2009年高考试题——宁夏卷(理综生物部分)有答案

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2009年普通高考宁夏区试题(理综)

2009年普通高考宁夏区试题(理综)

金太阳新课标资源网

1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 * 当2- d >1 时,若(2- d )∈N ,Sn 的最小值是 f(2- d ),即当 n 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 * =2- d 时, n 取最小值; 2- d )∉N , 2- d ]表示不超过2- d S 若( 设[ 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 的最大整数,当|[2- d ]-(2- d )|<|[2- d ]+1-(2- d )|时,Sn 的最 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 小值是 f([ - ]);当|[ - ]-( - )|=|[ - ]+1-( - )|时, 2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 1 a1 1 Sn 的最小值是 f([2- d ])=f([2- d ]+1);当|[2- d ]-(2- d )|>|[ 2- a1 1 a1 1 a1 d ]+1-(2- d )|时,Sn 的最小值是 f([2- d ]+1).
金太阳新课标资源网

n-1 当 n 为奇数时,数列中共有 对还多余中间一项,则有 2 n-1 n+1 n+1 Sn= (a1+an)+a ,而 a1+an=2a ,即有: 2 2 2 n-1 1 n Sn= (a1+an)+ (a1+an)= · 1+an). (a 2 2 2
金太阳新课标资源网

• (2)我们知道有如下的实数运算规律:实数加 上负数,越加越小;实数加上正数,越加越 大;实数加上0,不变化. • 设数列{an}是等差数列,首项是a1,公差是d, 则其前n项和是Sn. • 当d>0,a1>0时,等差数列{an}中所有项都是 正数,则Sn存在最小值S1,不存在最大值;

2009年全国各地高考理综生物试题汇编

2009年全国各地高考理综生物试题汇编

2009年高考(浙江卷)-理综生物.m一、选择题1.用动、植物成体的体细胞进行离体培养,下列叙述正确的是A.都需用CO2培养箱B.都须用液体培养基C.都要在无菌条件下进行D.都可体现细胞的全能性解析:植物组织培养中不需要CO2培养箱,植物成体的体细胞离体培养不一定用液体培养基,一般用固体培养基,所以A、B错误;动物成体的体细胞离体培养用液体培养基,获得的是细胞株或细胞系,没有获得新的个体,所以没有体现细胞全能性,D错误。

动、植物成体的体细胞进行离体培养都要在无菌条件下进行。

答案:C。

2.破伤风梭状芽孢杆菌侵入了人体深部的组织细胞并大量繁殖,下列关于细菌的细胞呼吸类型和消灭该菌首先要通过的免疫途径的叙述,正确的是A.无氧呼吸和体液免疫B.无氧呼吸和细胞免疫C.有氧呼吸和体液免疫D.有氧呼吸和细胞免疫解析:题目中明确阐述“人体深部的组织细胞并大量繁殖”,所以细菌的细胞呼吸类型为无氧呼吸(若为皮肤表层可以看作有氧呼吸);并且病原体已经侵入细胞内部,所以必须借助细胞免疫的过程使靶细胞裂解。

答案:B。

3.下列关于基因工程的叙述,错误的是A.目的基因和受体细胞均可来自动、植物或微生物B.限制性核酸内切酶和DNA连接酶是两类常用的工具酶C.人胰岛素原基因在大肠杆菌中表达的胰岛素原无生物活性D.载体上的抗性基因有利于筛选含重组DNA的细胞和促进目的基因的表达解析:基因工程中目的基因和受体细胞均可来自动、植物或微生物;常用的工具酶是限制性核酸内切酶和DNA连接酶;人胰岛素原基因在大肠杆菌中表达的胰岛素原无生物活性,只有经过一定的物质激活以后,才有生物活性。

载体上的抗性基因主要是有利于筛选含重组DNA的细胞,并不能促进目的基因的表达。

所以D错误。

4.下列关于植物光合作用和细胞呼吸的叙述,正确的是A.无氧和零下低温环境有利于水果的保鲜B.CO2的固定过程发生在叶绿体中,C6H12O6分解成CO2的过程发生在线粒体中C.光合作用过程中光能转变成化学能,细胞呼吸过程中化学能转变成热能和ATP D.夏季连续阴天,大棚中白天适当增加光照,夜晚适当降低温度,可提高作物产量解析:无氧时细胞会进行无氧呼吸,产生酒精对细胞有毒害作用,零下低温环境会使细胞中的水结冰,破坏水果的营养成分,达不到保鲜的目的。

09宁夏理综答案

09宁夏理综答案

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(宁夏卷)理科综合能力测试参考答案第Ⅰ卷一、选择题:本大题共13小题,每小题6分,共78分)1. B2. B3. D4. B5.C6. B7. A8. B9. C 10. D11. D 12. D 13. B二、选择题:本题共8小题,每小题6分,个哦个48分。

全部选对的给6分,部分选对的给3分,有选错的给0分。

14.BD 15. B 16. A 17. BD 18. D 19. C 20. BC 21. AC第Ⅱ卷22. (4分)2.25 6.86023. (11分)(1)电路原理如图所示。

