读A TYPOLOGY OF DEVIANT WORKPLACE BEHAVIORS
读《A TYPOLOGY OF DEVIANT WORKPLACE BEHA VIORS: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING SUTDY》
一、问题的提出
据相关研究和报道显示，员工的工作越轨行为（包括盗窃、计算机犯罪、贪污、故意破坏、怠工、旷工等）在企业中十分普遍，这些行为给企业带来了严重的损失。
在组织行为学研究中，人们却把关注的焦点锁定在员工的积极态度与行为上，例如组织公民行为、组织承诺与适应，有关工作场所中发生的越轨行为的研究则长期处于相对被忽视的地位。
已进行的研究大多锁定单一的行为，如偷窃、性骚扰，而且非常零散，缺乏有效的整合及对工作场所中越轨行为特性的深入分析，能够指导实践的理论架构尚不完备，因此对工作场所越轨行为的研究十分必要，最终形成一个系统的理论，帮助我们更好的理解工作场所越轨行为和指导今后的管理工作。
二、理论框架
这篇文章没有专门的理论基础，在提出研究的主题之后，对工作场所越轨行为进行了界定。
员工的越轨行为在文章中被定义为一种自发的行为，这种行为违反了组织的规范，对组织和员工的幸福感造成一定的损害，排除了那些较小程度违反组织规范、对组织不直接造成伤害的行为（如错误风格的着装）。
工作越轨行为不同于违反道德的行为，前者强调违反组织的规范，后者强调用公平、法律或其他道理视角来评价这种行为的对与错(Lewis, 1985)，所以一种特殊的行为既可以是越轨的，也可以是不道德的，两者间没有必然的联系。
前人对工作场所越轨行为的分类有一些研究，但这些研究结果存在三个值得思考的问题：1、分类是否全面？要求既包括组织层面的越轨行为又包括个体层面的越轨行为。
2、不同的越轨行为和类型之间如何进行有效联系？需要一个有用的多维分类将他们相互联系。
2、分类是否有效？需要在归纳的基础上进行实证研究。
本文在这三个问题的基础上，采用了多维量表技术对工作场所越轨行为进行了分类，能够突出工作越轨行为不同维度的相似和不同之处。
三、研究方法
本文采用的是多维量表技术的研究方法，这种方法相较于其他方法更容易带有研究者自己的偏好，在研究过程中分阶段地对不同阶段的数据进行了收集和分析。
阶段1
调查样本是70个全职工作的人，27男，43女，来自四个领域，7名来自一个大学办公室，10名来自一个工业公司，38名来自一个社区，15名来自一个晚上的MBA课堂。
他们的平均年龄39岁，平均工作年限15.69年。
通过让被调查者用自己通俗的语言描述身边工作中不正当的行为，统计出45种工作越轨行为，并得到专业评议团一致同意符合对工作越轨行为的定义。
阶段2
调查样本是180个全职工作者，他们花业余晚上时间攻读一所美国中西部大学的MBA。
他们的平均年龄29岁，平均工作年限是11.12年。
实验中让被调查者针对前面的45种行为与一个目标行为进行比较并评分（1=非常相似，9=非常不同），并说明自己的评判标准。
碎石图结果表明，二维的解决方案对数据提供了最为准确的描述。
阶段3
在用多维量表法获得二维坐标及命名时，6个最常用的标尺上的位置，然后，再采取多元回归分析方法评估确定上述六特征与二维架构的系并从中选出最具影响力的二个特征做为坐标的名称。
通过多元回归分析得出两个区分越轨行为的维度：轻微vs 严重，组织指向vs 个人指向。
这两个维度可以通过象限的划分将越轨行为分为四个不同但相关的种类（如图），分别是生产型越轨、财产型越轨、政治型越轨、人身攻击型越轨。
四、结果和讨论
研究结果发现两个维度可以将工作越轨行为分为四个类型，是在Wheeler's (1976)工作场所越轨行为区分为严重和不严重以及Mangione and Quinn's (1974) 和Hollinger and Clark's (1982)将其区分为生产越轨和财产越轨的研究基础上形成的进一步理论贡献。
这篇文章的研究价值在于：
1、研究结果对工作场所越轨类型的划分既体现出他们之间的不同又体现出他们之间的联系，对越轨行为的关注从组织层面扩大到个人层面，帮助人们更加重视工作中的社会不公平、歧视和人际间的暴力等等。
2、这个类型的划分对工作场所越轨理论的发展是非常有用的，他可以指导研究人员直接研究每个象限的行为并形成相应理论，而不需要花费精力和时间去区分单独的行为。
3、对我们研究工作场所越轨的前因具有一定的启示作用，来自于个人因素或是组织因素。
4、对我们研究工作场所越轨带来的结果具有一定的启示作用，因为不同类型的越轨会带来不同的后果。
5、 这种类型的划分将范围广泛的来自不同维度的组织行为相联系起来，为不同维度的研究提供了一个桥梁。
6、对管理的启示是，管理者应该匹配工作越轨的程度与对其惩罚的力度，体现一种程序上的公平性。
组织指向 个人指向 轻微 严重 生产型越轨 ● 旷工 ● 迟到 ● 磨洋工 财产型越轨 ● 偷窃 ● 怠工 ● 蓄意破坏 政治型越轨 ● 偏袒 ● 谣言 ● 暗中竞争 人身攻击型越轨 ● 性骚扰 ● 口头攻击 ● 身体伤害
7、尽管这篇文章研究的是工作越轨而不是不道德行为，对道德的研究建议研究者说明他们的操作道德的定义,强调行为作为重要的变量，集中于理论的发展，和建立一个更广泛的预测行为的模型。
五、优缺点分析
文章的优点在于，研究视角比较新，关注组织中的负面行为，运用了多维量表技术，并试图寻找一个多维的标准将范围广泛的工作越轨行为通过象限法归为四类，相互间既体现出不同又体现出联系。
我们在做研究的时候多是运用实证来探索或验证变量之间的关系，这篇文章最大的亮点在于在这篇文章的那个时期研究方法上大胆创新，通过实证和归纳的综合运用形成了一个比较系统的工作场所越轨的理论体系，对今后更深一步的研究具有相当大的指导意义。
文章的不足在于，研究设计过程中仍存在不够完善的地方：1、为了避免研究者对工作越轨操作定义下的偏差，对越轨行为的征集采用了通俗的描述“工作中被认为是错误的或违反工作场所规范的行为”，但不同组织对此的理解和判断是不同的，所以征集到的行为可能不够全面和准确。
2、研究过程中的实际操作避免不了研究者自身的偏好，如对征集的行为的分类和维度的划分，以及象限名称和意义的推导等。
2024年小学4年级第十一次英语第3单元全练全测(含答案)
2024年小学4年级英语第3单元全练全测(含答案)考试时间：90分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My sister loves to __________ (画画) in her free time.2. 听力题：The __________ is responsible for filtering waste in the body.3. 听力题：The bear lives in a _____ cave.4. ts can live in _____ (极端) climates. 填空题：Some pla5. 填空题：The _____ (butterfly) garden attracts pollinators.6. 选择题：What do you call the tallest building in the world?A. SkyscraperB. TowerC. MonumentD. Edifice答案：A7. 填空题：A rabbit’s teeth are always ______ (生长).8. 听力题：Chemical reactions can occur in ________ environments.9. 听力题：The library is very _______ (quiet).10. 填空题：My dad teaches me how to ________ (骑自行车) without training wheels. It was hard at first, but now I can do it ________ (很好).11. 选择题：What do we call the place where we learn?A. SchoolB. HospitalC. OfficeD. Farm答案:A12. 填空题：The _______ (Labor Movement) fought for workers’ rights and better conditions.13. 选择题：What is the capital of the Czech Republic?A. PragueB. BratislavaC. BudapestD. Ljubljana答案:A14. 听力题：A ______ is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent.15. 选择题：What do we call a baby cow?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案: A16. 选择题：What do we call the first ten letters of the alphabet?A. A to JB. A to ZC. A to MD. A to N17. 选择题：What instrument do you blow into to play?A. GuitarB. FluteD. Drums18. 听力题：The Earth's crust can be altered by human ______.19. 听力题：The chemical formula for gallium(III) oxide is _____.20. 填空题：The __________ (全球问题解决) requires teamwork.21. 填空题：I enjoy baking ________ (蛋糕) for my friends.22. 听力题：The element with atomic number is __________.23. 填空题：I wish I could fly like a ________ (鸟).24. 听力题：The children are _____ in the playground. (laughing)25. 选择题：What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A. PompeiiB. RomeC. VeniceD. Florence答案:A. Pompeii26. 选择题：What do you call the main character in a story?A. ProtagonistB. AntagonistC. NarratorD. Author答案:A27. 选择题：How many senses do humans have?A. ThreeB. FourC. Five答案:C28. 听力题：The chemical formula for ammonium phosphate is ______.29. 填空题：The armadillo has a tough ______ (外壳).30. 听力题：The concept of ecological restoration focuses on revitalizing damaged ______.31. 选择题：What is the name of the galaxy we live in?A. Milky WayB. AndromedaC. WhirlpoolD. Triangulum32. 填空题：A rabbit has long ________________ (耳朵).33. 填空题：The __________ was an important trade route in ancient times. (丝绸之路)34. 填空题：The rabbit is a ______ (草食性动物).35. 听力题：A __________ is a large lake in North America.36. 填空题：My cat loves to curl up on a _______ (椅子).37. 听力题：The ______ helps us see light.38. 选择题：What do we celebrate on the Fourth of July in the United States?A. ThanksgivingB. Independence DayC. ChristmasD. Memorial Day答案:BA __________ is a type of chemical reaction where new substances are formed.40. trial Revolution changed how _______ were made. (商品) 填空题：The Indu41. 