从_归化_与_异化_谈导游词的翻译
从归化和异化的角度谈公示语的翻译
摘要近年来，随着我国对外交流的不断增多，来华外国友人日益增多。
为此各大城市不断推动城市的国际化进程，中英文双语的公示语随处可见，英语公示语不仅为游客提供信息，也是反映国家形象的一个重要窗口。
但令人遗憾的是，部分公示语翻译中存在不少问题，所以有必要加强研究公示语的翻译。
公示语是一种特殊的应用文体。
近年来，我国公示语翻译研究发展迅速，越来越多的研究者对其进行了多方面的探讨。
本文从归化和异化的角度入手，研究公示语的翻译。
本文根据归化异化翻译理论，分别提出归化策略下适用于公示语翻译的四种具体翻译方法，异化策略下适用于公示语翻译的四种具体翻译方法，并对各类现行典型性的公示语翻译现象进行详细分析，分析其存在的问题，并提出一些可行性建议，期望为以后的公示语翻译提供一些思路。
关键词公示语翻译; 归化; 异化AbstractRecently, along with China’s increasing exchange and cooperation with foreign countries, more and more foreigners visit, work even live in China. In consequence, major cities promote the process of internationalization constantly, and lots of public signs have been translated into English. Proper translations of public signs is very important for foreigners, because foreigners can get necessary information form the translations and the quality of the translations of public signs often reflect the city’internationalization level. In order to realize the functions of public signs, translators should give priority to cultural differences between source language and target language. Moreover, in the translation of public signs, translators could borrow some fixed expressions from the target language and adopt translation strategies that conform to the target language readers’ mode of thinking to achieve the goals. But, regrettably, there are various kinds of problems in the current translations of public signs. Therefore, more attention is supposed to be paid to the research of translations of public signs.Public signs is a special style, which is playing an increasingly important role in the development of cities. In recent decades, the translation of public signs has developed rapidly, because more and more scholars have studied the translations of public signs from differentperspectives and they have made great achievements. Their achievements provide reference for this paper. It is notable that this paper studies the translation of public signs from Chinese to English from the perspectives of foreignization and domestication. According to the theories of foreignization and domestication, this paper puts forward eight kinds of methods of the translation of public signs from Chinese to English, and makes detailed analyses of the current translation of public signs with various kinds of examples and explanations, then sorting out and classifying the problems in them. At last, some suggestions are put forward. And it would be a great honour that what this paper has studied is helpful to the development of the translation of public signs.Keys words: translations of public signs; foreignization;domesticationAcknowledgementsMy idea for the thesis sprang from the enlightenment of Mrs.Lee, my tutor, to whom I owed great gratitude and appreciation. She gives me invaluable instruction and encouragement. Moreover, I am deeply grateful to those teachers who gave much help these two years. I benefit a lot from sparkling ideas in their lectures. My indebtedness also goes to my parents, who as the supporters of my life and studies, try hard to keep me strong physically and intellectually. Finally, I would like to offer my sincere thanks to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis.ContentsAbstract (In Chinese) (i)Abstract (In English) ................................................................................................ i i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. i v Introduction . (1)1. Public signs (1)1．1 Definition of public signs (2)1．2 Classification of public signs (2)1．3 Characteristics of public signs (2)2. A brief introduction to foreignization and domestication and often employed translation strategies (3)2．1 Foreignization (4)2．2 Domestication (5)2．3 Often employed translation strategies of public signs (6)2．3．1 Four translation strategies of using foreignization (6)2．3．2 Four translation strategies of using domestication (7)3. Employment of the foreignization and domestication in translating public signs from Chinese to English (8)3．1 Employment of domestication among the current accepted translation of public signs from Chinese to English (9)3．2 Employment of foreignization among the current acceptedtranslation of public signs from Chinese to English (10)4．Error analysis and some suggestions (10)4．1 Several typical mistakes in the translation of public signs (11)4．