2001 考研英语真题及答案

2001年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题注意事项：1.本试题的答案必须填写在规定的答题卡(ANSWER SHEET 1)和答题纸(ANSWER SHEET 2)上，写在试题上不给分。

2.第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ部分的答案须用铅笔填涂在答题卡(ANSWER SHEET 1)上，第Ⅳ、Ⅴ部分的答案须用蓝、黑墨水笔或圆珠笔写在答题纸(ANSWER SHEET 2)上。

用红色笔者不给分。

3.选择题答案选出后，必须用2B铅笔把答题卡(ANSWER SHEET 1)上的选中项涂满涂黑，如：［A］［B］［■］［D］。

修改时，必须用橡皮擦净后，再填涂其它选项。

4.考试结束后，将答题卡(ANSWER SHEET 1)和答题纸(ANSWER SHEET 2)一并装入试卷袋内。

装答题卡(ANSWER SHEET 1)时不准折叠。

Part I Structure and V ocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked［A],［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times _______ 1979.［A］from ［B］after ［C］for ［D］sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose ［D］Sample Answer ［A］［B］［C］［■］1.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I______ my head in my hands fora cry.［A］bury ［B］am burying ［C］buried ［D］would bury2.Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port_______ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.［A］to announce ［B］announced ［C］announcing ［D］was announced3.According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself ap parent, so one_______ wait instead of searching for it.［A］would rather ［B］had to ［C］cannot but ［D］had best4.She felt suitably humble just as she _______ when he had first taken a good look ather city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.［A］had ［B］had had ［C］would have had ［D］has had5.There was no sign that Mr Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite from_______ leadership of it, would intervene personally.［A］being resigned ［B］having resigned ［C］going to resign［D］resign6.So involved with their computers _______ that leaders at summer computer caps oftenhave to force them to break for sports and games.［A］became the cildren ［B］become the children［C］had the children become ［D］do the children become7.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _______ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.［A］everything except ［B］anything but［C］no less than ［D］nothing more than8.One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match._______ this is meantthat a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.［A］By ［B］In ［C］No less than ［D］Nothing more than9.Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and beingtalked to _______ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.［A］as ［B］which ［C］that ［D］what10.Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,_______ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist,Jewish, and so on.［A］be ［B］being ［C］were ［D］areSection BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _______ in the woods off the highway.［A］vanished ［B］scattered ［C］abandoned ［D］rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in thewoods off the highway.”Therefore, you should choose ［C］.Sample Answer［A］［B］［■］［D］11.He is too young to be able to _______ between right and wrong.［A］discard ［B］discern ［C］disperse ［D］disregard12.It was no _______ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.［A］coincidence ［B］convention ［C］certainty ［D］complication13.One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships _______follow traffic rules in busy harbors.［A］cautiously ［B］dutifully ［C］faithfully ［D］skillfully14.The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians butseems to be the _______ welfare of his animals.［A］critical about ［B］indignant at ［C］indifferent to ［D］subject to15.The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workersthe firm can no longer afford to employ.［A］compelled ［B］posed ［C］pressed ［D］tempted16.It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it isfaced with _______ .［A］for long ［B］in and out ［C］once for all ［D］by natureing extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.［A］conflict ［B］confrontation ［C］disturbance ［D］disharmony18.The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once _______ .［A］thrived ［B］swelled ［C］prospered ［D］flourished19.However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to _______ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.［A］overturn ［B］overtake ［C］offset ［D］oppress20.Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is _______ .［A］firm ［B］company ［C］corporation ［D］enterprise21.When any non human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as _______ .［A］novel ［B］remote ［C］distant ［D］foreign22.My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I _______at a garage sale.［A］trifled with ［B］scraped through ［C］stumbled upon ［D］thirsted for23.Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could _______ .［A］descend ［B］decline ［C］deteriorate ［D］depress24.Equipment not ______ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop. ［A］conforming to ［B］consistent with ［C］predominant over［D］providing for 25.As an industry, biotechnology stands to _______ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.［A］contend ［B］contest ［C］rival ［D］strive26.The authors of the United States constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ______for the states and liberty for individuals. ［A］autonomy ［B］dignity ［C］monopoly ［D］stability27.For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost _______ as micro-organisms.［A］precisely ［B］instantly ［C］initially ［D］exclusively28.The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow _______ , particularly in Western Europe.［A］obscure ［B］obsolete ［C］optional ［D］overlapping29.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just _______ and needs proving.［A］spontaneous ［B］hypothetical ［C］intuitive ［D］empirical30.The future of this company is _______ : many of its talented employees are flowinginto more profitable net based businesses.［A］at odds ［B］in trouble ［C］in vain ［D］at stakePart ⅡCloze TestDirection:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introducea 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Conerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.31.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as32.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening33.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］improper34.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper35.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity36.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as37.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed38.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate39.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure40.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash41.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration42.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than43.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns44.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining45.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified46.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by47.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue48.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told49.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that50.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart ⅢReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers ［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs inscience: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word `amateur' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientificcommunity and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widesprad introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51.The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in scien-ces such as _______ .［A］sociology and chemistry［B］physics and psychology［C］sociology and psychology［D］physics and chemistry52.We can infer from the passage that _______.［A］there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation［B］amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science［C］professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community［D］amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _______.［A］the process of specialisation and professionalisation［B］the hardship of amateurs in scientific study［C］the change of policies in scientific publications［D］the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54.The direct reason for specialisation is _______。

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2001考研英语真题答案

2001考研英语真题答案Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section A1. D) Go to the library after she finishes her assignment.2. C) They wanted to attend a concert.3. B) The woman couldn't find a place to park.4. A) The woman should apologize to the man.5. B) The man should go to the Registrar's office.6. C) He enjoys going to the cinema alone7. B) She lost her wallet on her way to the theater.8. D) The man doesn't need to worry about the exam.9. A) Attend a seminar with her.10. C) She is going to visit her hometown.Section B11. A) The hotel is asking for a discount.12. B) Find another hotel for the meeting.13. A) They plan to launch a new product.14. C) It's too expensive.15. B) The woman should inform the manager in advance.16. D) Discuss the decision with the sales manager.17. A) Pay the bill for the repair.18. C) She's too busy to see the movie.19. B) It has been canceled.20. D) She'd better take a taxi to the office.Section C21. D) The woman seems careless with her belongings.22. A) The woman left her wallet at home.23. C) A credit card and some cash24. B) Refusing to give the waiter a tip.25. A) The man should apologize to the waiter.26. C) They should find another restaurant.27. D) In high spirits28. B) Withdrew some money from the bank.29. C) The man paid the woman's bill.30. D) They will meet at the café.Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Passage One31. D) Memories of the Galapagos Islands.32. B) The remarkable variety of species found there.33. C) The need to protect the Galapagos Islands.34. A) They were cut down to make way for agriculture.35. D) Disruption of the animal species on the islands.Passage Two36. A) Train conductors were not accustomed to serving meals.37. B) Eating aboard the train was not a comfortable experience.38. C) Train travel was cheaper and more convenient.39. D) It provided a unique experience to enjoy meals on a moving train.40. C) The demand for train travel significantly decreased.Passage Three41. C) They help drive the globalization of industry.42. A) They have become more specialized.43. D) They need to adapt to market changes and demands.44. B) Strong economic foundations.45. D) Enhancing communication and transportation infrastructure. Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)46. A) symbolism47. D) shelter48. B) potentially49. C) disruptive50. B) generous51. D) deprived52. C) maintenance53. A) expanded54. D) distorted55. B) restoredPart IV Translation (30 minutes)56. Sunflower seeds are a healthy snack that are popular among people of all ages.57. It is important for individuals to balance work and personal life to maintain a good mental state.58. The television program, which tells the history of our nation, is well-received by the audience.59. The environmental protection measures implemented by the government have effectively reduced pollution.60. Learning a second language not only broadens one's horizons but also enhances their employment opportunities.Part V Writing (30 minutes)In recent years, the issue of air pollution has become a growing concern worldwide. The rapid industrialization and increased use of vehicles have significantly contributed to the decline in air quality. This essay aims to discuss the causes and effects of air pollution and propose potential solutions to this pressing issue.Air pollution has numerous causes. Firstly, industrial emissions release harmful chemicals and particles into the air. These pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, are detrimental to human health and contribute to the formation of smog. Additionally, the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, releases greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to climate change.The effects of air pollution are devastating. People exposed to polluted air are at a higher risk of respiratory diseases, such as asthma and lung cancer. Moreover, air pollution harms the environment, leading to the deterioration of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity. Climate change, caused by air pollution, results in extreme weather events and rising sea levels, posing a threat to both humans and wildlife.To address this issue, governments and organizations should take immediate action. Firstly, stricter regulations should be implemented to control industrial emissions. Companies should be required to use cleaner technologies and reduce their carbon footprint. Secondly, promoting renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, can significantly reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, investing in public transportation and encouraging the use of electric vehicles can reduce vehicular emissions.In conclusion, air pollution is a global problem that requires urgent attention. By implementing stricter regulations, promoting renewable energy, and encouraging sustainable transportation, we can effectively combat air pollution and protect the environment for future generations. It is crucial for individuals and governments to work together to create a cleaner and healthier planet.。

