A brief history of neuroscience at the University of British Columbia

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高三英语阅读理解七选五逻辑推断题单选题50题

高三英语阅读理解七选五逻辑推断题单选题50题1. When it comes to the history of ancient civilizations, understanding their architecture can provide valuable insights. For example, the pyramids in Egypt are not only massive structures but also symbols of _.A. religious beliefsB. military powerC. economic prosperityD. agricultural development答案：A。

解析：在古埃及文明中，金字塔是法老的陵墓，与宗教信仰密切相关，是为法老死后的灵魂安息而建造的，所以A选项正确。

B选项军事力量与金字塔的主要象征意义关联不大；C选项经济繁荣虽然可能是建造金字塔的一个基础，但不是金字塔主要象征的内容；D选项农业发展与金字塔的象征意义没有直接关系。

2. In modern technology, artificial intelligence has a wide range of applications. One of the most important aspects is in the field of _.A. fashion designB. medical diagnosisC. food productionD. music composition答案：B。

解析：在现代科技中，人工智能在医疗诊断领域有着非常重要的应用，比如辅助医生进行疾病的诊断等。

A选项时尚设计虽然也可能应用到人工智能，但不是最重要的方面；C选项食物生产中人工智能的应用没有医疗诊断那么关键；D选项音乐创作虽然也有应用，但相比之下医疗诊断领域人工智能的应用更为重要和广泛。

专业性的书籍英语作文

专业性的书籍英语作文1. "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu is a classic book that offers valuable insights into strategy and leadership. It provides practical advice on how to win battles and achieve success in various aspects of life. The book emphasizes the importance of understanding the enemy, adapting to changing circumstances, and using deception to gain an advantage. It is a must-read for anyone interested in military tactics or interested in honing their strategic thinking skills.2. "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind" by Yuval Noah Harari is a thought-provoking book that explores the history of our species. It delves into the evolution of Homo sapiens, the development of language and culture, and the impact of technology on our society. The book challenges conventional wisdom and offers a fresh perspective on the human experience. It is a fascinating read that will make you question your own beliefs and understand the world in a different light.3. "Thinking, Fast and Slow" by Daniel Kahneman is a groundbreaking book that explores the two systems of thinking that drive our decision-making process. It delves into the biases and heuristics that affect our judgment and offers practical strategies to improve our decision-making skills. The book combines psychology, economics, and neuroscience to provide a comprehensive understanding of how our minds work. It is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding human behavior and improving their own thinking abilities.4. "The Lean Startup" by Eric Ries is a book that revolutionized the way startups approach product development and innovation. It introduces the concept of the Minimum Viable Product (MVP) and advocates for a scientific approach to entrepreneurship. The book emphasizes the importance of continuous learning, rapid experimentation, and customer feedback in building successful businesses. It is a must-read for anyone interested in starting their own business or working in a fast-paced, innovative environment.5. "The Power of Now" by Eckhart Tolle is a spiritual book that explores the concept of living in the present moment. It emphasizes the importance of mindfulness and awareness in finding inner peace and happiness. The book offers practical techniques to quiet the mind and overcome negative thought patterns. It is a transformative read that can help individuals break free from the grip of the past and future, and find joy in the present moment.6. "The Innovator's Dilemma" by Clayton M. Christensen is a book that explores why successful companies often fail to innovate. It introduces the concept of disruptive innovation and explains how established companies can be blindsided by disruptive technologies and new business models. The book offers insights into how companies can navigate the challenges of innovation and stay ahead in a rapidly changing business landscape. It is a must-read for anyone interested in business strategy and innovation.7. "Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World ThatCan't Stop Talking" by Susan Cain is a book that celebrates introversion and challenges the notion that extroversion isthe ideal personality type. It explores the unique strengths and talents of introverts and offers practical advice on how introverts can thrive in a world that often values extroverted qualities. The book provides a fresh perspective on leadership, creativity, and success, and is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding and embracing introversion.8. "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People" by Stephen R. Covey is a self-help book that offers practical advice on personal and professional development. It introduces seven habits that can help individuals become moreeffective in their personal and professional lives. The book emphasizes the importance of proactive thinking, goal setting, and effective communication. It is a timeless classic that has helped millions of people improve their productivity and achieve their goals.。

我喜欢科普类的书作文英语

我喜欢科普类的书作文英语I love reading science books. They are like a windowinto the fascinating world of knowledge. From the mysteries of the universe to the intricate workings of the human body, science books offer a wealth of information that neverfails to amaze me.One of my favorite science books is "A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking. It takes readers on a journey through the history of the universe, exploring conceptslike the Big Bang theory and black holes. This book opened my eyes to the vastness of the cosmos and made me realize how small we are in comparison.Another science book that I enjoyed is "Sapiens: ABrief History of Humankind" by Yuval Noah Harari. It delves into the history of our species, from the emergence of Homo sapiens to the present day. The book discusses various topics, including the agricultural revolution, the rise of empires, and the impact of technology on our society. Itmade me reflect on the progress we have made as a species and the challenges we face in the future.I also find books on neuroscience and psychology fascinating. "The Brain that Changes Itself" by Norman Doidge explores the concept of neuroplasticity, which is the brain's ability to reorganize itself and form new connections. It showcases the incredible potential of the human brain and how it can adapt and recover from injuries.In addition to these books, I enjoy reading popular science magazines like National Geographic and Scientific American. They cover a wide range of topics, from thelatest discoveries in space exploration to breakthroughs in medical research. These magazines provide bite-sized pieces of information that are both educational and entertaining.Overall, science books are a treasure trove of knowledge that never fails to inspire and educate me. They allow me to explore different fields of science and expand my understanding of the world around us. Whether it's the mysteries of the universe or the complexities of the humanmind, science books offer a glimpse into the wonders of our existence.。