2 Some suggestions for reducing the errors in the translation of public signs (12)Conclusion (13)Works Cited (14)On Translation of Public Signs from the Perspectives of Foreignization andDomesticationIntroductionWith the accelerating of global economy and exchanges of China, translation of public signs from Chinese to English gets more and more attention, and an increasing number of translators are devoting themselves into this field. Nowadays, it is generally accepted that the quality of the translation of public signs is of great importance for increasing a city's taste and improving its image. Improper translations of public signs will cause people's misunderstanding, which is of great disadvantage for the cultural construction and development of a city. Moreover, it will also bring negative influence on the construction of language standardization or even results in international negative influence. Therefore, "Translation of public signs is the concrete embodiment of a country's level in foreign exchange and its construction of humanized environment."(Huang Youyi 2005: 31)As far as the translators are concerned, translation of public signs involves not only translation skills but also the understanding of foreign culture. What's more, translators should have a keen sense of responsibility and improve their qualities to avoid the unnecessary mistakes. This paper first presents the definition, classification, characteristics of public signs, and gives a brief study of translation strategies including foreignization and domestication and some often employed translation methods, followed by analyses of current translations of public signs, with the hope of putting forward some feasible suggestions of the public signs.1. Public signsPublic signs is a kind of special style, which usually refer to the public bulletins, instructions, and warning notices. Public signs are most widely used in public facilities, public institution, zone name, scenic spots, important military police, manufacturing base and so on.1．1 Definition of public signsThe so-called public signs refer to the language used in public places. Public signs are used extensively in many fields, including business promotion, signs of public facilities, administrative division, transportation, shopping, sightseeing, organization names etc.1．2 Classification of public signsClassifying public signs facilitates us to find out the universality of the same kind of public signs, and to grasp the universal law of writing and translation of public signs. Public signs can be classified in many ways, this paper tend to classify public signs according to their functions into four categories: indicating public signs; prompting public signs; restricting public signs and compelling public signs，because this four functions cover the majority of public signs.1．3 Characteristics of public signsPublic signs are supposed to have the characteristics of simplicity, conventionality, and purpose for the function of giving a sign to public. The words of language used for public signs should be concise, accurate, normative, practical, and courteous. Extensive use of content words, key words, phrases and abbreviations, words and logo combination constitutes a unique language style of public signs. Public signs generally use the terms commonly used to avoid the use of uncommon words, such as the old saying, and slang.First, simplicity means that both words and sentences must be concise, and strive to obtain the best practical effect of making people understand the most accurate anddirect information in the shortest time through the most concise form. For instance, 单行道One Way, 外币兑换Foreign Exchange, 施工现场，严禁入内Construction Site Keep Out. In addition，abbreviation is often used in public signs for example 贵宾会员VIP, 停车场P, 餐饮F＆B and so on..Second, by conventionality, the author means the rules required in the course of public signs translation, that is to say, some public signs’ translations should adhere to a set of conventions and can not be changed at will, or will cause ambiguity. For instance 中山路Zhongshan Road, 禁止转弯No Turn, 结算Check Out etc. All of these expressions are concise and conform to the convention in full compliance with the Anglo-American language habits.Third, purpose here means that the information conveyed by public signs should be understood by people and encourages them to act on these ideas. English public signs should meet the social, behavioral, and psychological need of foreigners. If an English public can accurately give a sign to foreign friends, it can be called a good English public sign. For instance 右侧行驶Keep Right, 禁止停车No Parking, and so on.2. A brief introduction to foreignization and domestication and often employed translation strategiesDomestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers; while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. In the contemporary international translation field, Eugene Nida is regarded as the representative of those who favor domesticating translation, whereas the Italian scholar Lawrence Venuti is regarded as the spokesman for