化学化工专业英语试卷及答案
化工专业英语试题及答案上课讲义
2014~2015学年秋季学期化工专业英语期末考试1、简单词汇翻译（每题1分，共20分）1、Alkali ( )2、sulphuric ( )3、ammonia () 4、polymer ( )5、polyethylene( )6、polyurethane ( )7、cyclohexane ( ) 8、hydrogen( )9、nitric ( ) 10、profitability( )11、Seale-up ( ) 12、leaching( )13、corriosion ( ) 14、distillation( )15、gradient ( ) 16、exothermic( ) 17、polycarbonate( )18、isothermal( )19、cybernetics ( ) 20、filtration( )2、句子翻译（每题5分，共30分）1、Once the pilot plant is operational,performance and optimization data can be obtained in order to evaluate the process from an economic point of view.2、By contrast,the chemical engineer typically works with much larger quantities of material and with very large equipment.3、pressure drives the equilibrium forward ,as four molecules of gas are being transformed into two.4、What industry needs to achieve in the process is an acceptable combination of reaction speed and reaction yield.5、The ammonia and air mixture can be oxidized to dinitrogen and water.6、The important point to keep in mind is that all energy of all kinds must be included,although it may be converted to a single equivalent.3、化工专业名词书写（每题一分，共24分）1、加热（）2、焙烧（）3、吸收（）4、冷凝（）5、沉降（）6、结晶（）7、粉碎（）8、电解（）9、搅动（）10、离心（）11、平衡（）12、体积（）13、催化剂（）14、一（）15、二（）16、三（）17、四（）18、五（）19、六（）20、七（）21、八（）22、九、（）23、十（）24、氮基化合物（）。
大学化学化工专业《英语》期末考试试卷含参考答案
大学化学化工专业《英语》期末考试试卷含参考答案1. state-of-the-industry 中文：工业发展水平（1分）2. alkyl ether sulfate中文：烷基醚硫酸盐（酯）（1.5分）3. W/O 英文： water in oil，(oil emulsion) ；中文：油乳胶（油包水）（1.5分）4. 2,6-Dimethy-2,7-octadien-6-ol 画出结构式：（4分）5. The inherent tendency of the whole or a part of a molecule to pass out of or not to penetrate into a water phase.英文： Hydrophoby ；中文：疏水性（亲油性） (1.5分) 6. A substance which, when introduced in a liquid, increases its wetting tendency.英文： Wetting agent ；中文：润湿剂 (1.5分)7. The process by which soil is dislodged from the substrate and bought into a state of solution or dispersion.英文： Detergency ；中文：去污性（力） (1.5分)8. An attribute which is related to benefit not directly but through association or suggestion.英文： Signal attribute ；中文：信号属性 (1.5分) 9. A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor, consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen.英文： ammonia ；中文：氨气 (2分)10. A chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom.英文： Carbon dioxide ；中文：二氧化碳 (2分)11. A chemical element with atomic number 9, it is the lightest halogen.英文： Fluorine ；中文：氟 (2分)12. KH2PO4 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (2分)13. ZnSO4·7H2O Zinc sulfate hept(a)hydrate (2分)14.3-methyl-2-ethyl(-1-)butene (3-methyl-2-ethyl but-1-ene) (3.5分)15.4-(1-ethyl-butayl)-5-hydroxy-2-hexayne-1-al (7.5分) 16. A good example of such a versatile attribute is fragrance. (2分)译文：这样一个多功能属性的好例子就是香味。
04级化学专业《专业英语》试卷
04级化学专业《专业英语》试卷绍兴文理学院 06 学年第二学期化学专业 04 级《专业英语》试卷(答题卷)I. Write the formula for each of the following chemicals: (30 points)1) silver nitrate 2) ferric oxide3) potassium sulfate 4) ammonium chloride5) magnesium hydroxide 6) sodium phosphate7) silicon dioxide 8) zinc sulfide9) lithium bromide 10) calcium carbonate11) lead acetate 12) carbon tetrachloride13) cyclohexane 14) meta-diethyl benzene15) dimethylamine 16) 3-methyl-1-butyne17) meta-nitrotoluene 18) 2-bromo-5-phenyl-3-octene19) 3-hexanone 20) N,N-dimethyl acetamide21) p-phenylbenzamide 22) benzoyl chloride23) ethylene glycol 24) methyl n-propyl ether25) 1,3-pentadiene 26) methyl formate27) o-phthalic anhydride 28) propionic acid29) formaldehyde 30) p-methoxybenzaldehydeII. Give the English name for each of the following compounds (15 points):1) H2SO42) Al2O33) KH2PO44) SO35) CH2=CH-CH36) (CH3)3CCl7) CF3COOH 8) H2NCH2CH2NH29) (CH3)2CHOH 10) p-F-C6H4-OH11) CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CO-CH3 12) CH3-CH=CH-CHO13) CH3-CH(OH)-COOH 14) CH3CO-CH2COOC2H515) CH3(CH2)3C≡NIII. For the following descriptions or definitions, determine true or false for each statement based on principles in chemistry (10 points):1) The oxidized and reduced species that appear in an ion-electron equation are may be non-reactants.2) Standard enthalpy of formation is the heat of formation of one mole of a compound by combination of its elements in their standard states at a specified temperature.3) Enantiomers are pairs of molecules with the same formula that rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.4) A nucleophile is an electron deficient atom or group that will bond with an atom that has a available electron pair5) Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of a product that can be formed according to a ba lanced chemical equation IV. (5 