49编号博士研究生英语精读-翻译及原文（中科院）

第1课知识的悖论The Paradox of KnowledgeThe greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization," including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption.In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects.Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice .... The future truths of Physical Science ate to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today. However, many still cling to the notion that such astate of knowledge remains a possibility to be attained sooner or later. Stephen Hawking, the great English scientist, in his immensely popular book A Brief History of Time (1988), concludes with the speculation that we may "discover a complete theory" that "would be the ultimate triumph of human reason--for then we would know the mind of God." Paul Davies, an Australian physicist, echoes that view by suggesting that the human mind may be able to grasp some of the secrets encompassed by the title of his book The Mind of God (1992). Other contemporary scientists write of "theories of everything," meaning theories that explain all observable physical phenomena, and Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg, one of the founders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory (1992).Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of these and many other contemporary scientists, there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all questions in any field. On the contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas of ignorance and of new questions to be answered.Astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences, and its development is a model of other fields of knowledge. People have been observing the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of recorded history. As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of the constellations. In the sixth century B.C., Pythagoras proposed the notion of a spherical Earth and of a universe with objects in it chat moved in accordance with natural laws. Later Greek philosophers taught that the sky was a hollow globe surrounding the Earth, that it was supported on an axis running through the Earth, and chat stars were inlaid on its inner surface, which rotated westward daily. In the second century A.D., Ptolemy propounded a theory of a geocentric (Earth-centered) universe in which the sun, planets, and stars moved in circular orbits of cycles and epicycles around the Earth, although the Earth was not at the precise center of these orbits. While somewhat awkward, the Ptolemaic system could produce reasonably reliable predictions of planetary positions, which were, however, good for only a few years and which developed substantial discrepancies from actual observations over a long period of time. Nevertheless, since there was no evidence then apparent to astronomers that the Earth itself moves, the Ptolemaic system remained unchallenged for more than 13 centuries.In the sixteenth century Nocolaus Copernicus, who is said to have mastered all the knowledge of his day in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and theology, became dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic system. He found that a heliocentric system was bothmathematically possible and aesthetically more pleasing, and wrote a full exposition of his hypothesis, which was not published until 1543, shortly after his death. Early in the seventeenth century, Johannes Kepler became imperial mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of Tycho Brahe, and he acquired a collection of meticulous naked-eye observations of the positions of celestial bodies chat had been made by Brahe. On the basis of these data, Kepler calculated that both Ptolemy and Copernicus were in error in assuming chat planets traveled in circular orbits, and in 1609 he published a book demonstrating mathematically chat the planets travel around the sun in elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion are still regarded as basically valid.In the first decade of the seventeenth century Galileo Galilei learned of the invention of the telescope and began to build such instruments, becoming the first person to use a telescope for astronomical observations, and thus discovering craters on the moon, phases of Venus, and the satellites of Jupiter. His observations convinced him of the validity of the Copernican system and resulted in the well-known conflict between Galileo and church authorities. In January 1642 Galileo died, and in December of chat year Isaac Newton was born. Modern science derives largely from the work of these two men.Newton's contributions to science are numerous. He laid the foundations for modem physical optics, formulated the basic laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, and devised the infinitesimal calculus. Newton's laws of motion and gravitation are still used for calculations of such matters as trajectories of spacecraft and satellites and orbits of planets. In 1846, relying on such calculations as a guide to observation, astronomers discovered the planet Neptune.While calculations based on Newton's laws are accurate, they are dismayingly complex when three or more bodies are involved. In 1915, Einstein announced his theory of general relativity, which led to a set of differential equations for planetary orbits identical to those based on Newtonian calculations, except for those relating to the planet Mercury. The elliptical orbit of Mercury rotates through the years, but so slowly that the change of position is less than one minute of arc each century. The equations of general relativity precisely accounted for this precession; Newtonian equations did not.Einstein's equations also explained the red shift in the light from distant stars and the deflection of starlight as it passed near the sun. However, Einstein assumed chat the universe was static, and, in order to permit a meaningful solution to the equations of relativity, in 1917 he added another term, called a "cosmological constant," to the equations. Although the existence and significance of a cosmological constant is stillbeing debated, Einstein later declared chat this was a major mistake, as Edwin Hubble established in the 1920s chat the universe is expanding and galaxies are receding from one another at a speed proportionate to their distance.Another important development in astronomy grew out of Newton's experimentation in optics, beginning with his demonstration chat sunlight could be broken up by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, which led to the science of spectroscopy. In the twentieth century, spectroscopy was applied to astronomy to gun information about the chemical and physical condition of celestial bodies chat was not disclosed by visual observation. In the 1920s, precise photographic photometry was introduced to astronomy and quantitative spectrochemical analysis became common. Also during the 1920s, scientists like Heisenberg, de Broglie, Schrodinger, and Dirac developed quantum mechanics, a branch of physics dealing with subatomic particles of matter and quanta of energy. Astronomers began to recognize that the properties of celestial bodies, including planets, could be well understood only in terms of physics, and the field began to be referred to as "astrophysics."These developments created an explosive expansion in our knowledge of astronomy. During the first five thousand years or more of observing the heavens, observation was confined to the narrow band of visible light. In the last half of this century astronomical observations have been made across the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere. It is no exaggeration to say chat since the end of World War II more astronomical data have been gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.However, despite all improvements in instrumentation, increasing sophistication of analysis and calculation augmented by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data, or knowledge, we still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the solar system with a high degree of certainty. Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock (1993) that a surprisingly subtle chaos pervades the solar system. He states:In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented asrtonomers and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial mechanics. Each step toward resolving this and related questions has only exposed additional uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology,general relativity and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematical language, and thus are inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories were in the sixteenth century, although both contemporary theories continue to be used, but for different calculations. Oxford mathematician Roger Penrose, in The Emperors New Mind (1989), contends that this inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls "correct quantum gravity."Furthermore, the observations astronomers make with new technologies disclose a total mass in the universe that is less than about 10 percent of the total mass that mathematical calculations require the universe to contain on the basis of its observed rate of expansion. If the universe contains no more mass than we have been able to observe directly, then according to all current theories it should have expanded in the past, and be expanding now, much more rapidly than the rate actually observed. It is therefore believed that 90 percent or more of the mass in the universe is some sort of "dark matter" that has not yet been observed and the nature of which is unknown. Current theories favor either WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles) or MACHOs (massive compact halo objects). Other similar mysteries abound and increase in number as our ability to observe improves.The progress of biological and life sciences has been similar to that of the physical sciences, except that it has occurred several centuries later. The theory of biological evolution first came to the attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859. But Darwin lacked any explanation of the causes of variation and inheritance of characteristics. These were provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.Medicine, according to Lewis Thomas, is the youngest science, having become truly scientific only in the 1930s. Recent and ongoing research has created uncertainty about even such basic concepts as when and how life begins and when death occurs, and we are spending billions in an attempt to learn how much it may be possible to know about human genetics. Modern medicine has demonstrably improved both our life expectancies and our health, and further improvements continue to be made as research progresses. But new questions arise even more rapidly than our research resources grow, as the host of problems related to the Human Genome Project illustrates.From even such an abbreviated and incomplete survey of science as this, it appears that increasing knowledge does not result in a commensurate decrease in ignorance, but, on the contrary, exposes new lacunae in our comprehension and confronts us with unforeseen questions disclosing areas of ignorance of which wewere not previously aware.Thus the concept of science as an expanding body of knowledge that will eventually encompass or dispel all significant areas of ignorance is an illusion. Scientists and philosophers are now observing that it is naive to regard science as a process that begins with observations that are organized into theories and are then subsequently tested by experiments. The late Karl Popper, a leading philosopher of science, wrote in The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (1960) chat science starts from problems, not from observations, and chat every worthwhile new theory raises new problems. Thus there is no danger that science will come to an end because it has completed its task, clanks to the "infinity of our ignorance."At least since Thomas Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), it has been generally recognized that observations are the result of theories (called paradigms by Kuhn and other philosophers), for without theories of relevance and irrelevance there would be no basis for determining what observations to make. Since no one can know everything, to be fully informed on any subject (a claim sometimes made by those in authority) is simply to reach a judgment that additional data are not important enough to be worth the trouble of securing or considering.To carry the analysis another step, it must be recognized that theories are the result of questions and questions are the product of perceived ignorance. Thus it is chat ignorance gives rise to inquiry chat produces knowledge, which, in turn, discloses new areas of ignorance. This is the paradox of knowledge: As knowledge increases so does ignorance, and ignorance may increase more than its related knowledge.My own metaphor to illustrate the relationship of knowledge and ignorance is based on a line from Matthew Arnold: "For we are here as on a darkling plain...." The dark chat surrounds us, chat, indeed, envelops our world, is ignorance. Knowledge is the illumination shed by whatever candles (or more technologically advanced light sources) we can provide. As we light more and more figurative candles, the area of illumination enlarges; but the area beyond illumination increases geometrically. We know chat there is much we don't know; but we cannot know how much there is chat we don't know. Thus knowledge is finite, but ignorance is infinite, and the finite cannot ever encompass the infinite.This is a revised version of an article originally published in COSMOS 1994. Copyright 1995 by Lee Loevinger.Lee Loevinger is a Washington lawyer and former assistant attorney general of the United States who writes frequently for scientific c publications. He hasparticipated for many years as a member, co-chair, or liaison with the National Conference of Lawyers and Scientists, and he is a founder and former chair of the Science and Technology Section of the American Bar Association. Office address: Hogan and Hartson, 555 Thirteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20004.人类从古类人猿进化到当前的状态这个长久的进化过程中的最大成就是有关于人类自身、世界以及宇宙众多知识的获得和积聚。