听力题：I love to _____ stories before bedtime. (hear)42. 听力题：The chemical symbol for platinum is ______.43. 听力题：A toy car moves when we _______ it.44. 填空题：Orchids are considered very _____ (美丽) flowers.45. 听力题：The _____ shows the positions of stars and constellations.46. 填空题：It is _______ to share with friends.47. 选择题：What do we call the study of the Earth?A. BiologyB. GeographyC. ChemistryD. History答案:B48. 填空题：The sloth hangs from branches with its _______ (爪子).49. 选择题：Which is the tallest animal?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. LionD. Bear答案:B50. 听力题：The __________ can reveal the relationships between geological layers and formations.Combustion is a reaction that produces ________ and water.52. 选择题：How many colors are there in a rainbow?a. Fiveb. Sixc. Sevend. Eight答案:C53. 小鲸鱼) sings a beautiful song underwater. 填空题：The ___54. ts have _____ (药用) properties. 填空题：Some pla55. 听力题：I see _____ (clouds/stars) in the sky.56. 填空题：The sun shines ______ in the summer.57. 听力题：My brother is a ______. He enjoys modeling.58. 听力题：The main component of vegetable oil is ______.59. 填空题：The discovery of ________ has had significant implications for health and wellness.60. ssance was a period of renewed interest in __________. (艺术与科学)填空题：The Rena61. 听力题：The _____ (玩具) is colorful.62. 听力题：I see a ___ (car/truck) on the road.63. 选择题：What do we call a small, sweet fruit?A. BerryB. PeachC. AppleD. Banana64. 填空题：The ______ (草地) is lush and green.65. 选择题：What do we use to measure time?A. ScaleB. ClockC. RulerD. Thermometer66. 听力题：The _____ (铃铛) chimes softly.67. 填空题：My grandma loves to _______ (动词) in her garden. 她的花园很 _______ (形容词).68. 填空题：The first man-made satellite was named _______. (斯普特尼克)69. 听力题：In chemistry, a reagent is a substance used to cause a _____.70. 填空题：I love to watch ______ while I eat dinner.71. 选择题：What do you call a young horse?A. ColtB. FoalC. MareD. Stallion答案:B72. 选择题：What is the name of the largest desert in the world?A. Sahara DesertB. Arabian DesertC. Gobi DesertD. Kalahari Desert答案:A73. 听力题：The chameleon can be green or _______.74. 选择题：What color is the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. Gray75. 填空题：The country famous for its chocolates is ________ (瑞士).76. 选择题：What is the name of the famous wizard in children's literature?A. GandalfB. DumbledoreC. MerlinD. Harry Potter答案: D77. 填空题：My favorite _________ (玩具) is the one that sings when you hug it.78. 填空题：A _____ is a large area of water that is deep.79. 听力题：The capital city of Saint Kitts and Nevis is __________.80. 填空题：My mom loves __________ (参与公益活动).81. 填空题：Each plant has a unique _____ (特征).82. 选择题：What is the capital of Brazil?A. Rio de JaneiroB. BrasiliaC. Sao PauloD. Salvador83. 听力题：We will go ______ for a walk after dinner. (outside)84. 选择题：What do you call a young dolphin?A. CalfB. PupC. KitD. Foal答案:A85. 听力题：A __________ is a large area of trees and wildlife.86. 听力题：The _______ of an object can be altered by changing its mass.87. 填空题：I also want to take my pet on ______. We could explore new places and meet other animals. It would be an adventure for both of us! I hope to find parks where pets are allowed to run and play freely.88. 选择题：What do you call the study of weather?A. GeographyB. MeteorologyC. ClimatologyD. Astronomy答案:B89. 填空题：I love to go ______ (滑雪) during winter vacations.90. 听力题：The formula for table salt is _______.91. 选择题：What is the color of a typical pepper?A. GreenB. YellowC. RedD. All of the above92. 听力题：We had ______ (fun) at the zoo.93. 听力题：I like to draw ______ (cartoons).94. 听力题：A __________ is a substance made up of only one type of atom.95. 听力题：A solution that can conduct electricity is called an ______ solution.96. 听力题：My sister is a ______. She loves to work with children.97. 选择题：What is the opposite of fast?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. Rapid答案:B98. 听力题：The ____ is an animal that loves to dig.99. 填空题：They are _______ (去) to the beach this weekend.100. 选择题：What is the term for animals that eat both plants and meat?A. HerbivoresB. CarnivoresC. OmnivoresD. Insectivores答案:C。
小学下册第15次英语第1单元真题试卷[有答案]
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小学下册英语第1单元真题试卷[有答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：A mixture can be separated by ______ techniques.2. 填空题：The ________ was a famous treaty that ended military hostilities.3. 听力题：The Thames River flows through _______.4. 填空题：I like to draw ______ (漫画) characters in my free time. It’s fun to create my own stories.5. 听力题：A solution that can conduct electricity is called an ______ solution.6. 听力题：A __________ is a reaction that involves the transfer of electrons.7. 填空题：I want to _______ (学习) about physics.8. 听力题：The Sahara is the largest _______ in Africa.9. 选择题：What is 8 x 7?A. 54B. 56C. 58D. 60答案:B. 56The ________ (car) is red and fast.11. 选择题：What do we use to take photos?A. CameraB. PhoneC. VideoD. Laptop12. 选择题：What is the opposite of polite?A. RudeB. CourteousC. RespectfulD. Civil答案:A13. 听力题：Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into _____.14. 选择题：What do you call a collection of poems?A. AnthologyB. CollectionC. CompilationD. All of the above15. 听力题：The boy likes ________.16. 填空题：The _____ (农业) sector relies heavily on plants.17. 听力题：The _______ of an object can be tested by applying force.18. 填空题：The __________ (历史的延续) shapes our future.19. 填空题：A _______ is a substance that can change the rate of a chemical reaction. (催化剂)20. carbon neutrality) aims for zero net emissions. 