【参考借鉴】消费者行为学英文版-自己整理(浙江工商大学).doc
消费者行为学第八版_英文版1PPT课件
1971年的电视广告“我教全世界如何歌唱”，此首广告已经播 出变引起轰动，这首歌曲也登上流行歌曲排行榜。
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I'd like to buy the world a home and furnish it with love, Grow apple trees and honey bees, and snow white turtle doves.
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PART I: INTRODUCTION
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Taking it From Here: The Plan of the Book
• Section I – Consumer Behavior • Section II – Consumers as Individuals • Section III – Consumers as Decision Makers • Section IV – Consumers and Subcultures • Section V – Consumers and Culture
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• 一些学生正在寻求那样一些相对不变，放之四海 而皆准的规则，以便为其所面临的问题找到唯一 正确的答案。对这些学生，不断变化、难以逆料 且固执己见的活生生的消费者所带来的不确定性 确实令人沮丧。然而，如果他们能够接受与消费 者打交道就意味着无穷无尽的不确定性这一事实， 运用消费者行为知识发展市场营销战略与策略就 会变得极富刺激和趣味盎然。
• 运用消费者行为学知识发展市场营销策略是一门 艺术。当然这并不意味着科学的原理和方法没有 用武之地，而是指这些原理成功运用于具体情景 时需要人的判断，这种判断远非几条固定的规则 所能涵盖。
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• 让我们更详细地讨论营销与艺术的类似性。假设你想成为 一名艺术家，你就会学习那些公认的关于如何把不同颜色、 视角融为一体以获得良好视觉效果的原理，然后，你会在 实践中对它们加以运用，直到发展出能创造“过得去”的 艺术品的能力。如果你具有某种天赋，又巧遇良师，并选 择了合适的主题，你甚至可能创造出艺术杰作。希望成为 营销经理、销售人员或广告经理的人也应当采取同样的方 法，他们应当对影响消费者行为的不同因素或原理做深入 全面的分析，在此基础上运用这些原理于实践以制定出 “可以接受”的营销战略与策略。虽然知识和实践的结合 通常能产生“过得去”的策略，但与众不同的或出奇制胜 的营销策略，就像艺术珍品或艺术杰作，要求有特别的天 赋、勤奋、时机，甚至某种程度的运气。
消费者行为学英文版 自己整理(浙江工商大学)
1.Consumer behavior: 研究商品、服务、经验或创意的获得、消费及处置的购买单位和交换过程的学科。
2.Why study CB：有效的营销管理，帮助管理者设计营销组合，细分市场，市场定位，环境分析，开展调查研究；在公共政策制定中发挥重要作用；能帮助人们成为更好的消费者3.Research Perspectives1)The Decision-Making Perspective：根据决策观点，消费者首先意识到某个问题的存在，然后在一种理性的解决问题的过程中完成一系列步骤，购买由此产生。
购买过程的步骤包括问题的确认、搜寻、方案评估、选择以及获得后的评估。
2)The Experiential Perspective：体验观点提出，人们有时购买商品和服务是因为情感上的原因，如有趣、制造奇迹或获得情感。
按体验观点分类时有冲动型购买和寻求多样型购买。
当消费者为了降低厌倦程度并获得刺激而改换品牌时就产生了寻求多样型购买3)The Behavioral Influence Perspective: 当强大的外因驱使消费者不需要首先对产品产生强烈的感情或想法就去购买时，行为影响就产生了。
在这种情况中消费者不必经过理智的购买决策过程或依靠某种情感来购买产品或服务。
相反，这些购买行为受外因直接影响，如促销手段、文化规范、自然环境或经济压力。
4、High-Involvement ChoiceCompensatory models of choice:补偿性模型：对某个属性的高度评价可以补偿对其他属性的较低评价。
5、Impulse Purchases (冲动购买)：指顾客的购买行为是在进入超市前没有计划或意识的购买行为。
6、Consumer satisfaction (消费者满意)：获得或使用产品或服务后所有的态度。
7、Equity Theory(公平理论)：指人们会拿自己的付出所得比和别人的付出所得比进行比较，如果他们的比值更好，他们就会觉得不公平。
消费者行为学--收入与社会分级(英文版)
Table 12.1 Effects of restricted vs. elaborated codes
Source: Adapted from Jeffrey F. Durgee, ‘How Consumer Sub-Cultures Code Reality: A Look at Some Code Types’, in Richard J. Lutz, ed., Advances in Consumer Research 13 (Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1986): 332 Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective, 4th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010
Slide 12.5
Discretionary spending
Figure 12.2 Disposable income per capita across the EU-25, 2000
Source: Eurostat, Statistics in Focus, Theme 3–7/2003 (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004): 113, Map 2. © European Communities 2004 Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg, Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective, 4th Edition, © Pearson Education Limited 2010
浙江工商大学《英语写作II》2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷
accident?A．Well done! B．Come on! C．How come? D．No doubt!7、It’s _______ for people to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern Array life.A．reasonable B．availableC．accurate D．cautious8、—What an amazing picture!—The little boy ____the soldiers, and I caught them in an unguarded moment.A．was saluting B．saluted C．had saluted D．would salute9、Youth is a period of our life we see no limit to our hopes and wishes.A．where B．thatC．what D．when10、Linda ________ to her mother for so long that she figures out almost every gesture of hermother’s.A．attended B．had attended C．would attend D．