化学化工专业英语(1)
化学工程与工艺专业英语(1)
化学工程与工艺专业英语1. Introduction化学工程与工艺是一门涉及化学反应、化学工艺以及工程原理的学科，它在许多工业领域中起着重要的作用。
作为一个化学工程与工艺专业的学生，具备良好的英语沟通能力对于学习和就业都具有重要意义。
本文档将介绍一些化学工程与工艺专业中常用的英语术语和短语，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些知识。
2. Basic Terms and Definitions在开始学习化学工程与工艺专业的英语词汇之前，我们需要了解一些基本的术语和定义。
•Chemical Engineering: 化学工程•Process: 过程•Reactor: 反应器•Mass Transfer: 质量传递•Heat Transfer: 热传递•Distillation: 蒸馏•Extraction: 提取•Polymerization: 聚合•Catalysis: 催化•Reaction Kinetics: 反应动力学•Thermodynamics: 热力学•Unit Operation: 单元操作•Unit Process: 单元工艺3. Chemical Engineering Processes化学工程与工艺专业涉及许多不同的化学过程和工艺。
下面是一些常见的过程名称和定义。
3.1 Distillation蒸馏是一种通过利用不同组分的沸点差异进行分离的过程。
在蒸馏过程中，液体混合物被加热，使其沸腾，然后通过冷凝，得到不同组分的纯液体。
蒸馏在石油化工、酒精生产和石油提炼等领域中广泛应用。
3.2 Extraction提取是一种将溶质从溶剂中分离出来的过程。
提取可以通过溶剂选择性地与溶质相互作用，使得溶质从溶剂中转移到新的相中。
提取常用于药物生产、化妆品制造等领域。
3.3 Polymerization聚合是一种将单体分子结合成长链聚合物的过程。
聚合通常需要催化剂和适当的反应条件。
聚合在塑料制造、纤维生产和涂料工业等领域中被广泛应用。
化学化工专业英语课件
deci-分 decigram 分克(1/10克)；decimeter 分米
centi- 厘 centimeter 厘米；centigram厘克
nano- 纳
nanometer纳米；
nanosecond十亿分之一秒（10-9秒）
milli-毫 millimeter毫米；millilitre毫升； milligram毫克
需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另 有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。
数字 拉丁或希 烷烃-ane 烷基-yl 烯烃-ene 腊前缀 alkane alkyl Alkene
炔烃-yne 醇-ol alkyne alcohol
醛-al aldehyde
one mono- methane methyl
4.名词+动名词（n.+v.ing）
paper-making 造纸 ship-building 造船 Machine-shaping ？
5.其他构成方式
By-product 副产品（介词+名词） Make-up 化妆品（动词+副词） Out-of-door 户外 （副词+介词+名词） Pick-me-up 兴奋剂 （动词+代词+副词）
2.形容词+名词（adj.+n.）
其意义关系是前者修饰后者 Blueprint periodic table mixed-powder atomic weight
3.动名词+名词（v.ing+n.）
动名词所表示的是与被修饰词有关的 动作，而名词所表示的是可用的场所或物 品。 Launching site 发射场 flying-suit 飞行衣 navigating instrument ？
化学化工专业英语(1)
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例如：
bio-
biochemistry; biotechnology; biocatalyst; biodegradable能生物降解的; bioengineering, etc.
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例句：
李商隐：“春蚕到死丝方尽” 科学翻译：Spring silkworm spins silk till
its death. 文学翻译：Spring silkworm till its death
spins silk from lovesick heart.
