西方经济学中英文词汇对照表
西方经济学词汇表AAbility-to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收的)支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。
纳税人支付能力依据其收入或财富来衡量。
这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。
Absolute advantage(in international trade) (国际贸易中的)绝对优势A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地(即单位投入的产出水平比较高等)生产某种商品的能力。
这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。
因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益(comparative advantage)。
Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。
Actual，cyclical，and structural budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。
实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。
结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税人、支出和赤字等指标。
周期预算基于所预测的商业周期(及其经济波动)对预算的影响。
Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期(expectations)。
Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种(固定)汇率制度。
在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。
当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候，这种汇率便不时地趋于调整。
在1944—1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度，称为“布雷顿森林体系”。
Administered(or inflexible)prices 管理(或非浮动)价格特指某类价格的术语。
按照有关规定，这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。
(见价格浮动，price flexibility)Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。
指的是这样一种情况，即那些遭遇风险机会最多的人，最容易决定购买保险。
推而广之，逆向选择指的是这样一种情况:就某产品而言，买方和卖方所掌握的信息不同。
比如旧车市场。
Aggregate demand 总需求某一时期一个经济所计划或所需要开支的总数。
它取决于总的价格水平，并受到国内投资、净出口、政府开支、消费水平和货币供应等因素的影响。
Aggregate demand(AD)Curve 总需求曲线在其他条件不变的情况下，体现一个经济中人们所愿意购买的商品和服务的总量与该经济的价格总水平之间的关系的曲线。
同其他需求曲线一样，总需求曲线背后也存在着一系列重要的经济变量，如政府开支、出口和货币供应，等等。
Aggregate supply 总供给某一时期一个经济中各企业所愿意生产的商品与服务的价值的总和。
总供给是可供利用的资源、技术和价格水平的函数。
Aggregate supply(AS)Curve 总供给曲线在其他条件不变的情况下，体现各企业所愿意提供的总产出与价格总水平之间的关系的曲线。
总供给曲线在很长时期内，在潜在产出水平上，倾向于相对地陡峭和垂直；而从短期看，则显得比较平缓。
Allocative efficiency 配置效率一种经济境况。
一个经济到达该境况时，已经不可能通过重组或贸易等手段，既提高某一人的效用或满足程度，而又不降低其他人的效用或满足程度。
从某种意义上讲，完全竞争可以导致配置效率。
配置效率又称为帕累托效率(Pareto efficiency)。
Antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法取缔垄断行径、贸易限制和那些旨在抬高价格或取消竞争的厂商勾结行为的各种法律。
Appreciation(of a currency) (通货)升值见(通货)贬值(depreciation)。
Appropriable 可分拨对某些资源属性的一种描述。
有此属性资源的所有者可以获得该资源的全部经济价值。
在运行良好的市场竞争中，可分拨资源往往能得到合理的定价和有效的配置。
见“不可分拨”(inapp ropriable)。
Arbitrage 套利在一个市场上即期买进某种商品或资产，而在另一市场卖出该商品或资产，以期在价差中赚取利润的经济行为。
套利是消除价差的重要力量，它可使市场功能更有效地发挥。
Asset 资产实物财产或具有经济价值的非实物性的权利。
例如工厂、设备、土地、专利、版权，以及货币、债券等金融票据。
Asset demand for money 货币的资产需求见货币需求(demand for money)。
Automatic(or built-in)stabilizers 自动(或内在)稳定器政府税收和开支体系所具有的一种性质，可以缓冲私人部门收入变动的作用。
例如失业津贴和累进所得税等都有助于稳定经济。
Average cost 平均成本见平均成本(cost，average)。
Average cost curve，long-run (LRAC或LAC)长期平均成本曲线表示在技术、投人品的价格不变，但生产者可自由选择企业最优规模的条件下，某一产品的各种产量水平所对应的最低平均成本的几何图形。
Average cost curve，short-run (SRAC或SAC)短期平均成本曲线表示在技术、投人品的价格不变、且企业规模为既定的条件下，某一产品的各种产量水平所对应的最低平均成本的几何图形。
Average fixed cost 平均固定成本见平均固定成本(cost，average fixed)。
Average product 平均产量总产量或总产出除以一种投入品的数量所得的值。
由此，劳动的平均产量定义为总产量除以劳动的投入量。
其他投入品的平均产量以此类推。
Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向见边际消费倾向(marginal propensity to consume)。
Average revenue 平均收益总收益除以总销售量，即单位收益。
平均收益一般与价格相等。
Average variable cost 平均可变成本见平均可变成本(cost，average variable)。
BBalance of international payment 国际收支平衡表某时期一国同外部世界的交易状况的报表，包括商品和服务的买卖、馈赠、政府交易和资本流动。
Balance of trade 贸易余额国际收支中有关商品(或有形物品)进出口的部分。
包括食品、资本品和汽车。
如果包括服务和其他经常项目，则称为经常项目余额。
Balance of current account 经常项目余额见贸易余额(balance of trade)。
Balance sheet 资产负债表某时点一个企业的财务状况报表。
其中资产列为一栏，负债加净资产在另一栏。
每一项都以其实际的或估计的货币价值列出。
由于净资产由资产减负债来定义，因此两栏的合计必须平衡。
Balanced budget 平衡预算见平衡预算(budget，balanced)。
Bank，commercial 商业银行一种金融中介。
到目前为止，其突出的特点是允许客户对其所存人的款项随时随地签发支票来进行付款和提款。
所有接受储蓄和支票存款的金融机构统称为储蓄机构。
Bank money 银行货币由银行创造的货币，特别是指银行依据其准备金而成倍地扩大其支票帐户(M1的组成部分。
) Bank reserves 银行准备金见银行准备金(reserves，bank)Barriers to entry 进入壁垒能够阻碍进入市场、导致竞争减弱或者行业内厂商数量减少的那些因素。
例如法律规定、管制和产品差异等。
Barter 易货贸易商品直接交换，而不需要使用任何物品充当货币或交易媒介。
Benefit principle(of taxation) (税收的)受益原则认为税收与人们从政府活动中的受益应当成比例的原则。
Bond 债券由政府或企业发行的有息证券，保证在未来特定日期还本付息。
Break-even point(in macroeconomics)(宏观经济学中的)收支相抵点个人、家庭或社会团体的一种收入境况或收入水平。
在该境况，所有的收入正好被用来消费(既没有正储蓄也没有负储蓄)。
只有在更高的收入水平上才会有正储蓄。
Bretton woods system 布雷顿森林体系见可调整钉住(adjustable peg)。
Broad money 广义货币货币供给的一种形式或口径(也称M2，包括交易货币(M1)、银行储蓄帐户，还有其他类似交易货币的替代性资产。
Budget 预算计划支出与预期收入的帐户，通常以一年为期。
对政府而言，其收入应为税收。
Budget，balanced 平衡预算总支出和总收入(不包括借款收入)正好持平的预算。
Budget constraint 预算约束见预算线(budget line)。
Budget deficit 预算赤字政府总支出超出总收入(不包括借款收入)的部分。
这差额(赤字)通常靠借款弥补。
Budget，government 政府预算政府在特定时期(通常为一年)中所计划的支出和收入的报告书。
Budget line 预算线在既定价格水平下，消费者用给定的收入可能购买的各种商品组合点的轨迹。
有时称预算约束(budget constraint)。
Budget surplus 预算盈余政府收入超过支出的部分与预算赤字(budget deficit)相对应。
Built-in stabilizers 内在稳定器见自动稳定器(automatic stabilizers)。
Business cycles 商业周期国民总产出、总收入和息就业的波动。
这种波动以经济中的许多成分普遍而同期地扩张和收缩为特征，持续时间通常为2到10年。
现代宏观经济学中，商业周期发生在实际GDP相对于潜在GDP上升(扩张)或下降(收缩或衰退)的时候。
CC+I，C+I+G， or C+I+G+X schedule I+G，C+I+G，或C+I+G+X表说明对应GDP水平的每一计划的或合意的总需求水平的表，或由该表所生成的图形。
表中包括消费(C)、投资(I)、政府商品劳务支出(C)、以及净出口(X)。
Capital(capital goods，capital equipment) 资本(资本商品，资本设备)(1) 在经济理论中，指的是生产投入三要素(土地、劳动、资本)中的任意一种。
资本由用于生产过程中的耐用品构成。
(2)在财务会计方面，“资本”代表公司股东已经认购的资金总量，股东因此相应地获得了该公司的股份。
西方经济学字母含义大全
西方经济学字母含义大全西方经济学是一门研究西方社会经济活动的学科，包含了很多经济学术语和字母符号。
下面是西方经济学中常用的字母含义大全，希望能帮助大家更好地理解和学习经济学知识。
A- AD: Aggregate Demand（总需求）- AR: Average Revenue（平均收益）- AS: Aggregate Supply（总供给）- AVC: Average Variable Cost（平均可变成本）- APL: Average Physical Product（平均生产物）- APR: Annual Percentage Rate（年利率）- ADR: American Depositary Receipt（美国存托凭证）B- BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa（金砖五国）- B2B: Business-to-Business（企业对企业）- B2C: Business-to-Consumer（企业对消费者）- BOP: Balance of Payments（国际收支平衡）- BOE: Bank of England（英格兰银行）- BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics（劳工统计局）- BPM: Business Process Management（业务流程管理）C- CPI: Consumer Price Index（消费者物价指数）- CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate（年复合增长率）- CEO: Chief Executive Officer（首席执行官）- CFO: Chief Financial Officer（首席财务官）- CMO: Chief Marketing Officer（首席营销官）- CDO: Collateralized Debt Obligation（抵押贷款债务证券化）- CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility（企业社会责任）D- DSGE: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium（动态随机一般均衡）- DM: Developed Market（发达市场）- DC: Developing Country（发展中国家）- DCF: Discounted Cash Flow（现金流折现）- DSO: Days Sales Outstanding（应收账款周转天数）- DOL: Degree of Operating Leverage（经营杠杆度）E- GDP: Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）- GNP: Gross National Product（国民总生产值）- CPI: Consumer Price Index（消费者物价指数）- PPI: Producer Price Index（生产者物价指数）- CPI-U: Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers（城市居民消费者物价指数）- COGS: Cost of Goods Sold（销货成本）- ECOFIN: Economic and Financial Affairs Council（经济金融事务理事会）- EC: European Commission（欧洲委员会）F- FDI: Foreign Direct Investment（外国直接投资）- FOMC: Federal Open Market Committee（联邦公开市场委员会）- FX: Foreign Exchange（外汇）- FRB: Federal Reserve Bank（美联储）- FDI: Flexible Manufacturing System（柔性制造系统）- FIFO: First In, First Out（先进先出）- FOB: Free On Board（离岸价）G- GDP: Gross Domestic Product（国内生产总值）- GNP: Gross National Product（国民总生产值）- GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（关税和贸易总协定）- GL: General Ledger（总分类帐）- GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles（通用会计准则）- GFC: Global Financial Crisis（全球金融危机）H- HDI: Human Development Index（人类发展指数）- HICP: Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices（消费者物价调和指数）- HNP: Human Capital（人力资本）- HRM: Human Resource Management（人力资源管理）- HRT: Human Resource Technology（人力资源技术）- HML: High, Medium, and