化学化工专业英语(1)
化学工程与工艺专业英语(1)
化学工程与工艺专业英语1. Introduction化学工程与工艺是一门涉及化学反应、化学工艺以及工程原理的学科，它在许多工业领域中起着重要的作用。
作为一个化学工程与工艺专业的学生，具备良好的英语沟通能力对于学习和就业都具有重要意义。
本文档将介绍一些化学工程与工艺专业中常用的英语术语和短语，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些知识。
2. Basic Terms and Definitions在开始学习化学工程与工艺专业的英语词汇之前，我们需要了解一些基本的术语和定义。
•Chemical Engineering: 化学工程•Process: 过程•Reactor: 反应器•Mass Transfer: 质量传递•Heat Transfer: 热传递•Distillation: 蒸馏•Extraction: 提取•Polymerization: 聚合•Catalysis: 催化•Reaction Kinetics: 反应动力学•Thermodynamics: 热力学•Unit Operation: 单元操作•Unit Process: 单元工艺3. Chemical Engineering Processes化学工程与工艺专业涉及许多不同的化学过程和工艺。
下面是一些常见的过程名称和定义。
3.1 Distillation蒸馏是一种通过利用不同组分的沸点差异进行分离的过程。
在蒸馏过程中，液体混合物被加热，使其沸腾，然后通过冷凝，得到不同组分的纯液体。
蒸馏在石油化工、酒精生产和石油提炼等领域中广泛应用。
3.2 Extraction提取是一种将溶质从溶剂中分离出来的过程。
提取可以通过溶剂选择性地与溶质相互作用，使得溶质从溶剂中转移到新的相中。
提取常用于药物生产、化妆品制造等领域。
3.3 Polymerization聚合是一种将单体分子结合成长链聚合物的过程。
聚合通常需要催化剂和适当的反应条件。
聚合在塑料制造、纤维生产和涂料工业等领域中被广泛应用。
化学化工专业英语课件
deci-分 decigram 分克(1/10克)；decimeter 分米
centi- 厘 centimeter 厘米；centigram厘克
nano- 纳
nanometer纳米；
nanosecond十亿分之一秒（10-9秒）
milli-毫 millimeter毫米；millilitre毫升； milligram毫克
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另 有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
数字 拉丁或希 烷烃-ane 烷基-yl 烯烃-ene 腊前缀 alkane alkyl Alkene
炔烃-yne 醇-ol alkyne alcohol
醛-al aldehyde
one mono- methane methyl
4.名词+动名词（n.+v.ing）
paper-making 造纸 ship-building 造船 Machine-shaping ？
5.其他构成方式
By-product 副产品（介词+名词） Make-up 化妆品（动词+副词） Out-of-door 户外 （副词+介词+名词） Pick-me-up 兴奋剂 （动词+代词+副词）
2.形容词+名词（adj.+n.）
其意义关系是前者修饰后者 Blueprint periodic table mixed-powder atomic weight
3.动名词+名词（v.ing+n.）
动名词所表示的是与被修饰词有关的 动作，而名词所表示的是可用的场所或物 品。 Launching site 发射场 flying-suit 飞行衣 navigating instrument ？
化学化工专业英语(1)
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例如：
bio-
biochemistry; biotechnology; biocatalyst; biodegradable能生物降解的; bioengineering, etc.
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例句：
李商隐：“春蚕到死丝方尽” 科学翻译：Spring silkworm spins silk till
its death. 文学翻译：Spring silkworm till its death
spins silk from lovesick heart.