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科技英语泛指一切论及或谈及科学技术 的书面语及口语，其中包括：
科技著作、科技论文及报告、实验报告及方案；
各类科技情报及文字资料；
科技实用手册的结构描述和操作规程；
有关科技问题的会谈、会议；
有关科技的影片、录像及光盘等有声资料的解 说词等。
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科技英语要求其客观性、准确性及严密 性，注意叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰、 畅达，避免行文晦涩。科技英语力求平易和 精确，避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传 效果的各种修饰词，以免使读者产生行文浮 华，内容虚饰之感。
如： hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷
2.科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语
据统计，1万个普通英语词汇中，约有46%源于 拉丁语，7.2%来源于希腊语，专业性越强，比率 就越高。
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3.广泛使用缩写词，并且缩写词的词义专 一，使用频率高。
化学化工专业英语1
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
c.阴离子： 单原子阴离子，词根 + ide ，同时有“某化物”的意思， 如 chloride 氯化物。 其实很多元素的并不能形成真正游离态的阴离子，不过基 于下文二元化合物命名的需要，所以仍然将“词根+ide” 形式列入，表示“某化物”的含义，如O2-对应的氧化物 MgO（magnesium oxide）。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
七 hepta-；八 octa-；九 nona- ；十 decab.命名时在相应多原子的元素名称前加上数字前缀即可： CS2 carbon disulfide； SnCl4 tin tetrachloride。 也可以明化合价：tin(IV) chloride； CO carbon oxide(carbon monoxide) ； CO2 carbon dioxide； CrO3 chromium trioxide； As2S2雄黄diarsenic disulfide； As2S3雌黄diarsenic trisulfide； As2O5砒霜diarsenic pentaoxide 。
Chapter I Nomenclature of inorganic compounds
5.不同氧化度的二元化合物 过氧化物 peroxide O22-： H2O2 hydrogen peroxide；CaO2 calcium peroxide；Na2O2 sodium peroxide 超氧化物 superoxide O2-：KO2 potassium superoxide 三、含氧酸和含氧酸盐 1.含氧酸有高酸per+正酸”、正酸“词根+ic”、亚酸“词 根+ous”、次酸“hypo+亚酸”、过酸“peroxo+正酸”、 代酸“thio+对应酸”等形态，最后加“acid”：
化学化工专业英语电子版课本
化学化工专业英语电子版课本————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 PartⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis:Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269 附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280 附录四：练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science ＆EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and Engineering Historical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers. deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的pottery / ☐♦☯❒♓/ ⏹ 陶器structural elements结构成分；property / ☐❒☐☜♦♓/⏹.性能The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not havebeen possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’ is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’ meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be vie wed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise / ♦♦♏☐♦♋♓/ ♎逐步的sophisticated/♦☯♐♓♦♦♓ ♏♓♦♓♎/ ♎精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous/ ⏹♏♌✞●☯♦/♎ 含糊的，有歧义的subatomic/ ♦✈♌☯♦❍/♎ 亚原子的microscopic/❍♓❒☯♦☐♓/ ♎微观的❍♋♍❒☐♦♍☐☐♓♍/❍✌ ❒☯✞♦☐♓/♎宏观的deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provokingdifferent responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’ and ‘‘performance.’’ With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire), which is transparent;a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous) material, which is translucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.)We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing three thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the deformation/ ♎♓♐ ❍♏♓☞☯⏹/ ⏹变形deteriorative/♎♓♦♓☯❒♓☯❒♏♓♦♓❖/ ⏹破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量strength /♦♦❒♏⏹♑/ ⏹强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction/❒♓♐❒✌☞☯⏹/ ⏹折射率；reflectivity/ ❒♓♐●♏ ♦♓❖♓♦♓/ ⏹反射率processing/☐❒☯◆♦♏♦♓☠/ ⏹加工light transmittance) of each of the three materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it), whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost one is what we call a single crystal—that is, it is highly perfect—which gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and verysmall single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed page, which makes this material optically translucent.②And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material opaque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important parameter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. transmittance/♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦☜⏹♦/ ⏹. 