(4分)(2)①20 (2分) 160~520(2分)②把触点从弹簧片右侧移到弹簧片左侧,保证当电磁铁吸合铁片时,3、4之间接通:不吸合时,3、4之间断开。

③电磁起重机24. (14分)设冰壶在未被毛刷擦过的冰面上滑行的距离为1S ,所受摩擦力的大小为1f :在 被毛刷擦过的冰面上滑行的距离为2S ,所受摩擦力的大小为2f 。

则有1S +2S =S ①式中S 为投掷线到圆心O 的距离。

11f mg μ= ②22f mg μ= ③设冰壶的初速度为0v ,由功能关系,得21122012f S f S mv ⋅+⋅= ④ 联立以上各式,解得21021222()gS v S g μμμ-=- ⑤代入数据得210S m = ⑥25.(18分)(1)带电粒子在电场中做类平抛运动,在y 轴负方向上做初速度为零的匀加速运动,设加速度的大小为a ;在x 轴正方向上做匀速直线运动,设速度为0v ,粒子从P 点运动到Q 点所用的时间为1t ,进入磁场时速度方向与x 轴正方向的夹角为θ,则qE a m= ①1t =② 001x v t = ③其中00,x y l ==。

又有10tan at v θ= ④ 联立②③④式,得30θ=︒因为M O Q 、、点在圆周上,=90MOQ ∠︒,所以MQ 为直径。

2009年高考宁夏理科综合试题及参考答案(估分)-中大网校

2009年高考宁夏理科综合试题及参考答案(估分)-中大网校

2009年高考宁夏理科综合试题及参考答案(估分)总分:300分及格:180分考试时间:150分本题共13小题,每小题6分,在每小题给出的4个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)本题共8小题,每小题6分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,有的只有一个选项正确,有的有多个选项正确,全部选对的得6分,选对但不全的得3分,有选错的得0分。

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)包括必考题和选考题两部分。

第22题~第32题为必考题,每个小题考生都必须做答。

第33题~第41题为选考题,考生根据要求做答。

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)答案和解析本题共13小题,每小题6分,在每小题给出的4个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。

(1) :B(2) :B(3) :D(4) :B(5) :C(6) :B(7) :A(8) :B(9) :C(10) :D(11) :D(12) :D(13) :B本题共8小题,每小题6分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,有的只有一个选项正确,有的有多个选项正确,全部选对的得6分,选对但不全的得3分,有选错的得0分。

(1) :B, D(2) :B(3) :A(4) :B, D(5) :D(6) :C(7) :B, C(8) :A, C包括必考题和选考题两部分。

第22题~第32题为必考题,每个小题考生都必须做答。

第33题~第41题为选考题,考生根据要求做答。

(1) :(2) :(3) :(4) :(5) :(6) :(7) :(8) :(9) :(10) :(11) :(12) :(13) :(14) :(15) :(16) :(17) :(18) :(19) :(20) :。

2009年全国统一高考生物试卷(全国卷ⅱ)(含解析版)

2009年全国统一高考生物试卷(全国卷ⅱ)(含解析版)

2009年全国统一高考生物试卷(全国卷Ⅱ)一、选择题(本题共5小题.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.)1.(6分)下列关于细胞呼吸的叙述,错误的是()A.细胞呼吸必须在酶的催化下进行B.人体硬骨组织细胞也进行呼吸C.酵母菌可以进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸D.叶肉细胞在光照下进行光合作用,不进行呼吸作用2.(6分)人体甲状旁腺分泌甲状旁腺素,当人体血钙浓度下降时,甲状旁腺素分泌增加,作用于骨和肾脏使血钙浓度上升.甲状腺C细胞分泌降钙素,当血钙浓度上升时,降钙素分泌增加,作用于骨等使血钙浓度下降.下列关于血钙的叙述,错误的是()A.血钙浓度降低可引起肌肉抽搐B.甲状旁腺素和降钙素对血钙的调节表现为协同作用C.人体血钙浓度在体液调节下处于动态平衡D.食物中的钙可以通过消化道吸收进入血液3.(6分)下列有关哺乳动物个体发育的叙述,错误的是()A.胚胎发育过程中也会出现细胞衰老B.幼鹿经过变态发育过程长出发达的鹿角C.胚后发育过程中伴有细胞分化D.来自原肠胚同一胚层的细胞经分化发育成不同的组织4.(6分)为防止甲型H1N1病毒在人群中的传播,有人建议接种人流感疫苗,接种人流感疫苗能够预防甲型H1N1流感的条件之一是:甲型H1N1病毒和人流感病毒具有相同的()A.侵染部位B.致病机理C.抗原决定簇D.传播途径5.(6分)下列属于种间竞争实例的是()A.蚂蚁取食蚜虫分泌的蜜露B.以叶为食的菜粉蝶幼虫与蜜蜂在同一株油菜上采食C.细菌与其体内的噬菌体均利用培养基中的氨基酸D.某培养瓶中生活的两种绿藻,一种数量增加,另一种数量减少二、非选择题6.(8分)(1)如图表示A、B两种植物的光照等其他条件适宜的情况下,光合作用强度对环境中CO2浓度变化的响应特性。

据图判断在CO2浓度为300μL•L﹣1(接近大气CO2浓度)时,光合作用强度较高的植物是。

(2)若将上述两种植物幼苗置于同一密闭的玻璃罩中,在光照等其他条件适宜的情况下,一段时间内,生长首先受影响的植物是,原因是。

2009年全国统一高考生物试卷(全国卷ⅱ)(含解析版)

