英语畅谈中国文化复习资料翻译
中国文化英语复习资料
中国文化三个特点The characteristics of Chinese culture1.Chinese culture regards human life as part of nature and ,as such, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.The fundamental significance of civilization lies in the creation of a peaceful world, which also requires avoiding conflict between humans and nature.Instead of dictating to nature, people should hold nature in awe and gratitude.2Chinese culture emphasizes harmonious human relationships.An individual cannot live without community and society.Chinese culture strives to build a world of harmony based on friendship between individuals, mutual assistance between families, and respect between nations.3.Chinese thinking stresses self-reflection. People should not only understand the external world, but also and more importantly, improve their internal state of mind.孔子Confucius(551-479 BC), known as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni,lived in the state of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period.He was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism.Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects.“天/自然”Confucius on Heaven/Nature: the Source of Everything Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.Heaven equaled nature, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole创造生命Equation of Heaven with the creation of life.The natural process of life creation was the “way of Heaven”. This idea was later developed in The Book of Changes.As the natural process of creation of life, Heaven was the source of all living things and the source of all values.The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is creating life.( The Book of Changes)In the natural process of creation of life, Heaven had its inner purpose in creating all things as well as protecting and improving life.天命Heavenly mission:Heaven had originated humanity, and humans were obliged to accomplish this purpose. In other words, humans are born with a sense of “heavenly mission”, and this is the meaning of human life.Confucian “Heaven”also had a certain sacred element, which was related to its being the source of life. Thus Confucius required people to hold Heaven in awe. He said a person of virtue must “respect his heavenly mission”, listen to and live out the purpose of Heaven by caring for and improving life.♣Under the influence of Confucius, the ancient Chinese developed a sense of awe and belief in Heave.Heaven was not a supernatural, personified deity, but was the world of ever-generating life.To them, Heaven was the highest sacred being, with the profound mystery never to be fully understood by mortal.’s parents.No one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents.The essence of ren is “filial piety and fraternal duty”(孝悌）The Doctrine of the Mean中庸quotes Confucius : The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.【Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.】【Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.】Confucius: One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself.【While fulfilling one’s desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.】【Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.】礼Li Mencius: Loving one’s parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial rituals and ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they arose from human feeling.The role of li is to maintain harmony among people.Li also has philosophical implications.While individuals have a limited lifespan, life in nature is everlasting. Life is given by one’s parents and extended through one’s children.In this way, a limited, individual life becomes merged with the limitless life of nature.教育Confucius was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education.Confucius taught for many years and trained 3000 disciples. 72 of them excelled in the sixth arts., i.e., ritual, music, archery , (carriage) driving, calligraphy, and mathematics.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, who should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such persons should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society.Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts”as the generalprinciples of education.Confucius emphasized aesthetic education. He said, “ Studying The Book of Songs(诗经）inspires the spirit and helps one appreciate beauty. Studying music lifts the spirit and helps one to enjoy life.”☻Simply knowing the highest standard of virtue is not as good as setting it as one’s goal. Setting it as one’s goal is not as good as enjoying the practice of it.Confucius regarded the highest state of life as harmony among people and harmony between people and nature. This was a true aesthetic outlook on life.影响Under the influence of Confucius, Chinese thinkers of later generations all believed that students and scholars should not only increase their knowledge, but also and more importantly, broaden their minds and enhance their spiritual ethos.In other words, they should continually seek the greater meaning and value of life. Many modern scholars think the theory on the perspective on life is the most valuable feature of Chinese philosophy.What is The Analects mainly about?The Analects is mainly about Confucius’words and life story.What is Confu cius’view on Heaven?Confucius regarded Heaven as nature.What is Confucius’innovative idea about Heav en?Confucius’innovative idea about Heaven is that Heaven(or nature)is the process of life creation.What does t he“heavenly mission”refer to?The heavenly mission is to accomplish Heaven’purpose of protecting and improvi ng life.How is Confucius’concept of Heaven related to the modern ecological civilization?Confucius advocate d“standing in awe of the ordinances of Heaven”and warned against offending Heaven.This is,in essence,equival ent to the modern idea of staying in harmony with nature.So in this way Confucius’concept of Heaven is similar to the modern ecological civilization.What is Confucius’interpretation of ren?Confucius interpreted ren as love of people,which begins with the love for one’s parents.According to Confucius,what is the most important part of li?According to Confucius,the most important part of li is the burial and ancestral worship rituals.What qualities are“persons of virtue”supposed to have?Persons of virtue are supposed to have sound character and uplifted minds and they can shoulder important social responsibilities and make contributions to society.Why do people ne ed to study music according to Confucius?According to Confucius,studying music can lift one’s spirit and help one appreciate beauty.What did Confucius think of Zeng Dian’s aspiration?Confucius thought highly of Zeng Dian’s aspiration and regarded harmony among people and harmony between people and nature as the highest state of life.天何言哉？四时行焉，百物生焉，天何言哉？Heaven does not speak in words.It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things 生生之谓易Continuous creation of life is change.天地之大德曰生The great virtue of Heaven and Earth is creating life.获罪于天，无所祷也He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray.仁者，人也，亲亲为大。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题English Version【完整版】
英语畅谈中国文化50主题1. The Art of Calligraphy 奇妙的书法A: Some critics suggest that different genres of Chinese calligraphy have different political implications. Take Wang Xizhi for example. His calligraphy was repudiated as unorthodox during his lifetime but, only a few decades after his death, was established as an orthodox genre.B: That’s for sure! Historically, Chinese calligraphy and politics were closely intertwined. Over 2,000 years ago, Emperor Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor in Chinese history, established the official Chinese writing characters. The new, simplified characters made writing calligraphy less complicated. It allowed people to use characters with more straight strokes, thus making it easier to write with brushes. This created the Li genre. Over time, other variations were also developed, which eventuallly lead to the formation of the five genres in Chinese calligraphy. These were the Zhuan, Li, Kai, Xing and Cao genres.A: I’ve heard that most emperors were good at calligraphy. The Tang Dynasty Emperor Li Shimin was an avid collector of Wang Xizhi’s writings.B: That’s right. Qing Dynasty Emperor Qian Long played a key role in compiling an authoritative collection of calligraphy. To some extent, preferences of the Emperors had an influence on the rise and fall of certain calligraphy genres.A: Ordinary Chinese people also seemed to like calligraohy a lot.B: Part of the reason was the sponsorship by the Emperors. Another reason was the Imperial Civil Service examinations that started in the 7th century. Those examinations were focused on writing and provided a way for ordinary people to achieve a better life. As a result, calligraphy became widely accepted. Calligraphy also had its practical values because it was a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.A: Does calligraphy still have these practical functions now?B: Yes. Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their cultural accomplishment. Older people use calligraphic writing as a method to keep fit. They believe that when a person concentrates on writing calligraphy, his inner wellbeing is stimulated.A: I had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of Chinese calligraphy. Now I understand that’s not likely to happen. How can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift?B: You don’t, unless you want him to fire you.2. The Significance of Chinese Paintings中国画的含意A:It`s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot, even though most of them have similar subjects. Peony, plum blossoms, mountains, creeks or cottages are very popular. There are often painters at significant celebratory and commemorative events.B:Their educational function is, in fact, a unique feature of Chinese painting. Human profiles were used as a method to either glorify heroes or condemn traitors 2,000 years ago. Tang Dynasty officials even tried to bring painting into Confuction ideology. The Court of the Song Dynasty published an official guide to paintings. This raised criteria not only for human profiles but also for landscape and object paintings.A:Oh, what was that?B:It classified paintings into ten categories covering religious beliefs, Confucianism and state power. This classfication gave an official definition of the value and significance of the paintings. The purpose of landscape paintings was to portray the five mountains, while fruit and birds were used to exemplify or eulogize the Gods. In this case, the subjects were used as references to people in order to deliver moral messages. For example, peony and peacocks represented wealth and fortune; pine trees, bamboo, plum blossoms and orchids represented elegance and accomplishment; and pine trees and cypressessymbolized loyalty.A:As far as I know, painters who did not have to make a living by painting used diffferent skills to those specified in the guide, even though they painted the same subjects.B:Artists are usually against pragmatism. They like to give meaning to the subjects they paint. Bamboo symbolizes integrity and pine trees symbolize never giving up. Artists also like landscapes. It doesn`t take a lot of training to paint landscapes. It all depends on the painter`s personality and ability, as well as his unique touch. Most of today`s non-professional painters follow the landscape style. The objective of these painters is purely entertainment and self-satisfaction. The more successful artists have the opportunity to exhibit at public functions. That is probably the climax of their painting careers.A:What are professional painters doing?B:Some of them make a great effort to improve their painting skills. They want to develop new and innovative painting methods by borrowing from other genres. Others are busy making money. They have found ways to produce commercially attractive paintings. Some people say they are no longer artists. Instead they have become manufacturers of paintings.3. Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子Did you see the statue of Confucius launched by the China Confucius Fund?A:你看到中国孔子基金会发布的孔子标准像了吗？B:Yes, I did. It doesn’t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though. I heard there are many different opinions about this so-called official statue. But, to be fait, it`s an impossible job to create an official statue of someone who lived more than 2,500 years ago. No one knows what he looked like, just like no one in the West knows what Plato looked like. Nevertheless, Confucius was a great philosopher, an educator, a politician, as well as the founder of Confucianism, which still has a tremendous influence over people today.B:看到了，但它不完全是我心目中的孔子形象。