透射性sapphire /♦✌♐♓☯/ ⏹蓝宝石transparent/♦❒✌⏹♦☐☪☯❒☯⏹♦/ ♎透明的；polycrystalline/ ☐●♓❒♓♦♦☯●♓⏹/ ⏹多晶体；translucent/♦❒✌⏹●✞♦⏹♦/♎ 半透明的；opaque☯✞☐♏♓♎不透明的single crystal 单晶体Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.③Reference:William D. Callister,Materials science and engineering :anintroduction, Press:JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.,2007;2-5 transmission gear传动齿轮dictate/♎♓♦♏♓♦/ ❖ 决定trade off 权衡；折衷ductility♎✈♦♓●♓♦♓⏹延展性overriding/ ☯✞❖☯❒♋♓♎♓☠/♎最主要的judicious/♎✞✞♎♓☞☯♦/♎明智的Notes1．At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding froma given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of itscharacteristics由此看来，材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。
化工专业英语
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸
3. Nomenclature of bases （碱的命名）
元素名称 + hydroxide
NaOH sodium hydroxide KOH potassium hydroxide
H3O＋ hydronium ion
1.2. Names of Anions（阴离子的命名）
1.2.1 monatomic anions (单原子阴离子)： 以-ide结尾
H－ hydride ion (H: hydrogen)
O2 oxide ion (O: oxygen)
N3 nitride ion (N: nitrogen)
旧的方法: 用bi-前缀来表示：HSO4－ bisulfate ion
HCO3 bicarbonate ion
2. Nomenclature of Acids （酸的命名）
2.1 无氧酸 (即阴离子以-ide结尾的酸)
前缀hydro- + 元素名称 + 后缀-ic acid
HCl hydrochloric acid
•Silicon 铝•G[ deʒrəm:'maeniniuiəmm (]锗)
• • •
Potassium • Rubidium (铷) Cesium (铯) •
Strontium (锶)
[ 'strɔntiəm ]
Barium (钡)
•Gallium (镓) •Tin 锡 •Indium (铟) •Lead 铅 •Thallium (铊)
化工专业英语Unit1
=Result from difficulty comes in deciding at是 particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere
Department oInf ACuhguesmt 20ic09al Engineering
Guiding questions
When did the modern chemical industry start ?
Can you give a definition for the chemical industry ?
vt．碳化，使化合成碳酸盐(脂) Inorganic a无机的，无机物的 Dyestuff n 染料，颜料，
a 染色剂 Mauve n 苯胺紫〔染料)
a 紫红色的，谈紫色的 Sulphuric a[含)硫的 Ammonia n 氨（水）
Stand……in good stead 对……很 有用（帮助）
What are the contributions which the chemical industry had made to meet and satisfy our needs?
Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?
要注意的是，值得一提的是
无机的，无机物的
glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals.
有机化学工业
开发，开采， 剥削，利用
The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with exploitation
化工专业英语整理 单词和句子(1)(1)
单词元素周期表Ti K Pt Ni Mg Titanium Potassium Platinum Nickel Magnesium 钛钾铂镍镁Br Cu Co He O Bromine Copper Cobalt Helium Oxygen 溴铜钴氦氧I Li Mn Zn AuIodine Lithium Manganese Zinc Gold碘锂锰锌金CrChromium铬化工单元操作drying filtration centrifugal evaporate sedimentation 干燥过滤离心蒸发沉降Extraction Absorb distill Stir Heat transfer 萃取吸收蒸馏搅拌传热化工试剂methane methanol Methanal Dimethoxymethane/methylal ethene 甲烷甲醇甲醛甲缩醛乙烯ethanol Ether polyethylene Polyethylene glycol Benzene 乙醇乙醚聚乙烯聚乙二醇苯hydrogen peroxide Sodiumchloridehydrochloricacid ethyl acetate过氧化氢氯化钠盐酸乙酸乙酯ammonium hydroxide CalciumchlorideMagnesiumcarbonate Sulfuric acid para-xylene氨水氯化钙碳酸镁硫酸对二甲苯Propanone/Acetone isopropanol丙酮异丙醇化工术语calcination Fluid crystallization plate tower packed tower 煅烧流体结晶板式塔填料塔membrane separationChemicalVaporDepositionLiquid-PhaseDeposition supercritical fluid Supercritical膜分离气相沉积液相沉积超临界流体超临界color atlas Sol-gel hydrothermal Muffle furnace freeze 色谱溶胶凝胶水热马弗炉冷冻化工专有名词1、Chlorobromomethane (氯溴甲烷)2、hexachtorocyclohexane (六氯环己烷;六六六)3、hydrodesutfurization (加氢脱硫)4、polytetrafluoroethylene (聚四氟乙烯)数字拉丁或希腊前缀 烷烃-ane alkane烷基-yl alkyl 烯烃-ene Alkene 炔烃-yne alkyne醇-ol alcohol 醛-al aldehyde one mono- meth ane methyl - - methanol methyl aldehyde twodi-; bi-eth aneethylethene, ethylene ethyne; acetylene ethanol; alcohol ethanal; ethyl aldehyde three tri- prop ane propyl propene propyne propanol propyl aldehyde fourtetra- quadri-but anebutylbutenebutyne butanolbutyl aldehydefive pent(a)- pent ane pentyl pentene pentyne pentanol pentanal six hex(a)- hex ane hexyl hexene hexyne hexanol hexanal seven hept(a)- hept ane heptyl heptene heptyne heptanol heptanal eight oct(a)- oct ane octyl octene octyne octanol octyl aldehyde nine non(a)- non ane nonyl nonene nonyne nonanol nonyl aldehyde tendec(a)-dec anedecyldecenedecynedecanoldecyl aldehyde碳酸二甲酯 聚氯乙烯变压吸附句子翻译1、The teacher may be asked questions.可以向老师提一些问题。
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2013-8-15
2.描述科学的语言注重事实和逻辑，所以
往往是以图表、公式、数字来表达科学概 念，使用文学上的修饰手法于科技作品， 将会弄巧成拙或破坏科学的严肃性。
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3.
