耶鲁大学《聆听音乐》公开课笔记(9-12课)
Lecture+9耶鲁大学开放课程《聆听音乐》讲稿+
Professor Craig Wright: Okay. Let us start, ladies and gentlemen. We're going to pursue the issue of musical form today. It's an important thing to talk about because it allows us to follow a particular piece of music, and we'll be--I am using this metaphor of a musical journey and wanting to know where we are in music throughout the day today. Form is particularly important in all types of music--popular music as well as classical music--and we have this complex of material coming at us, this sonic material. And we try to make sense of it, and we say that it has a particular form. And we say it could have a particular structure even, so we tend to use metaphors having to do with architecture and things such as this.What we are really doing here is taking all of this sonic information that's coming into our brain and getting sorted, and makes us want to dance around or clap or be sad or happy, and make sense of it in terms of a few rather simple patterns. And musicians like to have forms because oftentimes it tells them what they ought to do next and where--here--I'm here but what ought to happen next? Well, if you've got a tried and true musical form that other musicians have used over the years, you might be inclined to use it too because your know your listener will be able to follow you.Now the other day, I asked early on in the course about the form in popular music, and I threw this out not really knowing what the answer would be. What's the most common form that one encounters when dealing with pop songs? And for the most part there was silence across the room, but one student--I have tracked him down--Frederick Evans, gave a very good answer--really a better answer than I could have given. So, clearly Frederick knew something about this idea of what he I think referred to as "verse and chorus" structure.I might call it "strophe and refrain," but it's the same thing whether you have it in a Lied of Franz Schubert or in a piece that I know nothing about. And Frederick is going to show us--introduce us--to a piece that I know nothing about. I sent him an e-mail last night saying, "Frederick, you gave a really good answer. Why don't you pick a piece, come up and demonstrate this?" So this is Frederick Evans. We're going--or excuse me. Yeah, Frederick Evans. He's going to come up here. I'm told we have to give him a microphone and he is going to introduce us to this particular piece. Now you probably all know what this piece is. How many of you have heard the piece we were just listening to? Everybody knows it. Who is the one person in the room that's never heard this piece before--has no clue what's happening? Moi. Okay? So Frederick, tell me about this piece, please.Frederick Evans: All right. This is a piece by 'N Sync--back when I was in fifth grade--and it's "Bye Bye Bye," and the pattern that it follows is really the archetype of a lot of popular songs. It's half of the chorus or so when it starts and then there's verse, chorus, verse, chorus and then what I call the bridge, which is like an emotional climax. And then the last one is a really powerful chorus where they just bring it home and then the music fades away.Professor Craig Wright: Okay. So it's this idea of changing text, then coming back to familiar text and familiar music, then changing, going back to the familiar new text, and then coming back to the familiar in terms of the chorus. Is that a fair shake?Frederick Evans: Yes, Sir. Yes.Professor Craig Wright: Okay. So shall we play--what are we going to hear first?Frederick Evans: So first you'll hear from seconds twenty-four to forty. This is an example of the verse where they have the beginning of the plot and then you have the chorus at seconds--about fifty-six--and that's where you get your repeating idea, which is what the piece is based on. And then last but not least, you have the emotional buildup where the background and the chord progression changes, a little more solemnly, and then there's the last chorus that just brings it home.Professor Craig Wright: Okay. Great. Let's listen to the-yeah. [music plays] Okay.Frederick Evans: Yep. So that was the first verse and that's when they really get you into what they're talking about.[music playing]Professor Craig Wright: What really interests me here is what they're using is a baroque ostinato "Lament bass" but that's--we'll get on to that in another week or so. So that's--okay. Now we'll go to the bridge, Frederick?Frederick Evans: Yes. There at the bridge is where they really sum up all their emotions and they really just want to tell you what they're building towards. [music playing]Professor Craig Wright: Okay. That's wonderful. Thank you, Frederick. That's exactly what I wanted. [laughs] [applause] Okay. How many want Craig to continue teaching this course and how many want Frederick? Let's hear it for Craig. [laughter] Let's hear it for Frederick. [applause] I knew it. Okay, but that's a good way of getting introduced to the idea of musical form.Let's talk about form now in classical music. The forms are a little more difficult in classical music because the music is more complex. And before we launch into a discussion of these musical forms, I want to talk about the distinction