points) Answer the following questions in ENGLISH:Nitrous oxide, N2O, undergoes decomposition when heated to give N2 and O2.2 N2O (g) → 2 N2 (g) + O2 (g)What is the molar composition of the gaseous mixture produced? Compare this composition to that of air and predict whether the mixture will support combustion or not?V. (5 points) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the appropriate words or phrases listed at the end of paragraph: The rules that govern the naming of chemical compounds are known collectively as chemical ________________. In a simple way, the name of a cation consists of the name of the element, the _____________on the ion as a Roman numeral in parenthesis, and the word “ion”. The name of a monatomic _______________ (e.g., Cl-) consists of the name of the element with the ending“ide”, followed by the word “ion”. A binary compound is one containing atoms or ions of only two ________________. Salts are _________________ formed between cations and anions of acids. For binary molecular compounds, prefixes are used to indicate the number of each element present.anion elements nomenclature ionic compounds chargeVI. (5 points) Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with the appropriate words or phrases listed as follows:The geometry around the C=C double bond in an __________ plays an important role in the chemistry of these compounds. The presence of the bond restricts rotation around a C=C double bond. There is no way to rotate one end of this bond relative to the other without breaking the bond. Because the _____________ is relatively strong (270 kJ/mol), rotation around the C=C double bond cannot occur at room temperature. Alkenes therefore form stereoisomers that differ in the way substituents are arranged around the C=C double bond. The ____________ in which similar substituents are on the same side of the double bond is called cis; whereas that with similar substituents are across from each other, is called trans. The cis isomer of 2-butene, for example, has both _____________ groups on the same side of the double bond. In the trans isomer the CH3 groups are on the ______________ sides of the double bond.opposite alkene methyl bond energy isomerVII. (10 points) Fill in the blanks in the following with the appropriate words or phrases listed at the end of the paragraph: So far, we have built a small repertoire of reactions that can be used to convert one functional group to another. We have briefly discussed converting alkenes to alkanes; alkanes to alkyl halides; alkyl halides to alcohols; alcohols to ethers, aldehydes, orketones; and aldehydes to carboxylic acids. We have also shown how carboxylic acids can be converted into esters and amides. We have yet to encounter a reaction, however, that addresses a basic question: How do we make C-C bonds? One answer resulted from the work that Francois A.Grignard started as part of his Ph.D. research at the turn of the last century.Grignard noted that alkyl ____________ react with magnesium metal in diethyl ether to form compounds that contain a metal-carbon bond. Methyl bromide, for example, forms methylmagnesium bromide.Et2OCH3Br + Mg →CH3MgBrBecause carbon is considerably more _______________ than magnesium, the metal-carbon bond in this compound has a significant amount of ionic character. Grignard reagents such as CH3MgBr are best thought of as hybrids of ionic and ___________ Lewis structures.CH3-Mg-Br ?[CH3-] [Mg2+] [Br-]Grignard reagents are our first source of carbanions (literally, "anions of carbon"). The Lewis structure of the CH3- ion suggests that carbanions can be Lewis bases, or electron-pair _____________. Grignard reagents such as methylmagnesium bromide are therefore sources of a nucleophile that can attack the + end of the C=O double bond in aldehydes and ketones. Thus the most important aspect of the chemistry of Grignard reagents is the ease with which this reaction allows us to couple alkyl chains. Isopropylmagnesium bromide, for example, can be used to graft an isopropyl group onto the ____________ chain of an appropriate ketone.electronegative hydrocarbon covalent donors halidesVIII. (10 points) Fill in the blanks in the following with the appropriate words or phrases listed at the end of the paragraphs: Why do some solids dissolve in water? The sugar we use to sweeten coffee or tea is a molecular solid, in which the individual molecules are held together by relatively weak ________________________. When sugar dissolves in water, the weak bonds between the individual