2009年全国统一高考生物试卷(全国卷ⅱ)(含解析版)

绝密★启用前2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国卷Ⅱ)理科综合能力测试生物部分注意事项:1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。

3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

一、选择题(本题共5小题.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的.)1.(6分)下列关于细胞呼吸的叙述,错误的是()A.细胞呼吸必须在酶的催化下进行B.人体硬骨组织细胞也进行呼吸C.酵母菌可以进行有氧呼吸和无氧呼吸D.叶肉细胞在光照下进行光合作用,不进行呼吸作用2.(6分)人体甲状旁腺分泌甲状旁腺素,当人体血钙浓度下降时,甲状旁腺素分泌增加,作用于骨和肾脏使血钙浓度上升.甲状腺C细胞分泌降钙素,当血钙浓度上升时,降钙素分泌增加,作用于骨等使血钙浓度下降.下列关于血钙的叙述,错误的是()A.血钙浓度降低可引起肌肉抽搐B.甲状旁腺素和降钙素对血钙的调节表现为协同作用C.人体血钙浓度在体液调节下处于动态平衡D.食物中的钙可以通过消化道吸收进入血液3.(6分)下列有关哺乳动物个体发育的叙述,错误的是()A.胚胎发育过程中也会出现细胞衰老B.幼鹿经过变态发育过程长出发达的鹿角C.胚后发育过程中伴有细胞分化D.来自原肠胚同一胚层的细胞经分化发育成不同的组织4.(6分)为防止甲型H1N1病毒在人群中的传播,有人建议接种人流感疫苗,接种人流感疫苗能够预防甲型H1N1流感的条件之一是:甲型H1N1病毒和人流感病毒具有相同的()A.侵染部位B.致病机理C.抗原决定簇D.传播途径5.(6分)下列属于种间竞争实例的是()A.蚂蚁取食蚜虫分泌的蜜露B.以叶为食的菜粉蝶幼虫与蜜蜂在同一株油菜上采食C.细菌与其体内的噬菌体均利用培养基中的氨基酸D.某培养瓶中生活的两种绿藻,一种数量增加,另一种数量减少二、非选择题6.(8分)(1)如图表示A、B两种植物的光照等其他条件适宜的情况下,光合作用强度对环境中CO2浓度变化的响应特性。

全国高考理综试题及答案-新课标

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(宁夏卷)二、选择题:本题共8小题,每小题6分,在每小题给出的四个选项中,有的只有一个选项正确,有的有多个选项正确,全部选对的得6分,选对但不全的得3分,有选错的得0分。

14. 在力学理论建立的过程中,有许多伟大的科学家做出了贡献。

关于科学家和他们的贡献,下列说法正确的是A. 伽利略发现了行星运动的规律B. 卡文迪许通过实验测出了引力常量 C .牛顿最早指出力不是维持物体运动的原因 D .笛卡尔对牛顿第一定律的建立做出了贡献 答案BD 。

【解析】行星运动定律是开普勒发现的A 错误;B 正确;伽利略最早指出力不是维持物体运 动的原因,C 错误;D 正确。

15. 地球和木星绕太阳运行的轨道都可以看作是圆形的。

已知木星的轨道半径约为地球轨道半径的5.2倍,则木星与地球绕太阳运行的线速度之比约为A. 0.19B. 0.44C. 2.3D. 5.2 答案B 。

【解析】天体的运动满足万有引力充当向心力即22M m vGmRR=可知v =线速度之比0.44v v ==≈木地,B 正确。

16. 医生做某些特殊手术时,利用电磁血流计来监测通过动脉的血流速度。

电磁血流计由一对电极a 和b 以及磁极N 和S 构成,磁极间的磁场是均匀的。

使用时,两电极a 、b 均与血管壁接触,两触点的连线、磁场方向和血流速度方向两两垂直,如图所示。

由于血液中的正负离子随血流一起在磁场中运动,电极a 、b 之间会有微小电势差。

在达到平衡时,血管内部的电场可看作是匀强电场,血液中的离子所受的电场力和磁场力的合力为零。

在某次监测中,两触点的距离为3.0mm ,血管壁的厚度可忽略,两触点间的电势差为160µV,磁感应强度的大小为0.040T 。

则血流速度的近似值和电极a 、b 的正负为 A. 1.3m/s ,a 正、b 负 B. 2.7m/s , a 正、b 负 C .1.3m/s ,a 负、b 正 D. 2.7m/s , a 负、b 正【解析】依据右手定则,正离子在磁场中受到洛伦兹力作用向上偏,负离子在磁场中受到洛伦兹力作用向下偏,因此电极a 、b 的正负为a 正、b 负;当稳定时,血液中的离子所受的电场力和磁场力的合力为零,则qE=qvB ,可得63160101.3/0.04310E U v m s BBd--⨯===≈⨯⨯,A 正确。

2009年全国高考宁夏区试题答案(理综)