A Brief Introduction of Neural network

A Brief Introduction of Neural network3090101235 朱乐凯Neural network used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons.While the modern meaning of neural network is artificial neural networks(ANNs),which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes.Biological neural networks are much more complicated in their elementary structures than the mathematical models we use for ANNs.Nowadays, Neural networks have become to be general tools for modeling functional relationships in engineering.They have been successfully applied as intelligent sensors for process modeling and control.In neuroscience, a biological neural network (sometimes called a neural pathway) is a series of interconnectedneurons whose activation defines a recognizable linear pathway. The interface through which neurons interact with their neighbors usually consists of several axon terminals connected via synapses to dendrites on other neurons. If the sum of the input signals into one neuron surpasses a certain threshold, the neuron sends an action potential (AP) at the axon hillock and transmits this electrical signal along the axon.A single neuron may be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connections in a network may be extensive. Connections, called synapses, are usually formed from axons to dendrites, though dendrodendritic microcircuits[2]and other connections are possible.Apart from the electrical signaling, there are other forms of signaling that arise from neurotransmitter diffusion.Today most researchers believe in mental representations of some kind (representationalism) or, more general, in particular mental states (cognitivism). For instance, perception can be viewed as information processing through transfer information from the world into the brain/mind where it is further processed and related to other information (cognitive processes). Few others envisage a direct path back into the external world in the form of action (radical behaviorism).Another issue, called the binding problem, relates to the question of how the activity of more or less distinct populations of neurons dealing with different aspects of perception are combined to form a unified perceptual experience and have qualia.Neuronal networks are not full reconstructions of any cognitive system found in the human brain, and are therefore unlikely to form a complete representation of human perception. Some researchers argue that human perception must be studied as a whole; hence, the system cannot be taken apart and studied without destroying its original functionality. Furthermore, there is evidence that cognition is gained through a well-orchestrated barrage of sub-threshold synaptic activity throughout the network.An artificial neural network (ANN) is a mathematical model or computational model that tries to simulate the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks. It consists of an interconnected group ofartificial neurons and processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases a ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network during the learning phase. Modern neural networks are non-linear statistical data modeling tools. They are usually used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data.An ANN is typically defined by three types of parameters:(1)The interconnection pattern between different layers of neurons(2)The learning process for updating the weights of the interconnections(3)The activation function that converts a neuron's weighted input to its output activation.The utility of artificial neural network models lies in the fact that they can be used to infer a function from observations. This is particularly useful in applications where the complexity of the data or task makes the design of such a function by hand impractical.Application areas include system identification and control (vehicle control, process control, natural resources management), quantum chemistry,[7] game-playing and decision making (backgammon, chess, poker), pattern recognition (radar systems, face identification, object recognition and more), sequence recognition (gesture, speech, handwritten text recognition), medical diagnosis, financial applications (automated trading systems), data mining (or knowledge discovery in databases, "KDD"), visualization and e-mail spamfiltering.Artificial neural networks have also been used to diagnose several cancers. An ANN based hybrid lung cancer detection system named HLND improves the accuracy of diagnosis and the speed of lung cancer radiology.[8] These networks have also been used to diagnose prostate cancer. The diagnoses can be used to make specific models taken from a large group of patients compared to information of one given patient. The models do not depend on assumptions about correlations of different variables. Colorectal cancer has also been predicted using the neural networks. Neural networks could predict the outcome for a patient with colorectal cancer with a lot more accuracy than the current clinical methods. After training, the networks could predict multiple patient outcomes from unrelated institutions.A distinguishing feature of neural networks is that knowledge is distributed throughout the network itself rather than being explicitly written into the program. The network then learns through exposure to various situations. Neural networks are able to accomplish this because they are built of processing elements (artificial neurons) grouped into layers, as shown in the figure of a simple feedforward network. The input layer of artificial neurons receives information from the environment, and the output layer communicates the response; between these layers may be one or more “hidden” layers (with no direct contact with the environment), where most of the information processing takes place. The output of a neural network depends on the“weights” of the connections between neurons in different layers. Each weight indicates the relative importance of a particular connection. If the total of all the weighted inputs received by a particular neuron surpasses a certain threshold value, the neuron will send a signal to each neuron to which it is connected in the next layer. Neural networks may be used, for example, to process loan applications, in which the inputs may represent loan application data and the output whether or not to grant a loan.Two modifications of this simple feedforward neural network account for the growth of commercial applications. First, a network can be equipped with a feedback mechanism, known as a back-propagation algorithm, that enables it to adjust the connection weights back through the network, training it in response to representative examples. Second, recurrent neural networks can be developed, involving signals that proceed in both directions as well as within and between layers, and these networks are capable of vastly more complicated patterns of association. (In fact, for large networks it can be extremely difficult to follow exactly how an output was determined.) Training neural networks typically involves supervised learning, where each training example contains the values of both the input data and the desired output. As soon as the network is able to perform sufficiently well on additional test cases, it can be used to classify new cases. For example, researchers at the University of British Columbia have trained a feedforward neural network with temperature and pressure data from the tropical PacificOcean and from North America to predict future global weather patterns.In contrast, certain neural networks are trained through unsupervised learning, in which a network is presented with a collection of input data and given the goal of discovering patterns—without being told what specifically to look for. Such a neural network might be used, for example, to discover clusters of customers in a marketing database during a process known as data mining.。

考研英语(翻译)模拟试卷75

考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷75(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：【F1】We're moving; into another era, as the toxic effects of the bubble and its grave consequences spread through the financial system. Just a couple of years ago investors dreamed of 20 percent returns forever. Now surveys show that they're down to a "realistic" 8 percent to 10 percent range. But what if the next few years turn out to be below normal expectations? Martin Barners of the Bank Credit Analyst in Montreal expects future stock returns to average just 4 percent to 6 percent. Sound impossible?【F2】After a much smaller bubble that burst in the mid-1960s Standard & Poor's 5 000 stock average returned 6.9 percent a year(with dividends reinvested)for the following 17 years. Few investors are prepared for that. Right now denial seems to be the attitude of choice."That's typical," says Lori Lucas of Hewitt, the consulting firm. You hate to look at your investments when they're going down. Hewitt tracks 500,000 401(k)accounts every day, and finds that savers are keeping their contributions up. But they're much less inclined to switch their money around. "It's the slot-machine effect," Lucas says, "People get more interested in playing when they think they've got a hot machine—and nothing's hot today. The average investor feels overwhelmed."【F3】 Against all common sense, many savers still shut their eyes to the dangers of owning too much company stock. In big companies last year, a surprising 29 percent of employees held at least three quarters of their 402(k)in their own stock. Younger employees may have no choice. You often have to wait until you're 50 or 55 before you can sell any company stock you get as a matching contribution.【F4】But instead of getting out when they can, old participants have been holding, too. One third of the people 60 and up chose company stock for three quarters of their plan, Hewitt reports. Are they inattentive? Loyal to a fault? Sick? It's as if Lucent, Enron and Xerox never happened. No investor should give his or her total trust to any particular company's stock. And while you're at it, think how you'd be if future stock returns—averaging good years and bad—are as poor as Barnes predicts.【F5】If you ask me, diversified stocks remain good for the long run, with a backup in bonds. But I, too, am figuring on reduced returns. Whata shame. Dear bubble, I'll never forget. It's the end of a grand affair.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：当投资泡沫的毒效及其严重后果在整个金融系统中散开时，我们正在进入另外一个时代。

介绍黑格尔逻辑学的英语作文

介绍黑格尔逻辑学的英语作文关于黑格尔的绝对精神，无、有、质的理论的总结。

黑格尔思想里所谓的‘绝对精神’其实是思维生命运动的本能，一种与生俱来的，具有求生与寻生的思维本能，运动是思维本能用来证成自身是“活物’的过程和方式。

而逻辑学是思维本能运动的方式与过程的现象，只是它的运动空间是在知识领域里，它要按造思维所理解到的知识规则而运动，又在不断突破思维所认知的知识自身，以追求知识的变化和进步来实现生命力的运动，一种遵守知识规则的运动。

最初的无是新生婴儿的空白思维，从有到无的意思，并不是回到最初那个无，而是把有机解构A summary of Hegel's theory of absolute spirit, nonexistence, existence and quality. The so-called 'absolute spirit' in Hegel's thought is the instinct of thinking life movement, which is born with the thinking instinct of survival and survival. Logic is a phenomenon of instinctive movement of thinking, but its movement space is in the field of knowledge. It should move according to the rules of knowledge understood by thinking, and break through the knowledge itself constantly in order to pursue the change and progress of knowledge to realize the movement of vitality, a movement of obeying the rulesof knowledge. First nothing is the blank thinking of a newborn baby, which does not mean to go back to the first nothing, but to deconstruct something. Then it is optimized again in order to get progress and new life. From deconstruction to molding, and from molding to deconstructing, the process is sublated. In the deconstruction and molding of many theories, the climax from quantitative change to qualitative change has been ushered in. The so-called quantitative change is not the increase of the original quantity, but the increase of the quantity through qualitative change, and the increase of numerous small qualitative changes has ushered in a few large qualitative changes. This is the way and process in which thinking instinctively justifies itself in the field of knowledge, and which Hegel's logic merely describes.Logic and concepts are only accessories to the use and adaptation of knowledge. Sometimes they may become core components. When it exists alone, its content is poisonous, when it is combined with other theories, its content is not poisonous. There is a saying that life is movement, and calm is only a short rest. And emotional fluctuation is also the movement of thinking instinct,people can not get rid of life instinct.Just like most people can't get rid of their sexuality, a few freaks can. So many times people themselves like the prisoners of knowledge and emotion, is actually the prisoners of their own life i nstinct. As for the heroes who can give up their lives, they don’ t feel ‘dead’ spiritually when they die. They feel subconsciously that the body is dead, but the spirit is alive in others.Many people realize that the piling up of language is a useless increase, but do not realize that the piling up of many theories in the library of consciousness is harmful, because many theories need adjustment and rejection to guide the reality. People are afraid of the change of things they know and used to, let alone collapse? Below is the accompanying personal opinion. I think things in this world are complex and simple, complex is the phenomenon of change, its essence is simple, many people can't believe that the essence is simple, can't believe it took countless nights to understand the essence of the phenomenon is simple, hidden in the phenomenon, for the author himself, also took countless sleepless nights to clear up the phenomenon, found that the essence of thephenomenon is simple, which makes them feel difficult to accept, also afraid readers difficult to accept, so a lot of theory did not get the author or readers to make a simple summary. So far, many academics and readers have a common understanding to avoid the face of simple truth, would rather be weak in the complex phenomenon of narrative lines do not want to wake up. In fact, knowledge is complicated when we don't understand it or understand it partially. When we understand it, it is simple. At least its core is simple. When people don't understand it, it is complex. People's energy is limited, if we go to study and grasp it that complex part, it will be difficult to get out of them, difficult to take into account other things. Complex parts should be left to the experts to study and grasp, the world does not need too many experts, because the world needs division of labor, the need is the most knowledge of the 'handyman'. In terms of contact with reality, most of the theoretical meaning of the ontology is mostly in contact with reality, like a car engine, into the car, it needs to handle it into the narrow space around the parts of the relationship.然后重新优化，以此换来进步和新生，从解构到成型，再从成型到解构,过程存在着扬弃，在多种理论多次不断的解构和成型中迎来了由量变到质变的高潮，所谓量变并不是原始数量的增加，而是经过质变的数量的增加，是无数小质变的增加迎来了少数几个大的质变。