英语六级翻译常考词汇：中国文化
英语六级翻译常考词汇：中国文化英语六级翻译常考词汇：中国文化英语六级翻译考的是段落翻译，常考的话题是中国文化、经济之类的。
下面是店铺整理的'英语六级翻译常考词汇：中国文化，希望能帮到大家!英语六级翻译常考词汇：中国文化孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Zi儒学 Confucian School论语 Analects of Confucius发明纸和瓷器 invented paper and porcelain发明火药 invention of gunpowder发明印刷术 block printing was invented科举制 Imperial Examination for recruiting civil servants丝绸之路 Silk Route长征 Long March解放战争 War of Liberation改革开放 reform and opening up长城 Great Wall外滩 the Bund华山 Huashan Mountain黄山 Yellow Mountain滇池 Dianchi Lake洱海 Erhai lake孔庙 Temple of Confucius故居 Former Residence庐山 Lushan Mountain少林寺 Shaolin Temple长江三峡 Three Gorges along the Changjiang 黄果树瀑布 Huangguoshu Waterfalls敦煌莫高窟 Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes大兴安岭Greater Xing’an Mountains小兴安岭Lesser Xing’an Mountains天池Heaven’s Pool布达拉宫 Potala Palace日月潭 Lake Sun Moon发源地 the birthplace京剧 Peking opera昆曲 Kunqu oper中国画 traditional Chinese painting人物 portrait山水 landscape花鸟 flower and bird草虫 grass and insect泼墨 paint-splashing style写意 impressionistic style工笔 elaborate style毛笔 writing brush书法 calligraphic art书法家 calligraphic artist楷体 formal script/regular script行书 running script宋体 Song-dynasty script工艺品 handwork/handicrafts手工艺品 articles of handcraft art文物 cultural relics/antiques国宝 national treasure人民大会堂 Great Hall of the People故宫博物馆 Imperial Palace Museum 煮 poach/boiled蒸 steamed火锅 chafing dish煲;炖;焖 stewed煎 pan-fried炒 stir-fried炸 deep-fried烘 baked熏 smoked泡辣菜 pickled hot vegetables北京烤鸭 roast Beijing duck炒饭 stir-fried rice油条 deep fried twisted dough stick 饺子 jiaozi汤圆 tangyuan馄饨 hundun烧麦 shaomai月饼 moon cake烧饼 sesame seed cake小笼包 steamed dumpling with pork 红茶 black tea绿茶 green tea花茶 jasmine tea茶道 sado/ tea ceremony功夫茶 Gongfu tea陈酒 old wine/aged wine烧酒 arrack大学英语六级考试翻译高频词汇in consequence of… 由于…的缘故on the contrary 反之，正相反in contrast with/to… 与…成对照under control 被控制住at all costs 不惜任何代价at the cost of… 以…为代价in the course of… 在…过程中，在…期间in detail 详细地in difficulties 处境困难on earth 究竟，到底at all events 无论如何in any event 无论如何in effect 实际上with the exception of… 除…之外in the face of… 面对…，不顾…in favor of… 有利于…，赞成…，支持…in general 通常，大体上at heart 在内心，实质上in honor of… 为纪念…，向…表示敬意at intervals 不时，时时at length 终于，最后，详细地at a loss 困惑，不知所措by all means 无论如何，必定by means of… 借助于…，用…by no means 决不by mistake 错误地in nature 本质上on occasion 有时，不时in particular 特别地，尤其，详细地in the first place 起初，首先in the last place 最后in practice 实际上at present 目前，现在in proportion to… 与…成比例for (the) purpose of… 为了…on purpose 故意，有意at random 随意地，任意地at any rate 无论如何，至少by reason of… 由于…with/in regard to… 对于…，就…而论with respect to… 关于…as a result 结果，因此as a result of… 由于…的缘故in the long run 最终，从长远观点看。
英语畅谈中国文化50主题3
Rediscover Confucius 重新发现孔子Did you see the statue of Confucius launched by the China Confucius Fund?A:你看到中国孔子基金会发布的孔子标准像了吗？B:Yes, I did. It doesn’t quite match the Confucius image in my mind though.I heard there are many different opinions about this so-called official statue. But, to be fait, it’s an impossible job to create an official statue of someone who lived more than 2,500 years ago. No one knows what he looked like, just like no one in the West knows what Plato looked like. Nevertheless, Confucius was a great philosopher, an educator, a plitician, as well as the founder of Confucianism, which still has a tremendous influence over people today.B:看到了，但它不完全是我心目中的孔子形象。
据说有很多人对这个标准像持不同意见。
这也难怪，也已毕竟生活在２５００多年前，没有谁能够想像他真实的长相，就像你们西方人不知道柏拉图的面孔一样。
但是，孔子对今天中国人的生活和思想依然有着重大的影响。
他是中国古代的思想家、教育家、政治家，也是儒学的创始人。
A:Confucianism seems to be back in fashion again. As far as I know, about five to six million Chinese students are currently studying The analects of Confucius. Some companies are using Confucianism as a management tool. The government is also promoting the Confucian values of ethics, fairness, and honesty. They see it as a way to address the social problems that have emerged as a result of the accelerated economic growth.A:儒家思想似乎又风行起来了。
中国文化知识(英汉对照)
中国文化知识（英汉对照）2013年12月全国英语四级必考翻译（四级改革后关于传统文化）1. 中国龙对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。
中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。
中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。
在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
