学术英语写作总结
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专业英语写作考点总结
part ? academic english writing (专业英语写作)chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing
1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation.
(学术写作六要素:写作对象,目的,组织结构,文体特征,表达连贯和宣讲或宣读)。
2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部
分
(1) description of a situation (描述情况)
(2) identification of a problem (甄别问题)
(3) description of a solution (描述解决方法)
(4) evaluation of the solution (评估解决方法)
3、formal grammar style:(正规的语法风格)
(1) generally avoid contractions (一般来讲避免使用略缩词)
例:won’t改为will not
(2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms (使用更为适宜的正规的否定
形式)
例:not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few
(3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. (限
制使用多个词连用的表达法)
例:句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。
(4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a
textbook or other instructional materials).(避免向读者说“你”)例:you can
see the results in table 1.
改为:the results can be seen in table 1.
改为: it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.
或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered.
(6) place adverb within the verb. (将副词放于动词词组内)例:this model was developed by krugman originally.
改为:this model was originally developed by krugman.
(7) consider whether you should split infinitives.(考虑是否该使用割裂不定式)例:we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.
(8) aim for an efficient use of words. (目的是为了有效地使用词汇)例:there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process
of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为:some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.
习题:
(1)you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.
错误:使用了you。
改为:this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.
(2)ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities.
错误:使用了口语ok;直接引语的使用;使用了缩略词there’re。
改为:coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.
(3)you can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.
错误:使用了you;将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为:the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.
错误:使用了so far;使用了there be 结构;使用了not...any结构;使用了非正式的looking into。
(6)there are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.
错误:使用了there be 结构;副词widely 位置放错。
改为:some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely usedthan it
is now as a construction material.
(7)these special tax laws have been enacted in six states: illinois, iowa,ohio,etc. 错误:使用了etc。
改为:these special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: illinois, iowa, indiana, ohio, michigan, and minnesota.
(8)there isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate
in the production of concrete.
错误:使用了there be 结构;使用了not...very much。
改为:little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate
in the production of concrete.chapter 2 two underlying structures in academic writing
(专业写作的两个基本结构)
1、two underlying structures in academic writing:(专业写作的两个基本结构)
(1) general-specific structure (泛论-特指(gs)结构)
(2) problem-process-solution structure(问题-过程-解决方法)
2、gs texts usually begin with one of the following:
(gs文本通常以下列一种形式开始)
(1) a short or extended definition (简短或拓展定义)
(3) a generalization or purpose statement (一般化或目标性陈述)
(4) a statement of fact.(事实陈述)
3、super ordinate-category word:technique, method, process, device, and system. (超级坐标词)
4、deletions(删除):在下列情况下,你可以减少限制性关系代词
a. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语
b. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息
c. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题:p23
(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used
(2). device that is capable of —> device capable of
(3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of
(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from
(5). this sentence cannot be reduced.
(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave