化学化工专业英语(课本内容)
化工专业英语第一课ppt课件
PART ONE: BASMENT CHEMISTRY KNOLMOGY
第一部分 基础化学知识
Lesson One Elements and Compounds
第一课 元素和化合物
Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changes. At the present time there are 109 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminum, iron, copper, nitrogen, and gold. The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the building blocks for numbers. To the best of our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise the entire universe.
化工专业英语第一课
化学化工专业英语的内容和学习方法
• 英语是化学化工文献的主要语言，国际上的主要化学类期 刊都是用英文表达的，国际会议通用英文表达，涉外合同、 设备说明书等也大都采用英文表达，因此，在涉及国际交 流日益频繁的今天，学会专业英语无疑会给你就业、工作 又增加了一种能力、一种工具。 • 专业英语是大学课程体系的一个重要组成部分，是保证学 生能够真正掌握英语并能够实用英语的一个重要环节。 • 专业英语有着自身的特点，表现在语句结构、构词、写作 等方面，学生只有掌握了这些特点才能更好地学习并运用 专业英语。
化学化工专业英语课件
Provide a detailed descriptiouired in the experiment and their functions.
Provide a detailed description of the operating methods of the experimental equipment, including installation, debugging, use, and maintenance.
Experimental equipment operation: Introduce the operation methods of experimental equipment, including equipment installation, debugging, use, and maintenance.
Focusing on the main points: Learners should learn to quickly identify the main points and key findings of an article, rather than getting bogged down in details
Experimental operation process: Introduce the experimental operation process, including preparation before the experiment, operation steps during the experiment, and post-experimental processing.
Use formal and technical language
化学化工专业英语
The shift of electron density in a covalent bond toward the more electronegative atom or group can be observed in several ways. For bonds to hydrogen, acidity is one criterion. If the bonding electron pair moves away from the hydrogen nucleus the proton will be more easily transfered to a base (it will be more acidic). Methane is almost non-acidic, since the C–H bond is nearly non-polar. The O–H bond of water is polar, and it is at least 25 powers of ten more acidic than methane. H–F is over 12 powers of ten more acidic than water as a consequence of the greater electronegativity difference in its atoms. Electronegativity differences may be transmitted through connecting covalent bonds by an inductive effect. This inductive transfer of polarity tapers off as the number of transmitting bonds increases, and the presence of more than one highly electronegative atom has a cumulative effect. For example, trifluoro ethanol, CF3CH2– O–H is about ten thousand times more acidic than ethanol, CH3CH2–O–H.
化学化工专业英语课件
deci-分 decigram 分克(1/10克)；decimeter 分米
centi- 厘 centimeter 厘米；centigram厘克
nano- 纳
nanometer纳米；
nanosecond十亿分之一秒（10-9秒）
milli-毫 millimeter毫米；millilitre毫升； milligram毫克
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另 有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
数字 拉丁或希 烷烃-ane 烷基-yl 烯烃-ene 腊前缀 alkane alkyl Alkene
炔烃-yne 醇-ol alkyne alcohol
醛-al aldehyde
one mono- methane methyl
4.名词+动名词（n.+v.ing）
paper-making 造纸 ship-building 造船 Machine-shaping ？
5.其他构成方式
By-product 副产品（介词+名词） Make-up 化妆品（动词+副词） Out-of-door 户外 （副词+介词+名词） Pick-me-up 兴奋剂 （动词+代词+副词）
2.形容词+名词（adj.+n.）
其意义关系是前者修饰后者 Blueprint periodic table mixed-powder atomic weight
3.动名词+名词（v.ing+n.）
动名词所表示的是与被修饰词有关的 动作，而名词所表示的是可用的场所或物 品。 Launching site 发射场 flying-suit 飞行衣 navigating instrument ？
化工专业英语书
化工专业英语书The chemical engineering field is a fascinating blend of science and practical application, where the mastery of English is just as crucial as the understanding of complex chemical processes. "Chemical Engineering English" is a book that aims to bridge the gap between the technical jargon and the ability to communicate effectively in an international context.The book begins with an introduction to the fundamental terms and concepts that are essential for anyone studying or working in the field of chemical engineering. It then delves into more specialized topics, such as process design, reaction kinetics, and mass transfer, all explained in a clear and concise manner that is accessible to both native and non-native English speakers.One of the standout features of this book is its use of real-world examples to illustrate the application of chemical engineering principles. Case studies range from the development of new pharmaceuticals to the optimization of industrial processes, providing readers with a tangible sense of how the subject matter translates into real-world scenarios.The book also places a strong emphasis on the importance of safety in the chemical industry. It includes a dedicated section on safety protocols and the terminology associatedwith hazard identification and risk assessment. This is particularly important for students and professionals who may be working with potentially hazardous materials or in high-risk environments.For those looking to further their education or career in chemical engineering, the book offers a comprehensiveglossary of terms and an extensive list of resources forfurther reading. It also provides guidance on writingtechnical reports and presenting research findings in English, which are invaluable skills for anyone in the field."Chemical Engineering English" is not just a language book; it's a comprehensive guide that empowers readers to engage with the global community of chemical engineers. It'sa testament to the fact that language is not just a tool for communication but a gateway to understanding and contributing to the world of chemical engineering on a deeper level.。