those who favor foreignizing translation. Domestication and foreignization, however, are concerned with the two cultures, the former meaning replacing the source culture with the targetculture and the latter preserving the differences of the source culture. Only when there are differences in both linguistic presentation and cultural connotation, domestication and foreignization exist.2.1 ForeignizationIt is the Italian scholar Lawrence Venuti who can be regarded as the spokesman for those who favor foreignizing translation. Venuti’s foreignizing strategy is put forward in the “aggressive monolingual” cultural background such as the Anglo-American culture. As a staunch advocate of foreignization, Venuti believes there is violence residing in the very purpose and activity of domestication. He holds that the phenomenon of domestication involves an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to Anglo-American target language cultural values. This entails translating in a transparent, fluent, invisible style in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT (Jeremy 2001:146). Venuti proposes the strategy of “resistant translation”( i.e. foreignization) against the tradition of “smooth translation”. He argues that foreignization entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language (Venuti 1997: 242).Foreignization produces something that cannot be confused with either the source-language text or a text written originally in the target language. Venuti (1995: 20) considers the foreinizing method to be ‘an ethnodeviant pressure on [target-language culture] values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad’. It is ‘highly desirable’, he says, in an effort to ‘restrain the ethnocentric violence of translation. In other words, the foreignizing method can restrain the violently domesticating cultural values of the English-language world (Jeremy 2001:147). In summary, foreignization advocated by Venuti and his followers is a non-fluent or estranging translation style designed to make visible the presence of the translator by highlighting the foreign identity of the ST and protecting it from the ideological dominance of the target culture.2．2 DomesticationIn the contemporary international translation field, the person who has initiated the controversy between domestication and foreignization is Eugene Nida, whom is regarded as the representative of those who favor domesticating translation. Nida differentiates between two types of equivalences: formal and dynamic (or functional) as basic translation orientations. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. It is a means of providing some insight into the lexical, grammatical or structural form of a source text, which is similar to literal translation. Functional equivalence, however, is based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. the relationship between receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receivers and the SL message. In language, Culture and Translating, a minimal definition of functional equivalence is stated as “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”. The maximal, ideal definition is stated as “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original re aders did”. (Nida 1995: 118)In fact Nida’s functional equivalence is based on and is used to guide the translation of Bible. His translation work, splendid though it is, comes out of a specific purpose: the translation of a Christian text with the goal of converting non-Christians to a different spiritual viewpoint. In order to entail a good understanding and operative function for the receptors of the target language, the message in the Bible with the meaning in Latin “do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing” can be rendered in English as “do it in such a way that even your closest friend will not know about it”. Nida points out that this translation first avoids the possible misunderstanding by the receptors and thus makes clear the tangible reference to present-day circumstances of life. This practice may be acceptable in translating Bible, but in handling cultural factors in texts other than Biblical one, functional equivalence is inadequate and isleading.2．3 Often employed translation strategies of public signsTranslation strategies of foreignization and domestication refer to the translation strategies selected by translators depending on the cultural position of translators. The so-called translation strategy of domestication means that translation should adhere to the target language ,abide by the cultural language traditions of the target language readers, return to the authentic target language expression, requiring the translator using the target language readers’accustomed expression to convey the contents of the original, and the translation should try to adapt, to take care of the target language and cultural factors for the readers’ sak e to eliminate linguistic and cultural barriers. On the contrary, the so-called translation strategy of foreignization means that translators should adopt and pay more attention to cultural factors in source language and the original author’s wording.2．