Low（高、中、低）I- IPO: Initial Public Offering（首次公开募股）- IRR: Internal Rate of Return（内部收益率）- IMF: International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）- ILO: International Labor Organization（国际劳工组织）- ICT: Information and Communications Technology（信息和通信技术）- IAC: Import Adjustment Cost（进口调整成本）J- JIT: Just-in-Time（及时生产）- J-curve: J形曲线- JPY: Japanese Yen（日元）K- KPI: Key Performance Indicator（关键绩效指标）- KAM: Key Account Management（重点客户管理）- KPI: Knowledge Process Outsourcing（知识流程外包）L- LDC: Less Developed Country（欠发达国家）- LSE: London Stock Exchange（伦敦证券交易所）- LTV: Loan-to-Value Ratio（贷款价值比率）- LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate（伦敦银行同业拆借利率）- LLC: Limited Liability Company（有限责任公司）- LIFO: Last In, First Out（后进先出）- LAB: Labor（劳动）- LWP: Lost Workday Producer Rate（失业产能率）- LME: London Metal Exchange（伦敦金属交易所）M- MNC: Multi-National Corporation（跨国公司）- MOU: Memorandum of Understanding（谅解备忘录）- MBS: Mortgage-Backed Securities（抵押支持证券）- MNC: Multi-National Corporation（跨国公司）- M2: Money Supply M2（货币供应量M2）- MRP: Material Requirements Planning（物料需求计划）- MACD: Moving Average Convergence Divergence（移动平均线收敛背离指标）N- NGO: Non-Governmental Organization（非政府组织）- NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement（北美自由贸易协定）- NBER: National Bureau of Economic Research（美国国家经济研究局）- NPL: Non-Performing Loan（不良贷款）- NCND: Non-Circumvention Non-Disclosure（不规避不泄露）O- OTC: Over-The-Counter（柜台交易）- OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries （石油输出国组织）- OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development（经济合作与发展组织）- OEE: Overall Equipment Efficiency（设备整体效能）- ROI: Return on Investment（投资回报率）P- PPP: Purchasing Power Parity（购买力平价）- PE: Private Equity（私募股权）- PR: Public Relations（公关）- P/E Ratio: Price-to-Earnings Ratio（市盈率）- P/E: Price-to-Earnings Ratio（市盈率）- PAT: Profit-After-Tax（税后利润）- PPI: Producer Price Index（生产者物价指数）- PTA: Preferential Trade Agreement（优惠贸易协定）Q- QoQ: Quarter-on-Quarter（季度同比）- QE: Quantitative Easing（量化宽松政策）- QS: Quantity Surveyor（造价师）R- RF: Risk-Free（无风险）- R&D: Research and Development（研发）- ROA: Return on Assets（总资产回报率）- ROS: Return on Sales（销售利润率）- ROE: Return on Equity（股权回报率）- ROIC: Return on Invested Capital（投资资本回报率）S- SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise（中小型企业）- SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）- S&P: Standard & Poor's（标准普尔）- SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission（美国证券交易委员会）- SME: Small and Medium-sized Enterprise（中小型企业）- SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome（严重急性呼吸综合征）- SAP: Systems, Applications, and Products（系统、应用和产品）- SWAT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats（优势、劣势、机会、威胁）T- TFP: Total Factor Productivity（全要素生产率）- TQM: Total Quality Management（全面质量管理）- TCO: Total Cost of Ownership（总拥有成本）- TNC: Transnational Corporation（跨国公司）- TCR: Transaction-Related Cost（交易相关成本）- TES: Technical Efficiency Score（技术效率评分）- TBC: Total Benefit-Cost Ratio（总效益成本比率）U- USA: United States of America（美利坚合众国）- U.K.: United Kingdom（英国）- USP: Unique Selling Proposition（独特卖点）- USB: Universal Serial Bus（通用串行总线）- UCP: Uniform Customs and Practice（统一海关批次）- UCC: Uniform Commercial Code（统一商法典）V- VAT: Value Added Tax（增值税）- VBM: Value-Based Management（价值导向管理）- VEB: Virtual Enterprise Bank（虚拟企业银行）W- WTO: World Trade Organization（世界贸易组织）- WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization（世界知识产权组织）- WBA: World Bank Group（世界银行集团）- WACC: Weighted Average Cost of Capital（加权平均资本成本）- WIP: Work-in-Progress（在制品）- WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get（所见即所得）X- X-M: Exports minus Imports（净出口）Y- YOY: Year-on-Year（同比）- YMCA: Young Men's Christian Association（青年基督教会）Z- ZBB: Zero-Based Budgeting（零基预算）- ZLB: Zero Lower Bound（零下限）以上是西方经济学中常用字母的含义，希望能帮助大家更好地理解和学习西方经济学知识。
西方经济学中英文对照表
词汇表(备查)微观经济学词汇宏观经济学词汇微观经济学(Microeconomic)需求（D）Demand供给（S）Supply价格（P）Price产量（Q）Quantity均衡（E）Equilibrium弹性（E）Elastic ity平均A verage边际Marginal成本Cost收益Revenue总Total效用Utility边际效用（MU）长期平均成本(LAC)短期平均成本(SAC)总成本（TC）固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)平均固定成本（AFC）可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）平均可变成本（A VC）平均成本（AC）边际成本（MC）平均收益（AR）边际收益（MR）边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue劳动（L）Labor force收入（I）Income宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民生产总值Gross National Product国内生产总值Gross Domestic Product总需求（AD）Aggregate demand总供给（AS）Aggregate supply消费（C）Consumption投资（I）Investment政府支出（G）Government expenditure出口Exports净出口（Nx）Net Export货币Money边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save边际进口倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import汇率Exchange rate预期Expectation。
经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照
经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照经济学常用英语词汇英汉对照economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分，私营部门public sector 公共部门，公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准，生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞，萧条，不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的` developing 发展中的。
西方经济学词汇(中英文对照)
1.Microeconomics 微观经济学2.Macroeconomics 宏观经济学3.Primary sector 第一产业4.Secondary sector 第二产业5.Tertiary sector 第三产业6.Opportunity cost 机会成本7.Scarcity 稀缺8.Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界9.Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线10.Factors of production 生产要素11.Demand 需求12.Demand curve 需求曲线13.Supply 供给14.Supply curve 供给曲线15.Marginal utility边际效用16.Total utility总效用17.Elasticity 弹性18.Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性19.Cross elasticity of demand 需求的交叉弹性20.Income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性21.Equilibrium 均衡22.Equilibrium price 均衡价格23.Short run短期24.Long run长期25.Consumer surplus消费者剩余26.Producer surplus生产者剩余27.Externalities外部性28.negative externalities 负的外部性29.positive externalities 正的外部性30.the law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律31.budget line 预算线32.Marginal 边际33.Marginal cost 边际成本34.Marginal revenue边际收益35.Merit goods 有益品36.Demerit goods 有害品37.public goods公共品38.quasi-public goods 准公共品39.private goods 私有品40.moral hazard 道德危险41.adverse selection 逆向选择42.Average 平均43.Average product 平均产量44.fixed costs 固定成本45.variable costs 可变成本46.average costs 平均成本47.diseconomy of scale规模不经济48.specialization 专业化49.Cost minimization 成本最小化50.Input投入51.Normal profit正常利润52.Abnormal profit超额利润53.Productive efficiency 生产效率54.Perfect competition完全竞争55.Monopoly垄断56.barrier to entry 进入障碍57.Product differentiation差异产品58.Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争59.Price discrimination 价格歧视60.oligopoly 寡头61.Duopoly双寡头62.Nash equilibrium纳什均衡63.Game theory 博弈论64.Marginal product of labour 劳动的边际产量65.Demand for labour 对劳动力的需求66.Aggregate demand 总需求67.Marginal cost of labour 劳动的边际成本68.Elasticity of demand for labor 劳动力的需求弹性69.Paradox of thrift 节约悖论70.Price level 价格水平71.Trade unions 行会，商会72.Perfectly competitive labour market 完全竞争劳动力市场73.Transfer earnings 转让收益74.Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值75.Gross National Product 国民生产总值76.money GDP 名义GDP77.real GDP 实际GDP78.Aggregate supply 总供给79.nominal value 名义价值80.real value 实际价值81.Injections 注入82.Withdrawals 漏出83.Consumption 消费84.budget deficit 预算赤字85.budget surplus 预算盈余86.balanced budget 均衡预算87.Keynesians 凯恩斯主义学派88.Monetarists 货币主义学派89.Savings 储蓄90.average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向91.average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向92.marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向93.marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向94.Investment 投资ernment spending 政府支出96.export 出口97.import 进口98.Accelerator 加速器99.Interest 利息率100.The multiplier乘数101.Full employments完全就业102.balance of payments 国际收支平衡表103.deficit赤字104.surplus 盈余105.Demand side policies 需求方面政策106.Supply side policies 供给方面政策107.Reflationary policies 再膨胀政策108.Deflationary policies 通货紧缩政策109.inflation 通货膨胀110.deflation 通货紧缩111.Inflationary gap通货膨胀缺口112.Deflationary gap通货紧缩缺口113.Automatic stabilizer自动稳定器114.Expansionary police扩张政策115.Contractionary policy紧缩政策116.Keynesian fiscal policy凯恩斯财政政策117.fiscal policy 财政政策118.monetary policy 货币政策119.exchange policy 汇率政策120.liquidity trap 流动性陷进121.transaction motive 交易动机122.precautionary motive 预防动机123.speculative motive 投机动机124.cost-push inflation 成本推动型的通货膨胀125.retail price index 零售价格指数126.redistribution of income 收入再分配127.new classical 新古典主义128.absolute advantage 绝对优势parative advantage相对优势130.free trade自由贸易131.economies of scale规模经济132.quotas 配额133.exchange controls外汇管制134.infant industry 幼稚工业135.Tariff关税136.free trade area自由贸易区137.custom union关税同盟138.economic union 经济同盟139.dumping倾销140.Trade creation贸易创造141.trade diversion 贸易转移。
经济学中英文词汇对照表
accounting:会计accounting cost :会计成本accounting profit :会计利润adverse selection :逆向选择allocation配置allocation of resources :资源配置allocative efficiency :配置效率antitrust legislation :反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow’s impossibility theorem :阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric information :非对称性信息average :平均average cost :平均成本average cost pricing :平均成本定价法average fixed cost :平均固定成本average product of capital :资本平均产量average product of labour :劳动平均产量average revenue :平均收益average total cost :平均总成本average variable cost :平均可变成本barriers to entry :进入壁垒base year :基年bilateral monopoly :双边垄断benefit :收益black market :黑市bliss point :极乐点boundary point :边界点break even point :收支相抵点budget :预算budget constraint :预算约束budget line :预算线budget set预算集capital :资本capital stock :资本存量capital output ratio :资本产出比率capitalism :资本主义cardinal utility theory :基数效用论cartel :卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :“其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve :其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model :张伯伦模型change in quantity demanded :需求量变化change in quantity supplied :供给量变化change in supply :供给变化choice :选择closed set :闭集Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function :柯布—道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective bargaining :集体协议工资collusion :合谋command economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity combination :商品组合commodity market :商品市场commodity space :商品空间common property :公用财产comparative static analysis :比较静态分析compensated budget line :补偿预算线compensated demand function :补偿需求函数compensation principles :补偿原则compensating variation in income :收入补偿变量competition :竞争competitive market :竞争性市场complement goods :互补品complete information :完全信息completeness :完备性condition for efficiency in exchange :交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production :生产的最优条件concave :凹concave function :凹函数concave preference :凹偏好consistence :一致性constant cost industry :成本不变产业constant returns to scale :规模报酬不变constraints :约束consumer :消费者consumer behavior :消费者行为consumer choice :消费者选择consumer equilibrium :消费者均衡consumer optimization :消费者优化consumer preference :消费者偏好consumer surplus :消费者剩余consumption :消费consumption bundle :消费束consumption combination :消费组合consumption possibility curve :消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier :消费可能性前沿consumption set :消费集consumption space :消费空间continuity :连续性continuous function :连续函数contract curve :契约曲线convex :凸convex function :凸函数convex preference :凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatlon :公司cost :成本cost benefit analysis :成本收益分cost function :成本函数cost minimization :成本极小化Cournot equilihrium :古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross—price elasticity :交叉价格弹性dead—weights loss :重负损失decreasing cost industry :成本递减产业decreasing returns to scale :规模报酬递减deduction :演绎法demand :需求demand curve :需求曲线demand elasticity :需求弹性demand function :需求函数demand price :需求价格demand schedule :需求表depreciation :折旧derivative :导数derive demand :派生需求difference equation :差分方程differential equation :微分方程differentiated good :差异商品differentiated oligoply :差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution :边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return :收益递减diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减direct taxes :直接税discounting :贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale :规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution :分配division of labour :劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods :耐用品dynamic analysis :动态分析dynamic models :动态模型Economic agents :经济行为者economic cost :经济成本economic efficiency :经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型economic profit :经济利润economic region of production :生产的经济区域economic regulation :经济调节economic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学exchange efficiency :交换效率economy :经济exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线economy of scale :规模经济Edgeworth box diagram :埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve :埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model :埃奇沃思模型efficiency :效率，效益efficiency parameter :效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution :替代弹性endogenous variable :内生变量endowment :禀赋endowment of resources :资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线entrepreneur :企业家entrepreneurship :企业家才能entry/exit decision :进出决策envolope curve :包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium condition :均衡条件equilibrium price :均衡价格equilibrium quantity :均衡产量eqity :公平equivalent variation in income :收入等价变量excess—capacity theorem :过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换exchange contract curve :交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle :排他性原则existence :存在性existence of general equilibrium :总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables :外生变量expansion paths :扩展径expectation :期望expected utility :期望效用expected value :期望值expenditure :支出explicit cost :显性成本external benefit :外部收益external cost :外部成本external economy :外部经济external diseconomy :外部不经济externalities :外部性Factor :要素factor demand :要素需求factor market :要素市场factors of production :生产要素factor substitution :要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of composition :合成谬误final goods :最终产品firm :企业firms‘demand curve for labor :企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve :企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination :第一级价格歧视first—order condition :一阶条件fixed costs :固定成本fixed proportions production function :固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuation :波动for whom to produce :为谁生产free entry :自由进入free goods :自由品，免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider :搭便车，免费搭车function :函数future value :未来值game theory :对策论、博弈论general equilibrium :总体均衡general goods :一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffen’s Paradox :吉芬之谜Gini coefficient :吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物government failure :政府失败government regulation :政府调控grand utility possibility curve :总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier :总效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product :异质产品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion :希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homogeneous demand function :齐次需求函数homogeneous product :同质产品homogeneous production function :齐次生产函数horizontal summation :水平和household :家庭how to produce :如何生产human capital :人力资本hypothesis :假说identity :恒等式imperfect competion :不完全竞争implicitcost :隐性成本income :收入income compensated demand curve :收入补偿需求曲线income constraint :收入约束income consumption curve :收入消费曲线income distribution :收入分配income elasticity of demand :需求收入弹性increasing cost industry :成本递增产业increasing returns to scale :规模报酬递增inefficiency :缺乏效率index number :指数indifference :无差异indifference curve :无差异曲线indifference map :无差异族indifference relation :无差异关系indifference set :无差异集indirect approach :间接法individual analysis :个量分析individual demand curve :个人需求曲线individual demand function :个人需求函数induced variable :引致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业industry equilibrium :产业均衡industry supply curve :产业供给曲线inelastic :缺乏弹性的inferior goods :劣品inflection point :拐点information :信息information cost :信息成本initial condition :初始条件initial endowment :初始禀赋innovation :创新input :投入input—output :投入—产出institution :制度institutional economics :制度经济学insurance :保险intercept :截距interest :利息interest rate :利息率intermediate goods :中间产品internatization of externalities :外部性内部化invention :发明inverse demand function :逆需求函数investment :投资invisible hand :看不见的手isocost line :等成本线，isoquant curve :等产量曲线isoquant map :等产量族kinded—demand curve :弯折的需求曲线labour :劳动labour demand :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value :劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire :自由放任Lagrangian function :拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier :拉格朗乘数，land :土地law :法则law of demand and supply :供需法law of diminishing marginal utility :边际效用递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution:边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution :边际技术替代率law of increasing cost :成本递增法则law of one price :单一价格法则leader—follower model :领导者—跟随者模型least—cost combination of inputs :最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leontief production function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses :许可证linear demand function :线性需求函数linear homogeneity :线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function :线性齐次生产函数long run :长期long run average cost :长期平均成本long run equilibrium :长期均衡long run industry supply curve :长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost :长期边际成本long run total cost :长期总成本Lorenz curve :洛伦兹曲线loss minimization :损失极小化1ump sum tax :一次性征税luxury :奢侈品macroeconomics :宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal benefit :边际收益marginal cost pricing :边际成本定价marginal cost of factor :边际要素成本marginal physical productivity :实际实物生产率marginal product :边际产量marginal product of capital :资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour :劳动的边际产量marginal productivity :边际生产率marginal rate of substitution :边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns :边际回报marginal revenue :边际收益marginal revenue product :边际收益产品marginal revolution :边际革命marginal social benefit :社会边际收益marginal social cost :社会边际成本marginal utility :边际效用marginal value products :边际价值产品market :市场market clearance :市场结清，市场洗清market demand :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium :市场均衡market failure :市场失败market mechanism :市场机制market structure :市场结构market separation :市场分割market regulation :市场调节market share :市场份额markup pricing :加减定价法Marshallian demand function :马歇尔需求函数maximization :极大化microeconomics :微观经济学minimum wage :最低工资misallocation of resources :资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币monopolistic competition :垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation :垄断剥削monopoly :垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium :垄断均衡monopoly pricing :垄断定价monopoly rents :垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断NNash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural monopoly :自然垄断Natural resources :自然资源Necessary condition :必要条件necessities :必需品net demand :净需求nonconvex preference :非凸性偏好nonconvexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing :非线性定价nonrivalry :非对抗性nonprice competition :非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non—zero—sum game :非零和对策normal goods :正常品normal profit :正常利润normative economics :规范经济学objective function :目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market :寡头市场oligopoly model :寡头模型opportunity cost :机会成本optimal choice :最佳选择optimal consumption bundle :消费束perfect elasticity :完全有弹性optimal resource allocation :最佳资源配置optimal scale :最佳规模optimal solution :最优解optimization :优化ordering of optimization(social) preference :(社会)偏好排序ordinal utility :序数效用ordinary goods :一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity :产出弹性output maximization产出极大化parameter :参数Pareto criterion :帕累托标准Pareto efficiency :帕累托效率Pareto improvement :帕累托改进Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative :偏导数partial equilibrium :局部均衡patent :专利pay off matrix :收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve :感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition :完全竞争perfect complement :完全互补品perfect monopoly :完全垄断perfect price discrimination :完全价格歧视perfect substitution :完全替代品perfect inelasticity :完全无弹性perfectly elastic :完全有弹性perfectly inelastic :完全无弹性plant size :工厂规模point elasticity :点弹性post Hoc Fallacy :后此谬误prediction :预测preference :偏好preference relation :偏好关系present value :现值price :价格price adjustment model :价格调整模型price ceiling :最高限价price consumption curve :价格费曲线price control :价格管制price difference :价格差别price discrimination :价格歧视price elasticity of demand :需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply :供给价格弹性price floor :最低限价price maker :价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker :价格搜求者price taker :价格接受者price tax :从价税private benefit :私人收益principal—agent issues :委托—代理问题private cost :私人成本private goods :私人用品private property :私人财产producer equilibrium :生产者均衡product :产品product transformation curve :产品转换曲线product differentiation :产品差异product group :产品集团production :生产production contract curve :生产契约曲线production efficiency :生产效率production function :生产函数production possibility curve :生产可能性曲线productivity :生产率productivity of capital :资本生产率productivity of labor :劳动生产率profit :利润profit function :利润函数profit maximization :利润极大化property rights :产权property rights economics :产权经济学proposition :定理proportional demand curve :成比例的需求曲线public benefits :公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods :公共商品pure competition :纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure exchange :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断quantity—adjustment model :数量调整模型quantity tax :从量税quasi—rent :准租金rate of product transformation :产品转换率rationality :理性reaction function :反应函数regulation :调节，调控relative price相对价格rent :租金rent control :规模报酬rent seeking :寻租rent seeking economics :寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocation :资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale :规模报酬revenue :收益revenue curve :收益曲线revenue function :收益函数revenue maximization :收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险satiation :饱和，满足saving :储蓄scarcity :稀缺性law of scarcity :稀缺法则second—degree price discrimination :二级价格歧视second derivative :--阶导数second—order condition :二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices :影子价格short—run :短期short—run cost curve :短期成本曲线short—run equilibrium :短期均衡short—run supply curve :短期供给曲线shut down decision :关闭决策shortage短缺shut down point :关闭点single price monopoly :单一定价垄断slope :斜率social benefit :社会收益social cost :社会成本social indifference curve :社会无差异曲线social preference :社会偏好social security :社会保障social welfare function :社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium :稳定的均衡Stackelberg model :斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis :静态分析stock :存量stock market :股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitution effect :替代效应substitution parameter :替代参数sufficient condition :充分条件supply :供给supply curve :供给曲线supply function :供给函数supply schedule :供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry :对称性symmetry of information :信息对称tangency :相切taste :兴致technical efficiency :技术效率technological constraints ；技术约束technological progress :技术进步technology :技术third—degree price discrimination :第**价格歧视total cost :总成本total effect :总效应total expenditure :总支出total fixed cost :总固定成本total product :总产量total revenue :总收益total utility :总效用total variable cost :总可变成本traditional economy :传统经济transitivity :传递性transaction cost :交易费用uncertainty :不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性unstable equilibrium :不稳定均衡utility :效用utility function :效用函数utility index :效用指数utility maximization :效用极大化utility possibility curve :效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier :效用可能性前沿value :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product :边际产量价值variable cost :可变成本variables :变量vector :向量visible hand :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学wage :工资wage rate :工资率Walras general equilibrium :瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras’s law :瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterion :福利标准Welfare economics :福利经学Welfare loss triangle :福利损失三角形welfare maximization :福利极大化zero cost :零成本zero elasticity :零弹性zero homogeneity :零阶齐次性zero economic profit :零利润。
完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照
完整版)经济学专业词汇中英文对照XXX and ChineseAAccounting - 会计Accounting cost - 会计成本Accounting profit - 会计利润Adverse n - 逆向选择n - 配置n of resources - 资源配置Allocative efficiency - 配置效率Antitrust n - 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity - 弧弹性n - 假设Asymmetric n - 非对称性信息Average - 平均Average cost - 平均成本Average cost pricing - 平均成本定价法Average fixed cost - 平均固定成本Average product of capital - 资本平均产量Average product of labour - 劳动平均产量Average revenue - 平均收益Average total cost - 平均总成本Average variable cost - 平均可变成本BBarriers to entry - 进入壁垒Base year - 基年XXX - 双边垄断Benefit - 收益Black market - 黑市Bliss point - 极乐点Boundary point - 边界点Break even point - 收支相抵点Budget - 预算Budget constraint - 预算约束Budget line - 预算线Budget set - 预算集CCapital - 资本Capital stock - 资本存量Capital output。
- 资本产出比率Capitalism - 资本主义XXX - 基数效用论Cartel - XXXCeteris paribus n - “其他条件不变”的假设Ceteris paribus demand curve - “其他因素不变”的需求曲线Chamberlain model - XXX模型Change in demand - 需求变化XXX - 需求量变化XXX - 供给量变化Change in supply - 供给变化Choice refers to the act of XXX。
西方经济学中英文词汇对照表
西方经济学词汇表AAbility—to-pay principle(of taxation)(税收的)支付能力原则按照纳税人支付能力确定纳税负担的原则。
纳税人支付能力依据其收入或财富来衡量.这一原则并不说明某经济状况较好的人到底该比别人多负担多少。
Absolute advantage(in international trade)（国际贸易中的)绝对优势A国所具有的比B国能更加有效地(即单位投入的产出水平比较高等）生产某种商品的能力.这种优势并不意味着A国必然能将该商品成功地出口到B国。
因为B国还可能有一种我们所说的比较优势或曰比较利益（comparative advantage）。
Accelerator principle 加速原理解释产出率变动同方向地引致投资需求变动的理论。
Actual,cyclical,and structural budget 实际预算、周期预算和结构预算实际预算的赤字或盈余指的是某年份实际记录的赤字或盈余。
实际预算可划分成结构预算和周期预算。
结构预算假定经济在潜在产出水平上运行，并据此测算该经济条件下的政府税人、支出和赤字等指标。
周期预算基于所预测的商业周期（及其经济波动)对预算的影响。
Adaptive expectations 适应性预期见预期(expectations).Adjustable peg 可调整钉住一种（固定)汇率制度.在该制度下，各国货币对其他货币保持一种固定的或曰“钉住的”汇率。
当某些基本因素发生变动、原先汇率失去合理依据的时候,这种汇率便不时地趋于调整。
在1944—1971年期间，世界各主要货币都普遍实行这种制度，称为“布雷顿森林体系”. Administered（or inflexible）prices 管理（或非浮动)价格特指某类价格的术语.按照有关规定,这类价格在某一段时间内、在若干种交易中能够维持不变。
（见价格浮动，price flexibility)Adverse selection 逆向选择一种市场不灵。
西方经济学中英文对照表
西⽅经济学中英⽂对照表词汇表(备查)微观经济学词汇宏观经济学词汇微观经济学(Microeconomic)需求（D）Demand供给（S）Supply价格（P）Price产量（Q）Quantity均衡（E）Equilibrium弹性（E）Elastic ity平均A verage边际Marginal成本Cost收益Revenue总Total效⽤Utility边际效⽤（MU）长期平均成本(LAC)短期平均成本(SAC)总成本（TC）固定成本(FC) Fixed cost)平均固定成本（AFC）可变成本（VC）V ariable cost）平均可变成本（A VC）平均成本（AC）边际成本（MC）平均收益（AR）边际收益（MR）边际产品（MR）Marginal Revenue劳动（L）Labor force收⼊（I）Income宏观经济学(Macroeconomics) 国民⽣产总值Gross National Product 国内⽣产总值Gross Domestic Product总需求（AD）Aggregate demand总供给（AS）Aggregate supply消费（C）Consumption投资（I）Investment政府⽀出（G）Government expenditure出⼝Exports净出⼝（Nx）Net Export货币Money边际消费倾向（MPC）Marginal propensity of consume 边际储蓄倾向（MPS）Marginal propensity of save 边际进⼝倾向(MPm) Marginal propensity to import汇率Exchange rate预期Expectation。
西方经济学英汉单词对照表
埃奇沃思盒状图Edgeworth box diagram埃奇沃思模型Edgeworth’s model肮脏浮动 dirty floating奥地利学派 Australian School奥尔多自由主义学派 Ordo Liberal School奥肯定理Okun’s law奥意财政学派 fiscal school in Austria and Italy巴罗模型 Barro model《巴塞尔协议》 Basel agreement半变动成本 semi-variable cost包销 exclusive sales保护关税 protective tariff保护就业论 employment argument for protectionism保护贸易说 theory of protective trade保护幼稚工业论 infant-industry argument保留价格 reservation price保留需求 reservation demand保险单 insurance policy保证金交易 margin trading鲍莫尔模型Baumol’s model鲍莫尔—托宾模型Baumol-Tobin model鲍莫尔最大销售收益假说Baumol’s hypothesis of maximal sell returns 鲍文—布莱克多数投票模型Bowen-Black majority voting model贝叶斯标准 Bayes criterion贝叶斯静态博弈static Bayesian games贝叶斯纳什均衡Bayesian-Nash equilibrium比较财政学comparative public finance比较富有弹性 relatively elastic比较管理学 comparative management比较静态均衡comparative static equilibrium比较利益理论 theory of comparative advantage比较缺乏弹性 relatively inelastic比例均等牺牲 proportional sacrifice比例税负 proportional tax-bearing比例税率 proportional tax rate必需品 necessities必要增长率 required rate of growth庇古税 Pigovian taxes庇古效应 Pigou effect边干边学 learning-by-doing边际报酬递减规律 law of diminishing marginal returns边际产量 marginal product边际产量递减diminishing marginal product边际产品价值value of marginal product边际成本定价法 marginal cost pricing边际储蓄倾向 marginal propensity to save（MPS）边际革命 marginal revolution边际公共支出倾向 marginal public expenditure propensity边际技术替代率marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率递减diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 边际进口倾向 marginal propensity to import（MPM）边际量 marginal quantity边际贫穷 marginal poor边际社会成本marginal social cost（MSC）边际社会纯产值marginal society pure production value边际社会收益 marginal social benefit（MSB），marginal social revenues 边际收益 marginal revenue边际收益产品marginal revenue product边际税率 marginal tax rate边际税收倾向 marginal tax propensity边际私人成本 marginal personal cost边际私人收益 marginal private benefit（MPB）边际替代率 marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减 diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际外部成本 marginal external cost边际外部性 marginal externality边际外在损害marginal external damage边际物质产品marginal physical product边际消费倾向 marginal propensity to consume边际效用 marginal utility边际效用递减diminishing marginal utility边际效用均等 equi-marginal utility边际效用学派 Marginal Utility School边际要素成本 marginal cost of actors边际有效税率 marginal effective tax rate边际有效税率模型 marginal effective tax rate model边际欲望 marginal desire边际转换率 marginal rate of transformation边沁·杰里米 Bentham，Jeremy贬值的贸易条件效应 effects of devaluation on terms-of-trade变相货币 disguised money标准基期法 method of standard period标准商品 standard goods标准投资利润率法 method of standard profit rate of investment表外业务off-balance-sheet activities of banks禀赋点 endowment point拨款的替代效应 substitution effect of grant伯格森 Bergson，A.