of genre in music and form in music. So we're going to go over to the board over here and you can see that I've listed the standard classical genres. What do we mean by genre in music? Well, simply musical type. So we've got this type called a symphony and this type of music called a string quartet and concerto, and so on. We could add other types: ballet, opera, things such as that. In the popular realm we've got genres too. We've got--classical New Orleans jazz would be a genre. Blues would be a genre. Grunge rock would be another sort of genre.A genre presupposes a particular performing force, a particular length of pieces and even dress and mode of behavior of the auditors--the listeners. If we were going to listen to the genre of a symphony, we would dress up one particular way, go to Woolsey Hall and expect to be there from eight o'clock until ten o'clock. If you were going to hear the Rolling Stones play at Toad's--where they do play occasionally--obviously one would not come at eight o'clock. One would come later, and one would dress in a particular sort of way and one would behave, presumably, in a different sort of way. So that's what we mean by genre, a kind of general type of music.Now today we'll start to talk about form in music, and what I need to say here is that each of these genres is made up of a--of movements, and each of the movements is informed by a particular form.So with the symphony we have four movements there: fast, slow, then either a minuet or a scherzo, and a final, fast movement, and each of these movements can be in one of the number of different forms and we'll talk about what they are in just a moment.So when we come to the string quartet, same sort of thing: fast, slow, minuet, scherzo, fast. Any one of those can be in a particular form. Concerto, generally, as mentioned before, has just three movements and sonata, a piano sonata, something played on a piano, or a violin sonata with violin and piano accompaniment--they generally have just three movements: fast, slow, fast. Okay.Let's talk about our forms now. In classical music things go by very quickly and it's difficult to kind of get a handle on it, and we, generally in life, don't like to be lost. We like to know where we are, we like to know what is happening, and this is what form allows us to do. So that if we're hearing a piece of music and all this stuff is coming at us we want to make sense of it by knowing approximately where we are. Am I still toward the beginning? Am I in the middle of this thing? Am I getting anywhere near the end of it? How should I respond at this particular point? Well, if we have in mind what I've identified here, we will be referring to as our six formal types, and we can think of these as templates that, when we're hearing a piece of music we make an educated decision about which formal type is in play. And then we drop down the model of this formal type, or the template of this formal type, and we sort of filter our listening experience through this template, or through this model.So here are our six models: ternary form, sonata allegro form, theme and variations, rondo, fugue, and ostinato. And they developed at various times in the history of music. Theme and variations is very old. Sonata-allegro is a lot more recent. Now of these, the ones that we'll be working with today are ternary form and sonata-allegro form, and sonata-allegro is the hardest, the most complex, the most difficult of all of these forms. It's so-called because it usually shows up in the first movement of a sonata, concerto, string quartet, symphony, so--and the first movements are fast so that's why we have allegro out there, and it most is associated with this idea of the sonata. It didn't necessarily originate there. It originated there and in the symphony, but for historical reasons we call this sonata because of its association with the sonata and the fact that it goes--and the fact that it goes fast--sonata-allegro form. So that in a symphony, usually your very first movement will be in sonata-allegro form.Your slow movement, well, that could be in theme and variations; it could be in rondo; it could be in ternary form. Your minuet and scherzo is almost always in ternary form and your last fast movement could be in sonata-allegro form. It could also be in theme and variations; could be in rondo; could be in fugue. Sometimes it's even in ostinato form. So you can see that these forms can show up and control--regulate--what happens inside of each of these movements. Okay? Are there questions about that? Does that seem straightforward enough? We have a big picture of genre here, movements within genre, and then forms informing each of the movements. Yes.Student: Did you say that the ternary form is normally used for the second movement?Professor Craig Wright: No. I said it's possible that it is--could be--used for the second movement. A ternary form is one of the forms that could be used with the slow second movement. We could also have theme and variations. We're going to hear one of those later in our course. It could also be a sortof slow rondo. So it's just one of really three possibilities there, but thanks for that question. Anything else? Okay.If not, let's talk then about ternary form because