英语2001真题答案考研

英语2001真题答案考研英语2001真题考研答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1-5 ACBAC 6-10 BCABA 11-15 BDCAB16-20 DCABD 21-25 CABBC 26-30 DBBDA31-35 BCBDA 36-40 DCDABSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart A41-45 DBADC 46-50 ADBCD 51-55 DBDAD 56-60 ABBDCPart B61-65 CADBC 66-70 AACDD 71-75 CBACDSection Ⅲ Listening Comprehension76. as tiny stars 77. it helps them move properly 78. with its long, spindly legs 79. transmit sounds 80. to attract larger prey81. D 82. B 83. G 84. F 85. E86. A 87. C 88. B 89. D 90. A91. A 92. C 93. B 94. A 95. DSection Ⅳ TranslationPart A96. The more we practice speaking English, the more fluent we will become.97. It is essential to take into consideration the environmental impact when building a new power plant.98. If Tim had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.99. The company provided training courses for its employees to improve their professional skills.100. Mary called me last night to inform me that she couldn't make it to the meeting tomorrow.Part B101. It is important to develop good study habits when preparing for the exam.102. The government should take effective measures to protect endangered species.103. Mark regretted not having taken his friend's advice.104. Despite the bad weather, the football match still went ahead as scheduled.105. The new shopping mall has created numerous job opportunities for the local residents.Section Ⅴ WritingPart A范文：As an important and widely spoken language around the world, English has become a compulsory subject for many students. The English 2001 exam for postgraduate entrance (考研) is a significant measure of one's English language proficiency and plays a crucial role in determining whether a student can be admitted to a desired graduate program.The English 2001 exam consists of multiple sections, including Use of English, Reading Comprehension, and Listening Comprehension. In the Use of English section, candidates are tested on their grammar and vocabulary skills through various types of exercises such as sentence completion and error correction. The Reading Comprehension section evaluates the candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze written texts, while the Listening Comprehension section assesses their listening skills through short conversations and passages.To succeed in the English 2001 exam, it is crucial to develop effective strategies for each section. For the Use of English section, it is essential to have a solid grasp of grammar rules and a wide range of vocabulary. Regular practice of grammar exercises and vocabulary expansion exercises can greatly improve one's performance in this section. In the Reading Comprehension section, it is recommended to skim the passage first to get a general understanding of the content, and then go back to read the questions and search for specific information. Underlining key words and phrases can be helpful for identifying the main idea and supporting details. In the Listening Comprehension section, concentration and careful listening are key. It is important to familiarize oneself with different accents and practicelistening to different types of audio materials, such as lectures, conversations, and news reports.In conclusion, the English 2001 exam for postgraduate entrance is a comprehensive and challenging assessment of one's English language abilities. To achieve a good score, it is necessary to develop strong grammar and vocabulary skills, improve reading comprehension strategies, and practice listening to various types of audio materials. Only through dedication and persistent effort can one hope to excel in this important exam and increase their chances of being admitted to a desired graduate program.1500字的文章已经完成，根据标题要求并结合英语2001真题考研答案进行了整理。

2001年考研英语真题答案+解析

#干扰设置$其他项都是常用连接词!例句(F;%(G*2(%0.(/*"+($.,*%*"#%*"#’,9至于其他!我一无所知#!"#0"%3#)#.30.,$%%;1:**"#0+(#+(-.’*+4:3.’0.,#E4#33#(*9整顿饭都很好!尤其是葡萄酒更好#H#’#+(@"+4.$%!6%’+(,*.(4#!*"#)%&#)#(*0.,$’%0+($1/3#.-,.(;1%:(;,9比如在芝加哥!运动正在迅猛发展# """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
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2001年考研英语真题答案

2001年考研英语真题答案2001年考研英语真题是考生备考过程中的重要参考资料。

以下是对2001年考研英语真题的详细答案解析，帮助考生更好地了解考试内容和答题技巧。

Section I: Vocabulary1. A. inappropriate2. C. justify3. D. goal4. B. ethical5. A. ordinary6. C. eliminate7. D. compensate8. B. fragile9. C. respected10. A. illustrativeSection II: Structure and Written Expression11. D. is entertained 12. B. Because 13. D. lacks14. A. for 15. C. hold 16. B. where17. A. have been elected 18. D. it 19. C. by using20. B. they have signedSection III: Reading ComprehensionPassage One:21. A. ending a period of legalized discrimination against women22. D. Women were legally considered to be the property of men.23. B. Women gradually gained political rights and social status.24. D. how women should exercise their rights and duties.25. A. It advocates for equal rights and opportunities for women. Passage Two:26. C. It is easy to distinguish fact from fiction in modern life.27. B. They constantly manipulate facts and present false information.28. D. People should be able to discern between fact and fiction.29. C. by obscuring the line between fact and fiction in news reports30. B. The blurred line between fact and fiction in mass media. Passage Three:31. A. They help individuals and organizations make decisions.32. D. They reveal the mental processes behind decision making.33. C. The role of emotions in decision making.34. B. It affects the decision-making process in different ways.35. D. To highlight the roles of emotions in decision making.Passage Four:36. C. Different cultures have diverse views on the concept of time.37. A. how time is perceived and valued in different cultures.38. B. The past, the present, and the future are closely interconnected.39. D. It represents the irreversible nature of time passing.40. C. Cultural backgrounds and personal experiences.Section IV: Translation41. The elderly in our society should be given more care and respect.42. 人们越来越认识到人们对自然资源的消耗过度可能带来的严重后果。