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科技英语泛指一切论及或谈及科学技术 的书面语及口语，其中包括：
科技著作、科技论文及报告、实验报告及方案；
各类科技情报及文字资料；
科技实用手册的结构描述和操作规程；
有关科技问题的会谈、会议；
有关科技的影片、录像及光盘等有声资料的解 说词等。
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科技英语要求其客观性、准确性及严密 性，注意叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰、 畅达，避免行文晦涩。科技英语力求平易和 精确，避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传 效果的各种修饰词，以免使读者产生行文浮 华，内容虚饰之感。
如： hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷
2.科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语
据统计，1万个普通英语词汇中，约有46%源于 拉丁语，7.2%来源于希腊语，专业性越强，比率 就越高。
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3.广泛使用缩写词，并且缩写词的词义专 一，使用频率高。
化学化工专业英语翻译1
化学化工专业英语1
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
c.阴离子： 单原子阴离子，词根 + ide ，同时有“某化物”的意思， 如 chloride 氯化物。 其实很多元素的并不能形成真正游离态的阴离子，不过基 于下文二元化合物命名的需要，所以仍然将“词根+ide” 形式列入，表示“某化物”的含义，如O2-对应的氧化物 MgO（magnesium oxide）。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
七 hepta-；八 octa-；九 nona- ；十 decab.命名时在相应多原子的元素名称前加上数字前缀即可： CS2 carbon disulfide； SnCl4 tin tetrachloride。 也可以明化合价：tin(IV) chloride； CO carbon oxide(carbon monoxide) ； CO2 carbon dioxide； CrO3 chromium trioxide； As2S2雄黄diarsenic disulfide； As2S3雌黄diarsenic trisulfide； As2O5砒霜diarsenic pentaoxide 。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
5.不同氧化度的二元化合物 过氧化物 peroxide O22-： H2O2 hydrogen peroxide；CaO2 calcium peroxide；Na2O2 sodium peroxide 超氧化物 superoxide O2-：KO2 potassium superoxide 三、含氧酸和含氧酸盐 1.含氧酸有高酸per+正酸”、正酸“词根+ic”、亚酸“词 根+ous”、次酸“hypo+亚酸”、过酸“peroxo+正酸”、 代酸“thio+对应酸”等形态，最后加“acid”：
化学化工专业英语电子版课本
化学化工专业英语电子版课本————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269 附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐♦☯❒♓/ ⏹ 陶器structural elements结构成分；property / ☐❒☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be vie wed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise / ♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓ ♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎ 含糊的，有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯♦❍/♎ 亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❒☯♦☐♓/ ♎微观的❍♋♍❒☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌ ❒☯✞♦☐♓/♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’ and ‘‘performance.’’ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire), which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous) material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.)We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/ ♎♓♐ ❍♏♓☞☯⏹/ ⏹变形deteriorative/♎♓♦♓☯❒♓☯❒♏♓♦♓❖/ ⏹破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❒♏⏹♑/ ⏹强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction/❒♓♐❒✌☞☯⏹/ ⏹折射率；reflectivity/ ❒♓♐●♏ ♦♓❖♓♦♓/ ⏹反射率processing/☐❒☯◆♦♏♦♓☠/ ⏹加工light transmittance) of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it), whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯/ ⏹蓝宝石transparent/♦❒✌⏹♦☐☪☯❒☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的；polycrystalline/ ☐●♓❒♓♦♦☯●♓⏹/ ⏹多晶体；translucent/♦❒✌⏹●✞♦⏹♦/♎ 半透明的；opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister,Materials science and engineering :anintroduction, Press:JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♦♏♓♦/ ❖ 决定trade off 权衡；折衷ductility♎✈♦♓●♓♦♓⏹延展性overriding/ ☯✞❖☯❒♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1．At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来，材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
化学与化工专业英语
ClOIO-
Hypochlorite
Hypoiodite
PO23- Hypophosphite
(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ) Anion’s name = Per-central Element’s root -ate
for example: ClO4IO4MnO4Perchlorate Periodate Permanganate
Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts
1. Single valence ions
Cation’s name = Element for example: Na+ Sodium K+ Potassium Al3+ Aluminum Ca2+ Calcium
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Mad doctor 精神病科医生（不是发疯的医生） Personal remark 人身攻击（并非个人评论） Service station 加油站（不是服务站） Rest room 厕所（不是休息室） In ones birthday suit 赤身裸体（不是穿着生日礼服） An apple of love 西红柿（不是爱情之果）
5. Letter Symbolizing
(字母象形法)
6. Other Regular Words
掌握构词法、利用前后缀、根据上下文 • -----提高猜测生词的能力！ • 研究生考试中，专业英语笔试主要考察同学 们在化学专业英语词汇方面的积累，要求对 常用专业词汇比较熟悉。考试内容一般会从 最新的专业杂志的优秀论文中摘选。
化工专业英语
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸
3. Nomenclature of bases （碱的命名）
元素名称 + hydroxide
NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide
H3O＋ hydronium ion
1.2. Names of Anions（阴离子的命名）
1.2.1 monatomic anions (单原子阴离子)： 以-ide结尾
H－ hydride ion (H: hydrogen)
O2 oxide ion (O: oxygen)
N3 nitride ion (N: nitrogen)
旧的方法: 用bi-前缀来表示：HSO4－ bisulfate ion
HCO3 bicarbonate ion
2. Nomenclature of Acids （酸的命名）
2.1 无氧酸 (即阴离子以-ide结尾的酸)
前缀hydro- + 元素名称 + 后缀-ic acid
HCl hydrochloric acid
•Silicon 铝•G[ deʒrəm:'maeniniuiəmm (]锗)
• • •
Potassium • Rubidium (铷) Cesium (铯) •
Strontium (锶)
[ 'strɔntiəm ]
Barium (钡)
•Gallium (镓) •Tin 锡 •Indium (铟) •Lead 铅 •Thallium (铊)
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例如：
The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。 （n.→v.） The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less space. 连续过程通常能节省操作空间。 （adj.→v.）
Syllabus？（课程纲领）
本书共分为三部分： 第一部分为“科技英语翻译方法”； 第二部分为“专业文章阅读与翻译”； 第三部分为“科技论Exam (1): close-book exam, covering all nomenclature, dictionary NOT allowed Exam (2): open-book, comprehensive, dictionary allowed
科技著作、科技论文及报告、实验报告及方 案； 各类科技情报及文字资料； 科技实用手册的结构描述和操作规程； 有关科技问题的会谈、会议； 有关科技的影片、录像及光盘等有声资料的 解说词等。
科技英语要求其客观性、准确性及 严密性，注意叙事逻辑上的连贯及表 达上的明晰、畅达，避免行文晦涩。 科技英语力求平易和精确，避免使用 旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的各 种修饰词，以免使读者产生行文浮华， 内容虚饰之感。
2.被动语态多
1.据语言学家统计，物理、化学、工程类的教科书里， 约有1/3的动词用于被动语态句。 2. 这是因为科技人员最最关心的是行为、活动、事实 本身，至于谁做的，无关紧要，而且运用被动语态显 得文章所描述的内容更客观，可减少一些主观印象。 例如： Mathematics is used in many different fields. people use mathematics in many different fields.
Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine your altitude. 决定你人生高度的，不是你的才能，而是 你的态度。
心想事成的奥秘
学语言就是学一种新的文化和文化心态， 学好的话外语和母语之间会产生一种奇妙 的化学，你的整个语言和文化观都会改变。 而且具体结果因人而异，无法预测。 英语思维 罗斯福说过：“言 论 自 由 、信 仰 自 由、 免于饥饿和免于恐惧的自由。”
3.后置定语多
即位于其所修饰名词之后的定语。科技英语由于 语言习惯与汉语的差异，还有为了强调所修饰的 名词，都将定语后置，定语越长，越易后置。
例如：Besides, isomerization process may
also take place which in turn leads to other fairly complicated reaction. 此外，还会发生异构化过程，从而相继导 致其他复杂反应的发生。
1.2 科技英语的产生与发展
科技英语（English for Science and Technology,简称EST），诞生于20世纪50 年代，是第二次世界大战后科学技术迅猛 发展的产物。70年代以来，科技英语在国 际上引起了广泛的注意和研究。目前已经 发展成为一种重要的英语文体。
科技英语泛指一切论及或谈及科学技术 的书面语及口语，其中包括：
这里，which作关系代词，修饰process，同时process 也做定语从句的主语。
4.复杂长句多
科技文章要求叙述准确，推理严谨。
为表达清楚，科技英语句子较长，需 认真分析方能明确句子中各成分的关 系，译成汉语时必须按照汉语习惯破 译程若干简单句。
（二）词汇特点
1.词义专一 文学英语中，经常出现一词多义或一 义多词的现象，科技英语中也不例外，但在表达 同一个科学概念或含义时，一般采用单一词汇。 如： hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷 2.科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语 据统计，1万 个普通英语词汇中，约有46%源于拉丁语，7.2% 来源于希腊语，专业性越强，比率就越高。
《美国学生世界历史(英汉双语版)》 在亚马逊上有卖kindle和纸质版的，Kindle很便宜只要6块钱。这本书适合英语水平非 常非常非常初级的人读，3000词以内、喜欢历史、对英语熟悉程度较弱的人阅读。 《Criminology For Dummies》 这是一本写给傻瓜的犯罪学。里面的话题很有趣，讨论了各种犯罪的现象，以及联邦 政府是如何管理犯罪，法律是如何与社会价值观一同变化的。适合平时喜欢看犯罪剧、 心理学、还有词汇量3000-5000+，想读原著，又不想读苦大仇深或没营养的鸡汤，这 本就很适合。
3.广泛使用缩写词，并且缩写词的词义专一， 使用频率高。
Whom to Ask
Aassociate Prof. Zhihua wang, Instructor, The department of chemistry and chemical engineering, Room 623 ? assistant, responsible for collection of problem sets, distribution of handouts and exams Other Prof.’s in their specialized fields: Chemical Engineering: Prof. Liqun Mao, Prof. Qian Li Inorganic Chemistry: Prof. Jingyang Niu, Prof. Hongling Liu Analytical Chemistry: Prof. Qingyou Zhang Physical Chemistry: Prof. Li Wang Polymer Chemistry: Prof. Puyu Zhang