5
胡明侠朱学宽
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徐德艳徐德伍
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王甫文王甫仁
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樊圣顺樊圣威
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樊圣义王德来
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臧其金
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李玉玲胡立美
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李加生
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夏守群李国军
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李京
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李有国
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张绪芹马玉珍
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李有法石荣华
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石守民李学银
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王翠莲周德美
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李兹朋李兹校
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李有亮张松珍
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张一庄
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周荣生张翠侠
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钱先胜
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吴全德王章红
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孙永胜
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张先胜刁玉军
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王庆如郭训英
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王孝芝力天配
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王钦安王孝亮
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王万金
3
怨丛文刘培恒
4
蔡志富吕俊东
5
蔡万超蔡万柏
6
刘启瑞王万金
7
孟献高蔡辉
施圩
组长
王守明
1
景阳董克益
副组长
李管
2
施恩同赵新忠
成员
张迎春
周绍彩
赵长亚
3
王守东王守彬
4
王守元赵长亚
5
张计龙周绍彩
集南
组长
蔡志云
葛庄
凌玉柱王先云
副组长
葛耀
王庄
王其江王其杰
成员
史书芳
高为庄
蔡强

2009年高考宁夏卷(理综生物 新课标卷)试题及各题答案详解

An initial investigation on the use of ‘Return on Investment”in public relations practiceAbstract‘Return on Investment’(ROI) is usually defined in management and marketing literature as a measure of financial effectiveness that is concerned with the returns on capital employed in business (profit-making) activities. In public relations practice, however, ROI appears to be used in a much looser form to indicate the results of activity. This quantitative research using an online survey instrument investigated practitioner understanding of the term, primarily in the UK, with the aim of preparing a benchmark on their understanding of the ROI concept and usage of ROI as a measurement of the effectiveness of public relations activity. These findings resulted: (1) two-thirds of PR practitioners regularly use the term ROI when planning and evaluating communication activity; (2) ROI is related mainly to communication objectives (66.7%) which are more widely used than financially related ROIs (12.8%); (3) there is a clear difference in ROI practices between consultants/freelances and in-house colleagues. Nearly three-quarters of consultants and freelances (73.1%) offered an ROI formula to clients but only 26.3% of in-house practitioners have one; and (4) on the oft-discussed question of an industry-wide ROI formula, only 35.6% supported the proposition with 64.4% opposed. The survey also found that practitioner concepts of ROI are very narrowly expressed, mainly in relation to media outputs.Highlights►Two-thirds of PR practitioners regularly use the term ROI when planning and evaluating communication activity. ►ROIs related to communication objectives (66.7%) are much more widely used than financially related ROIs (12.8%). ►There is a clear difference in ROI practices between consultants/freelances and in-house colleagues. Nearly three-quarters of consultants and freelances (73.1%) offer an ROI formula to clients but only 26.3% of in-house practitioners have one. ►On the oft-discussed question of an industry-wide ROI formula, only35.6% supported the proposition with 64.4% opposed.Keywords∙Measurement and evaluation;∙Public relations;∙Return on Investment (ROI)1. IntroductionReturn on Investment (ROI) is defined in management and marketing literature as an outcome performance measure of financial effectiveness that is concerned with returns on capital employed in business (profit-making) activities ( [Drury, 2007] and [Moutinho and Southern, 2010]). The Dictionary of Public Relations Measurement and Research places ROI as “an outcome variable that equates profit from investment”but does not attempt to classify a ‘public relations ROI’, other than as a “dependent variable”(Stacks, 2006, p. 24). The UK professional body, the (now) Chartered Institute of Public Relations defined it as “a ratio ofhow much profit or saving is realised from an activity, as against its actual cost which is often expressed as a percentage”(IPR/CDF, 2004, p. 15). In public relations practitioner practice, however, ROI appears to be used in a much looser form to indicate the results of activity.The term has been in public relations discourse for at least 40 years. Black (1971) commented that it was “fashionable”to measure ROI in business, “but in the field of public relations it has little significance”(p. 100). In the late 1970s, ROI was sometimes expressed as equivalent to advertising value (Marker, 1977). Watson (2005) found that the term was not widely used or recognised in academic discourse. However, Gaunt and Wright (2004) found that 88% of a sample of international public relations practitioners was interested in an ROI tool and 65% considered that ROI could be applied to judgements on public relations effectiveness.Gregory and Watson (2008) also noted that use of the term ROI was extant in practice and called for greater academic engagement with practice issues such as the use of business language, including ROI, and communication scorecards.Professional literature and practitioner discourse (cf. European Measurement Summits and the IPR Measurement Summits), however, clearly show that ROI is a term widely used, if not tightly defined. In 2004, the UK media analysis firm Metrica undertook a study for the (then) Institute of Public Relations which found that 34% of respondents considered public relations budgets in terms of ROI and 60% used a notion of ROI to measure public relations in some way. It summarised the responses as, “some inclination towards seeking a form of ROI that could be applied universally”(IPR/CDF, 2004, p. 6) As well, Likely, Rockland, and Weiner (2007) proposed alternatives to ROI with four models which each have a ‘Return on’prefix.2. Research method and instrumentTo investigate the current state of attitudes amongst public relations practitioners about their notions of ROI, a scoping survey was undertaken mainly amongst UK practitioners. Quantitative research allows researchers to generate data on a problem or concept, from which insights and theory can be deduced (Bryman, 2008). Surveys provide data about the opinions and characteristics of a defined population ([Chisnall, 2001] and [Oppenheim, 1992]). The survey comprising 15 questions, framed from earlier research, was distributed in an online format (using SurveyMonkey) via email to the UK-based researcher's email network and through an internet URL on the UK PR industry e-newsletter, , in November and December 2010. This convenience sample was chosen as an aim of the study was to frame questions to be included in the annual European Communication Monitor (ECM) study. It comprised five closed questions and five open (write-in) questions, as well as questions on the demographics and work roles of the respondents. This research sought practitioner understanding of ROI with the aim of identifying current practices in public relations measurement of effectiveness, and insight into the language of public relations and corporate communications practice. As a snowball technique was applied through using the industry website, it is not possible to provide a level of response. The survey received 66 responses in a 4-week period before it was closed. Data were processed through SPSS for frequencies. The initial closed question was “do you regularly use the term ‘ROI’or ‘Return on Investment’when planning and evaluating PR activity?”Those who answered Yes were then asked “do you plan for a specific financial ROI outcome or is the ROI expressed in achievement of communication objectives”and asked to choose one option from “financialoutcome”, “communication outcome”and “other”. The latter was a write-in answer. Those who answered No, were directed to a