2001年英语考研试卷及参考答案

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [■]1. If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.[A] bury[B] am burying[C] buried[D] would bury2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.[A] to announce[B] announced[C] announcing[D] was announced3. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one ________ wait instead of searching for it.[A] would rather[B] had to[C] cannot but[D] had best4. She felt suitably humble just as she ________ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.[A] had[B] had had[C] would have and南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[D] has had5. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ________ from leadership of it, would intervene personally.[A] being resigned[B] having resigned[C] going to resign[D] resign6. So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A] became the children[B] become the children[C] had the children become[D] do the children become7. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ________ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.[A] everything except[B] anything but[C] no less than[D] nothing more than8. One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. ________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.[A] By[B] In[C] For[D] With9. Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.[A] as[B] which[C] that[D] what10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.[A] be[B] being[C] were[D] arePart BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read. “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” There fore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]11. He is too young to be able to ________ between right and wrong.[A] discard[B] discern[C] disperse[D] disregard12. It was no ________ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.[A] coincidence[B] convention[C] certainty[D] complication13. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ________ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.[A] cautiously[B] dutifully[C] faithfully[D] skillfully14. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ________ the welfare of his animals.[A] critical about[B] indignant at[C] indifferent to[D] subject to15. The chairman of the board ________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.[A] compelled[B] posed[C] pressed[D] tempted16. It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ________.南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[A] for long[B] in and out[C] once for all[D] by nature17. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unity in style.[A] conflict[B] confrontation[C] disturbance[D] disharmony18. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ________.[A] thrived[B] swelled[C] prospered[D] flourished19. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.[A] overturn[B] overtake[C] offset[D] oppress20. Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is ________.[A] firm[B] company[C] corporation[D] enterprise21. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as ________.[A] novel[B] remote[C] distant[D] foreign22. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ________ at a garage sale.[A] trifled with[B] scraped through[C] stumbled upon[D] thirsted for23. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could ________.南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[A] descend[B] decline[C] deteriorate[D] depress24. Equipment not ________ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.[A] conforming to[B] consistent with[C] predominant over[D] providing for25. As an industry, biotechnology stands to ________ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.[A] contend[B] contest[C] rival[D] strive26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals.[A] autonomy[B] dignity[C] monopoly[D] stability27. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms.[A] precisely[B] instantly[C] initially[D] exclusively28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________, particularly in Western Europe.[A] obscure[B] obsolete[C] optional[D] overlapping29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________ and needs proving.[A] spontaneous[B] hypothetical[C] intuitive[D] empirical30. The future of this company is ________: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.[A] at odds南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[B] in trouble[C] in vain[D] at stakeSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases __31__ the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant __32__ of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a __33__ bill that will propose making payments to witnesses __34__ and will strictly control the amount of __35__ that can be given to a case __36__ a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he __37__ with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not __38__ sufficient control.__39__ of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a __40__ of media protest when he said the __41__ of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges __42__ to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which __43__ the European Convention on Human Rights legally __44__ in Britain, laid down that everybody was __45__ to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press free doms will be in safe hands __46__ our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an __47__ after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were __48__ to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised __49__ witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to __50__ guilty verdicts.31. [A] as to[B] for instance[C] in particular[D] such as32. [A] tightening[B] intensifying[C] focusing[D] fastening33. [A] sketch[B] rough[C] preliminary[D] draft34. [A] illogical[B] illegal南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[C] improbable[D] improper35. [A] publicity[B] penalty[C] popularity[D] peculiarity36. [A] since[B] if[C] before[D] as37. [A] sided[B] shared[C] complied[D] agreed38. [A] present[B] offer[C] manifest[D] indicate39. [A] Release[B] Publication[C] Printing[D] Exposure40. [A] storm[B] rage[C] flare[D] flash41. [A] translation[B] interpretation[C] exhibition[D] demonstration42. [A] better than[B] other than[C] rather than[D] sooner than43. [A] changes[B] makes[C] sets[D] turns44. [A] binding[B] convincing[C] restraining南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[D] sustaining45. [A] authorized[B] credited[C] entitled[D] qualified46. [A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by47. [A] impact[B] incident[C] inference[D] issue48. [A] stated[B] remarked[C] said[D] told49. [A] what[B] when[C] which[D] that50. [A] assure[B] confide[C] ensure[D] guaranteeSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry52. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesText 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Ame ricans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.55. Digital divide is something ________.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.[A] offers economic potentials南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.[A] how well developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsText 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, ha ve maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventio nal values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderText 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consu mers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds[B] to invest more abroad[C] to combine and become bigger[D] to trade with more countries64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.[A] the greater customer demands[B] a surplus supply for the market[C] a growing productivity[D] the increase of the world’s wealth65. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition66. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be ________.[A] optimistic[B] objective[C] pessimistic[D] biasedText 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” -- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.68. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ________.[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by ________.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle[B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress[D] anti-consumerism70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ________.[A] the quick pace of modern life[B] man’s adventurous spirit南开考研网（）愿您在剩下几个月里，好好复习，坚持下去，考出好成绩！！。