3．1 Four translation strategies of using foreignization Foreignization means to accept foreign culture, and its main purpose is to try to preserve the cultural characteristics of source language and let readers know exoticism. There are several methods of the translation of public signs as following.(1) Literal translationLiteral translation means to try to keep the meaning of vocabulary, sentence structure, and the tone of translation consistent with the source language. For example, “打破铁饭碗” is translated into “to break the iron ricebowl”. “铁饭碗” is an idiom in Chinese. “饭碗” is a metaphor of making a living in Chinese. And “铁” refers to a stable work.. There is no doubt that using the method of literal translation to translate such words of obvious Chinese characteristics is not only beneficial to retain the image of source language but also to introduce China’s unique culture. Moreover, such words as “the year of dragon龙年, “Confucianism 儒家, “Three Represents三个代表” have gradually been accepted by foreigners.(2) TransliterationTransliteration is a method that can not be ignored in the course of translation ofpublic signs. Not only must the translation of the proper terms (names and places etc.) be a transliteration, but also the translation of many words that can not find the exact corresponding word in the source language. Such as “logic” has been translated into “逻辑”. In one word, transliteration is a practical method to absorb foreign words.(3) AmplificationIt is inevitable to add some words in the course of translation from one language to another language because of the disparity between the languages. For simplicity or conventionality, it is quite normal to omit some words in Chinese, so translators have to add some words in order to translate accurately. For instance, “发展才是硬道理”, here “发展”can not be translated into “development”simply, but to translate as “Economic growth is most important”.(4) Not to translateIn fact, some public signs need not to be translated into English. Because some western slogan public signs are designed to call people up to act, while the counterparts in China are designed to inform people of the information. Westerners often feel uncomfortable when see this kind of slogan public signs in China, because they feel that someone are ordering them to do something. Moreover, some public signs are limited in the public life of Chinese people, for instance “只生一个好”, “军车免费”, “禁止在公园内大小便” and so on.2．3．2 Four translation strategies of using domestication Domestication try to regard language as a tool of communication and make translation read like a mother tongue to minimize the cultural differences, which is a reader-centered translation. There are several methods of the translation of public signs as following.(1) Free translationThe so-called free translation refers to a translation method of only retain the contents but not the form of the original work during the translation. For instance, the slogan of China International Travel Service “在家靠自己，出门靠国旅”has been translated into “At ho me you are your own boss. In China your Aladdin’s Lamp isCITS”. This translation takes cultural differences into full consideration.(2) “borrow” from foreign public signsThere are many public signs in English-speaking countries, some of them can be used directly in China. For example, “请勿触摸Hands off”, “小心地滑Wet floor”, “不收门票Admission is f ree”, “专用车位Authorized personnel only”, “数量有限,售完为止Subject to availability”, “老弱病残专座handicapped”.(3) RewritingChinese tend to be magnificent while English straightforward and simple. In the translation of public signs we should sometimes adopt the method of rewriting. For instance, “鼓山风景区，美化靠大家”are supposed to be translated into “Environmental protection starts from you and me”. “走近世界地质公园．感受中国灵秀泰宁” is translated into “Welcome to Taining World Geopark”.