later write-in question about the meaning of ROI. The following two questions asked for self-identification as “consultancy or freelance”or “in-house”and enquired separately about whom in their organisation either offered an ROI formula or applied it. Consultants and freelances were asked whether they offered clients an ROI formula or it was set by the client, whilst in-house practitioners (corporate, governmental and not-for-profit) indicated whether their employing organisation “had an ROI formula”. These questions sought indications of the use of the ROI concept and formulae amongst practitioners before discussing the notions of ROI. The final closed question was “Should there be a standard ROI adopted by the PR industry?”The open questions sought responses such as “please give a summary of the ROI formula(e) used by you or clients”(for both consultancy and in-house situations) and “what does ‘ROI’mean to you in the public relations context?”After being asked in a closed question whether they supported the concept of a standard ROI, respondents were asked to explain why they supported or rejected the concept. They were also asked to describe the ROI methods that were applied in practice.3. SampleThe sample was 55% female and 45% male. Their workplaces were 44% in-house, 44% consultancy, 12% freelance or other and they mainly held management roles with 42% identifying as a director, 39% manager and only 11% as executive. The residue was freelance or did not identify a role title. The sectors in which they worked were diverse with apreponderance of corporate (39%) followed by 22% product, 19% services, 16% government with the residue in not-for-profit or giving no answer. As could be expected from the researcher's UK base, 83% of the sample came from the UK of which 50% were from England (outside London), 27% London and 3% Scotland, with no responses from Northern Ireland or Wales. Some 17% of respondents identified themselves as coming from outside the UK, mainly Europe. Despite being a convenience sample, it does have validity as 55% of respondents which female, which aligns with the trend of increased female employment in UK public relations (CIPR, 2009). It is also strongly (81%) weighted towards management roles which should have indicated knowledge and use of ROI and effectiveness measures. It also has a strong presence in corporate and governmental sectors (55%) where longer-term communication planning is more evident than in products or services.4. ResultsAsked whether they regularly used the term ‘ROI’or ‘Return on Investment’when planning and evaluating public relations activity, there was a strongly positive response. Two-thirds (66.7%) answered in the affirmative and 33.3% in the negative. Those who answered ‘yes’, again gave a decisive response when asked which form of ROI outcome was used for evaluation, with 66.7% identifying ‘communication objectives’, followed by 19.0% for ‘other’and 14.3% for ‘financial outcome’. There were 12 write-in responses to describe ‘other’which were thematically grouped as “it depends on the campaign/client”(5), a combination of financial and communication objectives (4) and a ‘mix of inputs and outcomes’(efforts and results).ROI formulae were offered predominantly by consultancy and freelance respondents to clients (67.7%). Few clients, however, applied ROI judgements (12.9%). Some 19.4% did not apply any form of ROI. The methods offered, however, showed that advertising value equivalence (AVE) lives on an ROI form with six respondents using it including one who provided this formula: “PR spend to AVE = ROI”. Other methods were ‘negotiate measurements with client’(6), ‘meet media volume targets/media ranking’(3) and ‘relate press activity to outcomes, sales, and enquiries’(2). Most in-house practitioners reported that their organisation did not have an ROI formula (78.3%), with only 21.7% doing so. The methods used included an AVE-based formula (2), sales link to public relations activity, tonality of media coverage and a media ranking system.The first open question asked of all respondents was “what does ROI mean to you in the public relations context?”Using thematic coding (Schroder, 2002) of the 58 responses, the leading “meanings”were ‘demonstrate outcomes; show value of PR’(11) and ‘return on expenditure or effort’(9), which could be combined into a new theme of ‘demonstrable creation of value’. These were followed by forms of AVE (6), contribution to organisation's success (5), sales generated (5) and measurable financial gain (4). Both ‘contribution to organisation's success’and ‘measurable financial gain’might also be added to ‘demonstrable creation of value’, although ‘contribution to organisation's success’does not necessarily include financial outcomes and could be related to achievement of non-financial goals.The second open-ended question, “should there be a standard ROI adopted by the PR industry?”had been prompted by Metrica's 2004 research for the CIPR which raised thisprospect. The feedback from 61 respondents was a strong 64.5% rejection with 33.9% in favour and one no-answer. The written comments also give strong shape to that rejection with 32 arguing ‘one size does not fit all’and a closely aligned further three saying that ‘PR is not like business and finance’. The latter comment was also mentioned as a secondary factor in several ‘one size does not fit all’responses. Amongst the other rejection comments were “too much is measured already”and “it's a waste of time.”The case in favour of a standard ROI was composed of themes such as ‘yes, we need it but I don’t know what it will be’(7), there should be ‘broad or flexible parameters, coupled to best practice information’and a version of AVE (3).5. Discussion and conclusionThe use of the term, Return on Investment (ROI), is widespread in public relations practice. Although this study focused on the UK, it is a term is used in many public relations markets. Some two-thirds of those who took part in this short-term study claim to regularly use ROI, especially in relation to communication objectives. As the sample is made up of mid- and senior-level practitioners who mainly work in consultancies or in-house workplaces, with a strong emphasis to corporate and governmental sectors, it would be reasonably expected that they could (and should) be able to clearly express notions of ROI. This usage of ROI should be strategic and in relation to objectives and outcomes, yet the study gives evidence of mainly publicity-oriented tactical thinking and few respondents could demonstrate a process or methodology. It can be induced from the responses that many practitioners still conceive public relations as equated with media relations. The single most-mentioned ROI metric,although not dominant, was AVE and indicates the limitations in practice methods and lack of practitioner exposure to more robust research methodologies.6. Future researchThe survey responses to the open-ended questions offer guidance for future direction of development of theory and best practice on ROI. In addition to the intent of practitioners to use ROI, as evidenced by their claims to use it, the notions expressed in the ‘what it means’question leads discussion towards exploration of how ‘demonstrable creation of value’may be expressed especially in non-financial forms. It is also obvious that practitioners reject a single ROI formula (e.g. ‘no one size fits all’). So should ROI in public relations have a foundation in management theory in order to give it credibility and should future research explore a broader guidance on methods by judgement can be made on PR's contribution to organisational success? Watson (2008) found, in an international delphi study, that the two leading research priorities for public relations were: “Public relations’role in contributing to strategic decision-making, strategy development and realisation and organisational functioning”and “The value that public relations creates for organisations through building social capital; managing key relationships and realising organisational advantage”(p. 115). These priorities relate closely to ROI concepts in their references to the contribution of public relations to organisational efficiency and the creation of non-financial value. Along with the outcomes of this small sample survey, they will be the focus of future research amongst practitioners across Europe.。