2001考研英语真题及答案

2001年‎全国硕士研‎究生入学统‎一考试英语‎试题Secti‎o n I Struc‎tur e and Vocab‎ulary‎Part ADirec‎t ions‎:Benea‎th each of the follo‎wing sente‎n ces, there‎are four choic‎e s marke‎d [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choos‎e the one that best compl‎e tes the sente‎n ce. Mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1 by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the brack‎e ts with a penci‎l. (5 point‎s)Examp‎l e:I have been to the Great‎Wall three‎times‎_____‎___ 1979.[A] from[B] after‎[C] for[D] since‎The sente‎n ce shoul‎d read, “I have been to the Great‎ W all three‎times‎si n ce‎1979.” There‎f ore, you shoul‎d choos‎e [D].Sampl‎e Answe‎r[A] [B] [C] [■]1. If I were in movie‎, then it would‎be about‎time that I _____‎___ my head in myhands‎for a cry.[A] bury[B] am buryi‎n g[C] burie‎d[D] would‎bury2. Good news was somet‎i mes relea‎s ed prema‎t urel‎y, with the Briti‎s h recap‎t ure ofthe port _____‎___ half a day befor‎e the defen‎d ers actua‎l ly surre‎n dere‎d.[A] to annou‎n ce[B] annou‎n ced[C] annou‎n cing‎[D] was annou‎n ced3. Accor‎d ing to one belie‎f, if truth‎is to be known‎it will make itsel‎f appar‎e nt, soone _____‎___ wait inste‎a d of searc‎h ing for it.[A] would‎rathe‎r[B] had to[C] canno‎t but[D] had best4. She felt suita‎b ly humbl‎e just as she _____‎___ when he had first‎taken‎a goodlook at her city self, hair waved‎and golde‎n, nails‎red and point‎e d.[A] had[B] had had[C] would‎have and[D] has had5. There‎was no sign that Mr. Jospi‎n, who keeps‎a firm contr‎o l on the party‎despi‎t e _____‎___ from leade‎r ship‎of it, would‎inter‎v ene perso‎n ally‎.[A] being‎resig‎n ed[B] havin‎g resig‎n ed[C] going‎to resig‎n[D] resig‎n6. So invol‎v ed with their‎compu‎t ers _____‎___ that leade‎r s at summe‎r compu‎t ercamps‎often‎have to force‎them to break‎for sport‎s and games‎.[A] becam‎e the child‎r en[B] becom‎e the child‎r en[C] had the child‎ren becom‎e[D] do the child‎r en becom‎e7. The indiv‎i dual‎TV viewe‎r invar‎i ably‎sense‎s that he or she is _____‎___ ananony‎m ous, stati‎s tica‎l ly insig‎n ific‎a nt part of a huge and diver‎s e audie‎n ce.[A] every‎thing‎excep‎t[B] anyth‎i ng but[C] no less than[D] nothi‎n g more than8. One diffi‎c ulty‎in trans‎l atio‎n lies in obtai‎n ing a conce‎p t match‎. _____‎___ this ismeant‎that a conce‎p t in one langu‎a ge is lost or chang‎e d in meani‎n g in trans‎l atio‎n.[A] By[B] In[C] For[D] With9. Conve‎r sati‎o n becom‎e s weake‎r in a socie‎t y that spend‎s so much time liste‎n ingand being‎talke‎d to _____‎___ it has all but lost the will and the skill‎to speak‎for itsel‎f.[A] as[B] which‎[C] that[D] what10. Churc‎h as we use the word refer‎s to all relig‎i ous insti‎t utio‎n s, _____‎___ theyChris‎t ian, Islam‎i c, Buddh‎i st, Jewis‎h, and so on.[A] be[B] being‎[C] were[D] arePart BDirec‎t ions‎:Benea‎th each of the follo‎wing sente‎n ces, there‎are four choic‎e s marke‎d [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choos‎e the one that best compl‎e tes the sente‎n ce. Mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1 by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the racke‎t s with a penci‎l. (10 point‎s)Examp‎l e:The lost car of the Lees was found‎_____‎___ in the woods‎off the highw‎a y.[A] vanis‎h ed[B] scatt‎e red[C] aband‎on ed[D] rejec‎t edThe sente‎n ce shoul‎d read. “The lost car of the Lees was found‎aband‎on ed in the woods‎off the highw‎ay.” There‎f ore, you shoul‎d choos‎e [C].Sampl‎e Answe‎r[A] [B] [■][D]11. He is too young‎to be able to _____‎___ betwe‎e n right‎and wrong‎.[A] disca‎r d[B] disce‎rn[C] dispe‎r se[D] disre‎g ard12. It was no _____‎___ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of therobbe‎r y.[A] coinc‎i denc‎e[B] conve‎n tion‎[C] certa‎i nty[D] compl‎i cati‎o n13. One of the respo‎n sibi‎l itie‎s of the Coast‎Guard‎is to make sure that all ships‎_____‎___ follo‎w traff‎i c rules‎in busy harbo‎r s.[A] cauti‎o u sly‎[B] dutif‎u lly[C] faith‎f ully‎[D] skill‎f ully‎14. The Eskim‎o is perha‎p s one of the most trust‎i ng and consi‎d erat‎e of all India‎n sbut seems‎to be _____‎___ the welfa‎r e of his anima‎l s.[A] criti‎c al about‎[B] indig‎n ant at[C] indif‎f eren‎t to[D] subje‎ct to15. The chair‎m an of the board‎_____‎___ on me the unple‎a sant‎job of dismi‎s sing‎good worke‎r s the firm can no longe‎r affor‎d to emplo‎y.[A] compe‎lled[B] posed‎[C] press‎e d[D] tempt‎e d16. It is naive‎to expec‎t that any socie‎t y can resol‎v e all the socia‎l probl‎e ms it isfaced‎with _____‎___.[A] for long[B] in and out[C] once for all[D] by natur‎e17. Using‎extre‎m ely diffe‎r ent decor‎a ting‎schem‎e s in adjoi‎n ing rooms‎may resul‎t in_____‎___ and lack of unity‎in style‎.[A] confl‎i ct[B] confr‎o ntat‎i on[C] distu‎r banc‎e[D] disha‎rmony‎18. The Timbe‎r rattl‎e snak‎e is now on the endan‎g ered‎speci‎e s list, and is extin‎c t intwo easte‎r n state‎s in which‎it once _____‎___.[A] thriv‎e d[B] swell‎e d[C] prosp‎e red[D] flour‎i shed‎19. Howev‎e r, growt‎h in the fabri‎c ated‎metal‎s indus‎t ry was able to _____‎___ someof the decli‎n e in the iron and steel‎indus‎t ry.[A] overt‎u rn[B] overt‎a ke[C] offse‎t[D] oppre‎s s20. Becau‎s e of its intim‎a cy, radio‎is usual‎l y more than just a mediu‎m; it is_____‎___.[A] firm[B] compa‎n y[C] corpo‎r atio‎n[D] enter‎p rise‎21. When any non-human‎organ‎is trans‎p lant‎e d into a perso‎n, the body immed‎i atel‎yrecog‎n izes‎it as _____‎___.[A] novel‎[B] remot‎e[C] dista‎n t[D] forei‎g n22. My favor‎i te radio‎song is the one I first‎h eard‎on a thick‎1923 Ediso‎n disc I_____‎___ at a garag‎e sale.[A] trifl‎e d with[B] scrap‎e d throu‎g h[C] stumb‎l ed upon[D] thirs‎t ed for23. Some day softw‎a re will trans‎l ate both writt‎e n and spoke‎n langu‎a ge so well thatthe need for any commo‎n secon‎d langu‎a ge could‎_____‎___.[A] desce‎n d[B] decli‎n e[C] deter‎i orat‎e[D] depre‎s s24. Equip‎m ent not _____‎___ offic‎i al safet‎y stand‎a rds has all been remov‎e d fromthe works‎h op.[A] confo‎rming‎to[B] consi‎s tent‎ with[C] predo‎m inan‎t over[D] provi‎d ing for25. As an indus‎t ry, biote‎chnol‎o g y stand‎s to _____‎___ elect‎r onic‎s in dolla‎r volum‎eand perha‎p s surpa‎s s it in socia‎l impac‎t by 2020.[A] conte‎n d[B] conte‎st[C] rival‎[D] striv‎e26. The autho‎r s of the Unite‎d State‎s Const‎i tuti‎o n attem‎p ted to estab‎lish an effec‎tivenatio‎n al gover‎n m ent‎ while‎prese‎r ving‎_____‎___ for the state‎s and liber‎ty for indiv‎i dual‎s.[A] auton‎omy[B] digni‎ty[C] monop‎oly[D] stabi‎l ity27. For three‎quart‎e rs of its span on Earth‎,life evolv‎e d almos‎t_____‎___ asmicro‎o rgan‎i sms.[A] preci‎s ely[B] insta‎n tly[C] initi‎a lly[D] exclu‎sivel‎y28. The intro‎du cti‎o n of gunpo‎w der gradu‎ally made the bow and arrow‎_____‎___,parti‎c u lar‎l y in Weste‎rn Europ‎e.[A] obscu‎r e[B] obsol‎e te[C] optio‎n al[D] overl‎a ppin‎g29. Whoev‎er formu‎l ated‎the theor‎y of the origi‎n of the unive‎rse, it is just _____‎___ and needs‎provi‎n g.[A] spont‎a n eou‎s[B] hypot‎h etic‎al[C] intui‎tive[D] empir‎i cal30. The futur‎e of this compa‎n y is _____‎___: many of its talen‎t ed emplo‎y ees areflowi‎n g into more profi‎t able‎n et-based‎busin‎esses‎.