填空题：The ____How many days are there in February during a leap year?A. 28B. 29C. 30D. 31答案: B. 2922. 听力题：She is wearing cool ___. (sneakers)23. 听力题：The ______ (pulley) is a simple machine that changes the direction of force.24. 听力题：A ______ is formed when two or more elements chemically bond together.25. 听力题：The teacher tells a ______ (story).26. 填空题：In winter, some plants lose their ______ (叶子).27. 填空题：The ______ (水源) is vital for plant health.28. 听力题：We listen to ___ (music).29. 听力题：He is playing __________ with his friends.30. 选择题：What is the name of the famous Italian dish with layers of pasta, cheese, and meat?A. PizzaB. RisottoC. LasagnaD. Fettuccine31. 听力题：The tree is ___ (leafy/barren).32. 填空题：A ________ (老虎) is a powerful animal that lives in the jungle.The engineer, ______ (工程师), develops new technologies.34. 选择题：What is the name of the famous British rock band that included John Lennon?A. The WhoB. The Rolling StonesC. The BeatlesD. Pink Floyd答案: C. The Beatles35. 填空题：I want to _______ (学习) how to fish.36. 选择题：What do you call the season when leaves fall from trees?A. SpringB. SummerC. FallD. Winter37. 听力题：The _____ (bird/fish) is chirping.38. 听力题：A fuel is a substance that can be burned to produce _____.39. 填空题：My aunt has a baby. I call him __________. (小表弟)40. 听力题：The pizza is ______ (hot) and cheesy.41. 选择题：What do we call the study of ancient artifacts?A. AnthropologyB. ArchaeologyC. HistoryD. Sociology答案:B42. 选择题：What do we wear on our feet?A. HatB. GlovesC. ShoesD. Belt答案:C. Shoes43. 听力题：The process of oxidation involves __________ losing electrons.44. 填空题：Women gained the right to vote in the United States in __________ (1920年).45. 填空题：My father helps me with my __________. (作业)46. 听力题：A combustion reaction produces ______ and water.47. 选择题：What do we use to write?A. SpoonB. PenC. ForkD. Plate答案:B48. 听力题：The garden is _______ (filled) with butterflies.49. 听力题：Emma is a ______. She loves to dance.50. 填空题：My aunt is very _______ (形容词). 她总是 _______ (动词).51. 听力题：The chemical formula for polyvinyl chloride is _______.52. 选择题：What is 2 + 3?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 753. 填空题：The ________ loves to explore and find treasures.I want to be a ______ when I grow up.55. 听力题：She _____ (loves/love) chocolate cake.56. 填空题：I like to play with my toy ________ (玩具名称) in the sunshine.57. 选择题：What do we call a young eel?A. FryB. ElverC. KitD. Pup答案:B. Elver58. 填空题：He is very _____ (外向) and loves to meet new people.59. 填空题：A _____ (植物发展) can lead to sustainable practices.60. 填空题：We have a ______ (丰富的) school program.61. 填空题：The __________ can be quite chilly during autumn. (天气)62. 填空题：The ______ (种植者) plays an important role in agriculture.63. 填空题：The leaves change _______ in the fall, making the world beautiful.64. 听力题：A ____ has fluffy fur and enjoys playing in the snow.65. 填空题：The crow is known to use tools to get ________________ (食物).66. 听力题：A __________ is created when water collects in a low area.A ____ is a lively creature that loves to play with others.68. 听力题：The girl is very ________.69. 听力题：They enjoy ________ together.70. 填空题：The first successful test of a nuclear bomb occurred in ________ (1945).71. 填空题：I enjoy _______ (和朋友一起看电影).72. 选择题：What do we call the act of giving someone a present?A. GiftingB. BestowingC. OfferingD. Presenting答案:A73. 听力题：A _______ is a chemical change that releases energy.74. 填空题：The __________ is a large area of land known for its ancient history. (中东)75. 听力题：A ______ can help restore habitats.76. 选择题：What do we call the time when flowers bloom?A. WinterB. SpringC. SummerD. Fall答案:B77. 听力题：In a chemical equation, products are on the ______ side.78. 填空题：The first person to swim the English Channel was _______. (马修·韦本)My dad brings home ____.80. 填空题：My favorite ice cream flavor is ______.81. 选择题：What do we call the act of telling a story?A. NarrationB. DescriptionC. ExplanationD. Presentation答案:A82. 选择题：What is the name of the famous lake in Africa?A. Lake SuperiorB. Lake VictoriaC. Lake BaikalD. Great Salt Lake答案：B83. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. SaltD. Water答案: B84. 选择题：How many wheels does a bicycle have?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four答案: B. Two85. 填空题：The butterfly is _______ (美丽的).86. 听力题：A _______ is a type of solution where particles are evenly distributed.87. 填空题：The __________ (历史的持久性) reflects stability.The _____ (植物组成) affects the overall health of an area.89. 听力题：The U.S. Civil Rights Act was passed in _______.90. 填空题：I saw a _________ in the garden. (蜗牛)91. 填空题：My friend saw a ______ (蜗牛) on the sidewalk.92. 选择题：What do you call a person who fixes cars?A. DoctorB. MechanicC. TeacherD. Chef答案:B93. 选择题：What do we call the study of plants?A. ZoologyB. BotanyC. ChemistryD. Geography答案:B94. 听力题：The ______ is known for its colorful feathers.95. 填空题：我的朋友喜欢 _______ (活动). 她觉得这很 _______ (形容词)96. 填空题：The country known for its cheese is ________ (以奶酪闻名的国家是________).97. 填空题：Certain flowers are favored for their ______ in arrangements and bouquets. (某些花因其在花束和花篮中的美观而受到青睐。
大学英语4考试题及答案
大学英语4考试题及答案一、听力理解（共30分）1. A) 根据所听对话，选择最佳答案。
a) What is the man going to do?i. Go to the libraryii. Go to the gymiii. Stay at homeiv. Visit a friendb) What does the woman suggest?i. They should go to the beachii. They should watch a movieiii. They should study togetheriv. They should go shopping答案：a) i b) iii2. B) 根据所听短文，回答以下问题。