2009年高考宁夏卷(理综生物 新课标卷)试题及各题答案详解

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(宁夏卷)理科综合能力测试(生物部分 含答案详解)一、选择题:每小题6分,在每小题给出的4个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1. 下列关于动物细胞编程性死亡的叙述,正确的是A .细胞癌变属于细胞编程性死亡B. 细胞编程性死亡属于正常生理过程C .细胞编程性死亡属于细胞分化过程D .细胞编程性死亡与基因表达无关答案:B【解析】细胞编程性死亡是由基因所决定的细胞自动结束生命的过程,受到严格的由遗传机制决定的程序性调控,是一种正常的生理过程.而细胞癌变是由于原癌基因和抑癌基因发生突变,导致正常细胞的生长和分裂失控所致.因此,B 正确.2. 右图表示酶活性与温度的关系。

下列叙述正确的是A .当反应温度由t 2调到最适温度时,酶活性下降B .当反应温度由t 1调到最适温度时,酶活性上升C .酶活性在t 2时比t 1高,故t 2时更适合酶的保存D .酶活性在t 1时比t 2低,表明t 1时酶的空间结构破坏更严重答案:B【解析】在最适宜的温度下,酶的活性最高.温度偏高或偏低,酶活性都会明显降低. 当反应温度由t 2调到最适温度时,酶活性上升.温度过高,还会使酶的空间结构遭到破坏,使酶永久失活,0左右的低温虽然使酶的活性明显降低,但能使酶的空间结构保持稳定,在适宜的温度下酶的活性可以恢复,酶适于在低温下保存,故C,D 错误.3. 下列关于物质跨膜运输的叙述,错误..的是 A .植物细胞积累K + 需消耗能量B .细胞对离子的吸收具有选择性C .海水中的海藻细胞可通过积累溶质防止质壁分离D .液泡中积累大量离子,故液泡膜不具有选择透过性答案:D【解析】液泡膜是一层生物膜,具有选择透过性,能够积累大量的离子.细胞液的浓度小于外界溶液的浓度时,才可能发生质壁分离, 海水中的海藻细胞可通过积累溶质使细胞液的浓度增大防止质壁分离.4. 下列关于激素的叙述,错误..的是 A .肾上腺素发挥作用后被灭活B.体内失水过多时抗利尿激素释放减少C.激素调节过程中存在反馈调节D.对血样中相关激素水平的分析可帮助诊断甲状腺疾病答案:B【解析】抗利尿激素主要作用是提高肾小管和集合管对水的通透性,促进水的吸收. 所以体内失水过多时抗利尿激素释放增加.因此,B错误.5. 下列对于神经兴奋的叙述,错误..的是A.兴奋部位细胞膜两侧的电位表现为膜内为正、膜外为负 B.神经细胞兴奋时细胞膜对Na+ 通透性增大C.兴奋在反射弧中以神经冲动的方式双向传递D.细胞膜内外K+、Na+ 分布不均匀是神经纤维兴奋传导的基础答案:C【解析】神经细胞内K+浓度明显高于膜外,而NA+浓度比膜外低. 静息时,由于膜主要对K+有通透性,造成K+外流,电位表现内在外负, 受到刺激时,细胞膜对NA+的通透性增加, NA+内流,使兴奋部位膜内侧阳离子浓度高于膜外侧,表现内正外负. 兴奋在神经元之间的传递是单向的,故,C错误.6. 已知某闭花受粉植物高茎对矮茎为显性,红花对白花为显性,两对性状独立遗传。