打印：霍金__不逃离地球_人类难以再活1000年-_21英语

www.i21史蒂芬•霍金这位究其一生破译宇宙奥秘、甚至体验过失重状态的英国科学家，正敦促人类为了自身利益继续进行太空探索。

Stephen Hawking: Explorespace for humanity's sake霍金: 不逃离地球人类难以再活1000年BY 鱼遨游 from 21st CenturyPublished 2013-04-12导读：史蒂芬•霍金这位究其一生破译宇宙奥秘、甚至体验过失重状态的英国科学家，正敦促人类为了自身利益继续进行太空探索。

Stephen Hawking, who spent his career decoding theuniverse and even experienced weightlessness, isurging the continuation of space exploration — forhumanity ’s sake.史蒂芬•霍金这位究其一生破译宇宙奥秘、甚至体验过失重状态的英国科学家，正敦促人类为了自身利益继续进行太空探索。

The 71-y ear-old Hawking said he did not think humans would survive another 1,000 y ears “without escaping bey ond our fragile planet.”今年71岁的霍金4月9日表示，人类若“不逃离我们脆弱的星球”将难以再活1000年。

The British cosmologist made the remarks Tuesday before an audience of doctors, nurses and employ ees at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he toured a stem cell laboratory that’s focused on try ing to slow the progression of Lou Gehrig’s disease.霍金本周二在西达斯西奈医学中心作出上述表示，在场的有医护人员和其他职员。

神经内科方面的科普书籍

神经内科方面的科普书籍
以下是一些关于神经内科方面的科普书籍推荐：
1. 《神经学入门》(Introduction to Neurology) - Dennis Fitzpatrick
这本书是一本关于神经学基础知识的入门指南，适合想要了解神经内科的初学者。

2. 《易记的神经科学》(Easily Remembered Neuroanatomy) - James Decker
这本书以易于记忆的方式介绍神经解剖学，对于初学者来说很有帮助。

3. 《神经学：一本可理解的科普指南》(Neurology: A Friendly Pocket Guide) - Darlene Westphal
这本书是一本简明易懂的科普指南，对于普通读者理解神经内科的相关概念和疾病很有帮助。

4. 《神经科学：探索大脑与心灵的奥秘》(Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain) - Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, Michael A. Paradiso
这本书是一本全面介绍神经科学和大脑功能的教材，包括神经解剖学、神经生物学、神经通路等内容。

5. 《大脑简史》(A Brief History of the Brain) - Lykke Andersen 这本书是一本关于大脑历史和进化的科普读物，对于了解神经科学的发展历程和重要里程碑很有帮助。

这些书籍适合一般读者和初学者，无论是对神经内科有兴趣的非专业人士，还是想要进一步了解神经内科的学生和专业人士，都可以从中获取相关知识。

请根据自己的兴趣和需求选择合适的读物。

出国留学个人陈述personal statement 案例模板21篇(主要生物类PS)_

I have always had an interest in science-based subjects, especially those relating to biology. Whilst undertaking my A-level Biology course, the module energy and ecosystems was of particular interest to me. My interest in the natural world, and study of science encouraged me to further my understanding in this area by applying to study environmental biology at degree level. I wish to take this course to enable me to develop scientific skills that will provide me witha greater understanding of the environment and factors that affect it. I am also studying Chemistry and Maths at A-level. The practical element of my chemistry course involves an understanding of procedures and precautions necessary throughout all science-based experiments; I feel that this understanding will improve my ability in practical elements of the course. After studying A-level maths, I feel being able to interpret numerical data at a high level will also enable me to develop my understanding of any numerical information that features inthe courseI am keen on sports and outdoor pursuits. I have enjoyed a range of activities from countryside walks to kayaking and abseiling. Because of this I feel I would particularly enjoy the fieldwork the course offers. I have been able to combine this interest in sport with a part time job as a leisure attendant at local sport centres. As part of this post I was asked to lead a youth sports and activities group which aims to promote sport among young people in my area. This activity has also allowed me to introduce other young people to activities that I have enjoyed. This role has also helped me to develop skills that would help me while I am at university. The sports group involves arranging individual sessions as well as trips outThis has improved my organisational skills, which has reflected my ability to combine part-time work with college effectively. Working as part of a team and serving members of the public has also improved my social skills, making me more confident when working with othersI wish to study at university, not only for the knowledge that I will gain from the course, but alsofor the experience of university life has to offer. During my two years at college I have participated in various activities. For example, I represented the college at an open day, volunteered as a collage council representative for my form group, participated in a blood donation scheme and was also involved in the shoebox appeal. These activities meant that I have to be confident, approachable and polite. I feel these are characteristics that will enableme to get involved with student life at universityMy ambition is to participate in conservation work abroad, before gaining experience in a career based in this area. I feel the experience outlined above and the knowledge I will gain from the course will enable me to achieve this ambition.Personal Statement Sample - biology生物2009-10-10 11:22:42 阅读563 评论0 字号：大中小As with science in general, I find it interesting, often fascinating, and I feel that I could gain much from studying it at university University has always appealed to me because of the wealth of experiences it has to offer as a student. Although I enjoy English Literature and Chemistry: I am especially keen to study Biology and Psychology. For me, the main appeal of the course lies in the variety of topics that will be covered. The aspects of Biology I find particularly interesting are neuroscience and how the immune system functions and responds. In Psychology, I am very interested in what makes people unique and how different factorsshape our personalityAt present I am employed at McDonald's where within one year of work I got promoted to a Floor Manager. Then I rapidly got promoted as a shift Manager. Being at this position it gives me numerous of responsibilities. For instance I am responsible for the whole resturant, ensuring the good communication flow exists between the crew members, correct procedures are followed, restaurant goals are achieved and ensuring that every customer gets 100%customer satisfactionThis experience especially allowed me to use my interpersonal skills to the full. In my reference, my employer remarked on my willingness to learn, my enthusiasm and initiative as well as my ability to work independently and as part of a teamI have a variety of hobbies outside school. When time allows, I find playing football, tennis, and listening music, a change from my studies. My other pursuits include more physical activitiessuch as attending the gym, dancing and cyclingAt present, I am putting most of my effort into achieving the best grades in my 'course to allow me to reach the next target in my education. I understand that university life will be very challenging, but I am confident that it will give me the best chance to achieve my potential, and lead the way forward to a successful career. I hope that this application indicates that I am apromising candidate.Personal Statement - Bioengineering生物2009-10-10 11:21:41 阅读364 评论0 字号：大中小"Scientists investigate that which already is. Technologists create that which has never been."I chose engineering as a life pursuit because I wish to engage in both. This choice was enhanced by a personal yearning to apply all that I learn; I wanted to be able to implement my physical and mathematical abilities in real life situations. I feel higher education would enableme to realise this aim.Although all aspects of physics and engineering intrigue me, I am particularly interested in the medical application of these two disciplines. When considering which field I might enter I realised that the only discipline that appealed to me, other than engineering, was medicine.Having researched the crossover between medicine and engineering I decided thatbioengineering provided the perfect blend.In order to improve my grasp of A-level Physics and Mathematics, and develop a better understanding of the options available to me in Higher Education, I have made extensive use of the online lectures of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). I was particularly receptive to the teaching methods of the Physics lecturer, Professor Lewin.Supplementary reading has widened my horizons and encouraged me to examine elements above and beyond the A-level course. Some of the books I have encountered include 'A Brief History of Time' by Stephen Hawking and also 'Mr. Tompkins in Wonderland' by Nobel Prize winner, George Gamow. The latter was more than simply 'a physics book' to me - the presentation of the physical principals within a love story proved to be extremely captivating.Following the debate regarding students' declining abilities and the 'dumbing down' of the A-levels I have undertaken a study of material from the older, and in my opinion more challenging, 1996 syllabus. Books such as 'Essential Principles of Physics' by Whelan and Hodgson have been particularly enlightening in this respect.I feel that theoretical concepts are easier to understand and more easily absorbed when they are tangible and therefore I have applied to the Year in Industry scheme, hoping that this will enhance the application of my mathematical and physical skills. Due to personal issues during the A-level exam period I was unable to achieve my potential and did not meet all my predicted grades. In order to amend this I have chosen t o retake some modules during my gap year whilst at the same time studying a new subject and expanding my language skills.I consider that my multicultural upbringing, including 12 years in Japan, Dubai and the Sudan have led to me being a well-rounded and colourful person. As a consequence of this time I benefited by gaining knowledge about different traditions, an insight into diverse cultures, anda furtherance in my linguistic abilities. This granted me the ability to adapt to different environments swiftly and comfortably, which would explain my enthusiasm for meeting new people. Moreover, the contrast in the living standards in these different environments has shown me the importance of science and technology in our lives.Professionals have confirmed for me that bioengineering is an intellectually challenging field, requiring commitment and motivation. I have always believed in fully devoting myself to all thatI do, and with my particular interests and experiences, I feel that only an opportunity to studybioengineering at university will enable me to express my abilities in their entirety.生物个人陈述模板生物2009-09-17 10:32:31 阅读344 评论1 字号：大中小I will never forget my experience of working alongside doctors to fight against the horrible disease, AA, in China in 200X. This work taught me the great impact of disease control and prevention and motivated me to apply for the biostatistics program at Yale University, with the ultimate career goal of becoming an influential professional or researcher in the field. I firmly believe that my constant thirst for knowledge, high regard for the work in the biomedical and public health fields, and my courageousness will drive my graduate studies and help me achieve personal and professional success.I first became interested in biostatistics when the AA epidemic breakout in China in 200X. As a memberof the University Red Cross Association, I was responsible for assisting the university hospital to publicize disease prevention methods, distribute medicine, and complete health surveys. I learned from that process the value of survey dates in supplying useful strategies for disease prediction, prevention and control. Afterward, when I served as Vice President of the Student Union, I organized an introductory lecture and health survey about hereditary disease for the local community. I truly enjoyed these voluntary public health services, as I was able to use my knowledge to enhance the quality of life for my fellow man. These achievements gave me the determination to fully devote myself to public healthservices and global health care development.My academic training to this point has provided me with a wide range of general knowledge and skills related to the biological sciences. This training is an excellent first step in preparing for the professional career that I desire. As an undergraduate student in bioengineering at BB University, I acquired a solid foundation in the theoretical concepts associated with genetics, molecular biology, immunology, and biochemistry. I also gained knowledge in the several areas of industrial significance, includingbio-products, fermentation, and biotechnology. In addition to the comprehensive studies in my major field, I received as well extensive training in mathematics and computer science, both of which were of great benefit to my study of biostatistics, an important area in various industrial and scientific research efforts.For example, as I learned during my summer internship as an Assistant Researcher at the DD Pharmaceutical Company in 200Y, biostatistics has a vital role in the development and marketing of new medicines, in the control of the quality of products, and in the tracking of consumer trends, attitudes and purchases. I have also worked as an undergraduate research assistant for a map-based cloning project in the ZZ Biology Center, where I used statistical methods to develop WW genetic markers and to calculate the probabilities of recombination. These hands-on training activities gave me a clearer understanding of and a deeper insight into the biostatistics of biological and clinical problems.I look forward to furthering my knowledge of biostatics at Yale University. Indeed, I believe that Yale’s dynamic environment coupled with the emphasis placed on both statistics theory and real-life biological issues in the biostatics program will prepare me well to stand out in future competition. Therefore, my well considered decision to choose your program will certainly help me realize my dreams. I am confidentthat with Yale’s beneficial guidance and training, I will be well on the way to becoming a notedprofessional in the area of public health.bioengineering personal statement生物2009-09-16 23:43:57 阅读228 评论0 字号：大中小1. Tough memories played a key role in my decisionI am determined to pursue graduate studies engineering in a large part because both of my grandmothers died because the hospitals did not have the facilities to give them prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. My paternal grandmother suffered from cancer, but he doctor did not know it was cancer until was already to late. A few years later, my maternal grandmother passed away because of a sudden heart attack. To this day, my mother’s words at her funeral till echo in my ears:“If only she could wear a portable monitor for heart disease, and if only there was a portable cardiac pacemaker in theambulance.”On the strength of my strong performance in the 1994 National University Entrance Examinations, I won acceptance into the Tsinghua University, China’s top engineering school. Without any hesitation, I chose to major in biomedical engineering in its Department of Electrical Engineering. In making that choice, I hoped that, one day, I could be more of a help to patients than doctors, since a doctor treats patients one at a time, but the more effective medical devices I develop can help many people all the time.2. My solid academic recordWith a clear objective in my mind, I made myself a “gifted student” recognized by the department. In my class of 32 students, I was consistently a top student. My GPA for basic courses was 3.75/4.0 and my GPA for specialized courses was as high as 3.87/4.0. In my second year in Tsinghua University, my academic ranking and comprehensive ranking were both the highest in my class, and I was awarded the first ranking excellent student scholarship that year. I was particularly strong in mathematics and physics, which I took as fundamental to every branch of science and technology.3. My independent research abilityAs a recognized gifted student, I was one of the first students in my year to be given the opportunity of taking part in actual research. In July 1996, I joined the research group for biomedical instrumentation and signal processing, led by Professor Cheng Jiajie, a noted Chinese term EEG signals. A joint project between Professor Cheng and the National Research Center for Engineering and Technology on Appliance for Medical Treatment and Health Care, the system was to consist of two sub-systems. One was for sampling and recording the EEG and other physiological signals, and the other was for reviewing and analyzing the signals. I was involved in the development of both.I first built a double-T band-stop filter network for ultra-weak signals to serve as an essential part of the EEG hardware. As brain waves are extremely weak signals, only from tens to hundreds microvolt, the whole system, including the filter network, had to meet extremely stringent standards. I designed the circuit and its components meticulously. After painstaking efforts, I successfully