a) What is the main topic of the passage?b) What is the author's opinion about the topic?答案：a) The main topic is the importance of environmental protection.b) The author believes that everyone should take action to protect the environment.二、阅读理解（共40分）1. A) 阅读以下短文，选择最佳答案。
短文：[此处应为一段或多段英文短文，描述一个主题或故事]a) What does the author intend to convey in the passage?b) What is the relationship between the two characters in the story?答案：a) The author intends to convey the importance of perseverance.b) The two characters are friends.2. B) 阅读以下文章，回答以下问题。
北师大版高中英语选择性必修2 课后习题 第五单元测评
第五单元测评第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What colour does the man prefer?A.Green.B.Pink.C.Yellow.M:No,I used to get to work by bus.But now,I ride my bike.I can get more ean get to work in the past?A.On foot.B.By bike.C.By bus.3.What is the man doing?A.Asking for help.B.Offering a suggestion.C.Making a complaint.4.How does the man suggest the woman go to the station?A.By bus.B.On foot.5.What day is today?A.Saturday.B.Thursday.C.Friday.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。
6.How many lectures does the woman have on Monday?A.One.B.Two.C.Three.7.What will the woman probably do nee reading.C.Make a drawing.听第7段材料,回答第8、9题。
人教版英语九年级全一册专题27多任务阅读20篇2023年狂刷增分练(解析版)含答案
专题27-多任务阅读20篇（题型强化）2022-2023学年九年级英语金题狂刷增分练（人教新目标）一、多任务阅读（2022·四川·宜宾市教科所中考真题）阅读下面短文，根据其内容完成表格中所缺的信息。
Grain Rain (谷雨) is the sixth of the Twenty-four Solar Terms in the traditional Chinese calendar, which falls on April 20 this year. As the last solar term in spring, this period seesthe temperature rise and rainfall increase, creating a good environment for plants and animals. Grain Rain is still linked with modern agriculture. It links grain with rain, reflecting an increasing amount of rainfall, which is good for the growth of crops. For farmers, it is a good time to sow.It might not be so well-known that in Chinese tale an actual “grain rain” was recorded in the story of Cang Jie, who invented the first Chinese characters (汉字). Cang Jie created a set of characters from observing the tracks of birds and mammals. After his great invention, grains started to pour down from the sky.The Grain Rain Day has become a day to honor Cang Jie and the invention of the Chinese language, and April 20 has been designated as the annual UN Chinese Language Day since 2010. Chinese characters are a treasure of the spiritual homeland of Chinese people, the thousands of years of Chinese culture, and an important symbol of cultural identity.Grain Rain, the Last Solar Term in SpringThe date The Grain Rain Day this year falls on ____1____.The temperatureIt sees the temperature rise and rainfall ____2____. It is a good timefor farmers to sow.The originAn actual “grain rain” ____3____ in the story of Cang Jie, whoinvented the first Chinese characters.The ____4____ characters They are a treasure of the spiritual homeland of Chinese people and an important ____5____ of cultural identity.【导语】本文主要介绍了中国传统农历二十四节气中的谷雨。
高三英语专业选择单选题40题
高三英语专业选择单选题40题1.Which area focuses on analyzing language structure and usage?A.TranslationB.LiteratureC.Linguistics答案：C。
翻译主要是进行语言转换；文学主要关注文学作品等；语言学聚焦于分析语言结构和用法。
2.If you are interested in studying famous English novels, which major should you choose?A.TranslationB.LiteratureC.Linguistics答案：B。
翻译专业重点在语言转换；语言学关注语言结构和用法；文学专业会研究著名的英语小说。
3.Which major is more likely to involve researching the history and development of language?A.TranslationB.LiteratureC.Linguistics答案：C。
翻译专业主要是语言转换工作；文学专业主要是文学作品；语言学专业更可能涉及研究语言的历史和发展。
4.Which major would help you become a professional interpreter?A.TranslationB.LiteratureC.Linguistics答案：A。
翻译专业能培养专业口译人员；文学专业主要研究文学作品；语言学专业重点在语言分析等方面。
5.If you want to analyze the style and themes of English poems, which major is suitable?A.TranslationB.LiteratureC.Linguistics答案：B。
翻译专业主要是语言转换；语言学专业关注语言结构等；文学专业适合分析英语诗歌的风格和主题。
商务英语(BEC)高级阅读真题及答案
PART ONEQuestions 1 - 8· Look at the sentences below and at five passages taken from a book about famous management thinkers on the opposite page.· Which passage does each sentence refer to?· For each sentence 1 - 8, mark one letter A1 B, C, D or E on your Answer Sheet.· You will need to use some of these letters more than once.Example:He has developed his own company to promote his work.0 A B C D E1 Others in his field think very highly of him.2 His ideas have spread beyond the business world.3 He felt that people should be able to enjoy their work.4 His ideas are more complex than they seem.5 He did a variety of interesting things before writing his books.6 His most successful book was written with a colleague.7 He is particularly skilled at forecasting important developments.8 Contact with the military was an early influence on his thinking.A John AdairAdair is the pioneering British thinker in the theory of leadership. He was the first person in the UK to hold a professorship in Business Leadership and has published a series of influential books on the subject.Despite his quiet appearance, Adair has had a colourful life, serving in a Bedouin regiment and working on an Arctic fishing boat! His initial interest in leadership came from his army experience and he used to lecture at the highly prestigious academy where British army offices are trained. He now works as an international consultant.B Edward de BonoDe Bono is unusual among major gurus for two reasons: firstly, he was born not in one of the great industrial nations but on the tiny island of Malta. Secondly, his ideas have reached a wider audience than just managers, so that his books have become essential rending