sucrose molecules are broken, and these C12H22O11 molecules are released into ________________. It takes energy to break the bonds between the C12H22O11 molecules in sucrose. It also takes energy to break the hydrogen bonds in water that must be disrupted to insert one of these sucrose molecules into solution. Sugar dissolves in water because energy is give n off when the slightly polar sucrose molecules form intermolecular bonds with the polar water molecules. The weak bonds that form between the solute and the solvent compensate for the energy needed to disrupt the structure of both the pure solute and the solvent. In the case of sugar and water, this process works so well that up to 1800 grams of sucrose can dissolve in a liter of water.Ionic solids(or salts) contain positive and negative ions, which are held together by the strong force of __________________ between particles with opposite charges. When one of these solids dissolves in water, the ions that form the solid are released into solution, where they become associated with the ___________________solvent molecules.H2ONaCl(s) →Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)We can generally assume that salts ________________ into their ions when they dissolve in water. Ionic compounds dissolve in water if the energy given off when the ions interact with watermolecules compensates for the energy needed to break the ionic bonds in the solid and the energy required to separate the water molecules so that the ions can be inserted into solution.dissociate intermolecular forces attraction polar solutionIX. (10 points) Fill in the blanks in the following with the appropriate words or phrases listed at the end of the paragraphs:A soap bubble is simply a very thin sheet of water sandwiched between two layers of soap molecules, also called _____________________. These molecules are called amphiphilic. This means that part of this molecule is attracted to water, which is hydrophilic, and another part is repelled from water, which is _____________________.When such a molecule is put in water, as many as possible will crowd to the surface, so that the heads can stay in the water, while the tails stick out into the ___________. This is why soap-like molecules are called surfactants, since they mostly affect the _________ of water. It is these molecules that make soap bubbles stable.Some bubbles result from gas being trapped in solution, such as CO2 in soda and champagne, or N2 in the blood of deep sea divers. Much study goes into understanding bubbles dissolved in gases, as well as how the formation of large surfaces from surfactants used to construct bubbles are affected by different factors, e.g., temperature, surface __________ , nucleation sites, etc..air, pressure, hydrophobic, surface, surfactant molecules。
化学化工英语试题及答案
化学化工英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a chemical element?A. WaterB. OxygenC. HydrogenD. Carbon答案：B, C, D2. The chemical formula for table salt is:A. NaOHB. NaClC. HClD. NaHCO3答案：B3. What is the process called when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid?A. SublimationB. VaporizationC. MeltingD. Condensation答案：C4. In the periodic table, which group contains alkali metals?A. Group 1B. Group 2C. Group 17D. Group 18答案：A5. What is the name of the process where a substance decomposes into two or more substances due to heat?A. CombustionB. OxidationC. ReductionD. Decomposition答案：D6. Which of the following is a physical property of a substance?A. ColorB. TasteC. SolubilityD. Reactivity答案：A7. What is the term for a compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water?A. BaseB. AcidC. SaltD. Neutral答案：B8. The law of conservation of mass states that in a chemical reaction:A. Mass is lostB. Mass is gainedC. Mass remains constantD. Mass can be converted into energy答案：C9. Which of the following is a type of chemical bond?A. Ionic bondB. Covalent bondC. Hydrogen bondD. All of the above答案：D10. What is the name of the process where a substance absorbs energy and changes from a liquid to a gas?A. MeltingB. VaporizationC. SublimationD. Condensation答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The symbol for the element iron is ________.答案：Fe2. The pH scale ranges from ________ to ________.答案：0 to 143. A compound that produces a basic solution when dissolvedin water is called a ________.答案：base4. The smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties is called a ________.答案：atom5. The process of separating a mixture into its individual components is known as ________.