set up the filter network.After that, professor Cheng assigned me to perfect the clinical EEG software in recognition of mycomputer skills. In a Windows-based EEG review and analysis software system, I integrated various functions of automatic and manual data scrolling, annotation, grouping, montage, block marking, data discarding and transferring into diskette, filter design and filtering, compress spectrum array, brain electrical activity map, power spectrum estimation, twelve quantity EEG analysis and statistics. This cleared away a major hassle for doctors working in the hospitals. The software system also adopts background data loading and re-sampling of data while displaying to speed up the scrolling process andreduce the doctors’ waiting time.Through this project, I was solidly trained in independent research, much more so than most of myclassmates.4. Extracurricular activitiesI was a good student not just because I studied well but also because I actively involved myself in a variety of activities. In these activities, I not only honed my leadership and communication skills but also acquired a pioneering spirit and the ability to do teamwork.For much of my undergraduate studies, I served as a member of the student union council. In 1995 and 1996, I was elected the monitor of my class. Unde r my leadership, my class was chosen “A Class of Good Academic Atmosphere”, a designation given to only the best group of students. To take advantage of my leadership and communication skills, the department appointed me a counselor to first-year students in the school year between September 1996 to July 1997. In this position, I advised the freshmen on the choice of courses and adaptation to the university life.Interested in the cultural and recreational activities, I helped to organize, in 1995, the First Beijing Opera Competition in Tsinghua University. In December 1996, I organized and participated in making the first music video for our class as our contribution to the department’s art festival, and it won a second prize.What I like to emphasize is that I was one of the founders of the Biomedical Club in our department. The purpose of it is to spread knowledge and exchange ideas in the rapidly developing biomedical world. During the past three years, we successfully fulfilled our goal by means of regular seminars as well asvisits to various academic institutions and hospitals.I became even more active in extracurricular activities after m third undergraduate year. In January 1997, I went on a trip to ShenZhen, China’s first and most successful “special economic zone”, as part of a social investigation group. The far-reaching economic and technical reforms taught me a lot outside my discipline. From June to August 1998, u worked in the IBM China Research Laboratory on localization and system testing for IBM WorkPad Chinese Applications. It was an extraordinary experience for me. I not only tested myself in real research, but also I learned about advanced technology and thinking. During this time, I attended the IBM Research Summer Jam 98, which was an event for IBM Research’s supplemental and summer student employees to get together and explore the future of computing. My creativity displayed in this Summer Jam won acclaim from IBM Senior Vice President Dr. Paul Horn.I believe that the team spirit, communication skills and other qualities I acquired in thee activities will beconducive to advanced research in an American university.5. Solid command of EnglishAlthough not an English major, my English proficiency is comparable to that of English majors in Chinese universities, as demonstrated by my high grades in both TOEFL and GRE. I do not just know the English language well. I can communicate as effectively in English as I do in Chinese. I believe that good communication and writing skills are indispensable to a successful researcher or engineer. My TWE score is 5.5, which is especially high for Chinese students, and my oral English is good, too, as I have many a chance to talk with my parents’ foreign colleagues and exchange different ideas and in formation with them when they come to China. I will take TSE this October and I am confident that I will get anotherhigh score.6. Why I decide to pursue my study abroad?Although studying in Tsinghua University has solidly grounded me for an engineering career, I have for long felt the urgency and responsibility to study abroad. From my personal experience, I realize, frankly speaking, that China’s biomedical engineering is not yet developed enough. I remember that, in September 1997 when I went to Beij ing Recovery Center for “social investigation”, I found all the advanced recovery and nurse appliances displayed and used there were made abroad and the expenses were too high for ordinary people. To give you another example, the EEG system currently made in China for clinical use requires electrode check-up before operation. This always brings patients suffering because the nurses have to rub the electrode heavily on their scalp for about half an hour for ideal location. One day, a professor there brought us an EEG system imported from California, U.S.A. This system not only solves the old problem, but also sets up a new detecting function for brain’s cognitionability.From these and other things, I know that the United State has the advanced technology and thus the original ideas, but China has quality researchers like me who can learn to do as well. I feel that I have not taken the full advantage of my intellectual capabilities. I wish to pursue more advanced studies and then improve my country’s biomedi cal situation. Only by doing this can I feel better when I recall my childhood memories, memories of my grandmothers dying needlessly. Only by doing this can I fulfil my ultimate aim to make biomedical appliances part of everybody’s life, to help provide o rdinary people correct and timelytreatment and care for their illness.I have inherited from my parents’ intellectual qualities. My father, a professor of Physics at the Beijing University, and my mother, a senior engineer of Physics with the Chinese academy of Sciences. Have bestowed on me the character of diligence, resolution and perseverance as well as the ability to understand new things quickly. They have both been to several universities in U.S.A. as visiting scholars. So when I was young, I had some knowledge of universities in United States. My older brother pursued his graduate studies in MIT, where he obtained a Master of Science Degree in physics in 1992 and a Ph.D. in the Division of Health Sciences and Technology in 1996. By realizing his achievement, he has givenme tremendous encouragement and confidence because I know that I am as excellent as he is.7. I think Cornell University is an ideal place for me.Graduate studies should be both intellectually exhilarating and challenging. But to decide which university to attend is one of the biggest decisions in one’s life. Keeping these in mind, I consider Cornell University as my First Choice. A world-famous top-notch university, Cornell has a world-class faculty, advanced research facilities and a stimulating academic atmosphere, all very conducive to the development of my potential into actual ability. If I am accepted, I will Instrumentation and Diagnostics as well as Biomedical Mechanics. My solid academic foundation, independent research ability and strong background in biomedical engineering and related subjects, coupled with my determination and strong sense of responsibility, have paved the way for me to undertake advanced studies at an institution ofhigher learning like yours.生物学个人陈述生物2009-09-07 08:36:18 阅读224 评论0 字号：大中小Why should I select biology as my career? Born in a medical family for generations, I was very interested in all over around, especially in living organisms and I came into a habit of watching, touching, feeling and protecting them who become my favorite friends later. Life science is much more intriguing and fascinating to me when I made endeavor to represent Shandong Province 400,000 high-school students to go to Beijing to take part in the National Biological Olympic Context, a Pick-Out for the International Biological Olympic Context. As a result, I selected Biotechnology, the foremost interesting field in Biology, as my college major when I won acceptance into Department of Biotechnology in the College of Life Science at Peking University, the best university of China.Upon acceptance to Peking University in 1996, I was awarded consecutive scholarships for all 4 years in college. During my college years, with the systematic education, I obtained a solid academic background in chemistry and basic biology science especially in experiment skills as a preparation for future advanced research, which is also, the basis for me to do my current research project at the lab.Due to my outstanding experiment skills, in the third year of my undergraduate study, I was recommended to the State Key Lab of Microbial Resource, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, which only 2% the students can get in, to do research on the structure and character of a new family of DNA-Binding Protein from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus Shibatae(extreme environment). And independently I have been dedicating in the interaction between DNA and DNA-Binding Protein by Gel Retardation Assay, Nick Closure Assay and EMSA. This project provided me with not only considerable experiment experience including bacterial culture, expression of recombinant, and western blotting etc, but also how to plan an experiment, by consulting papers, seeking optimal conditions and selectingappropriate methods. Now my partners and I have made a great achievement of this project and we h ave a paper, “A Highly Conserved DNA-Binding Protein from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus Shibatae Affects DNA Supercoiling in a Temperature-Dependent Fashion”, which will be published in the NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH(4.488) in the nearer future.Furthermore, I have once, as a co-operator, helped other group investigate Archaeon ssh7 DNA binding protein and DNA interaction. With the experiment process, I am proficient in PCR and RT-PCR, southern and northern blotting, cell in-situ blotting, CsCl density gradient centrifuge, expression of recombinant protein, FPLC, protein purification and protein/enzyme activity assay, etc.In addition to academic studying and lab training, I benefit much from my college life. I joined the Green Life Association, one of the best student organizations in Peking University, and had been the minister of propagation for one year. The job has deepened my love for lives and improved my responsibility both for group and for the well-being of our earth. Moreover, all the many-sided pleasant experiences and excellent records are a great treasure to me, giving me high confidence and independence.Why to go abroad to pursue Ph.D.? I’m always thinking that the research of life sciences is not only interdisciplinary but also international. Besides the advanced technology, I hope to fuse the analytic way of the east and west. So I’d like to go abroad for advanced studies after my graduation in July of 2000. And besides, it is to make more research achievement in the life science and at the same time, fulfill my keen dream of standing on the foremost frontline in biology science. Why to choose your University as my graduate school? It is that she is one of the most highly regarded universities in the world and is an ideal place for ambitious youth. Why to select your program? With my experiment skills and broad academic background, I am more and more certain that I am well prepared for the further exploration into your respected program, which is very promising in the modern biology. Despite the highly competition of your admission, I still regard your research program as myfuture struggling goal.At the time being, I think I am honest, intelligently mature and psychologically ready for this goal and I believe that I can accept the challenge and will surely make success in the end. Would you accept me as one of the members of your program to fulfill my dream? I hope I can contribute my strength and intelligence to your program. You are sure to find that your investment on me is really awarding and worthwhile.Sincerely yours,Yunfei WenBiology - Personal Statement生物2009-09-07 08:35:52 阅读238 评论0 字号：大中小By applying your Ph. D. program, I am seeking to fulfill a dream in my childhood, to be a great scientist. This dream encouraged me to read a lot of books on many disciplines, since my primary school time. Although my parents had to work abroad much of the time from then on and had no time to look into my study, I had never been slack, for the dream gave me a pressure to do my best in study.In the meanwhile, my talent in mathematics helped me excel my classmates and gain outstanding grades. Besides my excellent grades in school, I won remarkable scores in various contests in Beijing and a few national contests on mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc. Moreover, from 1993 to 1998, I won the Shupin Scholarship several times based on my excellent score.When I was in high school, I came to realize the great potential of life sciences. As we all know, mankind can go up to outer space or down to the bottom of the ocean, and predict the movement or state of a huge planet or an infinitesimal particle. Yet we can’t explain a lot of phenomena about ourselves or various lives around us, because lives are the most complicated systems in the world. I am sure that to explain these phenomena is what a great scientist should do, and just what I wish to do.Therefore, when I was about to take the National College Entrance Examination, I chose the college of Life Sciences in Peking University, the most famous university in China, which is dubbed as China's Harvard by President Clinton on his visit to my country. In the university, I studied at the Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, which required its students to have a great ability to learn and research. With the study of a series of courses, I obtained a solid academic background in chemistry and basic biology. At the same time, I learned many skills of both general chemistry experiments and specialized biology research. From lab courses, I experienced all kinds of experiments for DNA, protein and microbe’s research and analysis.However, I realized that I need more practical experience before I step on the way to be a scientist. To enhance my research ability, I have been working as a research assistant since July 2000 in the Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Bioengineering at the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for a project on the regulation of cotton fertility in plant heterosis, which is part of the National High Technology Research & Development Program (the “863 Program”), and have got gre at progress in the work of clone, absence and analysis of promoter’s function on the specific expressed gene in。