in many different disciplines.Most of de Bono s work has been concerned with the way human beings can train themselves to think more creatively. This apparently simple idea has resulted in37 books and a highly successful career as a lecturer and consultant.C Peter DruckerProbably no other single thinker has done as much as Drucker to establish management as a serious area of study. Certainly, his fellow management thinkers consider him one of the founding fathers of the discipline, and his books and articles are quoted more than those of any other management writer.His first book was published as far back as 1939, yet he is still writing and teaching. His greatest distinction has been his ability to predict coming trendsin business and economics. As a result, his ideas are treated with the greatest respect and interest.D Frederick HerzbergAlthough relatively few contemporary management students will have read his books, Herzberg s name is instantly recognisable to anyone who has studied industrial organisations. This is because the American psychologist was responsible for introducing the concept of motivation into management thinking.As a young man, Herzberg became deeply interested in mental illness and the human need for mental and emotional satisfaction. This led him to criticise the approach of many companies to job design, and to argue for the need for job enrichment to stimulate employees efforts.E Tom PetersThe American s reputation was created in the I 980s by the spectacular success of one book, In Search of Excellence, co-written with Robert Waterman. The two were working together as management consultants and no-one expected their first (and only) book to end up selling 5 million copies worldwide!Although his ideas have been criticised, Peters popularity as a speaker and writer has continued to grow. So much so that Peters has created his own business to market books, videos and consultancy based on his work.PART TWOQuestions 9 - 14· Read this t ext from an article about health clubs.· Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill in each of the gaps.· For each gap 9 - 14, mark one letter A - H on your Answer Sheet.· Do not use any letter more than once.· There is an exam ple at the beginning (0).Travel stress brings boom to health clubsA rapid growth in business travel has provided a lucrative spin-off for British health clubs as companies try to prevent hard-working executives from suffering travel-related stress.Health clubs are fully booked throughout the coming months all around the country and many are planning to expand their facilities.0 H According to Gillie Turner, group marketing manager for the Champneys group of health clubs, during the last recession executives lost many of their extra benefits as companies cut back. . 9 She says that large companies also seem to have decided that it is no good sending someone to a country like Spain as a reward for doing a good job, because they will simply eat too much and flop onto a beach. . 10Champneys, the company acknowledged as the market leader in this field, is now planning to introduce a special "Profiting from Stress" course, which will run over three days. . 11 Jonathon Stapleton, general managerof Champneys, says that modern corporate life being what it is, most business travellers find that they are having to do the work which - even a year ago - was done by two. 12To meet this new demand, other health clubs are also thinking of introducing similar schemes. Clare Brandish, the sales and marketing director of another health club, has noticed a marked change in the clientele at her club. . 13Businesses of all kinds are anxious to reduce absenteeism. . 14 Much of the problem is caused by long periods away from home, irregular hours, business entertaining and jet lag.According to the Guild of Business Travel Agents, sales of business-class airline tickets have risen by 12% in the past year, hotel bookings have gone up by 36% and car hire has risen by 24%. Dave Reynolds, the GBTA chief executive, says that the trouble is that the same number of people are being asked to travel more often. He comments that it is nowonder they need to take a break in a health club.A It has been calculated that about 40 million working days are lost each year in Britain because of stress, ten times as many as are lost 10 industrial disputes.B This has involved a considerable rise in the number of business bookings, whereas previously most clients came as private individuals.C Now they are being restored, as industry realises that the health of its executives is vital.D But who will benefit most from these developments?E Because of the pressures this imposes, many companies have now decided that it is worthwhile paying for their senior executives to take a proper break and get advice on how to combat stress.F Executives taking part in it will be given massages and health treatments, workouts and a range of talks on how to deal with stress, especially when travelling.G So what s the reason for this now trend?PART THREEQuestions 15 - 20· Read the following article on recruiting and managing staff and the questions on the opposite page.· Each question has four suggested an swers or ways of finishing the sentence, A, B, C and D.