(4) OmissionMany of public signs in Chinese are concise slogan. If they are translated literally, the simplicity of the slogan will be undermined. In order to keep the simplicity of slogan, some contents that is not necessary for foreigners to know can be omitted. For example, “永葆先进性,建设新农村”can be translated into “Working together towards a New Socialist Countryside”.3. Employment of the foreignization and domestication intranslating public signs from Chinese to English Domestication and foreignization are not incompatible, but should complement with each other. They are just two different strategies of translation, we should not bring them to extremes: domestication does not mean translators can make adaptations at will, while foreignization does not equal word-for-word translation or static translation. What we should do is to draw a balance between the two sides, choosing one does not negate the application of another. Even if the translator takes domestication as the dominating strategy in order for the translation to be easily understood by the receivers, he/she can also reserve the original images concerningspecific culturally loaded expressions; on the other hand, even if the translation is to preserve the exoticism to import foreign cultures into the target language, changes must be made on certain points which appear quite unnatural or even unaccepted by the target readers and language.3．1 Employment of domestication among the current accepted translation of public signs from Chinese to EnglishThe author puts forward several following examples complete with explanations to facilitate the readers to have a general understanding of employment of domestication in translating public signs from Chinese to English.Example 1"欢迎再来！Welcome again!""欢迎再次乘坐12路公交Welcome to ride Line 12 again!""欢迎收听我的新闻Welcome to listen to my news".The Chinese word "欢迎" is often used in restaurants, hotels, public service places. We often follow Chinese habits of expression, then finding out the according English phrase “welcome to”to translate “欢迎”. There are no grammatical errors in the above translation, even no expression errors, but they are not correct expressions in English. The above public signs can be translated as following:“欢迎再来! Please come again!”“欢迎再次乘坐13路公交车! Thank you for riding Line 13 and we would be pleased to welcome you back aboard at any time!”“欢迎收听我的新闻Thanks for tuning in”Example 2“有困难，找警察If you have trouble, ask for the policeman”Almost every city has this public sign, and most of them are translated literally, failing to meet the English expression habit. So we can translate it as following:“有困难, 找警察In case of trouble, call the police”Example 3“开车前五分钟停止检票check in stops 5 minutes before train departure”This is a public sign in railway station. At the first glance there is no grammatical mistake in the translation. But when the phrase “check in”function as a noun ,it should be written as “chick-in”; Moreover “chick-in”is only used in airport but not in railway under normal circumstances. So we can translate it as following:“开车前五分钟停止检票Gates close 5minutes before departure”.When we translate Chinese public signs into English, we are supposed to use the strategy of domestication, and adhere to the language tradition of English readers. Translators are supposed to convey the contents of public signs in the way in which English-readers are accustomed to and make them have according action.3．2 Employment of foreignization among the current accepted translation of public signs from Chinese to EnglishWhen translating the public signs that contain the vocabulary of Chinese characteristics, translators can use the strategy of foreignization. And there are some successful precedents, for example, “柔道Judo”.When there are unique things of Chinese chracteristics in the public signs, they can be translated into Hanyu Pinyin, maximing the reserves of the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture and national language style. For example, jiaozi(饺子), kungfu(功夫)，yin＆yang(阴阳)，kowtow(叩头)，qipao(旗袍)，mantou(馒头) can be used for cultural exchange in the form of Hanyu Pinyin. Introducing the oriental culture to the world through translation will be a meaningful work.If a translator uses the strategy of foreignization, that is to say, convey the contents of Chinsee public signs in "Chinese way", he or she should take foreigner's feeling into consideration to ensure that the public signs can function well and there is no misunderstanding to foreigners.4．Error analysis and some suggestionsProper translations of public signs is very important for foreigners, because foreigners can get necessary information form the translations and the quality of the translations of public signs often reflect the city’ internationalization level. However, it is a pity to find that there are various kinds of mistakes in the current translations of public signs. This chapter collects a large number of current translations of public signs and finds out the problems in them, then sorting them out. These problems are classified into four categories according to this paper. Last but not least, this paper attempts to put forward some feasible suggestions to improve the translation of public signs.4．