答案：separation6. The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter is called ________.答案：chemistry7. The process of a substance changing from a gas to a liquid is called ________.答案：condensation8. A(n) ________ reaction is a type of chemical reactionwhere two or more substances combine to form a single product. 答案：synthesis9. The volume of a gas at constant temperature and pressureis directly proportional to the number of ________.答案：moles10. The process of converting a solid directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase is known as ________. 答案：sublimation三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain what is meant by the term "stoichiometry" in chemistry.答案：Stoichiometry is the calculation of the relative quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.It is based on the law of conservation of mass and involvesthe use of balanced chemical equations and the molar massesof substances to determine the amounts of reactants needed to produce a certain amount of product or the amounts ofproducts formed from a given amount of reactant.2. Describe the difference between a physical change and a chemical change.答案：A physical change is a change in the state or form of a substance without altering its chemical composition. Examples include melting, freezing, and boiling. A chemical change, on the other hand, involves a change in the chemical composition of a substance, resulting in the formation of new substances. Examples include combustion and rusting.3. What are the three main types of chemical bonds, and givean example of each.答案：The three main types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. An ionic bond is formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions. An example is the bond between sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) in table salt (NaCl). A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons, as seen in water (H2O) where hydrogen atoms share electrons with oxygen. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where a "sea" of delocalized electrons is shared among positively charged metal ions, as in sodium metal。
化学化工专业英语部分练习参考答案
化学化工专业英语部分练习参考答案P8.练习答案：（4）I-steel 工字钢；I-shaped I型材；n-region n区p-region p区；T-beam 丁字梁，T型梁P-N-junction P-N结；T-connecting 丁字接头，T形接法A.C.:alternating current 交流电D.C.:direct current 直流电P13.练习答案：一、注意名词单复数的译法1、这台设备已经用了许多年了。
2、空气是各种气体的混合物。
3、许多植物能利用二氧化碳中的氧。
4、带负电荷的机体所含电子数多于质子数。
5、其它蒸发材料（物质）和蒸发过程将简要地加以讨论。
6、这样的一些操作要求物质由气流传递到液体中去。
7、如果不饱和性归因于三键的存在，那么这些化合物都会被称为炔烃。
8、尚未试图在蒸发过程中将蒸汽分馏成各种馏分。
9、许多盐、酸和碱等化合物将被广泛应用于家庭、工业和医药实践中。
10、苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有单烷基（取代一个氢）或多烷基（取代多个氢）的物质。
11、当然，一旦酸失去质子，碱必然接受质子。
因此，酸和碱的反应就是一种质子转移的反应。
这种反应就是我们通常所知的中和反应。
12、这篇文章着重讨论一些原料和成品生产技术上最近的发展。
二、注意词义引申的译法1、叔醇非常难以氧化。
2、含1个到4个碳原子的正烷烃是气体。
3、通常,所有的金属都是良导体,其中银的传导性最好,其次是铜。
4.从两种或任意多种溶液中分离溶质都需要蒸馏的分馏技术。
三、注意词的增译及省译1、橡胶能阻止电流通过。
2、过去每到他轮班时就会给车床上油。
3、从这个意义上讲，结构分析普遍应用于大多数的有机研究。
4、过去在电子尚未被发现以前，人们就假定了不可见电流是从正极流向负极。
5、有人看见这些工人在修理发电机。
6、这些植物提取物的功效已经为早期人类所发现。
7、树木之所以幸存是因为其进化已经使它们成为了高度分隔的有机体。
化工英语试卷
化工专业英语试卷Ⅰ.Put the following into Chinese or English.（20 points）1.polypropylene2.refinery3.extract4.corrosion5.pigment6. complex7. initial state8. hydrogen energy9. branch 10. alkali metal 11.表面活性剂12.热力学13.蒸馏14.高聚物15.溶液16. Seed crystal 17. Litmus paper 18. Evaporating dish 19.Distilling tube20. Simple substance1._____2._____3._____4.____5._____6._____7._____8.____9._____ 10._____ 11._____ 12.____13.____ 14._____ 15._____ 16.____17._____ 18.______ 19._____ 20._____Ⅱ.Translate these sentences into Chinese.（10 points）21. The drive to increased recycling and the ideal of emission-free plants will be a major factor influencing the development of the industry in the next decade.__________________________________________________________ 22. Chemical engineering has a bright future as interfacial discipline, that will bridge science engineering in the multidisciplinary environments where these new technologies will be brought into being.__________________________________________________________ 23. Foaming and cleaning agents are basic constituents of shampoos and cleansers.__________________________________________________________ 24. Surfactants are substances with molecular structures consisting of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part.__________________________________________________________ 25. While this is true for the manufacturing any cosmetic, emulsions are particularly delicate: small deviations in the procedure of raw material specification can bring about marked changes in product viscosity and stability.