Chinese Dragon Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.2. 秧歌秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。
秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。
在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。
近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。
Yangko Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China. It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.3. 长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。
中国文化相关的英语四级翻译素材
中国⽂化相关的英语四级翻译素材中国⽂化相关的英语四级翻译素材 传统⽂化是我们⽣活中息息相关的，融⼊我们⽣活的，我们享受它⽽不⾃知的东西。
下⾯是⼩编整理的关于中国⽂化的英语四级翻译素材，希望能帮到⼤家! 风筝 中国是风筝的故乡。
放风筝有益于⾝体健康，所以，许多国家⼗分流⾏放风筝。
中国⼈不仅把放风筝当作有趣的游戏和有益于⾝体健康的体育活动，也常常把风筝作为装饰挂在墙上。
⽬前，中国的风筝已经远销到⽇本以及东南亚和欧美的许多国家，受到了世界各国⼈民的欢迎。
近年来，⼭东潍坊每年都要举⾏国际风筝节。
【参考翻译】 China is the birthplace of kites. Because flying kites is beneficial to one’s health, it is gaining popularity in many countries. The Chinese not only regard it as an interesting game as well as a sport helping keep fit, but also hang kites on the wall for decoration. Chinese kites, which are popular all over the world, are now available for sale in Japan, Southeast Asia and many countries in Europe and America. In recent years, the annual International Kite Festival has been held in Weifang of Shandong Province. 京剧 京剧是⼀种传统的中国戏剧形式。
它结合了⾳乐，声乐演唱，哑剧(mime)，舞蹈和杂技(acrobatics)等表现形式。
英语畅谈中国文化复习总结资料翻译.doc
SummaryThe passage discusses Confucius9theory of cultivating one's behavior toward family and society. It begins with the introduction of historical background of his time — the Spring and Autumn Period. It experienced a dramatic change of social system and prolonged chaos and fighting. As a result, the cultural tradition inherited from ancient times was corrupted. Confucius wanted to restore the great tradition abandoned (抛弃)by people and established harmonious social relationships among people. To realize this, Confucius proposed self-cultivation with the starting point from feelings to parents. The feelings are nourished and cultivated into family reverence. The love for parents extends to other people as one begins to Love holistically. In other words, a human's feelings start with family reverence toward intimate people, and spread over all of humanity. This is the way of self-cultivation which begins with intimate feelings to and close relationship with family members, and then extends to others with universal love. The process of self-cultivation is the development into humaneness (ren) which is the central concept of Confucianism. Along with humaneness is another theme value --- ritual propriety. Important as it is, Confucius regards it as secondary because he considers sincere humane love is more significant than ritual propriety because in human communication, the most important factor is one's feelings toward others, while the form of this sentiment comes second.《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作(classics)之一，该书记录了(records)孔子及其弟子的言行，传授儒家的主要思想(central theme ):仁、义(righteousness) ＞礼、智，其中仁是儒家的核心价值观(kernel value)。
英语畅谈中国文化复习资料翻译
SummaryThe passage discusses Confucius’ theory of cultivating one’s behavior toward family and society. It begins with the introduction of historical background of his time – the Spring and Autumn Period. It experienced a dramatic change of social system and prolonged chaos and fighting. As a result, the cultural tradition inherited from ancient times was corrupted. Confucius wanted to restore the great tradition abandoned (抛弃) by people and established harmonious social relationships among people. To realize this, Confucius proposed self-cultivation with the starting point from feelings to parents. The feelings are nourished and cultivated into family reverence. The love for parents extends to other people as one begins to《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作 ( classics) 之一，该书记录了（records）孔子及其弟子的言行，传授儒家的主要思想（central theme）：仁、义(righteousness)、礼、智，其中仁是儒家的核心价值观（kernel value）。