1 Several typical mistakes in the translation of public signsThis paper aims to summarize the common errors in translation of public signs. The translation of public signs of the common errors can be divided into the following four categories.(1) spelling mistakesThis is the most common type of error. As long as people who has some basic knowledge of English are careful enough, this kind of mistake can be avoided. However, this kind of error is everywhere. For example, “Domestic Arrivas (Arrival) 国内到达（某国际机场）”, “Purking (Parking) Lot 停车场（成都蓝色加勒比广场）”, “General Snrgery (Surgery) （某大学校医院）”.(2) grammatical mistakesThis type of error is largely due to translator capacity, often resulting in translations that do not meet the English habits, and are even unintelligible. For example, in some tourism attractions, “请勿游泳”and “请勿戏水”are translated into “Don’t Swimming”and “Don’t Playing in the Water". Obviously, they are not correct. “No Swimming”and“Don’t Play in the Water”are more proper translations.(3) verbal errorsA misnomer is also very common in the translation of public signs. This kind oferror may not only bring foreigners the obstacle to understanding the public signs, even worse, it may cause their misunderstanding. For example, “某地民族公园” has been translated into “Racist Park”. Racist is often related to racial discrimination, so “National Park”is a more proper translation. “药房”sometimes is translated into “medicine store”, which is not proper. And it can be translated into “pharmacy”.(4) cultural understandingsLanguage is not only a tool of communication, but also a carrier of culture. According to culture background, Chinese tend to be implied and tactful, and do not want to say or do something directly, so such kind of public signs as “请勿吸烟”, “请主动为老弱病残让座”is everywhere. While westerners tend to be straightforward and strict in public signs, such words of “don’t”, “must”frequently appear in their public signs. For example, translating the public sign of “爱护花木”into “Don’t pick flowers” is more proper than “Please cherish flowers and trees”. 4．2 Some suggestions for reducing the errors in the translation of public signsThose mistakes in the translation of public signs not only bring inconvenience to foreigners, but also affect China’s international image negatively. Therefore, how to improve the translation of public signs from Chinese to English has become an urgent and serious issue. Some suggestions are made in this paper.First, translations of public signs are vital to improve the overall quality of the city and to change the image of city. Relevant authorities are supposed to set up a special working group responsible for setting standards to make translations of public signs standardized and have rules to follow. Moreover the popularity of translations of public signs requires the active participation of the general public.Second, strengthening the supervision of Public Signs publication is helpful to decrease the number of mistakes in the translation of public signs. Public signs should be translated by experts according to relevant national standards to prevent the errors in the translation of public signs. In addition, the manufacturing staff of public signs。
浅谈旅游翻译中的归化与异化方法的应用
浅谈旅游翻译中的归化与异化方法的应用作者：刘盛泉来源：《科技视界》2013年第09期【摘要】旅游翻译，属于应用性文体，形式多样，内容涵盖面非常广，有丰富多样的文体类型。
同时，旅游翻译也具备强烈的跨文化特征，可以说，旅游文本的翻译在很大程度上就是译者对不同国家和地区的不同文化进行交际转换。
正是在这样的不同的文化接触中，归化和异化译法获得了广阔的施展空间，在旅游翻译中发挥了极其重要的作用。
因此，对旅游翻译中的归化与异化方法的应用进行探讨是很有意义的。
【关键词】旅游翻译；归化；异化０引言正如2008年奥运主题曲中所唱，当今世界是一个“地球村”，这个村的居民比以往任何时候都乐于且易于“互相串门”，而且村里的每家每户都很热衷于盛情接待到访的客人，都希望尽可能多地去了解自己的邻居，尽可能多地被邻居们了解。
于是，旅游行为国际化，旅游事业国际化，旅游翻译迎来更好的契机和更大的责任。
旅游业是一个相当广阔、涉及领域繁多的平台，身处于这个平台之上的旅游翻译不再是单纯的语言转换的问题，而是更多地涉及到思想交流、文化沟通、互信互重等诸多方面。
在旅游翻译行为中使用多样化的技巧和方法，更有利于提升其关键价值。
其中归化和异化二法尤其值得探讨。
1归化与异化的定义和特征归化和异化这对翻译术语是由美国著名翻译理论学家劳伦斯韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）于1995年在《译者的隐身》中提出来的。
（谭载喜 2005）归化即是把源语本土化，以目标语或译文读者为归宿，采取目标语读者所习惯的表达方式来传达原文的内容。
归化翻译要求译者向目的语的读者靠拢，译者必须像本国作者那样说话，原作者要想和读者直接对话，译作必须变成地道的本国语言。
归化翻译有助于读者更好地理解译文，增强译文的可读性和欣赏性。
相反，异化则是“译者尽可能不去打扰作者，让读者向作者靠拢”。
在翻译上就是迁就外来文化的语言特点，吸纳外语表达方式，要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者所使用的源语表达方式来传达原文的内容，即以目的语文化为归宿。
从归化与异化之争谈英汉习语互译
从归化与异化之争谈英汉习语互译作者：谭晓丽摘要:归化和异化是两种截然相反的翻译态度，异化的翻译在保持对原文的忠实、促进文化交流和吸收外来语词汇方面起了积极作用，在翻译习语时应将两种译法并用。
关键词:归化;异化;习语;英汉互译传统的翻译原则是“通顺的翻译”，即“归化”(domestication)的翻译，其结果是译文读起来通俗易懂，不存在艰涩拗口的现象，象是原文创作的作品。
在英美翻译文化中，一直以通顺翻译的归化理论占主导地位，其主要代表是奈达。
他提出翻译应“以读者反应为中心’，。
甚至还有人提出“针对不同类型的读者出版不同的译文”的观点。
美国学者劳伦斯·韦努蒂(Law rence Venuti)通过对西方翻译史的研究，对归化的翻译原则提出了质疑，并批判了以往翻译中占主导地位且以目的语文化为归宿的倾向，同时提出了解构主义(de-constructionism)的反对译文通顺的翻译策略，即提倡异化的翻译(foreignizing translation)。
这种翻译保留了外国文本中之异，其目的是要发展一种抵御以目的语文化价值观为主导地位的翻译理论和实践，以表现外国文本在语言和文化上的差异。