has attended第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AAn Arizona mom says none of her son's kindergarten friends showed up to his birthdayparty after she sent 32 invitations to his classmates.The boy, Teddy, held a birthday party on Sunday at Peter Piper Pizza in Tucson, where he andhis mother, Sil Mazzini, had been expecting dozens of little girls and boys—as well as thechildren's parents—to join them at the restaurant. Mazzini said a few people told her in advancethat they couldn't make it, but she wasn't prepared for everyone to be no-shows.Mazzini shared a photo of her son sitting alone in front of several pizzas on her Facebookpage. That brought dozens and dozens of birthday wishes from around the country, as well asother gifts and offers."I live near Tampa, Florida, and heard about you via my local news," one woman wrote onFacebook. "I hope you have a wonderful year and I'm sending you a big hug." The biggestunexpected birthday present for Teddy came from the Phoenix Suns, who invited him to watchWednesday night's game at the Talking Stick Resort Arena against the Los Angeles Lakers andLeBron James. The city's professional soccer club, the Phoenix Rising, also invited Teddy to "join Array 7,000 of his closest friends" at a playoff game on Friday.But some on social media questioned Mazzini's decision to broadcast her son's humiliating day. "Quick! Someone call the news. Don't embarrass this kid even more than he already is," one woman wrote on Facebook. "Good lord. This is so wrong. "1、How may Teddy feel about his birthday party?A．Relaxed. B．Disturbed. C．Disappointed. D．Bored.2、What did the Phoenix Suns invite Teddy to do?A．Play a playoff game on Friday.B．Watch Wednesday night's game.C．Join the professional soccer club.D．Spend a weekend with them3、What can we infer about Sil Mazzini from the last paragraph?A．She is not supported by all the people.B．She cares little about her son's feelings.C．She regrets having posted her son's images.D．She has removed the comments on Faceloook.BFrom the moment you open your eyes in the morning, you can feel sweat running down your body, even if you're barely moving at all. That's what most people in China felt like this summer. In fact, the entire northern hemisphere(半球)saw high temperatures in July.The Arctic Circle was no exception(例外). Temperatures in the city of Norilsk, which is in the Arctic Circle, reached a record high of 32 ℃, The Atlantic reported. Temperatures there are usually just 10 ℃at this time of the year.The heat wave in the Arctic is mainly a long-term result of global warming, according to the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences. In fact, while the whole world is getting warmer, the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet. This is called the polar amplification effect（极地放大效应）.The most direct impact of Arctic warming is the melting of Arctic ice. According to NASA,Arctic sea ice is now disappearing at a rate of 13.2 percent every 10 years. NASA said that if this Array continues, the Arctic will have no ice by the year 2040.This has put some Arctic animals, like polar bears, in danger. The ice that the bears live on has shrunk(缩小), the Toronto Star reported.Melting ice can also cause sea levels to rise in the long term. Since 1993, sea levels have risen at a rate of 3.2 cm every 10 years, the Guardian reported. Some countries, such as Tuvalu（图瓦鲁）in the South Pacific Ocean and Maldives（马尔代夫）in the Indian Ocean, are at risk of disappearing into the sea1、Which of the following is true?A．Some countries in the ocean will disappear in 10 yearsB．China is the hottest in the northern hemisphere this summerC．The temperatures in Norilsk used to be lower than this summer.D．The world gets warmer because of the heat wave in the Arctic2、What does the underlined word "this" in the third paragraph refer to?A．The heat wave in the Arctic B．The result of global warmingC．Getting warmer in the world D．The Arctic getting warm faster3、What may be the result of the melting of Arctic ice?A．The polar will become dangerous B．Sea levels rise in the long termC．There will be an end of water shortage D．There will be no ice in the world by 20404、What is the main idea of this passage?A．Heat hits ArcticB．Arctic animals are in danger.C．The world became hotter than beforeD．Some countries may disappear into the sea第三部分语言知识运用（共两节）第一节（每小题1分，满分20分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项．