伯格森—萨缪尔森的社会福利函数Bergson-Samuelson’s social welfare function伯格森社会福利函数 Bergson social welfare function博弈论 game theory博弈树 game trees补偿贸易 compensation trade补偿性财政政策 compensatory fiscal policy补偿性税收政策compensatory tax policy补偿需求函数 compensated demand function补偿原理 compensation principal补偿政策 compensatory policy不变成本 fixed cost不变的利率 constant rate of interest不变加成经济周期模型business cycle model of constant added value不变价格 constant price不变弹性 constant elasticity不诚实投票 insincere voting不纯公共物品 impure public goods不动点定理 fixed point theorem不对称信息 asymmetric information不发达国家 underdeveloped countries不加速通货膨胀的失业率 non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment（NAIRU）不可兑换货币 inconvertible currency不可分散风险 undispersible risk不可抗力 force majeure不可置信的威胁 incredible threat不平衡增长 unbalanced growth不确定性 uncertainty不体现的技术进步disembodied technical change不完全竞争 incomplete competition不完全替代品 imperfect substitutes不完全信息模型 imperfect-information model不完全预期的通货膨胀 imperfectly anticipated inflation不稳定均衡 unstable equilibrium不相关选择的独立性 irrelevant alternative independence不正常的通货膨胀 invalidated inflation布劳威尔不动点定理Brouwer’s fixed-point theorem布雷顿森林货币体系 Bretton woods monetary system部分归属制 partial imputation system部分海损 partial loss部分损失冲销机制 partial loss-off-setting mechanism部分转嫁 partial shiftingCES生产函数 CES production functionCIF 术语 cost，insurance and freight（CIF）财产税 taxation on properties财产替代效应substitution effect of property财富替代效应 wealth substitution effect财富转让税 wealth transfer taxes财政补贴政策 policy of fiscal subsidy财政部观点 Treasury view财政乘数 fiscal multiplier财政赤字 fiscal deficit财政赤字效应 effect of financial deficit财政冲力 fiscal impulse财政刺激 fiscal stimulus财政发行currency issue for fiscal purpose财政杠杆 fiscal leverage财政关税 revenue tariff财政红利 fiscal dividend财政幻觉 fiscal illusion财政交换说 exchange theory of public finance财政联邦制，财政联邦主义 fiscal federalism财政年度 fiscal year财政收入 fiscal revenue财政收入集中率 centralization ratio of financial revenue财政特权 fiscal privilege财政投资 fiscal investment财政投资政策 policy of fiscal investment财政拖累 fiscal drag财政牺牲说 fiscal sacrifice theory财政性通货膨胀 fiscal inflation财政优惠 fiscal incentives财政与货币政策混合fiscal-monetary policy mix财政政策效应 effect of fiscal policy财政支出 fiscal expenditure财政支出的长期收入模型 long-term revenue model of financial expenditure 菜单成本 menu costs策略补偿 strategic complementary策略互动 strategic interaction策略替代 strategic substitutability差别关税 differential duty差别信息 different information差价税 variable levy差异产品 differentiated products差异原则 difference principle产出 output产出关联理论industries relativity theory产出效应 output effect产品差异 production differentiation产品的生命周期 product cycle产品转换曲线 product transformation curve产权理论 theory of property rights产权收益率，产权报酬率 return on equity（ROE）产权学派 Property-right Economics产业内贸易 intra-industry trade产业内贸易指数 intra-industry trade index颤抖手均衡trembling-hand perfect equilibrium长期边际成本 long-run marginal cost（LMC）长期菲利普斯曲线 long-run Phillips curve长期竞争性均衡 long-run competitive equilibrium长期均衡 long-run equilibrium长期劳动合同论long-term labor contract theory 长期贫穷 hardcore poor长期平均成本 long-run average cost长期停滞 secular stagnation长期停滞理论 secular-stagnation theory长期消费函数 long-run consumption function长期性失业 chronic unemployment长期资本流动 long capital flow长期总成本long-run total cost（LTC）偿债基金 debt service funds偿债能力 debt paying ability偿债能力系数 debt coverage ratio常务董事会 board of managing directors厂商 firm厂商均衡equilibrium for a business firm厂商信誉论 firm reputation theory场外交易市场 OTS markets超保护贸易政策ultra-protective trade policy 超保护贸易主义theory on super-protectionism超额利润 excess profit超额需求 excess demand超级 301条款 super301 clause超级乘数 super multiplier沉淀成本 sunk cost成本不变行业 constant cost industry成本递减行业 decreasing cost industry成本递增行业 increasing cost industry成本函数 cost function成本会计 cost accounting成本加成定价 markup pricing成本平价 cost parity成本—收入比较法 cost to revenue comparative method成本弹性 cost elasticity成本推进通货膨胀 cost-push inflation成本—效益分析 cost-benefit analysis成本最小化问题 cost minimum problem承兑交单 documents against acceptance（D/A）承诺成本 committed cost承诺行动 commitment乘数原理 multiplier principle程序操纵 agenda manipulation持久收入储蓄动机permanent-in-come savings motive持久收入的边际消费倾向 marginal propensity to consume out of permanent income 持久收入假说 permanent income hypothesis持平产出 break-even output持平收入 break-even income持有期收益率 holding period benefits持有收益 holding gains持有损失 holding losses持有正义论 theory of holding justice赤字货币化 monetization of deficit赤字性支出 deficit spending赤字预算 budget with deficit赤字债务化 debtization of deficit充分乘数 full multiplier充分就业 full employment充分就业产量 full-employment output充分就业的预算盈余full-employment budget surplus充分就业目标 objective of full employment充分就业失业率full-employment unemployment rate充分就业盈余full-employment surplus充分就业预算赤字 full employment budget deficit充分生产 full production冲击乘数 impact multiplier出口补贴 export subsidy出口导向型增长 export-lead growth出口鼓励 export promotion出口税 export duties出口替代 export substitution出口信贷 export credit出口性通货膨胀 exported inflation出口依存度degree of dependence upon export出售污染权 sales for pollution rights初级内向 primary inward-looking初级外向 primary outward-looking储备货币 reserve currency储备—进口比率 reserve-import ratio储备头寸 reserve position储备资产增减额 change in reserves储蓄的利率弹性 elasticity of interest rate for saving储蓄负利率 negative interest rates of savings储蓄过度理论 over saving theory储蓄函数 savings function储蓄率 savings ratio储蓄银行 savings bank储蓄增长率 increase ingrate of savings传统货币理论traditional monetary theory创新经济周期理论 innovation business-cycle theory纯粹集权经济 pure command economy纯粹交易 pure exchange纯粹垄断 pure monopoly纯地租 pure rent纯公共物品 pure public goods纯古典制 pure classical system纯货币理论 pure monetary theory纯经济福利net economic welfare pure economic welfare 纯贸易条件 net barter terms of trade纯时间偏好率 rate of pure time preference纯私人物品 pure private goods纯再分配模型pure redistribution model次级内向 secondary inward-looking次级外向 secondary outward-looking次优理论 second-best theory次优政策 second-best policy刺激—反应公式stimulas-reaction formula从价税 ad valorem duty从量税 specific duty存货投资周期inventory investment cycle存款保险 deposit insurance存款准备金政策policy of reserve requirement存量分析 stock analysis存量和流量 stock and flow代理银行制度 agent banks system代议制民主 representative democracy丹尼森法则Denison’s law单独浮动 independent floating单峰偏好 single-peaked preference单个消费者的均衡equilibrium for the individual consumer 单利 single interest单式税则 single tariff单向外在性 unilateral externality单项否决权 line item veto单一产品出口型经济export-enclave economy单一经济学 mono-economics单一银行体制 unit banks单因素贸易条件 single factor terms of trade刀刃均衡 knife-equilibrium道·琼斯平均数 Dow Jones Average道德风险 moral hazard道德选民 ethical voter道尔顿转移原则Dalton transfer principle德尔菲预测法Delphi forecasting method等边际原理 equilibrium principle等产量线 isoquant curve等成本线 iso-cost line低成本价格领导制low cost price leadship低收入国家 low income countries低水平均衡陷阱理论low-level equilibrium trap theory抵消关税 atching duty抵押市场 mortgage market抵押债券 mortgage bond地点套汇 arbitrage in space地方公共物品 local public goods地方税 local tax地方政府的分层蛋糕模型layer cake model of local government地区工资税和折扣 regional pay-roll taxes and rebates第三级价格歧视third class price discrimination蒂布假说 Tiebout hypothesis蒂布均衡 Tiebout equilibrium蒂布模型Tibet’s model蒂布迁移 Tiebout migration点弹性 point elasticity电汇汇率 telegraphic transfer rate电子货币 electronic money调研预测法 investigation and research forecasting method盯住利率指标pegged interest rate indicator东南亚国家联盟Association of Southeast Asia Nations（ASEAN）动态分析 dynamical analysis动态均衡 dynamic equilibrium动态外部经济 dynamic external economics动态无效性 dynamic inefficiency动物本能 animal spirits独立品，不相关商品independent goods短期菲利普斯曲线 short-run Phillips curve短期货币市场 short-term money market短期金边债券 short-dated gilt-edged security短期竞争性均衡 short-run competitive equilibrium短期均衡 short-run equilibrium短期可变成本 short-run variable cost短期政府债券 short tap短期资本流动 short capital