· Mark one letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet, for the answer you choose.As a manager in the service industry sector, I've looked at hundredsof CVs in my time. They are not necessarily the bland documents some bosses might think they are! They are full of little pointers towards individuals personalities and suitability for the job. The first thing I always look at is an applicant s employment record. I check for continuity and stability. If somebody has a long list of previous jobs, all of varying length, alarm bells start ringing. Rather than an irregular route from job to job, what I hope to see is stable career progression. What does their career path look like - is it all steps forward, or are there a lot of sideways moves? And I am always pleased to find a family person with children, because in my experience they tend to be responsible and reliable.I never rely on CVs alone. We get applicants to fill in one of our own application forms. We ask why they've applied, what their aspirations and personal goals are, and also about their interests and hobbies and any clubs they belong to. That gives you a useful insight into their personality and lifestyle. The application form also enables us to test how much people have actually been progressing in their careers, because we ask for details of the salaries they have received for each job.It s always worth looking at CVs and designing application forms with great care. Taking on employees might be rewarding, but it is also a big investment for any business. Mistakes in choosing staff can cost companies dear, so it makes sense to spend time ensuring you get the right person.In the service sector, one of the aims of companies is to maintain and improve customer service, and this is achieved partly through low staff turnover. You need to take on people who understand that, and will want to stay. That s why, when you've taken staff on, the next thing is getting the best out of them.My management style comes from the days when I took over my first business, an ailing road haulage firm which I was certain I could turn into a profitable company. The first thing is to treat others as you d like to be treated yourself. As soon as I took over the business, I talked to everybody individually, and looked for ways to make sure their particular skills benefited the company.I didn't have much experience then of managing people, but above all I always tried to be fair and honest with everyone. As a result, I think the staff knew that and accepted my decisions, even if they didn't agree with them all. Also, bosses must be able to communicate. You also need to create team spirit, and build on the strength of the team. I explained my plans for the company to all the staff, and let them all know what I needed from them. The lorry drivers responded brilliantly, and were thekey to turning the business round. They understood that we had to develop a professional reputation, and from then on the days of poor quality deliveries were over.Lastly, I am a great believer in profit-sharing. It takes a team to make a company work, so profits should be shared by all. Job satisfaction is important, but it doesn't pay the rent. Shared profit and bonuses help to strengthen team spirit by giving everyone a common goal that they work towards together.15 What fact does the writer hope to learn from applicants CVs?A that they have experience of many different jobsB that their careers have developed steadilyC the opinion their employers had of themD whether they are married or single16 The writer says the application form is useful because itA reveals something of the applicant s character.B gives information about the applicant s family.C explains what skills the applicant has for the job.D shows how much the applicant wants to earn.17 According to the writer, why are CVs and application forms so important?A Interviewing people is an expensive process.B They indicate whether applicants really want the job.C They indicate whether applicants are efficient or not.D Employing the wrong people can be disastrous.18 One reason why the writer was successful in her first business was thatA she was used to dealing with people.B she was open with the staff.C the business was already doing well when she started.D the staff agreed with all her decisions.19 The writer believes profit-sharing is a good idea becauseA it encourages a competitive spirit.B everyone earns the same salary.C everyone shares the same aim.D it creates job satisfaction.20 Which would make the best title for this text?A Profit-sharing as motivationB How I turned a business roundC People - the key to business successD The importance of a well-presented CVPART FOURQuestions 21 - 30· Read the article below about a method of learning languages for business people.· Choose the best word from the opposite page to fill each gap.· For each question 21 - 30 mark one letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet.· There is an example at the beginning (0).Language learning for the busy executiveIf you've ever been told by your boss to improve your knowledge of a foreign language you'll know that ……(0)…… doesn't come quickly. It generally takes years to learn another language well andconstant ……(21)…… to maintain the high standards required for frequent business use. Whether you study in a class, with audiocassettes, computers or on your ……(22)…… sooner or ……(23)…… every language course finishes and you must decide what to do next if you need a foreign language for your career.Business Audio Magazines is a new product designed to help you continue language study in a way that fits easily into your busy schedule. Each audiocassette ……(24)…… of an hour-long programme packed with business news, features and interviews in the language of your choice. These cassettes won t teach you how to order meals or ask for directions. It is ……(25)…… that you can do that already. Instead, by giving you an opportunity to hear the language as it s really spoken, they help you to ……(26)…… your vocabulary and improve your ability to use real language relating to, for example, that all-important marketing trip.The great advantage of using audio magazines is that they ……(27)…… you to perfect your language skills in ways that suit your lifestyle. For example, you can select a topic and listen in your car or hotel when away on busines s. No other business course is as ……(28)…… And the unique radio-magazine format is as instructive as it is entertaining. In addition to the audiocassette, this package includes a transcript with a business glossary and a study ……(29)…… The components are s tructured so that intermediate and advanced students may use them separately or together ……(30)…… on their ability.Example: A B C D20 A gain B result C success D outcome21 A exercise B performance C practice D operation22 A self B individual C personal D own23 A after B then C later D quicker24 A consists B includes C contains D involves25 A insisted B acquired C asserted D assumed26 A prolong B extend C spread D lift27 A allow B let C support D offer28 A adjustable B flexible C convertible D variable29 A addition B supplement C extra D manuscript30 A according B depending C relating D basingQuestions 31 - 40· Read the article below about meetings.· For each question 31 - 40 write one word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet.How to make more of meetingsYou should know what ends you want to achieve in a meeting before it starts and prepare for it (0)……reading any papers circulated beforehand, and carefully thinking about (31)…… you want to s ay. This may sound rather boring, but solid preparation is the key to successful meetings: A great (32)……of time and energy can be wasted through simple lack of planning.The most important issues are not always given the most time in the general runnin g of meetings. People are often unwilling (33)…… discuss important budgetary matters because they do not fully understand them, but (34)…… becomes an expert when it comes to discussing the colour of the new curtains, or what type of coffee to buy The discu ssion of (35)…… trivial matters as these, therefore, should be saved until the end of the meeting.During the meeting it is essential to stick to the agenda so (36)……to avoid the common problem of repetition. At the same time you (37)…… to be sensitive to other people s ideas and feelings, and never lose your temper. Be prepared to accept (38)…… implement a suggestion that is contrary to (39)…… own ideas if it is an improvement on them; such honesty and flexibility are signs of good leadership and earn respect.Finally, remember that when a decision is made it is important to act (40)…… it and to honour all the commitments you have made in the meeting.PART SIXQuestions 41 - 50· In most lines of the following text, there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text.· For each numbered line 41 - 50, find the unnecessary word and then write the word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet. Some lines are correct. If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet. The exercise begins with two examples (0) and (00).Customer care0 Apart from ensuring that an efficient electricity supply for our00 customers, NatElectric provides an invaluable service in other areas41 as well. While our Customer Helpline (charged at local rates) is the42 first point of contact with when you want to make an enquiry and43 we receive a huge number of calls from customers - on44 average, there are 50 000 calls a one week. Available 24 hours45 a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year, our Helpline on advisors46 aim at to answer 95 per cent of all calls within 15 seconds. There47 are more than 200 advisors, working in around the clock to48 provide for this service, backed by a further 80 support staff49 who do handle any necessary paperwork. Although our target50 is to reply to letters within 10 working days, NatElectric regularly responds withinthree to four days, and we are especially proud of the standards achieved by ourcustomer relations team.BEC Higher AnswersReading1C 2B 3D 4B 5A 6E 7C 8A 9D 10B 11G 12F 13C 14A 15B 16A 17D 18B 19C 20C 21C 22D 23C 24A 25D 26B 27A 28B 29B 30B 31what 32deal 33to 34everyone 35such 36as 37ought 38and 39your 40upon 41while 42with 43correct 44one 45 on 46at 47in 48for 49do 50correctListening。
高考真题英语2024新课标一卷
高考真题英语2024新课标一卷一、听力部分（共30分）Section A1. 根据所听对话，选择正确答案。
- 问题1：What is the man going to do this weekend?- A. Visit his parents.- B. Go to a concert.- C. Work on a project.- 问题2：Why does the woman suggest the man should take a break?- A. He has been working too hard.- B. He needs to prepare for an exam.- C. He is going to have a meeting....Section B1. 根据所听短文，选择正确答案。