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SummaryThe passage discusses Confucius’ theory of cultivating one’s behavior toward family and society. It begins with the introduction of historical background of his time – the Spring and Autumn Period. It experienced a dramatic change of social system and prolonged chaos and fighting. As a result, the cultural tradition inherited from ancient times was corrupted. Confucius wanted to restore the great tradition abandoned (抛弃) by people and established harmonious social relationships among people. To realize this, Confucius proposed self-cultivation with the starting point from feelings to parents. The feelings are nourished and cultivated into family reverence. The love for parents extends to other people as one begins to《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作 ( classics) 之一，该书记录了（records）孔子及其弟子的言行，传授儒家的主要思想（central theme）：仁、义(righteousness)、礼、智，其中仁是儒家的核心价值观（kernel value）。
仁是指爱父母和敬长兄，如果这种对家庭成员的情感伸延 (extend to) 到社会的其他人身上，人与人之间和睦关系也就建立起来了。
The Analects is one of the Confucian classics. The book records the sayings and behaviours of Confucius and his disciples. It teaches the central theme of Confucianism including humaneness, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom, of which humaneness is Confucius’ kernel value. Humaneness is taken as love for parents and respect for elder brothers. If the feelings for family members are extended to other people in the society, harmonious relationships among individuals will be built up.慕课脚本1、The Wisdom of Confucius discusses the most important school of Chinese philosophy— Confucianism — with the focus on its core concepts Ren and Li. Ren means goodness or benevolence and Li means ritual or propriety. Ren and L i were advocated by Confucius 2500 years ago for the purpose of restoring political order of Zhou Dynasty. The doctrine has exerted a great influence on Chinese culture ever since, from cultivating filial piety at home, to giving love to everybody, until keeping social and political order in a country. With Ren and Li, Chinese culture is characterized by harmony and equilibrium, building harmonious relationshipsbetween human and nature, between any individuals, and keeping equilibrium socially, economically and politically. That is Confucius wisdom and that is the essence of traditional Chinese thinking.在《道德经》中，老子建立了以“道”为核心的哲学体系。
老子提出的“道”是“非常道”。
他认为宇宙万物均起源于“道”，道具有无为、相反、无形、无名、玄妙等特征。
道家的许多原理(principles)已经成为中国人重要的理想准则(important ideals and norms), 对于中国文化发展形成了重大影响。
In the Dao De Jing, Laozi established a philosophy system centered on Dao. He refers Dao as invariable and constant Dao. He holds that Dao is the origin of the cosmos and that Dao is characterized by non-action, opposition, shapelessness, namelessness, obscurity, etc. Many Daoist principles have already been Chinese people’s important ideals and norms and have exerted a profound influence on the development of Chinese culture.一般情况下，汉字是由十几种基本笔画构成的。
笔画和大多数欧洲语言的字母作用类似，只是笔画之间无法构成“音节”。
汉字有八个基本的笔画：点、横、折、竖、钩、提、撇、捺。
在一个小小的方形空间中，将笔画组合成字时，必然要采取数量不等的笔画以及各种各样的连接和排列方式，以求使字形易识而又简洁。
于是在这方形空间里，各式笔画就采取了上下、左右、分合、交叉、穿插、重叠、堆积、包裹等组合方式。
Chinese characters, in general, are composed of a dozen basic strokes, which have similar functions to the letters of the Western languages. But they do not combine sounds into syllables. There are eight basic strokes: dot, horizontal stroke, turning stroke, vertical stroke, hook stroke, right-upward stroke, left-downward stroke and right-downward stroke.In a small square space, characters are composed of different strokes linked and arranged in various ways, thus they are easy to be recognized, and look neat. These strokes are placed in various positions in the square – upper or lower, left or right, separate or linked, crossed, going through, overlapping, piling up orsurrounding. (Para. 5)一时礼毕，贾敬贾赦等便忙退出至荣府，专候与贾母行礼。
尤氏上房地下，铺满红毡，当地放着象鼻三足泥鳅流金珐琅大火盆，正面炕上铺着新猩红毡子，设着大红彩绣云龙捧寿的靠背、引枕、坐褥，外另有黑狐皮的袱子搭在上面。
After this ceremony, ha Jing, bia She and the other men hurried to the Rong Mansion, where they waited to pay their respects to the Lady Dowager. She, however, now went to Madam You's sitting room, the floor of which was covered with a red carpet where stood a large gilded cloisonne brazier, its three legs in the form of elephant trunks. On the kang by the north wall were a new crimson rug and red silk back-rests and bolsters embroidered with 'Dragons in the Clouds' designs and the character 'Longevity.' On it, too, were spread a black fox-skin and a big white fox-skin mattress.中国菜（Chinese cuisine）享誉世界，是世界美食的明珠。