flow短期总供给曲线 short-run aggregate supply curve短缺的累积性效应 cumulative effect of shortage对冲干预 sterilized intervention对数曲线预测法logarithmic curve forecasting method对通货膨胀的需求 demand for inflation对外净投资 net foreign investment对外贸易 foreign trade对外贸易乘数 foreign trade multiplier多部门增长模型 multisector growth model多重均衡 multiple equilibrium多峰偏好 multiple-peaked preference多数规则 majority voting rule多数人专制 tyranny of the majority多数投票规则增长论 growth theory for majority voting rule多样化 diversification多种货币保值 insurable value of currencies恩格尔法则 Engel law恩格尔曲线 Engel curveFOB 术语 FOB（free on board）发信号 signaling发行的银行 issuing bank发展国家观 developmental state发展极 development poles发展经济学 development teconomics发展危机 development crisis发展援助 development aid，development assistance发展中国家 developing countries法币 lawful money法定存款准备金率rate of reserve requirements of bank deposit 法定货币 fiat money法定利率 legal interest rate繁荣通货膨胀 boom inflation反补贴税 countervailing duty反垄断 antitrust反倾销 anti-dumping反倾销论 anti-dumping argument反倾销税 anti-dumping duty反三角兼并 reverse triangular反通货膨胀 disinflation反通货膨胀对策counter-inflation policy反托拉斯法 Antitrust laws反向外援 reverse foreign aid反应方程 reaction function反增长论 theory of disgrowth反周期的 counter cyclical反周期货币政策规则 counter cycle monetary policy反周期政策anti-cyclical policy，counter-cyclical policy范围经济 economics of scope范围经济度degree of economics of scope防止污染的财政补贴 subsidies for preventing pollution防止污染的直接管制政策direct regulatory policy for preventing pollution 放松规制 deregulation放松银根政策 easy money policy飞跃式白金时代 galloping platinum age非独裁性 non-dictatorship非公开失业 non-open unemployment非关税壁垒 non-tariff barriers（NT-Bs）非合作均衡 noncooperative equilibrium非货币投资过度理论 over-non-money investment theory非价格竞争 non-price competition非竞争性 nonrival非均衡 disequilibrium非劳动力 not in the labor force非累进部门 non-progressive sector非排他性 nonexclusive非调节性货币政策non-adjusting monetary policy非完全信息 imperfect information非系统风险 non-systemic risk非相机处置支出(不可任意支配的支出) nondiscretionary expenditure非选择性公共产品non-optional public goods非银行金融机构 non-bank financial institutions非知识效应 non-cognitive effects非中性技术进步 non-neutral technical progress非洲开发银行African development bank非自决的财政政策 non-discretionary fiscal policy非自愿失业involuntary unemployment菲利普斯曲线 Phillips curve费尔德斯坦曲线 Feldstein curve费雪交易方程式Fisher’s transaction equation费雪效应 Fisher effect费用—收益比较法cost to benefit comparative method费用—效应比较法cost to effect comparative method分层蛋糕模型 layer cake model分类所得税 classified income tax分类综合所得税classified and aggregate income tax分配 distribution分配的边际产品理论 marginal product theory of distribution分配公正 distributive justice分配决定论 distribution determination theory分配性时滞方程distributed lag equation分配正义论 distributing justice theory分批装运 partial shipment分权问题 assignment problem分权型财政管理体制 decentralized financial management system分权型税收管理体制 decentralized tax administrative system分散化 decentralization分散性指标 dispersion index分数投票 point voting分税原则 principle for tax assignment分税制 tax-sharing system分享经济 participation economy丰收悖论 paradox of foison风险承担的成本 cost of risk-taking风险分摊 risk spreading风险控制 risk control风险市场 market for risk风险下的选择 choice under risk风险型决策 risk decision风险厌恶度量 risk aversion measure风险溢价 risk premium风险中性 risk neutral封闭经济 closed economy封闭市场价格 price in the close market峰值 peak value弗莱堡学派 Freiburg School弗里德曼货币需求函数Friedman’s demand function for money服务贸易 service trade浮动汇率 floating exchange rate浮动汇率制floating exchange rate system浮动利率 floating interest rate浮动利率的抵押贷款floating rate mortgage福利国家welfare country， welfare state福利经济学的两条基本定理two fundamental theorem of welfare economics 福利经济学第二定理 second fundamental theorem of welfare economics福利经济学第三定理third fundamental theorem of welfare economics福利经济学第一定理first fundamental theorem of welfare economics 福利开支 welfare expenditure福利效应 wealth effect辅助税种 secondary tax付款交单 documents against payment（D/P）负储蓄 dissaving负担率 burden rate负金钱外在性 negative pecuniary externalities负排挤效应 negative crowding out effect负税率 negative tax rate负税人 tax bearer负所得税的福利效应 welfare affection of negative income tax负所得税制system of negative income tax负外部效应 negative externality负效用 disutility负有效保护率 negative rate of effective protection负债管理 liability management负债业务 liability business负债资产比率 debt-to-asset ratio负真实利率 negative real rate of interest附加技术进步的生产要素factor augmenting technical progress附加税 tax supplements附加预期的菲利普斯曲线 expectations-augmented Phillips curve复合需求 joint demand复利 compound interest复利现值系数 present value interest factor复利终值系数future value interest factor复式记账法 double entry method复式税则 complex tariff复式预算 double-entry budgeting副产品 by product赋税乘数 tax multiplierGDP缺口 GDP gap高峰负荷价 peak-load pricing高就业盈余 high employment surplus高能货币 high-powered money戈森定律Gossen’s law格雷欣法则Gresham’s law格罗夫斯—列耶机制Groves-Ledyard mechanism个人可支配收入 disposable personal income工人错觉模型worker-misperception model工资差异 wage differentials工资的补偿性差别 equalizing differences in wages工资—工资螺旋式上升 wage-wage spiral工资理论 wage theory工资谈判理论theory of wage bargaining工资—物价螺旋式上升 wage-price spiral工资下降刚性downward rigidity of wages工资下限假设 wage floor assumption工资与物价指导线 wage and price guidelines工资粘性假设wage sticky assumption工资指数化 indexation of wage工作决策的收入效应 income effect in the decision to work工作决策理论 theory of the decision to work工作决策中的替代效应 substitution effect in the decision to work工作量折旧法 depreciation of units-of-output method公共部门借款 public sector borrowing公共部门借款需求public sector borrowing requirement公共部门经济学 economics of public sector公共部门均衡 public sector equilibrium公共部门失灵 public sector failure公共财产资源 common property resource公共采购 public procurement公共产品的供应 provision of public goods公共产品的供应模型 models of provision of pubic goods公共产品的私人提供 private provision of public goods公共产品定价法price method for public goods公共产品论 theory of public goods公共产品与公共基金的私人成本public goods and private costs of public funds 公共定价 public pricing公共负储蓄 negative public savings公共工程 public works公共工程支出 public project expenditure公共供给 public provision公共管制 public regulation公共集体行动 public collective action公共经济 public economy公共经济学 public economics公共领域 public domain公共企业 public enterprises公共企业部门 public enterprise sector公共生产 public production公共事业 public utility公共事业定价 public utility pricing公共物品的帕累托效率条件 Pareto efficient condition of public goods公共物品国家观 public goods state公共物品配置的边际效用理论marginal utility of public goods allocation公共需求理论 public demand theory公共选择学派 School of Public Choice公共支出的分配效应 distribution affect of public expenditure公共支出的宏观经济学模型 macroeconomic models of public expenditure 公共支出的可行限量 feasible limitation of public expenditure公共支出的收入效应 income effect of public expenditure公共支出的制度极限 constitutional limits to public expenditure公共支出的自然极限 natural limits to public expenditure公共支出的最高限量 maximum limitation of public expenditure公共支出负担 public expenditure incidence公共支出归宿法 public expenditure incidence approach公共支出规模 scale of public expenditure公共支出弹性 elasticity of public expenditure公共支出替代效应 substitution effect of public expenditure公共支出效率理论 public expenditure effective theory公共支出增长理论law of rising public expenditure公开失业 open unemployment公开市场操作 open market operation公民权利和保护性国家 civil rights and the protective state公募发行 public placement公募拍卖方式 auction technique公平与效率交换trade-off between equality and efficiency公平原则 equity criterion公式弹性计划 formula flexibility plan公司清算 corporate liquidation公司新目标论 theory of company’s new aim公司重组 corporate reorganization公有制悲剧 tragedy of the commons公债错觉 debt illusion公债的流动性效应 liquidity effect of public debt公债的资产效应assets effects of public debt公债发行规模 scale of public debt issuing公债非中性government bonds non-neutrality公债负担 public debt burden公债管理政策 