__________________________________________________________Ⅲ.Guess word.（5 points）26.The inherent tendency of the whole or apart of the molecule to pass out of or not to penetrate into a water phase.H_______27. A substance which, when introduced in a liquid, increases it is wetting tendency.W______ ______28. A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor, consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen.A______29. A chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom.C______ _______30. A chemical element with atomic number 9, it is the lightest halogen. F______Ⅳ. In this section, there are 5 questions, each question has four options, one of them is correct, choose the answer you think is right.（10 points）31. The main constituents of plants are_____.A. oxygenB. waterC. carbonD. carbon hydrates32.____ is not categorized as high-volume sectors.A. carbon dioxideB. sculptures acidC. chloral-alkaliD. polythene33. Of all soda-ash, 50% is sold to the_____ industry.A building B. paper-making C. glass –making D. transportation34. ____is the chemical that is produced in the largest tonnage.A. carbonB. oxygenC. euphoric acidD. ammonia35. Almost all explosives are ultimately derive from_____.A. ureaB. nitric acidC. euphoric acidD. ammonia36. Light is given off by a sodium vapor streetlight when____A. electrons move from a given energy level to a higher energy levelB. electrons are removed from atoms and captions are formed.C. electrons move from a given energy level to a lower energy levelD. electrons are added to atoms and anions are formed37. Which mixture is most likely to be an ideal solution?A.CH3CH2OH and CH3(CH2)3CH3B. CH3(CH2)3CH3 and CH3(CH2)4CH3C. CH3CH2OH and H2OD. NaOH and H2O38. Electricity is carried through a solution of an electrolyte by____A. electrons onlyB. anions onlyC. cations onlyD. both cations and anions39. Which of the following is electrophilic reagent？A. H2N－NH2B. NaHSO3C. HNO3D. HCN40. Arrange the bases ClCH2COO-, CH3COO- and FCH2COO- in order of increasing strengthA. FCH2COO- < ClCH2COO- < CH3COO-B. CH3COO- < ClCH2COO- < FCH2COO-C. ClCH2COO- < FCH2COO- < CH3COO-D. CH3COO- < FCH2COO- < ClCH2COO-Ⅴ. In this section, there is a passage with 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in aword bank following the passage.（10 points）One of the main reasons for the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the developed world has been its great 41____to, and investment in research and development (R&D). A typical figure is 5% of sales income, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research42_____ sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to 43___ that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales income, i.e. the total money received, which has to pay for 44____materials, overheads, staff salaries, etc. as well. In the past this tremendous investment has 45____well, leading to many useful and valuable products being 46____to the market. Examples include 47____polymers like nylons and polyesters, and drugs and pesticides. Although the number of new products introduced to the market has declined 48____in recent years, and in times of 49____the research department is usually one of the first to suffer50____, the commitment to R&D remains at a very high level.paid off syntheticemphasize cutbacksintensive introducedsignificantly commitmentrecession rawⅥ. There are one passage in this section, passage is followed by somequestions or statements. You should decide on the best choice.（10 points）The accuracy of scientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods. For this reason, scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking" .This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia, for example, vibrates or "ticks" 24 billion times a second.One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probably lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great importance in fields such as astrological observation and long-range navigation. The heart of this atomic Ron is a cesium atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecule may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein's relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time readings to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similarmodel. Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differences predicted.51. Scientists expect that the atomic clocks will be ______A more preciseB absolutely accurateC more durableD indestructible52. The passage says that the accuracy of scientific observation depends on ________.A. methods of measurementB. timekeeping methodsC. basic assumptionsD. earlier experiments53. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as to the usage of atomic clock?A. Scientific research.B. Astronomical observation.C. To check Einstein relativity theory.D. Long range navigation.54. Which of the following is implied but not stated?A. Precise timekeeping is essential in science.B. Scientists expect to disprove Einstein relativity theories.C. Atomic clocks will be important in space flight.D. The rate of vibration of an atom never varies.55. An appropriate title for this passage would be.A. A Peacetime Use of the AtomB. Atoms and MoleculesC. The Satellite TimekeepersD. The Role of the ClockⅦ.Translate into Chinese.（15 points）Note, however, that there has been a major change in recent years as academic institutions have increasingly turned to industry for research funding, with the result that much more of their research effort is mow devoted to more applied research. Even so, in academia the emphasis generally is very much on the research rather than the development.ⅧWriting.（20 points）For this part, you should write a short essay entitled The Development of Fine Chemicals. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.精细化工现状2.精细化工未来发展前景3.我的建议___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________KEY:1.聚丙烯2.炼油厂3.萃取；提炼4.腐蚀；锈蚀5.颜料；色素6. 络合物 6. surface-active agent7. 始态8. 氢键9. 支键10. 碱金属11.thermodynamics12. still 13.macromer 14.dissolution 15.solution 16. 晶种17. 石蕊试纸18. 蒸发皿19. 整流管20. 简单物质21.增加回收利用的动力和无废物排放工厂的理想在下个十年里是影响工业发展的主要因素.22.作为界面科学，化学工程有美好的未来，它把科学和工程连接在多学科的环境中，这将促使新技术的生成。
化工专业英语练习题 参考答案
练习一参考答案1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)A process is any operation or series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in asubstance or a mixture of substances .The material that enters a process is referred to as input or feed the process,and that which leaves is called output or product.2)As a chemical engineer,you might be called on to design individual process units (such as reactors,distillation columns,heat exchangers),supervise the operation of a process,or modify a process design to accommodate a change in the feed or in the desired product characteristics.As a rule,to any of these things you must know the amounts,compositions,and conditions of the materials that enter and leave each process unit,and if you are working with an existing units,you must be able to measure enough of these quantities to verify that the process is doing what it was designed to do.3)Founded in 1839from a small production firm for pharmaceutical products,B.Braun has grown steadilyinto a multinational company dealing with medical products,medical technology,pharmaceutical and biotechnology.2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1）包括的一系列操作，如混合、蒸发、过滤，无论产物是什么，这些操作都基本同，从而导致了单元操作的概念。
2023年化学期末考试题目与解答(英文)
2023年化学期末考试题目与解答(英文) 2023 Chemistry Final Exam Questions and Answers1. Define the term "molecule" and provide an example.3. Describe the process of chemical bonding.4. Discuss the concept of chemical equilibrium.Chemical equilibrium is a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.5. Explain the difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction.An exothermic reaction releases heat to its surroundings, while an endothermic reaction absorbs heat from its surroundings.6. Define the term "pH" and its significance in chemistry.pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions present. It is important in chemistry as it affects the properties and behavior of substances in a solution.7. Discuss the role of catalysts in chemical reactions.Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. They work by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy for the reaction to occur.8. Describe the properties and uses of the following elements: carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.9. Explain the concept of oxidation and reduction in chemical reactions.Oxidation is the loss of electrons by a substance, while reduction is the gain of electrons. Together, they make up redox reactions where electrons are transferred between reactants.10. Discuss the environmental impact of chemical processes and the importance of green chemistry.Chemical processes can have negative effects on the environment through pollution and waste generation. Green chemistry aims to design chemical products and processes that minimize their impact on human health and the environment.These are just a few examples of the topics that may be covered in the 2023 Chemistry Final Exam. Make sure to review your notes, textbooks, and practice problems to prepare thoroughly for the exam.。