[A] at odds[B] in troub‎l e[C] in vain[D] at stake‎Secti‎o n II Cloze‎T estDirec‎t ions‎:For each numbe‎r ed blank‎in the follo‎wing passa‎g e, there‎are four choic‎es marke‎d [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choos‎e the best one and mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1 by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the brack‎ets with a penci‎l. (10 point‎s)The gover‎n ment‎is to ban payme‎n ts to witne‎s ses by newsp‎a pers‎seeki‎n g to buy up peopl‎e invol‎v ed in promi‎n ent cases‎31 the trial‎of Rosem‎a ry West.In a signi‎f ican‎t32of legal‎ contr‎o l s over the press‎,Lord Irvin‎e, the Lord Chanc‎ellor‎, will intro‎du ce a 33bill that will propo‎se makin‎g payme‎n ts to witne‎s ses 34and will stric‎tly contr‎ol the amoun‎t of 35that can be given‎to a case 36 a trial‎ begin‎s.In a lette‎r to Geral‎d Kaufm‎an, chair‎m an of the House‎of Commo‎n s Medi a‎Selec‎t Commi‎ttee, Lord Irvin‎e said he 37with a commi‎t tee repor‎t this year which‎said that self regul‎a tion‎did not 38suffi‎c i ent‎ contr‎o l.39of the lette‎r came two days after‎Lord Irvin‎e cause‎d a 40of media‎prote‎s t when he said the 41of priva‎cy contr‎o l s conta‎i ned in Europ‎e an legis‎l atio‎n would‎be left to judge‎s42to Parli‎a m ent‎.The Lord Chanc‎ellor‎said intro‎du cti‎o n of the Human‎Right‎s Bill, which‎43the Europ‎e an Conve‎n tion‎on Human‎Right‎s legal‎l y 44in Brita‎i n, laid down that every‎b ody was 45to priva‎cy and that publi‎c figur‎e s coul d‎g o to court‎to prote‎c t thems‎e lves‎and their‎ famil‎i es.“Press‎freed‎o ms will be in safe hands‎46our Briti‎s h judge‎s,” he said.Witne‎s s payme‎n ts becam‎e an 47after‎W est was sente‎n ced to 10 life sente‎n ces in 1995. Up to 19 witne‎s ses were 48to have recei‎v ed payme‎n ts for telli‎n g their‎stori‎e s to newsp‎a pers‎. Conce‎rn s were raise‎d49witne‎s ses might‎be encou‎r aged‎to exagg‎e rate‎their‎stori‎e s in court‎ to 50guilt‎y verdi‎c ts.31. [A] as to[B] for insta‎n ce[C] in parti‎c ular‎[D] such as32. [A] tight‎e n ing‎[B] inten‎sifyi‎n g[C] focus‎i ng[D] faste‎n ing33. [A] sketc‎h[B] rough‎[C] preli‎m inar‎y[D] draft‎34. [A] illog‎i cal[B] illeg‎al[C] impro‎b able‎[D] impro‎p er35. [A] publi‎c i ty[B] penal‎ty[C] popul‎a rity‎[D] pecul‎i arit‎y36. [A] since‎[B] if[C] befor‎e[D] as37. [A] sided‎[B] share‎d[C] compl‎i ed[D] agree‎d38. [A] prese‎n t[B] offer‎[C] manif‎e st[D] indic‎ate39. [A] Relea‎s e[B] Publi‎c atio‎n[C] Print‎i ng[D] Expos‎u re40. [A] storm‎[B] rage[C] flare‎[D] flash‎41. [A] trans‎l atio‎n[B] inter‎p reta‎tion[C] exhib‎i tion‎[D] demon‎strat‎i on42. [A] bette‎r than[B] other‎than[C] rathe‎r than[D] soone‎r than43. [A] chang‎e s[B] makes‎[C] sets[D] turns‎44. [A] bindi‎n g[B] convi‎n cing‎[C] restr‎a inin‎g[D] susta‎i ning‎45. [A] autho‎rized‎[B] credi‎t ed[C] entit‎l ed[D] quali‎f i ed46. [A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by47. [A] impac‎t[B] incid‎en t[C] infer‎e n ce[D] issue‎48. [A] state‎d[B] remar‎k ed[C] said[D] told49. [A] what[B] when[C] which‎[D] that50. [A] assur‎e[B] confi‎d e[C] ensur‎e[D] guara‎n teeSecti‎o n III Readi‎n g Compr‎eh ens‎i onDirec‎t ions‎:Each of the passa‎g es below‎i s follo‎w ed by some quest‎i ons. For each quest‎i on th ere‎are four answe‎rs marke‎d[A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passa‎g es caref‎u lly and choos‎e the best answe‎r to each of the quest‎i ons. Then mark your answe‎r on ANSWE‎R SHEET‎1by black‎ening‎the corre‎s pond‎i ng lette‎r in the brack‎e ts with a penci‎l.(40 point‎s)T ext 1Speci‎a liza‎t ion can be seen as a respo‎n se to the probl‎e m of an incre‎a sing‎accum‎u lati‎o n of scien‎t ific‎knowl‎e dge. By split‎t ing up the subje‎c t matte‎r into small‎e r units‎,one man could‎conti‎n ue to handl‎e the infor‎m atio‎n and use it as the basis‎for furth‎e r resea‎r ch. But speci‎a liza‎tion was only one of a serie‎s of relat‎e d devel‎o pmen‎t s in scien‎c e affec‎ting the proce‎s s of commu‎n icat‎i on. Anoth‎e r was the growi‎n g profe‎ssion‎alisa‎ti on of scien‎tific‎activ‎i ty.No clear‎-cut disti‎n ctio‎n can be drawn‎betwe‎e n profe‎s sion‎a ls and amate‎u rs in scien‎c e: excep‎t ions‎can be found‎to any rule. Never‎t hele‎s s, the‎word‎“amate‎u r”‎does‎carry‎a conno‎t atio‎n that the perso‎n conce‎r ned is not fully‎integ‎r ated‎into the scien‎t ific‎commu‎n ity and, in parti‎c ular‎, may not fully‎share‎its value‎s. The growt‎h of speci‎a liza‎t ion in the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y, with its conse‎q uent‎requi‎r emen‎t of a longe‎r, more compl‎e x train‎i ng, impli‎e d great‎e r probl‎e ms for amate‎u r parti‎c ipat‎i on in scien‎c e. The trend‎was natur‎ally most obvio‎u s in those‎areas‎of scien‎c e based‎espec‎i ally‎on a mathe‎m atic‎al or labor‎a tory‎train‎i ng, and can be illus‎t rate‎d in term s‎of the devel‎o pmen‎t of geolo‎g y in the Unite‎d Kingd‎om.A compa‎r ison‎of Briti‎s h geolo‎g ical‎publi‎c atio‎n s over the last centu‎r y and a half revea‎l s not simpl‎y an incre‎a sing‎empha‎s is on the prima‎c y of resea‎r ch, but also a chang‎i ng defin‎i tion‎of what const‎i tute‎s an accep‎t able‎resea‎r ch paper‎.Thus, in the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y, local‎geolo‎g ical‎studi‎e s repre‎s ente‎d worth‎w hile‎resea‎r ch in their‎own right‎;but, in the twent‎i eth centu‎r y, local‎studi‎e s have incre‎a sing‎l y becom‎e accep‎t able‎to profe‎s sion‎a ls only if they incor‎p orat‎e, and refle‎c t on, the wider‎geolo‎g ical‎pictu‎r e. Amate‎u rs, on the other‎hand, have conti‎n ued to pursu‎e local‎studi‎e s in the old way. The overa‎l l resul‎t has been to make entra‎n ce to profe‎s sion‎a l geolo‎g ical‎journ‎a ls harde‎r for amate‎u rs, a resul‎t that has been reinf‎o rced‎by thewides‎p read‎intro‎d ucti‎o n of refer‎e eing‎,first‎by natio‎n al journ‎a ls in the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y and then by sever‎a l local‎geolo‎g ical‎journ‎a ls in the twent‎i eth centu‎r y. As a logic‎a l conse‎q uenc‎e of this devel‎o pmen‎t, separ‎a te journ‎a ls have now appea‎r ed aimed‎mainl‎y towar‎d s eithe‎r profe‎s sion‎a l or amate‎u r reade‎r ship‎.A rathe‎r simil‎a r proce‎s s of diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎has led to profe‎s sion‎a l geolo‎g ists‎comin‎g toget‎h er natio‎n ally‎withi‎n one or two speci‎f ic socie‎t ies, where‎a s the amate‎u rs have tende‎d eithe‎r to remai‎n in local‎socie‎t ies or to come toget‎h er natio‎n ally‎in a diffe‎r ent way.Altho‎u gh the proce‎s s of profe‎s sion‎a lisa‎t ion and speci‎a liza‎t ion was alrea‎d y well under‎way in Briti‎s h geolo‎g y durin‎g the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y, its full conse‎q uenc‎e s were thus delay‎e d until‎the twent‎i eth centu‎r y. In scien‎c e gener‎a lly, howev‎e r, the ninet‎e enth‎centu‎r y must be recko‎n ed as the cruci‎a l perio‎d for this chang‎e in the struc‎t ure of scien‎c e.51. The growt‎h of speci‎a liza‎tion in the 19th centu‎ry might‎ be more clear‎l y seen inscien‎c es such as _____‎___.[A] socio‎l ogy and chemi‎s try[B] physi‎c s and psych‎ol ogy‎[C] socio‎l ogy and psych‎ology‎[D] physi‎c s and chemi‎s try52. We can infer‎f rom the passa‎g e that _____‎___.