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2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(宁夏卷)
理综综合能力测试生物部分
本试卷分第I卷(选择题)和第II卷(非选择题)两部分,其中第II卷第33—41为选考题,其它题为必考题。

考生作答时,将答案答在答题卡上,在本试卷上答题无效。

考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第I卷
一、选择题:每小题6分,在每小题给出的4个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1. 下列关于动物细胞编程性死亡的叙述,正确的是
A.细胞癌变属于细胞编程性死亡
B. 细胞编程性死亡属于正常生理过程
C.细胞编程性死亡属于细胞分化过程
D.细胞编程性死亡与基因表达无关
2. 右图表示酶活性与温度的关系。

下列叙述正确的是
A.当反应温度由t2调到最适温度时,酶活性下降
B.当反应温度由t2调到最适温度时,酶活性上升
C.酶活性在t2时比t1高,故t2时更适合酶的保存
D.酶活性在t1时比t2低,表明t1时酶的空间结构破坏更严重温度/℃3. 下列关于物质跨膜运输的叙述,错误
..的是
A.植物细胞累K+需消耗能量
B.细胞对离子的吸收具有选择性
C.海水中的海藻细胞可通过积累溶质防止质壁分离
D.液泡中积累大量离子,故液泡膜不具有选择透过性
4. 下列关于激素的叙述,错误
..的是
A.肾上腺素发挥作用后被灭活
B.体内失水过多时抗利尿激素释放减少
C.激素调节过程中存在反馈调节
D.对血样中相关激素水平的分析可帮助诊断甲状腺疾病
5. 下列关于神经兴奋的叙述,错误
..的是
A.兴奋部位细胞膜两侧的电位表现为膜内为正、膜外为负
B.神经细胞兴奋时细胞膜对NA+通透性增大
C.兴奋在反射弧中以神经冲动的方式双向传递
D.细胞膜内外K+、NA+分布不均匀是神经纤维兴奋传导的基础
6. 已知某闭花受粉植物高茎对矮茎为显性,红花对白花为显性,两对性状独立遗传。

用纯
合的高茎红花与矮茎白花杂交,F1自交,播种所有的F2,假定所有的F2植株都能成活,F2植株开花时,拔掉所有的白花植株,假定剩余的每株F2自交收获的种子数量相等,且F3的表现性符合遗传的基本定律。

从理论上讲F3中表现白花植株的比例为
A.1/4 B.1/6 C.1/8 D.1/16
29.(7分)请回答与光合作用有关的问题:
(1)甲、乙、丙三种植物光合作用强度与光照强度的关系如右图所示。

据图回答:
①强光下上述三种植物固定CO2能力最强的植物是
___。

②乙植物达到最大光合作用强度所需的最低光照强度是___
(a、b、c、d)。

③当光照强度从a到b时,___植物光合作用强度增加的最快。

(2)植物光合作用产生的O2来自H2O,还是来自CO2?
请写出简单实验思路证明你的结论。

30.(9分)
右图是神经元网络结构示意简图,图中神经元①、②、③都是兴奋性神经元,且这些神经元兴奋时都可以引起下一级神经元或肌细胞的兴奋。

和神经细胞一样,肌肉细胞在受到适宜的刺激后,也能引起细胞膜电位的变化。

图中B处表示神经肌肉接头,其结构和功能与突触类似。

请回答:
(1)给神经元①一个适宜刺激,在A处能记录到膜电位的变化。

这是因为刺激使神经元①兴奋,
引起其神经末梢释放的___进入___,
随后与突触后膜上的___结合,
导致神经元②产生兴奋。

(2)若给骨骼肌一个适宜刺激,在A处___(能、不能)
记录到膜电位的变化,原因是___。

(3)若在A处给予一个适宜刺激,在C处___(能、不能)
记录到膜电位的变化,原因是___。

31.(12分)
多数真核生物基因中编码蛋白质的序列被一些不编码蛋白
质的序列隔开,每一个不编码蛋白质的序列称为一个内含子。

这类基因经转录、加工形成的mRNA中只含有编码蛋白质的序
列。

某同学为检测某基因中是否存在内含子,进行了下面的实验:
步骤①:获取该基因的双链DNA片段及其mRNA;
步骤②:加热DNA双链使之成为单链,并与步骤①所获得的mRNA按
照碱基配对原则形成双链分子;
步骤③:制片、染色、电镜观察,可观察到图中结果。