逻辑语法词使用普遍
表原因的词：because of, owing to
表转折的词：but, however, nevertheless, yet
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（二）词汇特点
1.词义专一
文学英语中，经常出现一词多义或一义多词 的现象，科技英语中也不例外，但在表达同一个 科学概念或含义时，一般采用单一词汇。 如： hexachlorocyclohexane 六氯环己烷
2.科技词汇来源于希腊语和拉丁语
据统计，1万个普通英语词汇中，约有46%源 于拉丁语，7.2%来源于希腊语，专业性越强，比 率就越高。
科技英语的翻译标准有三条：信，达，专
业术语正确。要求译者必须准确理解和掌
握原著的内容，决不能主管发挥译者个人
的想法和推测。译者在确切理解原著的基
础上，又必须很好地运用本语言把原文通
顺、流畅地表达出来。
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例如：
The moment the circuit is completed, a current will start flowing toward the coil.
[1] 马永祥,吴隆民等编.《化学专业英语》(修 订版），兰州大学出版社，2000年. [2] 朱月珍.《英语科技论文撰写与投稿》(第二 版)，华中科技大学出版社，2004年. [3] 胡鸣，刘霞编.《化学工程与工艺专业英语》， 化学工业出版社，1998年. [4] 万有志，王幸宜主编.《应用化学专业英语》， 化学工业出版社，2000年. [5]相慧贤等主编.《应用化学化工专业英语》， 哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2003年.
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大致说来，理解阶段包括一下几个方面： 1.领略全文大意
通读一遍，不同的词，词组甚至是句子在不 同的语境中可能有不同的意思。任何一篇文章或 一段文字都是一个有机整体，词与词，词与句子， 句子与段落甚至整个篇章之间，都有着必然的内 在联系。这就要求译者在动手翻译之前，务必通 读全文，领略大意，切忌一开始就把注意力集中 在一词一词的推敲上，看一句译一句。
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例句： The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms． 该句话易于理解，但却难于表达。若译作：苯的 同系物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多 个氢原子所形成的产物。则该译文尽管意思差不 多，但令人感到啰唆费解。 正确译文：苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有单烷基 (取代一个氢)或多烷基(取代多个氢)的物质。
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3.理解原著事理，注意逻辑判断
对原文的理解过程中，单纯靠语法分析往往不易 了解句子的真正含义，要判断句子的真正含义， 还必须通过逻辑判断，对句子的结构、语言环境、 上下文和事理关系进行综合分析才能奏效。如句 子中的代词指代的是哪一个？定语从句的先行词 是哪个？否定句中否定的对象和重点在哪里等。
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3. 后臵定语多
即位于其所修饰名词之后的定语。科技英语由于语 言习惯与汉语的差异，还有为了强调所修饰的名词， 都将定语后臵，定语越长，越易后臵。
例如： Besides, isomerization processes may also take place which in turn leads to other fairly complicated reaction.