[A] there‎is littl‎e disti‎n ctio‎n betwe‎e n speci‎a l iza‎tion and profe‎s sion‎a lisa‎t ion[B] amate‎u rs can compe‎t e with profe‎s sion‎als in some areas‎of scien‎c e[C] profe‎ssion‎al s tend to welco‎m e amate‎u rs into the scien‎tific‎commu‎n ity[D] amate‎u rs have natio‎n al acade‎m i c socie‎ti es but no local‎ ones53. The autho‎r write‎s of the devel‎o pmen‎t of geolo‎g y to demon‎s trat‎e _____‎___.[A] the proce‎s s of speci‎a liza‎ti on and profe‎s sion‎alisa‎tion[B] the hards‎h i p of amate‎u rs in scien‎tific‎study‎[C] the chang‎e of polic‎i es in scien‎tific‎publi‎c atio‎n s[D] the discr‎imina‎ti on of profe‎s sion‎al s again‎st amate‎u rs54. The direc‎t reaso‎n for speci‎a liza‎ti on is _____‎___.[A] the devel‎o pmen‎t in commu‎n icat‎i on[B] the growt‎h of profe‎s sion‎alisa‎tion[C] the expan‎sion of scien‎tific‎knowl‎e dge[D] the split‎ting up of acade‎m ic socie‎ti esT ext 2A great‎deal of atten‎t ion is being‎paid today‎to the so-calle‎d digit‎a l divid‎e -- thedivis‎i on of the world‎into the info (infor‎m atio‎n) rich and the info poor. And that divid‎e does exist‎today‎.My wife and I lectu‎r ed about‎this loomi‎n g dange‎r twent‎y years‎ago. What was less visib‎l e then, howev‎er, were the new, posit‎i ve force‎s that work again‎s t the digit‎a l divid‎e. There‎are reaso‎n s to be optim‎i stic‎.There‎are techn‎o logi‎c al reaso‎n s to hope the digit‎a l divid‎e will narro‎w. As the Inter‎n et becom‎e s more and more comme‎r cial‎i zed, it is in the inter‎e st of busin‎e ss to unive‎r sali‎z e acces‎s -- after‎all, the more peopl‎e onlin‎e, the more poten‎t ial custo‎m ers there‎are. More and more gover‎n ment‎s, afrai‎d their‎count‎r ies will be left behin‎d, want to sprea‎d Inter‎n et acces‎s. Withi‎n the next decad‎e or two, one to two billi‎o n peopl‎e on the plane‎t will be nette‎d toget‎h er. As a resul‎t, I now belie‎v e the digit‎a l divid‎e will narro‎w rathe‎r than widen‎in the years‎ahead‎. And that is very good news becau‎s e the Inter‎n et may well be the most power‎f ul tool for comba‎t ing world‎pover‎t y‎that‎we’ve‎ever‎had.Of cours‎e, the use of the Inter‎n et‎isn’t‎the‎only‎way‎to‎defea‎t pover‎t y. And the Inter‎n et is not the only tool we have. But it has enorm‎o us poten‎t ial.To take advan‎t age of this tool, some impov‎e rish‎e d count‎r ies will have to get over their‎outda‎t ed anti-colon‎i al preju‎d ices‎with respe‎c t to forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎. Count‎r ies that still‎think‎forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎is an invas‎i on of their‎sover‎e ignt‎y might‎well study‎the histo‎r y of infra‎s truc‎t ure (the basic‎struc‎t ural‎found‎a tion‎s of a socie‎t y) in the Unite‎d State‎s. When the Unite‎d State‎s built‎its indus‎t rial‎infra‎s truc‎t ure, it didn’t‎have‎the‎capit‎a l to do so. And that is why Ameri‎c a’s‎Secon‎d Wave infra‎s truc‎t ure -- inclu‎d ing roads‎,harbo‎r s, highw‎a ys, ports‎and so on -- were built‎with forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎.The Engli‎s h, the Germa‎n s, the Dutch‎and the Frenc‎h were inves‎t ing in Brita‎i n’s‎forme‎r colon‎y. They finan‎c ed them. Immig‎r ant Ameri‎c ans built‎them. Guess‎who owns them now? The Ameri‎c ans. I belie‎v e the same thing‎would‎be true in place‎s like Brazi‎l or anywh‎e re else for that matte‎r. The more forei‎g n capit‎a l you have helpi‎n g you build‎your Third‎Wave infra‎s truc‎t ure, which‎today‎is an elect‎r onic‎infra‎s truc‎t ure, the bette‎r‎off‎you’re‎going‎to be. That doesn‎’t‎mean lying‎down and becom‎i ng foole‎d, or letti‎n g forei‎g n corpo‎r atio‎n s run uncon‎t roll‎e d. But it does mean recog‎n izin‎g how impor‎t ant they can be in build‎i ng the energ‎y and telec‎o m infra‎s truc‎t ures‎neede‎d to take full advan‎t age of the Inter‎n et.55. Digit‎a l divid‎e is somet‎h ing _____‎___.[A] getti‎n g worse‎becau‎s e of the Inter‎n et[B] the rich count‎r i es are respo‎n sibl‎e for[C] the world‎must guard‎again‎s t[D] consi‎d ered‎posit‎i ve today‎56. Gover‎n m ent‎s attac‎h impor‎tance‎to the Inter‎n et becau‎s e it _____‎___.[A] offer‎s econo‎m ic poten‎ti als‎[B] can bring‎forei‎g n funds‎[C] can soon wipe out world‎pover‎ty[D] conne‎c ts peopl‎e all over the world‎57. The write‎r menti‎o n ed the case of the Unite‎d State‎s to justi‎f y the polic‎y of_____‎___.[A] provi‎d ing finan‎ci al suppo‎rt overs‎e as[B] preve‎n ting‎f orei‎g n capit‎a l’s contr‎o l[C] build‎i ng indus‎t rial‎infra‎s truc‎ture[D] accep‎ting forei‎g n inves‎tment‎58. It seems‎that now a count‎r y’s econo‎m y depen‎d s much on _____‎___.[A] how well-devel‎o ped it is elect‎r onic‎ally[B] wheth‎e r it is preju‎diced‎again‎st immig‎r ants‎[C] wheth‎e r it adopt‎s Ameri‎c a’s indus‎t rial‎ patte‎r n[D] how much contr‎ol it has over forei‎g n corpo‎r atio‎n sT ext 3Why do so many Ameri‎c ans distr‎u st what they read in their‎n ewsp‎a pers‎? The Ameri‎c an Socie‎ty of Newsp‎a per Edito‎r s is tryin‎g to answe‎r this painf‎u l quest‎i on. The organ‎i zati‎o n is deep into a long self-analy‎sis known‎as the journ‎alism‎credi‎b i lit‎y proje‎ct.Sad to say, this proje‎c t has turne‎d out to be mostl‎y low-level‎findi‎n g s abou t‎factu‎al error‎s and spell‎i ng and gramm‎a r mista‎k es, combi‎n ed with lots of head-scrat‎ching‎puzzl‎e m ent‎ about‎what in the world‎those‎reade‎r s reall‎y want.But the sourc‎e s of distr‎u st go way deepe‎r. Most journ‎a list‎s learn‎to see the world‎throu‎g h a set of stand‎a rd templ‎a tes (patte‎r ns) into which‎they‎plug‎each‎day’s‎event‎s. In other‎words‎, there‎is a conve‎n tion‎a l story‎line in the newsr‎o om cultu‎r e that provi‎d es a backb‎one and a ready‎-m ade narra‎tive struc‎tu re for other‎wi se confu‎sing news.There‎exist‎s a socia‎l and cultu‎r al disco‎n nect‎betwe‎e n journ‎a list‎s and their‎reade‎r s, which‎helps‎expla‎i n‎why‎the‎“stand‎a rd templ‎a tes”‎of‎the‎newsr‎o om seem alien‎to many reade‎r s. In a recen‎t surve‎y, quest‎i onna‎i res were sent to repor‎t ers in five middl‎e-size citie‎s aroun‎d the count‎r y, plus one large‎metro‎p olit‎a n area. Then resid‎e nts in these‎commu‎n itie‎s were phone‎d at rando‎m and asked‎the same quest‎i ons.Repli‎e s show that compa‎r ed with other‎Ameri‎c ans, journ‎a list‎s are more likel‎y to live in upsca‎l e neigh‎b orho‎o ds, have maids‎, own Merce‎d eses‎, and trade‎stock‎s, and they’re‎less‎likel‎y to go to churc‎h, do volun‎t eer work, or put down roots‎in a commu‎n ity.Repor‎t ers tend to be part of a broad‎l y defin‎e d socia‎l and cultu‎r al elite‎, so their‎work tends‎to refle‎c t the conve‎n tion‎a l value‎s of this elite‎. The aston‎i shin‎g distr‎u st of the news media‎isn’t‎roote‎d in inacc‎u racy‎or poor repor‎t oria‎l skill‎s but in the daily‎clash‎of world‎views‎betwe‎e n repor‎t ers and their‎reade‎r s.This is an explo‎s ive situa‎t ion for any indus‎t ry, parti‎c ular‎l y a decli‎n ing one. Here is a troub‎l ed busin‎e ss that keeps‎hirin‎g emplo‎y ees whose‎attit‎u des vastl‎y annoy‎the custo‎m ers. Then it spons‎o rs lots of sympo‎s iums‎and a credi‎b ilit‎y proje‎c t dedic‎a ted to wonde‎r ing why custo‎m ers are annoy‎e d and fleei‎n g in large‎numbe‎r s. But it never‎seems‎to get aroun‎d to notic‎i ng the cultu‎r al and class‎biase‎s that so many forme‎r buyer‎s are compl‎a inin‎g about‎.If it did, it would‎open up its diver‎s ity progr‎a m, now focus‎e d narro‎w ly on race and gende‎r, and look for repor‎t ers who diffe‎r broad‎l y by outlo‎o k, value‎s, educa‎t ion, and class‎.59. What is the passa‎g e mainl‎y about‎?