请回答:
(1)图中凸环形成的原因是,说明该基因有个内含子。

(2)如果现将步骤①所获得的mRNA逆转录得到DNA单链,然后该DNA单链与步骤②中的单链DNA之一按照碱基配对原则形成双链分子,理论上也能观察到凸环,其原因是逆转录得到的DNA单链中不含有序列。

(3)DNA与mRNA形成的双链分子中碱基配对类型有种,分别是。

32.(11分)
跳虫、甲螨和线虫是土壤中的主要动物类群,对动植物的分解起重要作用。

请回答:
(1)由于跳虫和甲螨活动能力,身体,不适合用手直接捕捉,常采用吸虫器等进行采集。

(2)先要采集大量的跳虫用于实验室培养,最好选择下图中的吸虫器,理由是。

若要采集大量的甲螨作为标本保存,最好选择吸虫器,理由是。

(3)现在一培养罐内同时培养跳虫、甲螨和线虫三个种群,若他们均仅以罐内已有的酵母菌为食,则跳虫与甲螨之间的关系是,线虫与酵母菌之间的关系是。

若跳虫种群所含能量增长nKJ,则跳虫消耗的酵母菌所储存的能量至少为 KJ。

(1)(二)选考题:
40.【生物——选修1生物技术实践】(15分)
(1)在大肠杆菌培养过程中,除考虑营养条件外,还要考虑______、______和渗透压等条件。

由于该细菌具有体积小、结构简单、变异类型容易选择、______、______等优点,因此常作为遗传学研究的实验材料。

(2)在微生物培养操作过程中,为防止杂菌污染,需对培养基和培养皿进行________(消毒、灭菌);操作者的双手需要进行清洗和______;静止空气中的细菌可用紫外线杀灭,其原因是紫外线能使蛋白质变性,还能__________。

(3)若用稀释涂布平板法计数大肠杆菌活菌的个数,要想使所得估计值更接近实际值,除应严格操作、多次重复外,还应保证待测样品稀释的_______。

(4)通常,对获得的纯菌种还可以依据菌落的形状、大小等菌落特征对细菌进行初步的____________。

(5)培养大肠杆菌时,在接种前需要检测培养基是否被污染。

对于固体培养基应采用的检测方法是_________。

(6)若用大肠杆菌进行实验,使用过的培养基及其培养物必须经过_______处理后才能丢弃,以防止培养物的扩散。

41【生物——选修3现代生物科技专题】(15分)
右图为哺乳动物的胚胎干细胞及其分
化的示意图。

请回答:
(1)胚胎干细胞是从动物胚胎发育至
_________期的内细胞团或胎儿的_____中分离得到
的一类细胞。

(2)图中分化程度最低的干细胞是______。

在体外培养条件下,培养液中加入___因子,可诱导该种干细胞向不同类型的组织细胞分化。

(3)在机体内,皮肤干细胞分化成皮肤细胞是机体细胞中基因___________的结果。

(4)某患者不能产生正常的白细胞,通过骨髓移植可以达到治疗的目的,骨髓的治疗的实质是将上图的______________细胞移植到患者体内。

(5)若要克隆某种哺乳动物,从理论上分析,上述红细胞、白细胞神经细胞中不能选用作为供体的细胞是成熟的___________,其原因是___________。

(6)若某药物可抑制肝肿瘤细胞NDA的复制,使用该药物可使肝肿瘤细胞停留在细胞周期的______________期。

(7)在制备单克隆抗体过程中的细胞融合阶段,用__________细胞与骨髓细胞融合,经多交筛选最终得到能分泌__________________的杂交瘤细胞。

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(宁夏卷)
生物答案
一、选择题:
1.B 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 C 6 B
29. (7分)
(1)①甲②c ③甲
(2)来自于H2O
分别将C 18O2和H2 18O 提供给两组植物,分析两组植物光合作用释放的氧气,仅在组植物中产生,即可证明上述结论。

30.(9分)
(1)神经递质突触间隙特异性受体
(2)不能由肌细胞产生的兴奋在神经肌肉接头处不能逆向传递
(3)能
兴奋从A处传到神经元③,再传到神经元①,故在C处能测到膜电位的变化
31. (12分)
(1)DNA中有内含子序列,mRNA中没有其对应序列,变性后形成的DNA单链之一与mRNA 形成双链分子时该单链DNA中无法与mRNA配对的序列能形成凸环 7
(2)内含子
(3)3 A-U T-A C-G
32.(11分)
(1)较强微小
(2)B 该吸虫器中的湿棉花模拟了土壤湿润环境,利于跳虫存活
D 该吸虫器中的酒精可将收集的甲螨及时固定,防止腐烂
(3)竞争捕食 5n
40.【生物——选修1生物技术实践】
(1)温度酸碱度易培养生活周期短
(2)灭菌消毒损伤DNA的结构
(3)比较合适
(4)鉴定(或分类)
(5)将未接种的培养基在在适宜的温度下放置适宜的时间,观察培养基及上是否有菌落产生。

(6)灭菌
41.【生物——选修3现代生物科技专题】(15分)
(1)囊胚原始性腺细胞
(2)胚胎干细胞分化诱导
(3)选择性表达
(4)造血干
(5)红细胞细胞中无细胞核(6)间
(7)B淋巴特异性抗体。

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