The town I live in is about to put cameras at all traffic lights to catch people who run red lights. It 1 me of how many peop le I’ve seen who take the yellow light as a 2 to gofaster. I also can’t understand why people don’t move when the traffic light has turned green.Above all, there are those 3 situations in which someone doesn’t even 4 that the Array light turns red, and just keeps going. That is why so many 5 happen! All these situations make me 6 the purpose of traffic lights.7 , it’s even more frightening to imagine letting people make their own decisions at8 crossroads. Do the biggest cars get to go first? Who decides who goes next? So I guess I do like the idea of a system to 9 traffic. And I’ll do my best to10 the traffic rules: to go, to be cautious, and to stop when I’m11 to.It occurs to me that my 12 have done much the same for me 13 teaching me how to live. They have given me many 14 lights: to get along well with others, to listen and talk to them, to help others, and to 15 with joy and purpose. They have also given me some red lights 16 my life goes astray（误入歧途）: not to be greedy, to keep my temper, and to control my desires. And there 17 have been some yellow caution lights: to watch how much I drink, to keep control of my behavior, and to 18 school regularly and work hard.If I obey these rules, my life will be as 19 as it can be. Just as I’m wise to pay attention to the traffic lights when I’m walking across the street, I’m wise to pay attention to the“20 signals” given to me by my parents.1、A．suggests B．informs C．reminds D．warns2、A．sight B．signal C．message D．switch3、A．instant B．exciting C．dangerous D．cautious4、A．notice B．sense C．remember D．feel5、A．events B．problems C．situations D．accidents6、A．think of B．wonder about C．care for D．worry about7、A．Besides B．Anyway C．Instead D．However8、A．noisy B．narrow C．crowded D．key9、A．control B．direct C．improve D．serve10、A．learn B．obey C．protect D．carry11、A．supposed B．used C．devoted D．delighted12、A．teachers B．friends C．leaders D．parents13、A．in charge of B．in face of C．in terms of D．in danger of14、A．safe B．green C．beneficial D．helpful Array15、A．live B．share C．work D．communicate16、A．unless B．when C．before D．till17、A．still B．even C．only D．also18、A．start B．attend C．leave D．miss19、A．good B．colorful C．meaningful D．healthy20、A．traffic B．light C．life D．confidence第二节（每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
消费者行为学英文版最新教学课件第6章
purchase. – 4. Seek reassurance from satisfied owners
Learning Objective 6.7
– Need for cognition – Innovativeness
Role of Attitudes
• Attitudes are consistent with behavior • How do situations affect attitudes?
Learning Objective 6.2
• Theory of Reasoned Action
• Theory of trying-toconsume
• Attitude-toward-the-ad model
How are the models different from the attitude-toward-object model? From each other?
6.7 To understand the ways people assign causality to events and apply this knowledge to consumer behavior.
Which is the internal attribution?
Bradley uses video-editing software for the first time and his video was well liked. 1.Bradley thinks: “I’m really a natural at editing my digital videos” 2.Bradley thinks: “The successful digital video editing was due to a user-friendly video-editing program” 3.Bradley thinks: “The successful digital video editing was due to the help of someone else” 4.Bradley thinks: “The successful digital video editing was due to luck.”
希夫曼 《消费者行为学(第12版)》英文教学课件CH2
Gender
• Gender roles have blurred • Gender less accurate to distinguish among consumers in
some product categories than it used to be • Some ads depict mean and women in roles traditionally
* Responses on a “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” scale
** Responses indicate the number of times respondents had engaged in the activity during the past 6 months.
Personal Relationships*
I find it hard to speak in front of a group. When I make friends I always try to make the relationships work. I enjoy making my own decisions. Others usually know what’s best for me.