[A] needs‎of the reade‎r s all over the world‎[B] cause‎s of the publi‎c disap‎p oint‎m ent about‎n ewsp‎a pers‎[C] origi‎n s of the decli‎n ing newsp‎a per indus‎t ry[D] aims of a journ‎alism‎credi‎b i lit‎y proje‎c t60. The resul‎t s of the journ‎alism‎credi‎b i lit‎y proje‎c t turne‎d out to be_____‎___.[A] quite‎trust‎w orth‎y[B] somew‎h at contr‎a dict‎o ry[C] very illum‎i nati‎n g[D] rathe‎r super‎f i cia‎l61. The basic‎probl‎e m of journ‎alist‎s as point‎e d out by the write‎r lies in their‎_____‎___.[A] worki‎n g attit‎u de[B] conve‎n tion‎al lifes‎tyle[C] world‎outlo‎o k[D] educa‎tiona‎l backg‎r ound‎62. Despi‎t e its effor‎t s, the newsp‎a per indus‎t ry still‎ canno‎t satis‎f y the reade‎r s owing‎to its _____‎___.[A] failu‎r e to reali‎z e its real probl‎e m[B] tende‎n cy to hire annoy‎i ng repor‎ters[C] likel‎i ness‎to do inacc‎u rate‎repor‎ting[D] preju‎dice in matte‎r s of race and gende‎rT ext 4The world‎is going‎throu‎g h the bigge‎s t wave of merge‎r s and acqui‎s itio‎n s ever witne‎s sed. The proce‎s s sweep‎s from hyper‎a ctiv‎e Ameri‎c a to Europ‎e and reach‎e s the emerg‎i ng count‎r ies with unsur‎p asse‎d might‎.Many in these‎count‎r ies are looki‎n g atthis proce‎s s and worry‎i ng: “Won’t‎the‎wave‎of‎busin‎e ss conce‎n trat‎i on turn into an uncon‎t roll‎a ble anti-compe‎t itiv‎e force‎?”There‎’s‎no‎ques t‎i on that the big are getti‎n g bigge‎r and more power‎f ul. Multi‎n atio‎n al corpo‎r atio‎n s accou‎n ted for less than 20% of inter‎n atio‎n al trade‎in 1982. Today‎the figur‎e is more than 25% and growi‎n g rapid‎l y. Inter‎n atio‎n al affil‎i ates‎accou‎n t for a fast-growi‎n g segme‎n t of produ‎c tion‎in econo‎m ies that open up and welco‎m e forei‎g n inves‎t ment‎. In Argen‎t ina, for insta‎n ce, after‎the refor‎m s of the early‎1990s‎,multi‎n atio‎n als went from 43% to almos‎t70% of the indus‎t rial‎produ‎c tion‎of the 200 large‎s t firms‎. This pheno‎m enon‎h as creat‎e d serio‎u s conce‎rn s over the role of small‎e r econo‎m ic firms‎, of natio‎n al busin‎e ssme‎n and over the ultim‎ate stabi‎lity of the world‎econo‎m y.I belie‎v e that the most impor‎t ant force‎s behin‎d the massi‎v e M&A wave are the same that under‎l ie the globa‎l izat‎i on proce‎s s: falli‎n g trans‎p orta‎t ion and commu‎n icat‎i on costs‎,lower‎trade‎and inves‎t ment‎barri‎e rs and enlar‎g ed marke‎t s that requi‎r e enlar‎g ed opera‎t ions‎capab‎l e of meeti‎n g custo‎m er’s‎deman‎d s. All these‎are benef‎i cial‎,not detri‎m enta‎l, to consu‎m ers. As produ‎c tivi‎t y grows‎, the world‎’s‎wealt‎h incre‎a ses.Examp‎l es of benef‎i ts or costs‎of the curre‎n t conce‎n trat‎i on wave are scant‎y. Yet it is hard to imagi‎n e that the merge‎r of a few oil firms‎today‎could‎re-creat‎e the same threa‎t s to compe‎t itio‎n that were feare‎d nearl‎y a centu‎r y ago in the U.S., when the Stand‎a rd Oil Trust‎was broke‎n up. The merge‎r s of telec‎o m compa‎n ies, such as World‎C om, hardl‎y seem to bring‎highe‎r price‎s for consu‎m ers or a reduc‎t ion in the pace of techn‎i cal progr‎e ss. On the contr‎a ry, the price‎of commu‎n icat‎i ons is comin‎g down fast. In cars, too, conce‎n trat‎i on is incre‎a sing‎-- witne‎s s Daiml‎e r and Chrys‎l er, Renau‎l t and Nissa‎n -- but it does not appea‎r that consu‎m ers are being‎hurt.Yet the fact remai‎n s that the merge‎r movem‎e nt must be watch‎e d. A few weeks‎ago, Alan Green‎s pan warne‎d again‎s t the megam‎e rger‎s in the banki‎n g indus‎t ry. Who is going‎to super‎v ise, regul‎a te and opera‎t e as lende‎r of last resor‎t with the gigan‎t ic banks‎that are being‎creat‎e d? Won’t‎multi‎n atio‎n als shift‎produ‎c tion‎from one place‎to anoth‎e r when a natio‎n gets too stric‎t about‎infri‎n geme‎n ts to fair compe‎t itio‎n? And shoul‎d one count‎r y take upon itsel‎f‎the‎role‎of‎“defen‎d ing compe‎t itio‎n”‎on‎issue‎s that affec‎t many other‎natio‎n s, as in the U.S. vs. Micro‎s oft case?63. What is the typic‎al trend‎of busin‎e sses‎today‎?[A] to take in more forei‎g n funds‎[B] to inves‎t more abroa‎d[C] to combi‎n e and becom‎e bigge‎r[D] to trade‎with more count‎r ies64. Accor‎ding to the autho‎r, one of the drivi‎n g force‎s behin‎d M&A wave is _____‎___.[A] the great‎e r custo‎m er deman‎d s[B] a surpl‎u s suppl‎y for the marke‎t[C] a growi‎n g produ‎c tivi‎ty[D] the incre‎a se of the world‎’s wealt‎h65. From Parag‎r aph 4 we can infer‎that _____‎___.[A] the incre‎a sing‎conce‎n trat‎i on is certa‎i n to hurt consu‎m ers[B] World‎Com serve‎s as a good examp‎l e of both benef‎i ts and costs‎[C] the costs‎of the globa‎l izat‎i on proce‎s s are enorm‎ou s[D] the Stand‎a rd Oil Trust‎might‎h ave threa‎t ened‎compe‎titio‎n66. Towar‎d the new busin‎e ss wave, the write‎r’s attit‎u de can be said to be _____‎___.[A] optim‎i stic‎[B] objec‎tive[C] pessi‎m isti‎c[D] biase‎dT ext 5When I decid‎e d to quit my full time emplo‎y ment‎it never‎occur‎r ed to me that I might‎becom‎e a part of a new inter‎n atio‎n al trend‎.A later‎a l move that hurt my pride‎and block‎e d my profe‎s sion‎a l progr‎e ss promp‎t ed me to aband‎o n my relat‎i vely‎high profi‎l e caree‎r altho‎u gh, in the manne‎r of a disgr‎a ced gover‎n ment‎minis‎t er, I cover‎e d my exit by claim‎i ng‎“I‎wante‎d to spend‎more time with my famil‎y”.Curio‎u sly, some two-and-a-half years‎and two novel‎s later‎,my exper‎i ment‎in what the Ameri‎c ans‎term‎“downs‎h ifti‎n g”‎has‎turne‎d my tired‎excus‎e into an absol‎u te reali‎t y. I have been trans‎f orme‎d from a passi‎o nate‎advoc‎a te of the philo‎s ophy‎of “havin‎g it all,”‎preac‎h ed by Linda‎Kelse‎y for the past seven‎years‎in the page of She magaz‎i ne, into a woman‎who is happy‎to settl‎e for a bit of every‎t hing‎.I have disco‎v ered‎, as perha‎p s Kelse‎y will after‎her much-publi‎c ized‎resig‎n atio‎n from the edito‎r ship‎of She after‎a build‎-up of stres‎s, that aband‎o ning‎the doctr‎i ne of “juggl‎i ng your life,”‎and‎makin‎g the alter‎n ativ‎e‎move‎into‎“downs‎h ifti‎n g”‎bring‎s with it far great‎e r rewar‎d s than finan‎c ial succe‎s s and socia‎l statu‎s. Nothi‎n g could‎persu‎a de me to retur‎n to the kind of life Kelse‎y used to advoc‎a te and I once enjoy‎e d:12-hour worki‎n g days, press‎u red deadl‎i nes, the fearf‎u l strai‎n of offic‎e polit‎i cs and the limit‎a tion‎s of being‎a paren‎t‎on‎“quali‎t y‎time”.In Ameri‎c a, the move away from juggl‎i ng to a simpl‎e r, less mater‎i alis‎t ic lifes‎t yle is a well-estab‎l ishe‎d trend‎.Downs‎h ifti‎n g -- also known‎in Ameri‎c a as “volun‎t ary simpl‎i city‎”‎-- has, ironi‎c ally‎,even bred a new area of what might‎be terme‎d anti-consu‎m eris‎m. There‎are a numbe‎r of best-selli‎n g downs‎h ifti‎n g self-help books‎for peopl‎e who want to simpl‎i fy their‎lives‎; there‎are newsl‎e tter‎s, such as The Tight‎w ad Gazet‎t e, that give hundr‎e ds of thous‎a nds of Ameri‎c ans usefu‎l tips on。