想把英语学精深，核心是写作能力，为了写好必须多读多 听，写作好了，然后再多说，口语也能跟着变好。 听说 读写能力互相牵制，但还是可以理出个先后次序的，简单 来说，在每一个学习层级上都是读、听、写、说这个顺序。 过了一个层级再上一个新的，如此反复循环。 当然，假 如你只想能读懂听懂英语，事情就简单多了。 这个过程其实不苦也不枯燥，语言的有趣在喜欢语言的人 心里，而喜欢是没有条件的。
内在源动力
如何提高英语基本技能
1.关于发音。每个字都有重音，重音搞清楚了，说出来别人 就懂，再把基本的元音辅音发清楚就好。遇到一个生词不 知道怎么念？能上网的话，可以去有道词典查，每个词都 配有发音，点击广播图标即可。 人的声音（书的声音）是可以听上瘾的，学业的要求可以 养成为自己的爱好。我们有幸生在人类历史上最美好的电 子时代，声音不再是一转而逝的，而是可以流传，复制， 重播，到世界各个角落。 Youtube上有朗诵视频、演讲视频。马云，谢霆锋，杨澜。 哈弗大学公开课。 如何越墙打开某些视频不是本文讨论范围，但大多数人都 知道。 每天朗诵外文，一定帮助。默读会漏掉东西，而朗读却让 你接近文本，接近作者的写作。真的，就像在体验自己在 写这篇文章，如何运筹辞章和结构。
长难句的教材，我认为杨鹏《GRE & GMAT阅读难句教程》是比较好的。 其次，稍微简单一点的是《8天教你像读中 文一样读英文》，这本书都是选用GMAT里 的例句。
《书虫》系类 书虫大概有50本左右吧，主要都是一些改编的名著。 这套书确实是简单易懂，不过它为之诟病的地方就是改编了名著，有人认为它失去名 著本身的味道。 我认为这不是问题，对于初学者来说重要的是进入阅读状态、熟悉英语，然后再谈审 美、研究文学性。 因为一共有50本，所以里面肯定有你喜欢的书。这套书算的上是最最最最最初级的入 门读物了，如果这个都读不下去，就要多补单词，找个老师帮你检查一下阅读方法。
3. 语法！！！
语法是一件优美的事，它不是强制性的 规则，而是关于用词和句型规律的理论。 和所有理论一样，以简洁和与经验相符为 美，一般喜欢总结规律的人都喜欢语法。 推荐《文法俱乐部》，比较传统的薄冰 编的语法书等，《英语语法实践指南》。
4.听力和口语
1.一般基础一般的中级学习者，肯定就是要去听 VOA，稍微好点的就去看美剧。 2.推荐畅销书：《考拉小巫的英语学习日记：写 给为梦想而奋斗的人》，网上有电子书。 3.听力输入和口语用法积累教材：没有比 Englishpod（英语播客）更适合的了。 4.网站：可可英语，沪江英语，豆瓣，YouTube。
期末考试约占60%（方式待定）； 平时成绩约占30%； 考勤占约10%。
第一部分 科技英语翻译方法
第一章 概 论
1.1科技英语的概念
每一种发达的语言文字，就其文章体裁来说，主 要分为四大类：文学文体、政论文体、应用文体 和科技文体。“科技英语”就是英语的科技文体。 科技英语是一种用英语阐述科学技术中的理论、 技术、实验和现象等的英语语言体系，它在词汇、 语法和文体诸多方面都有自己的特点，因而自成 一门专门的学科。
学英语无他，唯模仿和重复。 再加上规则。 一个学生，如果具备足够的学习英语的经验，平 时经常向导师请教交流，而且看文献足够多的话 ，是可以自己解决所有科研过程中的专业英语问 题的。上“专业英语课”最重要的是要告诉学生 这一点，即“如何不用上这门课”。 不当伸手党，是入门的第一步。很多人学不好东 西，就是因为学习能力不够。一个人，连基本动 手解决问题的能力都没有，怎么可能学好英语呢 ？
2.词汇和阅读
学到的新词汇，新短语最好记录一下。（ Anki软件()软件） 手机版和电脑版。 【选择原著的原则】 分析完毕自己的英语水平，大概就可以开始选书了。个人经验看来，选 原著有3个原则： 1. 话题是你喜欢的 2. 你能读的下去，一页查5-10个词左右。 3. 这本书能勾起你的好奇心（这个非常重要，拖延症患者看漫画书从不 拖延，恨不得回家就抱着看。道理很简单，它好看，所以我们会想赶紧 看到结局。） 【基本初中级书籍推荐】 我个人认为，文学作品比较难读，有时候作者会用一些很抽象的修饰， 对于英语不熟悉情况下很难理解。 斗胆推荐个三本书吧，主要以中初级为主，高级的同学就随意了，想看 什么就看什么吧。