ternary form has much in common with what we experience in sonata-allegro form. Let me take a very straightforward example of ternary form. It's from Beethoven's "Für Elise," the piece--the piano piece that Beethoven wrote for one of his paramours at one time or another. Here. I'm going to tell you a story about this. My cell phone broke the other day.My cell phone broke the other day so I had to buy a new one. I was really happy about that. I hated to lose my old Mozart theme, but I then had to find a new Mozart theme. And nowadays my selections are more limited. So when you go on to these things--and in truth, I actually had my youngest son do this because I'm hopelessly incompetent with this kind of thing--you go on to these things, and now they only have one option for classical music, one option for--but it's called "Mozart" so good choice. Mozart has become the icon of classical music and I think it's the individual that should be the icon for classical music. All classical music now has been reduced down to just Mozart. Okay. I have no idea what that was about, but, well, who's calling?All right. So we have this piece in ternary form by Beethoven, and ternary form is--conveys to us simply the idea of presentation, diversion, re-presentation or statement, digression, restatement--anything like this. We like to diagram these in terms of alphabetical letters. You can think just A, B, A. [plays piano] All right. I'm going to pause here. We started out here. [plays piano] We are in this key. Major or minor? What do you think? Minor. All right. So were coming to the end of this A section. Here--The A section is very short [plays piano] but then [plays piano] we--major or minor? Major. Right. [plays piano] So what happened there? What do we call this? [plays piano] It's a very quick modulation. We've changed keys.And I'm going to digress here just for a moment to talk about this, which is this concept of relative major and minor. You may have noticed in music--and it's discussed briefly in the textbook--that there are pairs of keys, pairs of keys that have something in common. The members of the pairs have the same key signature, and we could take any key signature--three flats or two sharps, whatever--but there's going to be one major key with three flats and one minor key with three flats.And I think we have up on the board here an example of just that so you can see written in here the three flats, and this is a minor scale with three flats. Now we could also have three flats over here, but we encounter three flats where we have the major scale. This happens to work out so that it's pitched on C. If we come up three half steps in the keyboard, we come up to E-flat so the relative major--the major key in this pair--is always three half steps--[plays piano] one, two, three--three half steps up above its paired minor. Here's another one down at the bottom--happens to have one sharp in it. We have the key of G major here with one sharp but if we come down three half steps [plays piano] we get its relative minor down here, and the reason I mentioned this is not because we actually hear this very much.I'm not sure that I hear modulations to relative major because I don't have absolute pitch and I'm not tracking keys when I listen to pieces--and my guess is you're not either. So for the average listener, we may not hear the actual pitch relationship but we may hear that we've had a modulation and you cankind of make an educated guess: that about fifty percent of the time if it's going minor to major, it's coming in this relative arrangement-- where major down to minor; it's going in this relative arrangement, so this happens a lot.So here we are in the mid section of our ternary form, A B A. Here's the B part [plays piano] and then back to [plays piano] the minor A. [plays piano] Now that's just the opening section of this piece. It goes on to do other things, but it's a very succinct example of ternary form, and ternary form is a useful way of introducing a larger concept, which is sonata-allegro form.So let me flip the board here, and here we go on to this rather complex diagram. As I say, it's the most complex one of all the six forms that we'll be working with. It consists of three essential parts: exposition, development and recapitulation. So you could think you were coming out of ternary form. You've got an A here, you've got a B idea here and then you've got an A return back here--but this is a lot more complicated. There are things--lots of things--going on.And I should say also--in terms of fairness in advertising--that this is a model. This is also something of an abstraction or an ideal. Not every piece written in sonata-allegro form conforms to this diagram in all particulars. Composers wouldn't want to do that--they'd have to assert their independence or originality in one way or another--but it's a useful sort of model. It tells us what the norm is, what we can generally expect. So we've got these three sort of sine qua non here and then we've got two optional parts of this that we'll talk about as we proceed.So this is the way we set out then sonata-allegro form: exposition, development, recapitulation. So we start out with the first theme, in the tonic key of course. It might even have