Age
• Age influences buying priorities • Marketers target age groups • Example: movie studios compete for teens and young
adults each summer
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
消费者行为学整理
消费者行为学1、Consumer Behavior消费者行为的定义(掌握英文)The behavior that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs.2、消费者的两种类型（掌握英文）Personal ConsumerThe individual who buys goods and services for his or her own use, for household use, for the use of a family member, or for a friend.Organizational ConsumerA business, government agency, or other institution (profit or nonprofit) that buys the goods, services, and/or equipment necessary for the organization to function.3、市场调研The Consumer Research Process•Secondary research•Primary research–Qualitative–Quantitative定性调研：访谈，投射法（深入）定量调研：问卷调研Qualitative Research•Depth Interviews •Focus Groups •Projective Techniques •Metaphor Analysis Quantitative Research •Observation •Experimentation •Survey questionnaires4、市场细分英文Segmentation: process of dividing the market into subsets of consumers with common needs or characteristics.可分为：Age、Gender、Marital Status、Family Life-cycle、Income, Education, and Occupation.5、消费者调查流程The Consumer Research Process7、消费者动机含义、类型含义：Motivation as a Psychological Force 动机是心理驱动力•Motivation 动机is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action.类型：Rational versus Emotional Motives 理性动机vs. 情感动机•Rationality implies that consumers select goals based on totally objective criteria, such as size, weight, price, or miles per gallon•Emotional motives imply the selection of goals according to personal or subjective criteria马斯洛需求等级，麦克力兰需求三重奏-------需求系统（中英文都掌握）Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs自我实现self-actualization(self-fulfillment)尊重需求ego needs(prestige,status,self-esteem)归属需求social needs(affection,friendship,belonging)安全需求safety and security needs(protection,order,stability)生理需求physiological needs(food,water,air,shelter,sex)A Trio of Needs 戴维·麦克利兰美国社会心理学•Power 权力–individual’s desire to control environment•Affiliation 归属–need for friendship, acceptance, and belonging•Achievement 成就–need for personal accomplishment–closely related to egoistic 利己的and self-actualization 自我实现needs8、学习与记忆的定义（英文）Definition of Consumer Learning•学习：过去经验导致的行为变化。
消费者行为学英文版最新版教学课件第8章
• Which forms of risk were involved?
8-29
Learning Objective 4
• Our access to online sources changes the
way we decide what to buy.
8-30
Cybermediaries
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Information Necessary for Recommending a New Decision Criterion
• It should point out that there are significant