化学化工专业英语（课本内容）
化学化工专业英语（课本内容）第二章科技英语构词法词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。
科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。
2.1转化法（Conversion）由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。
例如：water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电)yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成)dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干）slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢)back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车）square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的)2.2派生法（Derivation）通过加前、后缀构成一新词。
派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。
例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。
若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。
依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。
常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。
下面通过表1举例说明。
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。
此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。
据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。
一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。
这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。
化学化工专业英语1
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
c.阴离子： 单原子阴离子，词根 + ide ，同时有“某化物”的意思， 如 chloride 氯化物。 其实很多元素的并不能形成真正游离态的阴离子，不过基 于下文二元化合物命名的需要，所以仍然将“词根+ide” 形式列入，表示“某化物”的含义，如O2-对应的氧化物 MgO（magnesium oxide）。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
七 hepta-；八 octa-；九 nona- ；十 decab.命名时在相应多原子的元素名称前加上数字前缀即可： CS2 carbon disulfide； SnCl4 tin tetrachloride。 也可以明化合价：tin(IV) chloride； CO carbon oxide(carbon monoxide) ； CO2 carbon dioxide； CrO3 chromium trioxide； As2S2雄黄diarsenic disulfide； As2S3雌黄diarsenic trisulfide； As2O5砒霜diarsenic pentaoxide 。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
5.不同氧化度的二元化合物 过氧化物 peroxide O22-： H2O2 hydrogen peroxide；CaO2 calcium peroxide；Na2O2 sodium peroxide 超氧化物 superoxide O2-：KO2 potassium superoxide 三、含氧酸和含氧酸盐 1.含氧酸有高酸per+正酸”、正酸“词根+ic”、亚酸“词 根+ous”、次酸“hypo+亚酸”、过酸“peroxo+正酸”、 代酸“thio+对应酸”等形态，最后加“acid”：
化学化工专业英语电子版课本
化学化工专业英语电子版课本————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269 附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐♦☯❒♓/ ⏹ 陶器structural elements结构成分；property / ☐❒☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be vie wed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise / ♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓ ♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎ 含糊的，有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯♦❍/♎ 亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❒☯♦☐♓/ ♎微观的❍♋♍❒☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌ ❒☯✞♦☐♓/♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’ and ‘‘performance.’’ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire), which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous) material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.)We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/ ♎♓♐ ❍♏♓☞☯⏹/ ⏹变形deteriorative/♎♓♦♓☯❒♓☯❒♏♓♦♓❖/ ⏹破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❒♏⏹♑/ ⏹强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction/❒♓♐❒✌☞☯⏹/ ⏹折射率；reflectivity/ ❒♓♐●♏ ♦♓❖♓♦♓/ ⏹反射率processing/☐❒☯◆♦♏♦♓☠/ ⏹加工light transmittance) of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it), whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯/ ⏹蓝宝石transparent/♦❒✌⏹♦☐☪☯❒☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的；polycrystalline/ ☐●♓❒♓♦♦☯●♓⏹/ ⏹多晶体；translucent/♦❒✌⏹●✞♦⏹♦/♎ 半透明的；opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister,Materials science and engineering :anintroduction, Press:JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♦♏♓♦/ ❖ 决定trade off 权衡；折衷ductility♎✈♦♓●♓♦♓⏹延展性overriding/ ☯✞❖☯❒♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1．At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来，材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
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第二章科技英语构词法词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。
所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。
科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。
2.1转化法（Conversion）由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。
