去分词的用法1)As Lily missed the bus, she was late for the class.Missing the bus, she was late for the class.2)As the student was scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.一、现在分词(一)现在分词的定义:现在分词(Present Participle)(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ,是分词的一种,由动词原形+ing形式组成。
具有双重性,一面具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语;另一面具有形容词和副词的特征,可以充当表语,定语,状语,补足语,可以表示主动或正在进行的动作,是非谓语动词的一种。
(二)现在分词的功能与用法:1. 作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前,分词短语作定语时放在后,并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。
一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。
e.g. a running boy→ a boy who is runningan old man standing there →an old man who is standing there例如:The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not specific qualifications.A. requiringB. to be requiredC. being requiredD. to have required2. 作补语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补:1)感官动词:see hear watch feel notice observe find listen to look at2)使役动词:have get make注意:要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补)。
不定式动名词现在分词过去分词作表语的区别和用法

不定式,动名词,现在分词,过去分词作表语的区别不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词都可用作表语,但它们所表示的含义却各不相同一、什么是表语;在形式上,位于系动词后的就是表语;从含义上讲,表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分;如:1. Albert Einstein was a famous professor of physics.阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是一位有名的物理学家;2. The problem remains unsolved.问题仍未解决;二、不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别;不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语,含义是回答主语“是什么”;分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,含义是回答主语“怎么样”;如:1. Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密;主语和表语是相等的job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅;主语和表语是相等的music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动;主语并不等于表语beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知;主语和表语是不相等的三、不定式和动名词作表语的区别;不定式和动名词作表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”的,但二者仍有一些区别;不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作;动名词作表语强调的是一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作;如:1. His job is to paint the walls.他的工作是粉刷这些墙;一次性的,具体的,目前要做的事情,并不是他日常的工作job is painting walls.他的工作是粉刷墙;这是他日常的工作四、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别;现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的;现在分词说明主语的特征,过去分词说明主语的状态;如:1. This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕;说明狗的特征dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕;说明狗的状态is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing.爬山是累人的,爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了;tiring说明climbing的特征,tired说明我们的状态五、不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区别;不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”,和主语之间是可以划等号的,不定式用来表示将来时态时,表示主语即将要执行的动作,和主语之间是不能划等号的;如:1. What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales.他想建议的是降价促销;2. My American teacher is to leave China soon.我的美国老师即将离开中国;六、-ing动词作表语和-ing动词用于进行时的区别;动名词作表语说明主语“是什么”,现在分词作表语说明主语是特征;-ing动词用于正在进行时时,说明主语正在执行的动作;如:1. Her work is taking care of the children.她的工作是照顾小孩;说明主语“是什么”work is interesting, and she enjoys taking care of the children.她的工作很有意思,她喜欢照顾小孩;说明她工作的特征是有意思的is taking care of the children.她在照料小孩;说明她正在执行的动作七、过去分词作表语和过去分词用于被动语态的区别;过去分词作表语说明主语所处的状态,过去分词用于被动语态说明主语所承受的动作;如:1. The cup is broken.杯子碎了;说明杯子是状态cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打坏的;说明杯子承受的动作—被打坏了painting remains unfinished.画仍未完成;说明画的状态painting was finished by his apprentice.这幅画是由他的徒弟完成的;。
非谓语动词分类及用法

非谓语动词分类及用法非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三种。
以下是它们的分类和用法:1. 不定式:不定式是非谓语动词中最常见的形式,由“to+动词原形”构成。
它既可以作为主语、宾语,也可以作为定语、状语等。
不定式的否定形式是在“to”前面加上“not”。
不定式作为主语,表示一种意愿或目的,例如:To study English is important.(学习英语很重要。
)不定式作为宾语,表示一种动作或行为,例如:I want to go home.(我想回家。
)不定式作为定语,修饰名词或代词,例如:I have a lot of homework to do.(我有很多作业要做。
)不定式作为状语,表示目的、结果或原因等,例如:I went to the library to read books.(我去了图书馆看书。
)2. 动名词:动名词由动词原形加“-ing”构成,具有名词的语法功能,在句子中可以作主语、宾语等。
动名词一般表示一种习惯或抽象的动作。
动名词作为主语,表示一种状态或抽象概念,例如:Reading books is a good habit.(读书是一个好习惯。
)动名词作为宾语,表示一种行为或动作,例如:I enjoy listening to music.(我喜欢听音乐。
)3. 分词:分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。
现在分词由动词原形加“-ing”构成,过去分词由动词原形加“-ed”构成。
分词在句子中可以作定语、状语等。
现在分词作为定语,修饰名词或代词,例如:The running man is my brother.(那个跑步的人是我的哥哥。
)过去分词作为定语,修饰名词或代词,例如:The developed country has higher living standards.(发达国家的生活水平更高。
)现在分词作为状语,表示时间、条件、让步等关系,例如:If you continue to work hard, you will succeed.(如果你继续努力工作,你会成功的。
非谓语动词的七种形态的用法和含义