differences among brands on the attribute
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Neuromarketing
• Uses functional magnetic resonance
imaging, a brain-scanning device that tracks blood flow as we perform mental tasks
• Marketers measure consumers’ reactions
Chapter 8 Decision Making
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, 10e
Michael R. Solomon
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Chapter Objectives
When you finish this chapter, you should understand why:
1. Consumer decision making is a central
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For Reflection
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1.Consumerbehavior:研究商品、服务、经验或创意的获得、消费及处置的购买单位和交换过程的学科。
2.WhRstudRCB：有效的营销管理，帮助管理者设计营销组合，细分市场，市场定位，环境分析，开展调查研究；在公共政策制定中发挥重要作用；能帮助人们成为更好的消费者3.ResearchPerspectives1)TheDecision-MakingPerspective：根据决策观点，消费者首先意识到某个问题的存在，然后在一种理性的解决问题的过程中完成一系列步骤，购买由此产生。
购买过程的步骤包括问题的确认、搜寻、方案评估、选择以及获得后的评估。
2)TheERperientialPerspective：体验观点提出，人们有时购买商品和服务是因为情感上的原因，如有趣、制造奇迹或获得情感。
按体验观点分类时有冲动型购买和寻求多样型购买。
当消费者为了降低厌倦程度并获得刺激而改换品牌时就产生了寻求多样型购买3)TheBehavioralInfluencePerspective:当强大的外因驱使消费者不需要首先对产品产生强烈的感情或想法就去购买时，行为影响就产生了。
在这种情况中消费者不必经过理智的购买决策过程或依靠某种情感来购买产品或服务。
相反，这些购买行为受外因直接影响，如促销手段、文化规范、自然环境或经济压力。
4、High-InvolvementChoiceCompensatorRmodelsofchoice:补偿性模型：对某个属性的高度评价可以补偿对其他属性的较低评价。
5、ImpulsePurchases(冲动购买)：指顾客的购买行为是在进入超市前没有计划或意识的购买行为。
6、Consumersatisfaction(消费者满意)：获得或使用产品或服务后所有的态度。
7、EquitRTheorR(公平理论)：指人们会拿自己的付出所得比和别人的付出所得比进行比较，如果他们的比值更好，他们就会觉得不公平。
Outcomes A Outcomes BInputsA=InputsB8、InternalsearchAwarenessset(知晓组)：Considerationset(考虑组)对产品和品牌会做出考虑Inertset(惰性组)不区分产品和品牌Ineptset(排除组)无法接受的产品和品牌（两者要区分，应考选择）9、Low-involvementChoice（低参与度）选择题ConjunctiveRule（连接式）DisjunctiveRule（分离式）EliminationbRAspects（按序排除式）LeRicologRHeuristic（词典编辑式）FrequencRHeuristic（频次选择式）Low-InvolvementChoiceTheConjunctiveRule:连接式：即对每个要分析的属性设置最低应该达到的水平。
如果某个产品在某个属性上不能达到相应的最低水平，就被排除了。
DisjunctiveRule分离式：任何备选方案只要在任意的一个属性上通过相应的最低水平就可以被接受。
EliminationbRAspects按序排除式：选择通过一个有层次的过程进行，每个备选方案在最重要的属性方面进行对比。
在该属性上，未超过最低水平的备选方案被淘汰。
决策者接着在次重要属性上进行评价，排除未超过最低标准的备选方案。
这个过程持续进行到只剩下最后一个备选方案。
选择根据哪个属性来比较备选方案，取决于属性对决策者的重要性程度。
TheLeRicographicHeuristic词典编辑式启发法：消费者将选择在最重要属性上表现最好的备选方案。
如果有平局情况出现的话，就评价次重要的属性，选择在该属性上表现最优的，以此类推。
TheFrequencRHeuristic频次启发法：简单地计算某个品牌超过其他品牌的属性的数量，和属性的重要性几乎没有任何关系。
10、TheAffect-ReferralHeuristic情感转介启发法：选择的基础是对一个备选方案总体的情感反应。
（如对代言人的偏好）11、Absolutethreshold(绝对阈限)：是指刚好引起某种感觉的最小刺激量。
12、SubliminalPerception(阈下刺激):低于知觉水平之下的刺激。
13、JND（justnoticelabledifference)差别感觉阈限:指有50％的机会被察觉到的刺激程度的最小差异量。
刚刚能够察觉到的刺激物的最小差别量。
JND=IRK(I是原刺激K韦伯常数)P43页表格掌握理解应用：如衣服降价多少才能使顾客觉得便宜。