例如：water(n.水)→water(v.浇水)charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电)yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成)dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干）slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢)back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车）square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的)2.2派生法（Derivation）通过加前、后缀构成一新词。
派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。
例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。
若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。
依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。
常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。
下面通过表1举例说明。
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。
此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。
据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。
一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。
这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。
2．3合成法（Composition）由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。
有时需加连字符。
如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢rust-resistance 防锈名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的介词+名词by-product 副产物动词+副词makeup 化妆品check-up 检查形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量periodic table 周期表动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外2．4压缩法（Shortening）(1)只取词头字母这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
EST：English for Science and Technology 科技英语EPT：English Proficiency Test 英语水平考试（中国）TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language 非英语国家英语水平考试CET：College English Test 大学英语水平考试CCDOS：Chinese Character Disk Operating System 中文磁盘操作系统CAD：Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计ppm: parts per million 百万分之一P.T.O.: please turn over 请看背面rpm,r/m: revolution per minute 转/分SOS：Save Our Souls 呼救信号（国际通用）（2）将单词删去一些字母flu: influenza 流行性感冒h,hr: hour 小时lab: laboratory 实验室Corp: corporation 股份公司Dec: December 十二月Exam: examination 考试Kilo: kilogram 千克、公斤Yr: year 新年Bldg: Building 大楼Co.Ltd.: Corporation Limited 有限公司CN China 中国2.5混成法（Blending）把两个词的一头一尾连在一起，构成一个新词smog=smoke+fog 烟+雾→烟雾motel=motor＋hotel 发动机＋旅馆→有汽车停车场的旅馆positron=positive＋electron 正的+电子→正电子medicare=medical+care 医学的+照管→医疗保障sultaine=sulfo+betaine 碳基+甜菜碱→磺基甜菜碱modem=modulator+demodulator 调制器＋解调器＝调制解调器aldehyde=alcohol+dehydrogenation 醇＋脱氢＋醛（醛是由醇脱氢制的的因而得名）2.6符号法（Ｓigns）&: and ,和/: and 或or, “和”或“或”Ｍ／Ｎ：Ｍ和Ｎ，或Ｍ或Ｎ，两者并取或取一＃：number,号码，#9=No.l9=number 9$: dollar,元（美、加等国货币单位）Ib: pound, 英镑¥: Yuan,元（人民币）2.7字母象形法（Letter Symbolizing）该构词法所构成词的模式是：“大写字母＋连字符＋名词”，用以表示事物的外形，产品的型号、牌号等。
英译汉时，主要采用形译法，亦可根据具体情况具体翻译。
I-bar: 工字铁T-square: 丁字尺U-pipe: Ｕ形管X-ray: X射线V-belt: Ｖ带U-shaped magnet: 马蹄形磁铁第三章单词单词是构成句子的基本要素之一，因此单词的翻译直接关系到句子的翻译。
限于篇幅，本章仅就单词翻译中的几个重要总是加以论述。
3.1 名词单复数的译法Ｉ可数名词复数前没有数量词时，一般要把复数含义翻译出来，即在名词前加译“一些、这些、许多”等词（见例句①、②）。
但若能通过汉语译文的上下文体会出该复数的含义时，可不必译出该复数含我（见例句③）。
例句：①The teacher may be asked questions.可以向教师提一些问题②Our first electronic computers were made in 1958我国首批电子计算机是1958年制成的③They are students of Beijing University.他们是北京大学的学生。
（前面出现了“他们”，后面“学生”就不必加“们”了。
）II 当名词（可数、不可数）用复数表示泛指或一类时，有时需译出复数含义，此时往往加译“各种、多种”等总括性词语（见例句①～④；有时不需译出复数含义（见例句⑤～⑦）。
具体情况应视上下文而定。
①made of hard-alloy steels(steel: 不可数名词)：由各种各样的硬合金钢制成nutritious foods(food:不可数名词)：营养丰富的食品（各种各样营养丰富的食品）successes(不可数名词)：多方面的成功Cultures(不可数名词)：各种文化②There are Families of hydrocarbon.有好几个烃族。
③Coal, petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.煤、石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。
④They will mis freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机溶剂中。
⑤Ｐroperties of non-metals vary widely.非金属的性质差异很大。
⑥Insects hide themselves in winter.昆虫到冬天就躲藏起来。
⑦He has put up a portrait in oils.他挂了一幅油画肖像。
（不言而喻，油画肖像是由各种油性颜料画成，不译成复数“s”，也能理解其复数的含义。
）III “a(an)+名词（可数，不可数）单数”表示一类时，不能译出不定冠词“a(an)”。
例句：①Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from and acid with a metal.盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢获得。
②When a boy is ill, a doctor usually takes his temperature.当孩子生病时，医生通常试他的体温。
③An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solutionand a base as one that would form hydroxide ions (OH-) in the same.人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质，而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。
Iv 不可数名词用复数可表示数量之多。
例如：waters 水域sufferings 灾难regards 问候（意即大量的关心）respects 尊敬3.2数词复数词组的译法例句：①These books are packed in tens.这些书每十本装一包②these products are counted by hundreds.这些辨品是成百成百地计数的③They consulted tens of magazines .他们查阅了几十本杂志。
④Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over .自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。
⑤They went out by twos and threes.他们三三两两地出去了当数词复数用of连续相连时，其最终数字范围应是几个数字的乖积。
⑥Tens of thousands of foreign friends visit this factory every year.每年有几万人参观这座工厂。
⑦million billion billion atoms 106×109×109即1024个原子half of a millionth of a billionth of billionth of a pound 0.5×10-30磅注意：对于billion(含billion)以上的数字，英语和美语译法不同，翻译时应视此句用于何种国家的刊物而定。