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Journal of Translational Neuroscience , 2016, 1 (1) ： 56 -59DOI ： 10. 3868/j. issn. 2096 - 0689.01.009ProfilesA brief history of neuroscience at the University of British ColumbiaMax S Cynader ** , Heather AmosUniversity of British Columbia (UBC) , CanadaOver the past few decades, the f i e l d of neuroscience has grown dramatically and made tremendous progre ss. From i t s origin s in physics, philosophy and psychology, the f i e l d has grown t o include among i t s practitioners t a lented individuals not only from these founding disciplines but from many o t h e r s.Though our progress in Neuroscience has been immense,there i s s t i l l much t o be done, and i t has become clear that a large number of overlapping complimentary s k i l l s e t s are required t o make progress on the challenging problems that l i e ahead. The vision of an int erdi sciplina ry, integrated neuroscience enter p ris e has characterized our University since the incept i o n of the f i e l d.The University of British Columbia i s one of the world’s top leading academic i n s t i t u t i o n s, and i t s Faculty of Medicine i s renowned f or i t s broad expertise in research, teaching, and c l i n i c a l innovation. From the very beginning of the foundation of the University, UBC^s commitment t o better understanding the brain was a priori t y.Just seven years before UB C opened i t s doors in 1913，the Nobel Prize was awarded t o Ramon y Cajal and Camillo Golgi, the s c i e n t i s t s who discovered neurons, the amazing, multi-variant, c e l l s t hat communicate informat i on t o,from and within the brain. The study of the brain, was s t i l l in i t s infancy in 1906 when the Nobel Prize was awarded, but one of the f i r s t courses offered a t U B C was Elementary Psychology, the study of brain and behaviour.In the years a f t e r the University launched i t s medical school in 1950，UBC made i t s mark in neuroscience. The university housed one of the f i r s t magnetic resonance imaging (M R I) machines and one of the f i r s t PET scanners in Canada and used these powerful instruments t o study the structure, function and chemistry of the brain. Using these technologies, major progress was made in developing one of the f i r s t treatments fo r multiple s c l e r o s i s and in understanding the changes that take place in the brains of Parkinson’s p a t i e n t s.In addition t o i t s established expert ise in imaging,U B C researchers have made major contributions t o our understanding of neurogenetics. Today ,Dr. Michael Hayden i s the worlds most highly cite d researcher in the area of Huntington’s disease g e netics. Drs. Ian MacKenzie and Howard Feldman were leaders of international teams that discovered c r i t i c a l mutations involved in frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic l a teral s c l e r o s i s.Terry Snutch’s success in cloning a whole series of calcium channel genes led t o deep new understandings of the genetic roots of epilepsy and pain. In the l a s t decade, Matt Farrer and his collaborators have identified several key mutations that lead t o Parkinson^ disease, and in 2016, Carles Vilarino-Guell and Dessa Sadovnick id entified a new gene defect that leads t o mult i p l e s c l e r o s i s.When U B C’s Medical School was f i r s t opened,in 1950, neurobiologist William Gibson was a c l i n i c a l associate professor a t the University. He became director of the Kinsmen Laboratory for neurological research and established one of Canada^s f i r s t and most important neuroscience c l u s t e r s.Gibson fostered the careers of talented individuals l ike Juhn Wada, who developed the Wada t e s t for identifying which hemisphere was crucial for speech production in individuals who were about t o have su rg ery. Neuroscience a t UB C grew and prospered under their dir e c t i o n.In 1959, Drs. Pat and Edith McGeer joined UBC as professors in the Faculty of Medicine in the DepartmentReceived：2016 -07-15Accepted：2016 -07 -31* Correspondence：Max S Cynader, E-mail：cynader@brain, ubc. caProfilesof Psychiatry. The McGeer^s, as they are known, are t oday Canada’s most highly cited neu roscientists. Among many other contributions, their work was c r i t i c a l t o establis hing the role of inflammation in many neurodegenerat i v e diseases,particularl y Alzheimer’s disea se.They coined the term ‘‘neuroinflammation ’’ and led the world in showing t hat smoldering inflammation in the brain was a major contributor t o neurodegeneration. Their contribut ions t o our understanding of brain diseases b u i l t UB C^ reputation as a premier i n s t i t u t i o n for neuroscience research. Today they are both professor emeriti and have more than 800 publications between them.For the next 40 years,neuroscience continued t o grow and prosper a t U B C with important developments i n Departments t hat included ophthalmology (visual cortex and r e t i n a l neuroscience),psychiatry (schizophrenia，mood disorders) ,psychology (behavioural neuroscience and neurology) and neurology (neurodegenerative disorders) emerging as centres of excellence. In 1998 UBC Dean of Medicine,Martin Hollenberg and Vancouver General Hospital CEO, Murray Martin j o i n t l y conceived the notion of a Brain Research Centre with a translat i ona l focus. The Centre would link British Columbia’s l arg e s t hospital with i t s leading Uni versity. After a competitive process,Dr. Max Cynader was recruited t o be the f i r s t Directo r.Cynader soon realized that while there were excellent neuroscientists across the University and the various teaching hospitals that were a f f i l i a t e d with the University, communication among these d i f fer e nt groups was lacking, as was the s p i r i t of community and i d e n t i t y.As Founding Director, Cynader was able t o bring together the various talented groups t o create a mutually supportive cohesive community centered on key technologies that included brain imaging, genetics,c e l l signaling, and other platforms that could be used by any neuroscientist in the community. He established several seminar series, held dozens of r e t r e a t s on specialized subjects which attempted t o bridge the gaps between the d i ff er en t groups, and provided technological platforms t hat enabled s c i e n t i s t s t o l everage their colleagues expert i se.Cynader said ‘‘I spent a l l of our early money on pizza, in an e f f o r t t o bring people together and get them t o t alk with each other”.The opening of the Brain Research Centre in 1998 and the coalescence of the many d i ffer ent research groups in neuroscience into the larger en tit y, enabled U BC t o become competitive fo r a se ries of major awards that were available through provincial,national and international agenc i e s.The Brain Research Centre received several multi-million dollar awards from the Federal, Provincial and international sources enabling i t t o build new labora to ri es, t o upgrade i t s imaging instrumentation, and t o establis h f a c i l i t i e s t o support c l i n i c a l inv esti g a t i o n.The neuroscience community was also able t o recruit over a dozen Canada Research Chairs t o i t s environment, based on the advanced f a c i l i t i e s that had been created. World famous neuroscientists such as Brian Mac V icar, Judy E l l i s,Yu Tian Wang, Ann Marie Craig, Lara Boyd, Neil Cashman and Jeremy Seamens were r ecruited. Major funding from the Tula Foundation and other philanthropic sources enabled the Centre t o rec rui t young superstars of the future including well-known neuroscientists such as Kalina K r i s t o f f, Kurt Haas, and Shemaz Bamji. Altogether over 50 faculty members in the area of neuroscience were added t o the University^ ranks between 2000-2015, creating Canada?s large st and strongest neuroscience enterp r i s e.During t h i s process of building the neuroscience community and strengthening i t with the infusion of ta le nted individuals from outside the University,i t became more and more obvious that a c r i t i c a l missing piece of the infra structure required t o create and cement a world cla ss community was the lack of a central f a c i l i t y that could showcase the University’s neuroscience excellence and could also serve as a crucial hub a t which c l i nic a l and basic science investigators could meet and exchange ideas, and in which patient care, c l i ni cal research and fundamental research could feed o f f each other t o provide syner gies. These considerations led t o a large fundraising campaign (over $100 million was raised over several years) which enabled the Neuroscience community, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Vancouver Coastal Health t o j o i n t l y inaugurate the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre f o r Brain Health in 2015. This new 170,000 sq f t f a c i l i t y encompasses a Brain Imaging Centre, a Brain &D N A Bank, a Behavioural Analysis f a c i l i t y, lecture h alls and57Profilesauditoriums, cl inics fo r major neurological and psychiatr i c diseases (Alzheimer’s，Parkinson’s，stroke recovery, concussion, bipolar disorders, depression, multiple scler o s i s, among others) and three f l o o r s of research l a b s. The brain images, c l i n ic al data, and genetic and t issue information derived from Centre patients are available t o the large group of interdisci plina ry s c i e n t i s t s that populate the laboratori es within the new Centre, result ing in unparalleled opportunities f o r tr a nslational neuroscience.Dr. Cynader, the inaugural Director of the new Cent r e, ret i re d from t h i s position in 2015 t o be succeeded by two acclaimed neuroscientists, Dr. Brian Mac V icar, a world expert in Stroke and g l i a l biology, and Dr. Jon St oes sl, a renowned c l i n ic al investigat or who has made major contributions t o the understanding of the Placebo e f f e c t and t o the underlying mechanisms of Parkinson^s di sease.Today, the new Centre for Brain Health occupies a preeminent role as a world-leading science i n s t i t u t e both nationally and in ter n a t i o n a l l y.aThe brain i s a t the very core of who we are，” says Dr. Brian MacYicar, co-directo r of the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health. “That’s why t h i s Centre i s so important; the research t ha t takes place here w ill prove essential t o preventing and trea ting brain diseases, which by 2020 w i ll overtake heart disease and cancer as the leading cause of death and disa b i l i t y in the developed world^.Dr. Jon Stoe ss l, co-director of the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre f or Brain Health, says uAlready, our multi-disciplinary, collaborat i v e approach i s a ttracting international atte ntio n and building U B C’s reputation f or excellence. W e are poised t o lead the world in translating fundamental neuroscience discoveries into new s t r a t e g i e s for the prevention and treatment of brain diseas es. ”Highlights1915 U BC opens with 379 students a t the s i t e of Vancouver General Hospital on the Fairview slo p e s.One of the f i r s t courses offered i s Elementary Psychology1949 Juhn Wada develops the Wada t e s t while studying medicine in Japan. The t e s t i s used t o silence one hemisphere of the brain selectiv ely t o figure out where speech, memory or seizures are coming from. Wada becomes a U B C neurology professor in 1956.1950 U B C establishes the Faculty of Medicine. Neurobiologist William Gibson was a c l i ni cal associate professor when i t opened and soon put neuroscience f ront and centre fo r the school. He studied the biochemistry of schizophrenia ,became director of the Kinsmen Laboratory f or Neurological Research, established a laboratory t o monitor brain waves, and helped create the Woodward Biomedical Libr ary.1958 The Department of Psychology i s created and separated from the Department of Philosophy and Psychology.1959 Patrick Me G eer joins his wife Edith Me G eer as a professor in the Faculty of Medicine. They study degenerative neurological diseases of aging, particularly Alzheimer^. They led the world in identifying that inflammation in the brain i s a major contributor t o neurodegeneration. Their contributions t o our understanding of these diseases helped build U B C’s reputation as a premier i n s t i t u t i o n for neuroscience research. Today they are both professor emeriti and have more than 800 s c i e n t i f i c publications between them.1980 U B C opens one of two MRI f a c i l i t i e s in Canada and rec ruits multiple s c ler osi s researcher Donald P aty. Paty uses MRIs t o diagnose multiple s c le ro si s and i s instrumental in developing the f i r s t c l i nic al t r i a l s f o r interferons, which became one of the f i r s t treatments fo r the dise ase.1981 Donald Caine joins UBC and studies Parkinson^ disease by using PET scans t o study a patienfs br ai n.He demonstrates that the l o s s of a neurotransmitter known as dopamine in the brain of patients living with Parkinson^ as well as evidence that dopamine l evels are reduced in the brains of people exposed t o a Parkinson-producing tox in (MPTP).1983 Dr. B. Lynn Beattie, founding Head of the U B C Division of Geriatric Medicine, establishes the Clinic fo r Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders a t U B C Hospital. She saw patients and served as Medical Director from the 58Profilescl i n i c’s inception u n t i l2005，and again from 2009 u n t i l her retirement in 2013. The c l i n i c remains the only c l i n i c of i t s kind i n B ritish Columbia, and provides assessment and support f or more than 3,500 patients and their families each y e a r.1986 Michael Hayden develops the genetic t e s t for Huntington’s disease1987 Max Cynader arrives on campus t o head the Department of Ophthalmology ； he i s recruited along with four other facu lty members t o study the visual part of the b r ain.1998 UBC^s Martin Hollenberg and Vancouver General HospitaFs Murray Martin capitalize on the idea that the brain i s the next big thing and decide t o create the Brain Research Cent re. Max Cynader becomes i t s founding d i r e c t o r.2000 Canada establishes the Canada Research Chair program t o a t t r a c t and retain top researchers a t Canadian u n i v e r s i t i e s.Cynader takes advantage of the program t o a t t r a c t top neuroscientists Judy I l l e s, Brian MacVicar, Yu Tian Wang, Neil Cashman and o t h e r s.2001 Researcher Jon Stoessl publishes a paper describing the placebo e f f e c t in patients with Parkinson^ diseas e. He finds that there i s a real chemical response in the brain and Parkinson^s patients release dopamine i n response t o placebos. Today, Stoe ss l i s the co-director of the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre f o r Brain Health.2002 Yu Tian Wang and colleagues a t the University of Toronto develop a treatment t o prevent brain damage from a type of stroke known as ischemic stroke where the blood vessels supplying blood t o the brain are blocked.2005 Anthony Phillips and Yu Tian Wang find a way t o block communication between brain c e l l s that t r i g g e r drug craving s.The finding could lead t o new therapies t o t r e a t addiction and some of the behaviour associated with schizophrenia.2005 Dr. Weihong Song f o s t e r s a $ 15-million Canada-China Alzheimer s research collaboration2005 Adele Diamond finds that attenti on d e f i c i t disorder (A D D)and attention d e f i c i t hyperactivity disorder (A DHD) manifests as two d i s t i n c t but related disorders with d i ff e ren t cognitive and behavioral pro f i l e s, revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment of children around the world.2010 Matthew Farrer joins U B C as the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Neurogenetics and Translational Neuroscience. Farrer i s responsible fo r identifying many of the genes associated with l a t e onset Parkinson^s disease.2010 Janice Eng establishes a new standard of care f or stroke patients, developing the Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program t o help stroke survivors do rehabilitation exercises a t home and challenging previously held notions about stroke recovery. Her program i s added t o the 2010 Canadian Stroke Clinical Practice Guidelines, and i s used in more than 20 countries.2011 Ian Mackenzie, Howard Feldman and colleagues a t the Mayo Clinic discover two genes t hat underlie two d i f f ere n t but related forms of neurodegenerative disease ： frontotemporal dementia (F T D)and amyotrophic l a t e r a l s c l e ros i s (A L S)，also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. The findings transformed our understanding of the diseases, aids with genetic counseling and fo r developing new treatments.2011 Neil Cashman i s a leading expert into diseases of the brain that re lat e t o how proteins f o l d.He discovers a deformed protein that leads t o an e f fec t ive treatment for ALS as well as a diagnostic t e s t f o r early-stage Alzheimer’s.2013 Neil C a shman develops a poten tial immune-based therapy for Alzheimer’s.The drug targ ets a protein t h a t creates t i ny f i b e rs or plaques in the brains of Alzheimer^s s u f f e r e r s.2014 U BC and Vancouver Coastal Health open the Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, uniting research and patient care in one f a c i l i t y.2015 Blair Leavitt begins the f i r s t c l i ni ca l t r i a l for a gene silencing treatment for Huntington^s disease. The drug could become the f i r s t therapy that tar g ets the genetic cause of the disease.59。