非谓语动词的七种形态的用法和含义
非谓语动词的七种形态包括不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、分词短语、不定式短语和动名词短语。
1.不定式:to do,常用于表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。
例如:She went to the market to buy some vegetables.
2.动名词:doing,可作主语、宾语、表语等,常用于表示动作的
进行与持续。
例如:Reading is her favorite hobby.
3.现在分词:doing,表示与主语同时或者正在进行的动作。
例如:The boy standing over there is my friend.
4.过去分词:done,可用作形容词或者与助动词连用表示完成的
动作。
例如:The work was done by the team.
5.分词短语:having done,表示在完成某个动作之后发生的事情。
例如:Having finished her homework, she went to bed.
6.不定式短语:to be done,表示被动或者完成的动作。
例如:The report is to be submitted by tomorrow.
7.动名词短语:enjoying swimming,表示主语进行的动作是令人愉快的。
例如:She enjoys swimming in the sea.
除了以上七种形态外,非谓语动词还可以组成短语或者从句,常用于虚拟语气、句子的修饰、分句或者非限制性定语从句等。
完全掌握非谓语动词的用法对于提高英语写作和阅读水平非常重要。
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现在分词和过去分词的用法1)As Lily missed the bus, she was late for the class.Missing the bus, she was late for the class.2)As the student was scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.scolded by the teacher, she felt unhappy.一、现在分词(一)现在分词的定义:现在分词(Present Participle)(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ,是分词的一种,由动词原形+ing形式组成。
具有双重性,一面具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语;另一面具有形容词和副词的特征,可以充当表语,定语,状语,补足语,可以表示主动或正在进行的动作,是非谓语动词的一种。
(二)现在分词的功能与用法:1. 作定语单个分词作定语时放在所修饰的名词前,分词短语作定语时放在后,并且名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系。
一般都可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。
e.g. a running boy→ a boy who is runningan old man standing there →an old man who is standing there例如:The report indicated that 45% of students were in jobs not specific qualifications.A. requiringB. to be requiredC. being requiredD. to have required2. 作补语只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补:1)感官动词:see hear watch feel notice observe find listen to look at2)使役动词:have get make注意:要想用现在分词来作宾补,只能是用于这些词后,但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补)。
eg. I saw Thomas playing computer games.Don’t have the students studying all day.注意:宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。
3. 作表语(1) 分词作表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词作表语,一种是过去分词作表语,究竟是用现在分词还是用过去分词作表语是学生们经常困惑的地方。
一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。
这类词常见的有:interesting 使人感到高兴— interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的— excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的— delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的— disappointed感到失望的encouraging 令人鼓舞的— encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的— pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的— puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的— satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的— surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的—worried感到担心的如:Traveling is interesting but tiring.The pupils will get confused if they learn too much at a time.如果让学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
4. 作状语现在分词作状语多表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式、伴随等。
思考题1:请将下列句子中的现在分词短语转化为相应的状语从句:Walking in the street, I saw him. (时间状语)Working hard, you will succeed. (条件状语)Being ill, she stayed at home. (原因状语)Having failed many times, he didn’t lose heart. (让步状语)His parents died, leaving him an orphan. (结果状语)Please answer the question using another way. (方式状语)He entered the classroom, taking a book in his hand. (伴随状语)注意:有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在:generally speaking一般来说Judging from/by 由……判断出strictly speaking 严格来说roughly speaking 大致来说narrowly speaking 狭义上说broadly speaking 广义上说(三)现在分词的独立主格独立主格结构(Independent Genitive)有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
e.g. Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.(it在句中指代的是”天气”)Weather permitting, we will go outing this weekend.思考题2:请将以上两个句子中的独立主格结构改为相应的状语从句。
(四)现在分词的时态与语态:现在分词的一般式:(1) 现在分词的一般式通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
如:She sat there reading a novel.(2) 现在分词的一般式所表示的动作有时在谓语动词的动作之前发生。
如:Going into the room,he shut the door. 走进房间,他就关上了门。
现在分词的完成式:现在分词的完成式表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。
Having finished her homework, the little boy began to watch TV.做完作业后,这个小男孩开始看电视。
现在分词的被动式:现在分词的被动式表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。
(1) 现在分词的一般被动式。
如:The building being built is our library.(2) 现在分词的完成被动式。
如:Having been told many times, he still did not know how to do it.(人家)已经告诉他多少次了,他还是不知道怎么做。
思考题3:请将下列两个句子中的现在分词短语改为相应的定语从句或状语从句。
1. The question being discussed is of great importance.2. Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes.例如:1.________in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. To waitB. Have waitedC. Having waitedD. To have waited2.According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week ______TV.A. to watchB. to watchC. watchingD. watch3.The flu is believed _______ be viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A. causingB. being causedC. to be causedD. to have caused4.The flowers ______ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smellB. smellingC. smeltD. to be smelt5.Don’t leave the water ______ while you brush your teeth.A. runB. runningC. being runD. to run6.They see you as something of a worrier, ______ problems which don’t exist and crossing bridges long before you come to them.A. settlingB. discoveringC. seeingD. designing答:选C 解析:根据句意“他们把你看成是一个杞人忧天的人,常常考虑一些并不存在的问题,为那些尚未发生的事情而烦恼。
”可知,只有see才有“考虑”之意。
settle 解决;discover发现;design 设计。
7.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left.A. to tellB. to be toldC. tellingD. told8.You were silly not _____ your car.A. to lockB. to have lockedC. lockingD. having locked9.The man insisted _______ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A. findB. to findC. on findingD. in finding10.The old man, _______ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to workB. workingC. to have workedD. having worked参考答案:1—10 CCCBB CBBCD二、过去分词(一)过去分词的概念过去分词只有一种形式,没有主动语态,它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。