韦伯定律：第一次刺激越强，第二次需要更强的刺激才能被感知。
14、Preattention:前期关注：指人们自动浏览环境的特征的无意识过程。
15、Miller’sLaw米勒法则：每人每次只能处理七个（加或减二）信息块。
（5-9个）是在讲记忆的MemorR的那部分16、Enocoding(编码)：指把短期记忆转化为长期记忆的过程。
（如背单词就是）17、SemanticMemorR(语义记忆)：指人们怎样把文字材料的含义储存到长期记忆中。
SematicmemorRnetwork(语义记忆网络)：是一系列记忆的交点，这些交点代表着所储存的语意概念；线连接这些交点，表面他们之间存在的联系。
举例：比如奔驰，保时捷、现代汽车有节能型，跑车，经济型，但都是汽车。
它们属于不同的国家，它们的特征不同，价格，速度...该网络最上面只有一个属性（如汽车），下面引申开去。
（就是曾经写过的作业）P6618、Recognitiontask(在任记忆)：信息已经出现在人们面前，目标是判断是否该信息在之前已经被看到过。
（自己翻译的）Recalltask(事后记忆)：消费者必须从长期记忆中重新得到信息。
（需要回想）注：这两个是选择判断的，要求会区分，不是名词解释下面开始是讲消费者购买动机影响一类，如别人的不好评价会影响购买，还有逆反心理等。
19、Punisher(惩罚因素)：一种行为降低再次购买的可能性的刺激。
如果行为受到了惩罚——例如，产品坏了或朋友嘲笑这次购买——消费者再次购买的可能性就会降低。
20、Thedesiretomaintainbehaviourfreedom（维护行为自由）考选择判断的有三个因素：PsRchologicalreactance(逆反)Socialthreats(社会威胁)外界强迫你做，你不做impersonalthreat(非个人威胁)如商品缺货对消费购买的影响但这几个也是重点大题目：如利用逆反心理营销，NIKE鞋只卖运动员，然后其他人偏要买；社会威胁如景区的价格很高；非人为威胁如缺货。
21、Perceivedrisk(感知风险)：消费者在不能预见购买决策后果情况下感知到的不确定性。
风险感知包括两方面：不确定性和结果。
（如产品是否想期望一样发挥作用；产品的使用是否会给他人带来威胁；或不值这个价）22、AttributionTheorR(归因理论)：消费者对行为原因做出判断解释的过程。
根据归因理论，人们试图判断行为的原因究竟是内在还是外在的。
即内因还是外因。
营销意义：销人员应该在消费者购买该产品时为其购买行为提供积极的理由，生产商要努力使消费者在购买时相信该产品的广告宣传，针对低参与产品应向消费者展示潜在的重要产品差异以提供理由23、ClassicalConditioning（经典条件反射）选择判断实验为给一条狗吃东西，并摇铃，狗的唾液分泌增加；后来即使没有食物，狗的唾液也会增加分泌。
24、Opponent-ProcessTheorR(对立过程理论)选择判断当某人突然收到可立刻引起积极或消极情绪反应的刺激时，将首先，感觉到快速的积极或消极情绪反应。
接着，第二种和开始经历相反的感觉情绪反应产生。
这两种情绪反应的组合构成了消费者经历的所有感觉。
（马拉松很痛苦，但到达终点的喜悦，这就是对立过程原理）例子：drugsmoking,cigarettesmoking,jogging,marathoning,plaRvideogames....25、TheAugmenting-DiscountingModel(增强削弱模型)判断选择有增强和削弱两个原则。
比如销售员说自己产品的部分缺点反而会增加产品的可行度26、OperantConditioning操作性条件反射(重点，会考操作题)操作性条件反射：行为结果更改该行为出现的频率的过程。
（定义也要求）当消费者产生某一行为时，如购买一件产品，行为的结果将改变这一行为再次发生的可能性。
如果行为得到了正面的强化——例如产品性能好或朋友称赞这次购买成功——消费者再次购买的可能性就会增加。
如果行为受到了惩罚——例如，产品坏了或朋友嘲笑这次购买——消费者再次购买的可能性就会降低。
强化和惩罚因素能够影响消费者行为原则有：Positivereinforcer(积极强化)：如买100送50Negativereinforce(消极强化)：如买保险来消除风险Punisher(惩罚)：朋友不好的评价，会是你不去再次购买Shaping(塑造)：通过积极强化来塑造新的忠诚消费者ERtinction(消退)：做了一件事没有得到认可，以后就再也不做了。
操作性条件反射的三个因素：积极；消极；惩罚。
27、PersonalitR(个性)：与众不同的行为模式，包括想法和情感，它表现每个人对一生境遇的适应特征。
（决定和反映个人如何适应生活环境的内在心理特征）28、AIO结构法：AIO通过确定消费者的活动、兴趣和意见来描述他们的生活方式。
（ActivitR;Interest;Opinionquestions）-------（选择判断）P113活动问题：要求消费者简要说明他们做什么、他们买什么和他们如何分配时间。
兴趣问题：集中于消费者的偏好和优先选择。
意见问题：询问消费者对世界、当地、道德、经济和社会事件的观点和感觉29、Life-stRle：生活方式可定义为“某人如何生活”。
PhRchographicanalRsis心理测量分析：对消费者生活方式、个性和人口统计学的定量研究。
30、tRpesofSelf-Concept:4种自我概念的类型(选择判断型)P109Actualself;Idealself;Socialself;Idealself1．真实的自我2．理想的自我3．社会的自我4．理想的社会自我40、P111（图）41、haloefect(晕轮效应)：消费者认为因为一种产品的某种特性是好或坏，所以这种产品的另外特性也好或坏。
（名人效应就是典型的，爱屋及乌）42、Salientbeliefs(显著信念):指当人们注意到某个对象时，从记忆中唤起的对该对象属性的认知。