subsets to it so that we could have one A and one B and one C up here. I won't put them up there but it can happen. Then we have a transition in which we have a change of key, moving to the dominant key. Transitions tend to be rather unsettled. It gives you the sense of moving somewhere, going somewhere. That's why it's called a transition. It could also--musicians like--quickly--like to call it a "bridge." It's sort of leading you somewhere else--and maybe in that way it is similar to the type of bridge that Frederick was talking about earlier. So we have a transition or bridge that takes us to a second theme in--now in the dominant key. If, however, our symphony happened to begin in a minor key, then the second theme would come in in the relative major. So if we had C minor as Beethoven does in his Fifth Symphony-- [plays piano] So there we are there in C minor, but the second theme [plays piano] is in the relative major of E-flat. Both have three flats in it. So if you have the start in minor, then composers traditionally modulate, not to the dominant, but to the relative major--which is up on the third degree of the scale. That's why there's a big three (III) there.So then the second theme comes in. It's usually contrasting, lyrical, sweeter. You heard the difference there--more song-like in the Beethoven--not so much of that musical punch in the nose as I like to refer to it, but a more relaxed sort of second theme, and there is oftentimes some filler or what we might call an interstice and we come to a closing theme. That's abbreviated up here, just CT, closing theme of the exposition, closes the exposition.Closing themes tend to be rather simple in which they rock back and forth between dominant and tonic so that you could end on the tonic and that gives you a sense of conclusion of the exposition.Now what happens? Well, you see these dots up on the board. Anybody know what these dots mean? I think we--actually we talk about this if you read ahead in the textbook Can somebody tell me what the dots mean> Jerry?Student: Repeat?Professor Craig Wright: Okay. Repeat. Okay. So that's what dots in music do-- when we have these double bars and dots that means repeat so we got to repeat the whole exposition. If we didn't like it the first time, we get a second pass at it in the repeat. Then we go on to the development and as the term "development" suggests, we're going to develop the theme here, but it is oftentimes more than that. It could be something other than just the development and the expansion. It could actually be a contraction. Beethoven likes to strip away things and sort of play with particular subsets of themes or play with parts of motives.Generally speaking, your development is characterized by tonal instability--moves around a lot. You can't tell what key you're in--tonal instability--and it also tends to be, in terms of texture, the most polyphonic of any section in the piece. There's a lot of counterpoint usually to be found in the development section. Then towards the end of the development section we want to get back here to the return and we want to get back to our first theme and our tonic key. So composers oftentimes will sit on one chord. What they will sit on will happen to be the dominant. So I could put that up here. We could put a five (V) up here because we want a long period of dominant preparation. [sings] is where we're going, back over here. But we're going to set this up as preparation in terms of the dominant that wants to push us in to the tonic.So there we are back in the tonic now and all the first themes come back as they did before. We also have a bridge but this time it does not modulate. It stays in the tonic key. We don't want it to modulate because we've got to finish in the tonic here. So I was thinking just a moment ago it's kind of the "bridge to nowhere." It really is a bridge to nowhere. You go right back to where you were. You stay in that tonic key and the second theme material comes in, your closing theme comes in, and you could end the composition here.Sometimes Mozart as we will see in our course will end a piece right at this point--the end, right there--but more often than not composers will throw on a coda. What's a coda do? Well, it really says to the listener that "hey, the piece is sort of at an end here." Codas generally are very static harmonically. They're--there's not a lot of movement. It's--and I keep--maybe I should have got--come up a different metaphor here--the idea of throwing an anchor over, slowing the whole thing down, simplifying it to say we're at the end. So you get a lot of the [sings] kind of things in the coda just to tell the listener it's time to think about clapping at this point, or reaching for your coat. And the other optional--Coda--What's that come from? The Latin cauda (caudae) I guess. . Italian coda means tail, and these can be, like all tails, long or short. Mozart happened to like short codas. Beethoven liked longer codas. And the other optional component here is the introduction. My guess is--Jacob, what would you guess? How many--what portion of classical symphonies--you're an orchestral player--what portion of classical symphonies would begin with an introduction, would you say?Student: Most of them.Professor Craig