近年来，以上两种翻译方法的争论日趋激烈，以习语( Idioms)的翻译为例，英汉两种语言都有相当数量的习语，由于风俗习惯和地理位置的不同造成的语言和文化差异，意义完全相同、结构相似、字数相等的习语很少在译文语言中找到。
在跨语际翻译中，如何处理原语和译语中文化个性浓重、表达形式相差甚远的习语呢?是采取归化的翻译方法还是异化翻译方法呢?对此，笔者谈谈自己的看法。
一、从归化的翻译谈英汉习语互译归化的翻译在理论上是把语言看作交际工具;在实践上，强调通俗易懂，避免多义或歧义。
习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。
论归化和异化与旅游景点公示语的翻译 ——以武汉市旅游景点公示语为例
论归化和异化与旅游景点公示语的翻译——以武汉市旅游景点公示语为例摘要：旅游景点公示语的翻译，尤其是涉及到的文化因素的旅游文本翻译，直接关系着外国游客对当地旅游景点的理解，以及当地文化的对外宣传效果。
本文以武汉旅游景点公示语的翻译为例，从归化和异化的翻译策略出发，通过旅游景点指示牌的英译、景点名称以及景点内容的翻译研究，探讨了归化和异化在文化宣传上的效果。
从而得出对旅游文化翻译的方法启示，即归化和异化互为补充，根据情况进行运用，从而实现翻译目的。
关键词：归化；异化；公示语；旅游景点1.引言湖北省武汉市是国家历史文化名城和中国优秀旅游城市，有名胜古迹339处，革命纪念地103处，国家级重点文物保护单位13处，省级及市级重点文物保护单位156处。
著名的景点有“天下江山第一楼”黄鹤楼、“中国最大城中湖”东湖、“佛教圣地”归元寺、“万里长江第一桥”武汉长江大桥、“亚洲民主之门”红楼、“百年老街”江汉路等。
这些风景名胜区每年都会吸引大量国内外游客前来参观和游玩，因此它们的对外推介显得尤为重要，关系到一种文化的传播。
旅游文本以及解说公示语的翻译是外国游客了解景点的重要指南，涉及到自然和人文景观、民俗风情、传统历史文化和跨文化交际等诸多方面的知识，其质量直接关系到旅游景点和文化的宣传效果。
然而，目前武汉市的旅旅游景点宣传资料，景区公示语和解说牌的翻译以及英语咨询服务中心等资源仍然不足，整体英译水平不高，这不仅将会导致对外国游客信息传递的不准确，在一定程度上也可能削减游客对旅游景区的兴趣。
笔者在查阅相关资料的基础上对武汉具有代表性的旅游景点进行实地考察，以黄鹤楼、湖北省博物馆景区的旅游资料和公示语的翻译为例，分析了风景名胜区公示语的翻译，并对旅游景点的公示语进行了分类, 探究了不规范现象产生的原因，最后借助翻译的“归化”和“异化”对旅游景点翻译规范化的策略提出了解决思路,意在能够引起相关部门的关注,有助于推动完善城市公示语翻译,净化外语语言环境,营造良好的语言文字氛围, 提升城市国际化水平。
从归化异化看旅游广告翻译
从归化异化看旅游广告翻译作者：王岩来源：《旅游纵览·行业版》2012年第06期摘要：本文从翻译的归化异化理论出发，结合旅游广告实例，分析在这两个理论指导下可采取的具体翻译方法。
在旅游广告翻译中，归化和异化是相得益彰的，并不是完全对立的，具体采取哪种方式，要根据实际情况进行选择。
关键词：归化；异化；旅游广告一、归化的应用归化在旅游广告翻译中应用相当广泛。
因为旅游广告是面向游客，为了宣传旅游产品和服务，吸引游客的购买动机，因此旅游广告的翻译应该考虑到游客的心理，最大化地满足游客的需求，采取易于其接受的方式。
旅游广告翻译中的归化可以采取以下四种方法：1、意译法。
意译是指改变形式，但不改变内容的翻译，采用目标读者易于接受的表达方式，意译虽不等同于归化，但用意译的方法可以达到归化的效果。
由于汉英两种语言在风格上有所不同，因此在表达时需要考虑到与目的语表达方式相一致。
2、删减法。
对于目的语读者来说，有些信息涉及到一国历史文化，但是外国读者却不了解的次要信息，可以选择删减来增强可读性。
例如，九寨沟的广告中这样描写：九寨沟风光之美，实际上百倍于这样的描绘。
就四川的名山秀水而论，总是有它们各自的独特风格和个性的。
这段文字的描述，无非是要突出九寨沟的美，用其它景观加以对比。
然而，对于外国游客来说，他们旅游的目的就是为了参观九寨沟，对于别的景观他们没有必要了解，如果硬要译出来，恐怕文字晦涩难懂。
因此不妨删掉，突出主要意思即可。
译为：The scene, actually, is much more beautiful than can be put into words.仅一句话，就把重要信息表达出来，可谓简练。
但是不可否认，删减法不可避免地造成原文信息的丢失，也少了一些文采。
3、增补法。
增补法是和删减法相对而言的，在翻译人名、地名、历史年代以及一国历史文化时，外国游客可能不甚了解。
所以，在其后我们可以通过定语从句、括号加注等方法增加必要信息让其更好的了解广告内容。
从“归化”与“异化”谈导游词的翻译
一
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、
导 游 词 翻 译 的 目的和 特 点
（ 信息准确 ， 一） 适度原则 牛津大学哲学家格莱斯 （ ． ． ｒ ｅ 在 他的会话 含义 Ｈ Ｐ Ｇ ｃ） ｉ （ｏ ｖｒ ｔ ｎｌｍｐ ｅｔｒ） ｃｎｅｓｉ ａ ｉ ｌａｕｅ 理论 中提 出， ａｏ ｉ 在会话 中有某种规
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从“ 归化 ＂ “ 化 ” 导 游 词 的翻 译 ’ 与 异 谈
王 芳
（ 成宁学院 外国语学院， 湖北
摘
成宁 ４７０ ） ３０ ５
要： 随着 中国涉外旅游业的迅速发展 ， 涉外导游词的翻译也越 来越 突显 出其重要地位。但是 由于导游词 的特
殊性 ， 以及 中英文化 的差异性 ， 导游词翻译方 面我们还存在很 多问题 。本文从“ 在 归化” 异化” “ 的角度入手 ， 出 提
（￣ ｎｒ 。导游词作为导游和游客之间交流会话的一种媒 ｎ ｌ ｅ） ｎ
介 ， 游和游客 之 间的会 话 内容 ， 导 因此 至少 必须 符合 数量 （ ａ ｔ） ｕ ｙ ｑ ￣ 和质量 （ ｕｌｙ 原则 。即所 介绍景 点的信 息首先 ｑａｉ ） ｔ 应该准确无误 ， 然后 再要 求对 景点 介 绍的信 息应 该适 度。 由于 中西文化差异很大 ， 信息介 绍太多 ， 游客 吸收不 了 ， 导
翻译讲座之归化与异化
翻译理论与实践
之归化与异化
归化” 异化” 翻译的 “归化”和“异化”
在翻译界，翻译理论众多，各派观点不一，可谓是“百花齐放， 百家争鸣”。除了 “直译”和“意译”之争外，还有“归化”和 “异化”之争。我国著名的翻译家杨绛先生 杨绛先生曾经形象地比喻说， 杨绛先生 译者所从事的工作，是“一仆二主”的事情，即译者这个“仆人” “一仆二主” 不仅要忠实于原著 这个“主人”，还要忠实于读者 这个“主 这个“主人” 这个“ 要忠实于 忠实于 人”。 这就要求译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽 可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者 还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于 读者理解和接受。但是，要完全做到这两个方面却不容易。有时， 由于各种因素，译者不得不“背叛” 自己的一个“主人”，于是 就出现了“归化”或“异化”的现象。
2．异化可以在词语层出现。例如： “crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪” “an ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้live branch”译作“橄榄枝” “sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄” “the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。 3．异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻 译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用 了不少“欧化句式”
请用“归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话：
⑴ Lead a dog's life 过着牛马不如的生活 ⑵ Jack of all trades 三脚猫 / 样样都通，样样稀松 ⑶ A drowned rat 落汤鸡 ⑷ Let the cat out of the bag. 露马脚 ⑸ Every dog has his day. 风水轮流转/ 人人都有走运 时 ⑹ Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that they're met with misfortune. 别在我面前装慈悲，你自己知道你对他们遭遇不幸 有多高兴。 (7) Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment. 不到关键时刻不要亮出你的绝招。
中国旅游文本汉英翻译的归化和异化
中国旅游文本汉英翻译的归化和异化内容摘要：自改革开放政策执行以来，我国旅游业一直呈现迅速繁荣发展趋势，旅游业在我国国民经济发展中扮演着十分重要的角色。
与此同时，旅游类翻译已经被视为一条将我国旅游业引往国际市场的必经之路。
为了能够让国外游客更清楚地了解中国的旅游胜地，我们应该对旅游翻译加以重视。
尽管国内的旅游资料翻译如同雨后春笋般涌现，但在旅游翻译中仍存在许多问题，尤其是翻译策略的选择问题。
归化与异化作为处理语言形式和文化因素的两种不同的翻译策略，无疑对旅游翻译的发展做出了巨大贡献。
本文将重点讨论在汉英旅游翻译中，译者该如何正确的处理归化和异化问题，实现归化和异化的有机结合，从而达到理想的翻译水平。
从归化与异化的定义、关系、以及归化和异化在旅游翻译中的应用与意义进行论述。
关键词：旅游文本归化翻译异化翻译关于翻译中归化和异化的定义，国内外的专家学者已经做了很多的描述。
为了使得本文读者更好地了解什么是翻译中的归化和异化，作者将介绍这两种翻译方法的关键不同，包括两者的定义以及两者之间的关系。
从他们的定义，很容易找到归化和异化之间的差异。
通过对比，这两种策略有各自的目的、优点和语言样式。
归化是指翻译策略中，应使作为外国文字的目标语读者尽可能多的感“流畅的风格，最大限度地淡化对原文的陌生感的翻译策略”（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997：59）。
换句话说，归化翻译的核心思想是译者需要更接近读者。
归化的目的在于向读者传递最基本精神和内容含义。
这种翻译策略明显的优势就是读者可以很容易地接受它流畅的语言风格。