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教学安排
本书共分为三部分：
第一部分为“科技英语翻译方法”； 第二部分为“专业文章阅读与翻译”； 第三部分为“科技论文摘要”。
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关于考试
期末考试70%； 平时成绩20%； 考勤10%。
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第一部分
科技英语翻译方法
论
第一章 概
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chemi(o)chemisorb chemiluminescence chemoceptor chemolysis[ke`mɔləsis] 化学吸收; 化学发光; 化学感应器; 化学分析
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（三）科技英语在修饰上的特点
1.时态应用有限
叙述过去的研究常用过去时（与现在 不发生联系），也用现在完成时（与现在 有直接联系，并对目前有重要的影响）； 讨论推导的理论及结果用将来时；论述理 论部分用现在时。
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例如：
The earth does not move round in the empty space. 地球不是在空无一物的空间运转。
注：单以语法分析，似乎应译为“地球在 空无一物的空间不运转”，但我们只要根 据常识进行逻辑推理，便可知句中否定的 不是谓语动词而是后面的状语。
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例句：
李商隐：“春蚕到死丝方尽” 科学翻译：Spring silkworm spins silk till its death. 文学翻译：Spring silkworm till its death spins silk from lovesick heart.
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2013-8-15ຫໍສະໝຸດ 132. 被动语态多
这是因为科技人员最最关心的是行为、活 动、事实本身，至于谁做的，无关紧要，而且 运用被动语态显得文章所描述的内容更客观， 可减少一些主观印象。
例如： Mathematics is used in many different fields. People use mathematics in many different fields.
此外，还会发生异构化过程，从而相继导致其他复杂反应 的发生。 (注：此句中which作关系代词，修饰process，同时process也 做定语从句的主语。）
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4. 复杂长句多
科技文章要求叙述准确，推理严谨。为表
达清楚，科技英语句子较长，需认真分析 方能明确句子中各成分的关系，译成汉语 时必须按照汉语习惯破译成若干个简单句。
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1.1 科技英语的概念
科技英语是一种用英语阐述科学技术
中的理论、技术、实验和现象等的英 语语言体系，它在词汇、语法和文体 诸多方面都有自己的特点，因而自成 一门专门的学科。
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1.2 科技英语的产生与发展
科技英语（English for Science and Technology,简称EST），诞生于20世纪50年 代，是第二次世界大战后科学技术迅猛发 展的产物。70年代以来，科技英语在国际 上引起了广泛的注意和研究。目前已经发 展成为一种重要的英语文体。
地球绕轴自转，造成昼夜的更替。 Matter is anything having weight and occupying space.
凡物质，都具有质量和占有空间。
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第二 注意表达的逻辑性
理解原文时要注意事理分析和逻辑判断，科 技文章反映的是事物逻辑思维的结果。因此，概 念明确，逻辑严密，表达无懈可击。译者不仅要 考虑句中的各种语法关系，更要注意各概念间的 逻辑关系。 表达的好坏取决于理解原文的确切程度和对 汉语的掌握程度。如果译文仅仅是意思对，但不 能用通顺流畅的汉语表达，仍不是一篇好译文。
表示逻辑顺序连接的词：so, thus, therefore, moreover, in addition to 表限制的词：if only, except, besides, unless 表假设的词：suppose, assuming, provided
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1.4 科技英语翻译标准
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科技英语泛指一切论及或谈及科学技术 的书面语及口语，其中包括：
科技著作、科技论文及报告、实验报告及方案；
各类科技情报及文字资料；
科技实用手册的结构描述和操作规程；
有关科技问题的会谈、会议；
有关科技的影片、录像及光盘等有声资料的解 说词等。
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科技英语要求其客观性、准确性及严密 性，注意叙事逻辑上的连贯及表达上的明晰、 畅达，避免行文晦涩。科技英语力求平易和 精确，避免使用旨在加强语言感染力和宣传 效果的各种修饰词，以免使读者产生行文浮 华，内容虚饰之感。
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1.3 科技英语的特点
(一）语法特点（有四多） 1.词类转换多 即在翻译过程中将英文中的某种 词类译成汉语中的另一种词类，如名 词→动词，形容词→动词，动词→名 词等等。
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例如：
The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。(n.→v.) The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less space. 连续过程通常能节省操作空间。(adj.→v.)
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2. 理解语言现象，分析语法关系