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2011年春季学期应用化学专业《08级化学化工专业英语试卷答案》1. state-of-the-industry 中文：工业发展水平（1分）2. alkyl ether sulfate中文：烷基醚硫酸盐（酯）（1.5分）3. W/O 英文：water in oil，(oil emulsion) ；中文：油乳胶（油包水）（1.5分）4. 2,6-Dimethy-2,7-octadien-6-ol 画出结构式：（4分）5. The inherent tendency of the whole or a part of a molecule to pass out of or not to penetrate into a water phase.英文：Hydrophoby ；中文：疏水性（亲油性）(1.5分)6. A substance which, when introduced in a liquid, increases its wetting tendency.英文：Wetting agent ；中文：润湿剂(1.5分)7. The process by which soil is dislodged from the substrate and bought into a state of solution or dispersion.英文：Detergency ；中文：去污性（力）(1.5分)8. An attribute which is related to benefit not directly but through association or suggestion.英文：Signal attribute ；中文：信号属性(1.5分)9. A colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor, consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen.英文：ammonia ；中文：氨气(2分)10. A chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom.英文：Carbon dioxide ；中文：二氧化碳(2分)11. A chemical element with atomic number 9, it is the lightest halogen.英文：Fluorine ；中文：氟(2分)12. KH2PO4Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (2分)13. ZnSO4·7H2O Zinc sulfate hept(a)hydrate (2分)14.3-methyl-2-ethyl(-1-)butene (3-methyl-2-ethyl but-1-ene) (3.5分) 15.4-(1-ethyl-butayl)-5-hydroxy-2-hexayne-1-al (7.5分)16. A good example of such a versatile attribute is fragrance. (2分)译文：这样一个多功能属性的好例子就是香味。
17. Surface active amine oxides are also classified as nonionic surfactants. (2分)译文：表面活性胺氧化物也被归类为非离子表面活性剂。
18. Fragrances that signal desirable benefits are also perceived as pleasing. (2分)译文：那些能显示产品具有某些人们所需的功能的香气，同时也是令人愉悦的。
19. Products have attributes: they have form, size, price, efficacy, names, fragrance. (2分)译文：产品具有一些属性：它们有类型、尺寸、价格、效能、名称和香味。
20. Foaming and cleaning agents are basic constituents of shampoos and cleansers. (2分)译文：起泡剂和清洁剂是洗发香波和洁面乳的主要组分。
21. What goes unnoticed is how much higher quality the other constituents now are. (2分)译文：现在其他的组分提高了多高的质量（这件事）往往被忽略22. Table 1 gives an overview of the most important substance types assigned to the four surfactant classes. (3分)译文：表1提供了归属于四种表面活性剂种类的最重要的物质类型的一个概观。
23. Experts recently submitted for discussion the classification of cosmetic preparations shown in Table 1. (3分)译文：专家们最近提交了关于如表1所示化妆品制剂分类的讨论（结果）。
24. Surfactants are substances with molecular structures consisting of a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic part. (3分)译文：表面活性剂是分子结构由一个亲水基和一个疏水基组成的物质。
25. Up front are those products, that make the cleaning of the hair possible, and such that help to improve the styling effect. (3分)译文：前面（提及的）是那些能够清洁头发从而帮助提高（头发）的发型效果的产品。
26. In solvents such as water, the surfactant molecules distribute in such a manner, that their concentration at the interfaces is higher than in the inner regions of the solution. (5分)译文:在像水这样的溶剂中，表面活性剂分子以这样一种方式分布，就是它们在界面处的浓度比溶液内部区域的浓度要高。
27. She is familiar with this brand through advertising she has seen, it costs the same as her regular brand, and she has every expectation that this brand works just about as well as her regular brand. (6分)译文:通过她看过的广告她熟悉这个品牌，它（这个牌子的产品）与她经常用的品牌价格相同，所以她非常希望这个品牌（的产品）（用起来）和她经常用的品牌一样的好。
28. While this is true for the manufacturing of any cosmetic, emulsions are particularly delicate: small deviations in the procedure of raw materialspecifications can bring about marked changes in productviscosity/consistency and stability. (7分)译文:而对于任何化妆品的制造这都是事实，即乳化是特别微妙的：即使是与原材料说明书步骤中很小的偏离，都会在产品黏性和稳定性方面带来显著的变化。
29. Moreover, like other surface active substances, soap not only removes the protective skin surface lipid films, but simultaneously releases appreciable amounts of fatty substances and constituents responsible for the moisture retention capacity from the stratum corneum. (8分)译文:而且，类似其他的表面活性物质，肥皂不仅仅可以去除有保护作用的皮肤表面的脂质膜，而且同时可以从角质层释放出大量与保湿能力有关的脂肪类物质和成分。
Lesson 50 The Role of Fragrance in Consumer Product（参考答案）Abstract：Fragrance is applied in various areas, such as skin care products, oral care products, hair care products and so on. In this article, the role of fragrance in consumer products will be discussed. Besides the basic functional attribute, the aesthetic and signal attribute of fragrance will be hightlighted; and the fuller use of the potential of fragrance will lead to more successful products.。