- 问题1：What is the main topic of the passage?- A. The importance of environmental protection.- B. The impact of technology on education.- C. The benefits of physical exercise.- 问题2：What does the speaker think about the future ofeducation?- A. It will be completely online.- B. It will be a combination of online and offline learning.- C. It will not change much....二、阅读理解部分（共40分）Passage 1A new study has found that regular exercise can significantly improve memory and cognitive function in older adults. The research, conducted by a team of scientists at the University of XYZ, involved a group of participants aged between 60 and 80. They were asked to engage in moderate physical activity for 30 minutes a day, five days a week, over a period of six months.Questions:1. What was the age range of the participants in the study?2. How long did the participants engage in physical activity each day?3. What was the duration of the study?Passage 2The article discusses the impact of social media on teenagers' mental health. It highlights the negative effects such as increased anxiety and depression, while alsoacknowledging the positive aspects like the ability toconnect with others and share experiences.Questions:1. What is the main concern of the article?2. What are some of the negative effects of social media mentioned?3. How does the article view the positive aspects of social media?Passage 3...三、完形填空部分（共20分）Once upon a time, in a small village, there lived an old man named John. He was known for his wisdom and kindness. One day, a young boy approached him with a problem. The boy had losthis favorite toy, and he was very upset.John listened to the boy's story and then said, "Life is full of ups and downs. It's important to learn from our losses and to keep moving forward."The boy looked at John with confusion and asked, "But how can I find my toy?"John smiled and said, "Sometimes, the things we lose are not meant to be found. Instead, we should focus on the lessons we learn from the experience."The boy thought about John's words and slowly began to understand the importance of resilience and acceptance.四、语法填空部分（共10分）In recent years, the popularity of online shopping has grown rapidly. Many people prefer to buy products online because it is convenient and time-saving. However, there are also some disadvantages, such as the inability to try products before buying them.1. The popularity of online shopping has grown rapidly because it is convenient and time-saving.2. Despite its convenience, online shopping also has some disadvantages, such as the inability to try products before buying them.五、短文改错部分（共10分）One day, a boy was walking along the street when he suddenly saw a wallet on the ground. He picked it up and found that it was full of money. He decided to hand it in to the police station. The police officer thanked him and asked for his name, but the boy refused to tell. He said that he did not want to receive any reward for his honesty.六、书面表达部分（共30分）假如你是李华，你的美国朋友Tom对中国的传统节日非常感兴趣。
公司员工情绪调研报告
公司员工情绪调研报告员工情绪调研报告一、引言员工情绪对企业的运营和发展起着重要作用，对于了解员工情绪的状况，以及采取相应的措施提高员工的工作满意度和工作效率至关重要。
为了解公司员工的情绪状况，我们进行了一次员工情绪调研。
二、调研方法我们通过发放问卷的方式进行了员工情绪调研。
问卷包括了多个方面的问题，如员工满意度、工作压力、工作环境等。
调研对象为公司所有在职员工。
三、调研结果共发放了200份问卷，并收到了184份有效回答，有效回收率为92%。
1. 员工满意度：调研结果显示，公司员工的整体满意度较高。
约有62%的员工对工作感到满意，25%的员工对工作感到非常满意，只有13%的员工对工作感到不满意。
满意度较高的原因主要包括公司的发展空间、薪资福利、工作环境等。
2. 工作压力：调研结果显示，大约有40%的员工感到工作压力较大，其中5%的员工感到非常大的工作压力。
工作压力的来源主要包括任务过多、工作量大、时间紧迫等。
3. 工作环境：调研结果显示，大多数员工对公司的工作环境较为满意。
约有68%的员工对工作环境感到满意，20%的员工对工作环境感到非常满意，只有12%的员工对工作环境感到不满意。
员工对工作环境较为满意的原因主要包括团队氛围好、上级领导支持适度、办公设备齐全等。
四、结论与建议根据调研结果，可以得出以下结论和建议。
1. 结论：公司员工的整体满意度较高，多数员工对公司的工作环境和发展空间表示满意。
然而，也有部分员工感受到较大的工作压力。
2. 建议：为了进一步提高员工满意度和工作效率，我们提出以下建议：- 减轻工作压力：公司可以考虑对员工的工作任务进行合理的分配，避免将过多任务集中在个别人身上。
此外，公司也可以通过培训和支持措施，帮助员工应对工作压力。
- 改善工作环境：公司可以继续为员工提供舒适的工作环境，确保办公设备的质量和齐全性。
此外，公司还可以加强团队合作氛围的建设，增加员工对团队的归属感。
- 提高员工福利：公司可以考虑适当增加薪资待遇，提供更好的福利政策，激励员工积极性和工作动力。
大学英语六级改革适用(阅读)模拟试卷217(题后含答案及解析)
大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷217(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionPart III Reading ComprehensionSection AJason Braddock knew he had to pay for his college education, so he went to work. His first job was with his mother and aunt when he was 7 years old. They paid him $5 a night to do household【C1】______. When he was old enough to get a job on his own, Braddock worked for a【C2】______of fast-food restaurant chains, home improvement retailers and local movie theaters. In college, he【C3】______and worked as a computer tech on campus. Braddock is among the few college graduates who 【C4】______earned a degree, without the help of student loans. Another job that will pay your tuition: the military. James Kendall, 30,【C5】______his bachelor’s degree in criminal justice using the GI Bill, which covers tuition, fees, books and housing. The Michigan native didn’t know what he wanted to do after graduating from high school in May 2001, but quickly decided on a path. He【C6】______as a Navy Seabee for five years of active duty service. During that time Kendall served two tours in Iraq and aided relief efforts for two【C7】______natural disasters—the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Kendall returned to Michigan in 2007 and earned an associate degree from Muskegon Community College before he【C8】______to Grand Valley State University. With his college and living expenses covered, he focused his attention on his school work and his daughter, who was in kindergarten at the time. Kendall volunteered in his daughter’s classroom when he wasn’t attending classes himself. He graduated last month【C9】______debt-free. And his experiences in the military gave him a【C10】______and knowledge that most college students don’t have. A)tutored B)completely C)financed D)proportionally E)catastrophic F)chores G)participated H)self-reliantly I)mutual J)transferred K)series L)accommodations M)enlisted N)perspective O)motion1．【C1】正确答案：F解析：household…作do的宾语，空格应为名词。