例如，济公是个中国神话中的传奇人物。
不过，外国人可能没有在这种明确的翻译方式下获得信息。
因此，适合的翻译方法是找出西方国家中类似济公这样的人物。
因此最终的翻译为：济公是一个中国神话中的传奇人物（类似于西方文化中的罗宾汉）。
这样的翻译更容易被目的语读者所接受。
“异化是指在在翻译策略中，使译文打破目地语的约束，迁就外来文化的语言特点以及文化差异。
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第29卷第5期 咸 宁 学 院 学 报 Vol.29,No.5 2009年10月 Journa l of X i a nn i n g Un i versity Oct.2009文章编号:1006-5342(2009)05-0067-03从“归化”与“异化”谈导游词的翻译3王 芳(咸宁学院 外国语学院,湖北 咸宁 437005)摘 要:随着中国涉外旅游业的迅速发展,涉外导游词的翻译也越来越突显出其重要地位。
但是由于导游词的特殊性,以及中英文化的差异性,在导游词翻译方面我们还存在很多问题。
本文从“归化”“异化”的角度入手,提出在导游词翻译时,做到在语言层面的“归化”,文化信息层面“归化”和“异化”有机结合。
关键词:导游词;归化;异化中图分类号:H315.9文献标识码:A 前言中国加入W T O后,旅游业进入了一个高速发展的时期,中国丰富的旅游资源将会吸引越来越多的外国旅游者。
如何将我国的名山大川更加完美地介绍给外国游客必将是一个不可回避的话题,进而对导游词的翻译创作也提出了更高的要求。
翻译成英语的导游词通常是提供导游员在途中、景点、娱乐场所、商店或餐厅时进行口头讲解服务用的,故又不同于即兴发挥的“现场导游”(i m p r omp tu intr oducti on)和“途中导游”(on-the-way intr oducti on),前者是“预制性的”(p re -translated),后者则需现编词(除事先准备等因素)。
本文将集中研究讨论“预制性的”(p re-translated)导游词的翻译。
一、导游词翻译的目的和特点正如前言中所述,导游词通常是提供导游员在途中、景点、娱乐场所、商店或餐厅时进行口头讲解服务用的材料。
主要功能是帮助外国游客快捷地了解旅游景点的自然风光、民风民俗、本土特产、风味小吃、历史文化古迹与遗产等。
因此导游词翻译不外乎就有以下两个目的:1.吸引游客,激发他们参观景点的兴趣,增强其参观乐趣。
2.增加游客对中国历史文化的了解,传播中文化。
在导游这种交际语境中,交际的双方———导游人员和游客构成一种较为特殊的关系,从而形成一种较为特殊的语境特点。
在这种语境中,他们不是相互交谈,而是导游以发送信息———说为主,游客以接受信息———听为主。
因此作为向游客发送的导游词有着与其他文本不同的特殊性。
首先,服务对象明确(t ourist—oriented)导游词是一种特殊的文本,它是通过导游翻译之口说给外国游客的。
其服务对象单一、明确,始终以旅游者为出发点,这是导游词及其翻译的最大特点。
因此导游词翻译必须尽可能地注重译语和读者的反应,只有这样才能确保导游词翻译实现预期功能。
其次,行文习惯不统一。
导游工作者在翻译导游词时往往会发现中英文的导游词在行文习惯上存在很大差别。
一般而言,汉语导游词重引经据典、重华丽修辞,英语则重直扣主题、重客观表述。
因此在导游词翻译中,译者要特别了解目的与导游词规范,使行文风格符合译语读者习惯,也就是说,导游词翻译要遵循译语导游词的语言风格,要根据英语导游词的表达习惯进行相应的调整,使之符合外国游客的审美习惯和口味。
最后,文化对应词(cultural equivalence)少。
中英文属于世界上文化差异最大的两种文化。
因此将中文导游词翻译为英文时遇到的困难和问题最多,特别是文化对应词少或者文化空白现象较明显。
导游词中与特定文化相关的词语特别多,但这些词在英文当中多无对应词,即出现了所谓的词汇空白(lexical gap)。
此外,导游词中常常引用各种类型的古诗词,这也是导游词翻译当中的一大特点和难点。
二、导游词翻译的原则(一)信息准确,适度原则牛津大学哲学家格莱斯(H.P.Grice)在他的会话含义(conversati onal i m p licature)理论中提出,在会话中有某种规则存在,即合作原则(cooperative p rinci p le)简称CP,为了进一步具体说明CP,格莱斯引入了下面四条准则:即数量(quatity)———所说的话正好满足当前谈话所需内容,质量(quality)———所说的话要力求真实,关联(relati on),方式(manner)。
导游词作为导游和游客之间交流会话的一种媒介,导游和游客之间的会话内容,因此至少必须符合数量(quatity)和质量(quality)原则。
即所介绍景点的信息首先应该准确无误,然后再要求对景点介绍的信息应该适度。
由于中西文化差异很大,信息介绍太多,游客吸收不了,导致一头雾水、不知所云。
介绍太少,就不能满足游客旅游的目的即增长知识,也不能达到我们传播中国文化的目的。
因此这个度一定得把握好。
但在现实中,我们在这两方面做的并不好。
下面是关于准确方面的一些反面例子: 2000年8月,中国旅游出版社出版的《走遍中国———中国导游词精选》有这样一句翻译。
3收稿日期:2009201213芙蓉,有木芙蓉和水芙蓉。
There are t w o kinds of l otus,cott on r ose and l otus fl ower.原文正确。
但译文中l otus(水芙蓉,荷花)属睡莲科,莲属;而cott on r ose(木芙蓉)属锦葵科,木槿属。
除了上述的概念表述不清之外,在现实生活中,翻译时“望文生义”的现象比比皆是。
比如苏州“网师园”的译名。
在许多英文介绍词,导游词和宣传手册中都翻译为“garden of the master of the net”其实这里的网师原意为“渔隐”和“渔父”。
因此正确的翻译为:“fisher man’s garden”。
在适度方面做的就更不好了。
我们知道导游词中涉及的文化信息特别丰富。
尤其是景点名称,古诗词。
陈刚教授就在他的《涉外导游词的翻译特点和策略》中提出对于文化蕴含深厚的导游词,翻译者应该本着“研究探索”的态度尽量把特有的中国文化展示给外国游客,而不是对景点名称一味地音译,对古诗词一味的删除。
(二)口语化,语言地道原则一般而言,英语导游文献大都行文简洁,语言直观通达,具有一种朴实自然之美,不像汉语那样追求四言八句,将就工整队长,言辞华美。
导游词翻译不比文学翻译,它注重的是交际效果,服务的对象是外国普通游客。
因而在翻译时必须注重译文的实用性和特殊性,在遣词造句,修辞风格上应该简洁朴实,流畅自然。
导游词采用口头传播方式,因而英译还必须口语化。
(三)跨文化交际的原则旅游景点介绍中常常包含许多文化因素,如著名历史人物、典故、趣闻逸事,景点名称的由来等等。
这些文化因素又称“文化专有项”(culture s pecific ite m)是指源语文化所特有的事物、人物和概念,是一个民族或地方智慧和历史文化的结晶,也是景点的亮点。
外国游客远道而来,吸引他们更多的是景点所蕴含的文化积淀。
因此在翻译导游词时,要有跨文化意识,灵活地处理文化信息,运用“归化”(do mesticati on)和“异化”(f oreignizati on)的技巧,一方面有效地让外国游客了解景点附着的文化信息,另一方面不能使翻译给人“虽译尤未译”的感觉。
也就是做到“适度原则”。
三、归化与异化介绍归化与异化是一对一元对立的概念,是美国翻译理论家劳伦斯・韦努蒂在1995年使用的术语。
他认为,归化是指在翻译过程中,以目的语和目的语文化为归宿,旨在求得文化中的最大共性。
异化是以源语和源语文化为归宿,旨在尽量保持文化中的个性,引入与自己文化不同的因素和成分,从而丰富本国的文化。
一般而言,归化和异化包含两个层面。
其一是指语言形式上,另一层面是指文化的内容和内涵。
由于翻译与文化密切相关,怎样处理文本中的文化因素,尤其在两种文化差异比较大时,就成了“异化”与“归化”两种对立的意见的分歧点。
叶子南认为采用异化的理由主要在于传达不同的异国文化,丰富目的语文化和语言表达方式,从而起到文化交流的目的;而采用归化的理由主要在于:如不尽量考虑目的语文化读者的知识和能力水平,而将源语文化强加给译文读者,就会造成文化误解和冲突,从而达不到交流的目的。
在翻译时,我们应该从作者意图、文本类型、翻译目的以及读者要求四个方面来考虑归化和异化的使用。
四、归化与异化指导下导游词的翻译策略笔者在第一部分导游词翻译的目的和特点中提到,导游词是一种特殊的文本,即服务对象明确,中英文导游词差异也很大。
因此为了让这一特定的服务对象达到来中国旅游观光的目的,翻译时首先要做到语言层面上的归化。
同时,导游词翻译的第二个目的———传播中国文化,也要求我们在信息处理上做到归化与异化相互结合补充,实现导游词翻译的最好化。
(一)语言层面上的归化(思维逻辑和表达,以及行文方式符合英语国家习惯)由于思维方式不同,中国人和西方人写作时的推理方法也不同。
西方人是直线思维,多采用演绎推理;中国人是螺旋式思维,多采用归纳推理。
在开展一个话题时,汉语往往迂回曲折,先分说,再总说多用掉尾句;而英语则开门见山,先总括,再分说,多用松散句。
翻译时必须对原文进行调整,使其与西方游客的习惯相吻合。
如下:在四川西部,有一处美妙的去处。
它背倚岷山主峰雪宝顶,树木苍翠,花香袭人,鸟语花香,流水潺潺。
这就是松潘县的黄龙。
译文:One of Sihcuan’s finest scenic s pots is Huangl ong (Yell ow D ragon),which lies in S ongpan county just beneath xuebao,the main peak of the M inshan Mountain.Its lush green f orests,filled with fragrant fl owers,bubbling strea m s,and s ongbirds,are rich in hist orical interest aswell as natural beau2 ty.译文用两个句子改写了原文,并且将“松潘县的黄龙”放在了句首,这样更符合英语的写作方式,也更符合西方游客的思维习惯。
她(黄河)奔腾不息,勇往直前,忽而惊涛裂岸,势不可挡,使群山动容;忽而安如处子,风平浪静,波光潋滟,气象万千。
译文:it tears and boils al ong turbulently thr ough the mountaina and at s ome p laces,fl ows on quietly with a sedate apperance and glistening ri pp les.译文中去掉了那些带主观色彩的对仗修辞和四字词组,变得直观简洁,形象生动。
(二)信息处理上采用同化与异化相结合1.直译(literal translati on)。