management policy of public debt公债货币化monetization of public debt公债间接发行indirect issuing of public debt公债认购者负担public debt sub scriber’s burden公债收益 public debt yield rate公债再融资refinancing the public debt公债中性 government bonds neutrality公众利益法 public interest approach功利主义 utilitarianism功利主义的社会福利函数social welfare function of utilitarianism功能财政论 functional fiscal approach供给表 supply schedule供给冲击 supply shock供给弹性 elasticity of supply供给规律 supply law供给价格预期弹性 expectation elasticity of supply price供给量 supply quantity供给学派 Supply-Side Economics供求混合推进型通货膨胀supply and demand-push inflation共同产权资源common-property resources购买保险 purchase of insurance购买力控制control of purchasing power购买力平价 purchasing power parity购买力调节 adjustment of purchasing power购买性支出 government purchase on goods and service孤立状况下商品的相对均衡价格equilibrium relative commodity price in isolation 古典二分法 classical dichotomy古典供给曲线classical aggregate supply curve古典经济学家 classical economists古诺—纳什均衡 Cournot-Nash equilibrium古诺双寡头模型Cournot duopoly model谷底 trough股份公司 stock company股票平均价格 share average price股票指数 share index股票指数期货 stock index futures股票指数期货期权 option on stock index futures股票指数期权 stock index option股息课税的传统观点traditional view of dividend taxation固定比价 fixed parity固定的机会成本 constant opportunity cost固定投入比例生产函数 fixed-proportions production function雇佣成本指数 employment cost index雇员社会缴款e mployees’ social contributions雇主社会缴款employers’ social contribution雇主实际社会缴款employers’ actual social contributions寡头价格 oligopoly price拐角解 corner solution关键货币 key currency关税 customs duties关税报复 tariff retaliation关税的生产效应 production effect of a tariff关税的消费效应 consumption effect of tariff关税配额 customs quota，tariff quotas关税水平 tariff level关税同盟 customs union关税与贸易总协定general agreement on tariffs and trade（GATT）关系集团 relation group关于政府的机械论观点 mechanistic view of government官僚和配置的低效率bureaucrats and allocative inefficiency 官僚效用函数 utility functions of bureaucrats管理浮动 managed floating管理价格通货膨胀 administered inflation管理经济学 managerial economics管理科学学派management science school管理通货论 theory on managing currency in circulation管理信息系统 management information system管理者 bureaucrat管理者企业论managerial theory of the firm管制 regulation管制公众利益论 public interest theory of regulation管制经济论 economic theory of regulation广义货币供给量supply of broad money归属制 imputation system规范分析 normative analysis规范经济学 normative economics规划现金流量税 blueprints cash-flow tax规模报酬 returns to scale规模报酬不变constant returns to scale规模报酬递减 decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递增increasing returns to scale规模不经济 diseconomics of scale规模经济 economics of scale规制的俘获理论capture theory of regulation规制俘虏 regulatory capture滚雪球效应 snowball effect国别配额 country quotas国防经济学 economics of defence国际避税 international tax avoidance国际避税地international tax avoidance haven国际财政 international public finance国际财政学international public finance国际公平 international equity国际货币基金组织international monetary fund国际货币制度 international monetary system国际价值理论 theory of international value国际交换比率 international exchange rate国际金本位制 international gold standard system国际金汇兑本位制 international gold exchange standard system国际金融 international finance国际金融公司international finance corporation国际金融机构 international financial institution国际经济学 international economics国际开发协会 international development association国际流动性 international liquidity国际清算银行 bank for international settlements国际商品协定 interregional commodity agreement国际收支international balance of payment国际收支不平衡disequilibrium of international payment国际收支差额 measures of the balance of payments国际收支调整的货币分析法 monetary approach to balance of payments国际收支调整的弹性分析法 elasticity approach to balance of payments国际收支调整的吸收分析法absorption approach to balance of payments国际收支金融和资本项目capital and financial items of international balance of payments国际收支平衡表 balance of payment presentation国际收支说 theory of balance of payments国际收支调整 adjustment of international balance of payments国际收支政策搭配说 policy mixture of balance of payments adjustment国际双重课税international double taxation国际双重征税免除international double taxation exemption国际税收关系 international tax relation国际税收协定 international tax convention国际逃税 international tax evasion国际投资头寸表 international investment position国际信用工具 international credit instruments国际银行业务便利international banking facility（IBF）国际债券发行市场international bond issuing market国际债券交易市场international bond trading market国际支付工具 instrument of international payment国际支付凭证 international payments drafts国际支付手段 means of international payment国际资本流动international capital flow国际资本往来capital account balance国际租赁 international leasing国家财政论 state-finance theory国家的银行state’s bank国家风险 country risk国家公平 national equity国家效率 national efficiency国家信用 sovereign credit国民储蓄 national savings国民储蓄率 national savings rate国民待遇 national treatment on international taxation and regulation国民经济平衡表 balance sheet of national economy国民生产总值 gross national product国民生产总值平减指数 GNP deflator国民生产总值物价折算指数 GNP implicit price deflator国民失业率civilian unemployment rate国民账户体系 system of national accounts（SNA）国内税 internal taxes国内信用增加额指标 domestic credit increment indicator 国外税收抵免 foreign tax credit国债偿还public debt redemption ，public debt refunding 国债偿债率 government debt－service ratio国债负担率 public debt-to-GDP ratio国债交易 government debt transaction国债流通市场 circulation market for treasury debts国债派生市场 derivative market for treasury debts国债市场 public debt market国债依存度 public debt dependency过境贸易 transit trade过境税 transit duties哈伯格模型 Harberger model哈伯格三角形 Harberger triangle哈罗德—多马模型Harrod-Domar model哈罗德中性 Harrod neutral哈特曼模型 Hartman model海关估价 customs valuation海萨尼转换 Harsanyi transformation海上风险 perils of the sea含卖出权债券 option tender bond函数系数 function coefficient合理货币供给量rational supply of money合理生产区域 rational production area合理消费率 rational consumption rate合谋 collusion合意的资本存量desired capital stock合作博弈 cooperative game赫芬达尔指数 Herfindal index赫克歇尔和俄林模型Heckscher-Ohlin model黑市与灰市black market and gray market横向联合 horizontal integration宏观经济均衡 macroeconomic equilibrium宏观经济稳定观 macroeconomic stabilization state宏观经济增长波动 macroeconomic growth cycle宏观经济政策目标objectives of macroeconomic policy宏观税负 tax macro-incidence后向联系 backward linkage弧弹性 arc elasticity互补品 complementary goods互补外部性 reciprocal externality互投赞成票 logrolling环比加权实际 GDP chain-weighted real GDP黄金非货币化 demonetization of gold黄金率 gold rule黄金输出点 gold export point黄金输入点 gold import point黄金输送点 gold transport points灰色系统预测法gray systematic forecasting method回程效应 returning effect回归模型预测法 forecasting method of regression model回归预测法regression forecasting method回流效应理论 back wash effect回收期方法 retrieve period method汇率超调 exchange rate over shooting汇率错位 foreign exchange rate misalignment汇率的货币论 monetary approach to exchange rate汇率的资产组合平衡模式 portfolio balance model of exchange rate汇率风险 exchange rate risk汇率管制 exchange rate control汇率决定的一般均衡说general equilibrium approach of exchange rate determination 汇率决定的资产市场说 asset-market approach of exchange rate determination汇票 bill of exchange混合兼并 conglomerate merger混合经济 mixed economy混合税 mixed duties混合物品 mixed goods或有商品 contingent commodities货币保值 insurable value of currency货币贬值 currency devaluation货币超中性 money super neutrality货币成本 cost of money货币成长理论 money growth theory货币乘数 money multiplier货币抽象说abstraction theory of money货币的资产需求asset demand for money货币对外价值 external value of money货币发行 currency issue货币发行收入 seigniorage revenue货币非中性假说 non-neutral money hypothesis货币非中性论 theory on non-neutrality of money货币供给内生性 endogeneity of money supply。
经济学专业术语(中英文对照)
经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。