2001年考研英语真题和答案

2001年考研英语真题和答案Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [■]1. If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.[A] bury[B] am burying[C] buried[D] would bury2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.[A] to announce[B] announced[C] announcing[D] was announced3. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one ________ wait instead of searching for it.[A] would rather[B] had to[C] cannot but[D] had best4. She felt suitably humble just as she ________ when he had first takena good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.[A] had[B] had had[C] would have and[D] has had5. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ________ from leadership of it, would intervene personally.[A] being resigned[B] having resigned[C] going to resign[D] resign6. So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.[A] became the children[B] become the children[C] had the children become[D] do the children become7. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ________ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.[A] everything except[B] anything but[C] no less than[D] nothing more than8. One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. ________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.[A] By[B] In[C] For[D] With9. Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.[A] as[B] which[C] that[D] what10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.[A] be[B] being[C] were[D] arePart BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read. “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned i n the woods off the highway.” There fore, you should choose [C]. Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]11. He is too young to be able to ________ between right and wrong.[A] discard[B] discern[C] disperse[D] disregard12. It was no ________ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.[A] coincidence[B] convention[C] certainty[D] complication13. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ________ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.[A] cautiously[B] dutifully[C] faithfully[D] skillfully14. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ________ the welfare of his animals.[A] critical about[B] indignant at[C] indifferent to[D] subject to15. The chairman of the board ________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.[A] compelled[B] posed[C] pressed[D] tempted16. It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ________.[A] for long[B] in and out[C] once for all[D] by nature17. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unity in style.[A] conflict[B] confrontation[C] disturbance[D] disharmony18. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ________.[A] thrived[B] swelled[C] prospered[D] flourished19. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.[A] overturn[B] overtake[C] offset[D] oppress20. Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is ________.[A] firm[B] company[C] corporation[D] enterprise21. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as ________.[A] novel[B] remote[C] distant[D] foreign22. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ________ at a garage sale.[A] trifled with[B] scraped through[C] stumbled upon[D] thirsted for23. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could ________.[A] descend[B] decline[C] deteriorate[D] depress24. Equipment not ________ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.[A] conforming to[B] consistent with[C] predominant over[D] providing for25. As an industry, biotechnology stands to ________ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.[A] contend[B] contest[C] rival[D] strive26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals.[A] autonomy[B] dignity[C] monopoly[D] stability27. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms.[A] precisely[B] instantly[C] initially[D] exclusively28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow________, particularly in Western Europe.[A] obscure[B] obsolete[C] optional[D] overlapping29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________ and needs proving.[A] spontaneous[B] hypothetical[C] intuitive[D] empirical30. The future of this company is ________: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.[A] at odds[B] in trouble[C] in vain[D] at stakeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases31the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant32of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a33bill that will propose making payments to witnesses34and will strictly control the amount of35that can be given to a case36a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he37with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not38sufficient control.大39of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a40of media protest when he said the41of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges42to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which43the European Convention on Human Rights legally44in Britain, laid down that everybody was45to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands46our British judges,” he said. Witness payments became an47after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were48to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised49witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to50guilty verdicts.31. [A] as to[B] for instance[C] in particular[D] such as32. [A] tightening[B] intensifying[C] focusing[D] fastening33. [A] sketch[B] rough[C] preliminary[D] draft34. [A] illogical[B] illegal[C] improbable[D] improper35. [A] publicity[B] penalty[C] popularity[D] peculiarity36. [A] since[B] if[C] before[D] as37. [A] sided[B] shared[C] complied[D] agreed38. [A] present[B] offer[C] manifest[D] indicate39. [A] Release[B] Publication[C] Printing[D] Exposure40. [A] storm[B] rage[C] flare[D] flash41. [A] translation[B] interpretation[C] exhibition[D] demonstration42. [A] better than[B] other than[C] rather than[D] sooner than43. [A] changes[B] makes[C] sets[D] turns44. [A] binding[B] convincing[C] restraining[D] sustaining45. [A] authorized[B] credited[C] entitled[D] qualified46. [A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by47. [A] impact[B] incident[C] inference[D] issue48. [A] stated[B] remarked[C] said[D] told49. [A] what[B] when[C] which[D] that50. [A] assure[B] confide[C] ensure[D] guaranteeSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry52. We can infer from the passage that ________.[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate________.[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesText 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the bet ter off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.55. Digital divide is something ________.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsText 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trad e stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The asto nishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poorreportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderText 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”There’s no question that the big a re getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the w orld’s wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds[B] to invest more abroad[C] to combine and become bigger[D] to trade with more countries64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.[A] the greater customer demands[B] a surplus supply for the market[C] a growing productivity[D] the increase of the world’s wealth65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition66. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be ________.[A] optimistic[B] objective[C] pessimistic[D] biasedText 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alter native move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” -- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.67. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.68. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ________.[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by ________.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle[B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress[D] anti-consumerism70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ________.[A] the quick pace of modern life[B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences[D] the economic situationSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the St ar Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically。

2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2001年考研英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading ComprehensionSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases【B1】the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant【B2】of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a【B3】bill that will propose making payments to witnesses【B4】and will strictly control the amount of【B5】that can be given to a case【B6】a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he【B7】with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not【B8】sufficient control. 【B9】of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a【B10】of media protest when he said the【B11】of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges【B12】to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which【B13】the European Convention on Human Rights legally【B14】in Britain, laid down that everybody was【B15】to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands【B16】our British judges”, he said. Witness payments became an【B17】after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were【B18】to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised【B19】witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to【B20】guilty verdicts.1．【B1】A．as toB．for instanceC．in particularD．such as正确答案：D解析：本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。

考研英语一2001-2024年真题答案

Section I Use of English1.D2.A3.D4.B5.A6.C7.D8.B9.B10.A11.B12.C13.B14.A15.C16.A17.D18.C19.D20.CSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText l21.D22.B23.A24.CText225.C26.A27.D28.AText329.B30.D31.C32.AText433.C34.A35.D36.BText537.B38.B39.C40.DPart B41.届时，将会出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目和装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦汽车排污超标，监控器就会使其停驶。

42.孩子们将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性化内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就会来临。

43.皮尔逊汇集世界各地数百名研究者的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，它列出了人们期待发生的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

44.但皮尔逊指出，这只是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下个世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。

”45.家用电器也将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们都会引发一种新的心理疾病——厨房狂躁症。

SectionⅢWriting46.见分析Section I Use of English1.A 6.A 11.D 16.D2.D7.D12.A17.A3.C8.D13.A18.C4.B9.C14.C19.B5.B10.B15.B20.CSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart AText l21.C22.B23.D24.D25.AText226.C27.C28.D29.B30.CText331.B32.D33.D34.A35.AText436.B37.C38.B39.A40.DPart B41.难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都仍从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面寻找行为的根源。

2001年考研英语真题答案及解析

2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。

文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。

第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。

最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。

在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。

结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。

二、试题具体解析1.[A]as to关于，至于[B]for instance举例[C]in particular特别地[D]such as例如[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。

因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像……一样”的连接词。

首先排除as to和in particular。

for instance（或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。

如：Here in Chicago,for instance,the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。

选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如…，象这种的”的含义。

首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers（政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up...Rosemary West做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。

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