Wright: Most of them? Well, we'll consider that. Let's go for fifty percent at the moment. We'll consider fifty percent at the moment, so we'll see. Now let's jump into a classical composition that begins with a movement in sonata-allegro form. We're going to open here with Mozart's "Eine kleine Nachtmusik," "A Little Night Music." This is sort of serenade stuff that he wrote for Vienna--sort of night music, evening music. Let's listen to a little of it. We're going to start with the first theme idea, and before she does let me play this. [plays piano] What about that? Conjunct or disjunct melody?Students: Disjunct.Professor Craig Wright: Disjunct, yeah. There's a lot of jumping around [plays piano] and that kind of thing. Notice it's mostly [plays piano] just a major triad with [plays piano] underneath. So if we were at a concert and we wanted to remember this, we'd probably have a lot of skippy Xs here. We don't have time to get into the particulars of this, but that's why we're doing all of this diagramming stuff. So we got a lot of these skipping Xs.All right. So let's listen to the first theme of Mozart's "Eine kleine Nachtmusik." [music plays] A little syncopation there. And a sort of a counterpoint to this, so maybe we've got a couple of little ideas in here: A, B and C. [music playing] Ah, agitation, movement. [music playing] Here goes the bass. [sings] Pause. So we had a cadence there, [sings]. That would be the end of the musical phrase, a cadence, and the music actually stopped. I used to like to think of this in terms of almost a drama. We've got a change of scene here the--where some characters have gone off, the stage is now clear, and other characters are going to come on. So what characters are going to come on? Well, a more lyrical second theme. I'm going to play just a bit of it for you. [plays piano]What about this? Is this a conjunct melody? Obviously, it's descending. Conjunct or disjunct? [plays piano] Very conjunct. Actually, it's just running down the scale. Now we don't have time, because this music is going by so fast. We've got our skippy opening theme going around like that. We don't have time to sort of write down all those Xs so maybe just--yeah. [sings] And maybe something-- [sings] something like that. So this is our first skippy theme. Our second theme [sings] has a nice sort of fall to it. Okay. Here's the second theme. [music playing] Repeat. [music playing] Now closing theme already. [music playing]What's the most noteworthy aspect of that theme? [sings] What do you think? Thoughts--what would you remember about that? How would you graph that? Yeah.Student: [inaudible]Professor Craig Wright: Okay. Yeah. It starts out [plays piano] and then it's really conjunct, right, because it's staying on one pitch level, sort of the ultimate conjunct joined to the point that it's a unison pitch, [sings]. So I'd remember that just like this idea. So our closing theme, [sings] almost is the "woodpecker" idea. Sorry. But think of that kind of [sings] or maybe even a machine gun--whatever sort of silly analogy you want to construct to help you remember that. Okay. So here we are almost at the end of the exposition. Let's listen now to the end of exposition and then we'll stop. [music playing] Okay. So we're going to stop there.Now on this recording what do you think? Well, I think--reasons for time--let's go ahead and we'll advance it up to the beginning of the development section. So now we should listen to this whole complex once again, but we're not going to do that. We're going to proceed here and we're going to go in to the development section. And it's kind of fun the way Mozart starts the development section here. [plays piano] Let me ask you this. We started here. [plays piano] The development begins higher or lower? [plays piano] Yeah?Student: Lower.Professor Craig Wright: Lower so he's dropped down to the dominant. He's now in the dominant [plays piano] and if he continued as he had, [plays piano] that's what he would have done. That's not what he does, however. [plays piano] He's sitting here [plays piano] and he ends up there [plays piano] so we get this sort of dissonant shift, and it's a signal. It's like the composer holding up a sign: "development---time for the development now!" Okay? So something--we've shifted, we--or a sort of slap in the face telling us that we're at a new point in our form, a new section in our form, the development section. So as we listen to this we'll hear Mozart move quickly through some--lots of different keys. I wouldn't be able to tell you what keys they are. I really wouldn't. But I do know that he moves through different keys. Then we will hear a re-transition start, but here is my challenge to you and why I'm sort of putting all these things up here. Which theme does he choose to develop here? Kind of interesting. Does he go with the first theme, [sings] or the [sings] or the [sings]? So which one? [music playing] [sings]Professor Craig Wright: Now he is all the way--first of all, what's the answer to the question? Which theme did he use here? We're now at the re-transition, we're almost finished this short development. Which one did he use? Who thinks they know? Raise your hand. Elizabeth?Student: The closing theme.Professor Craig Wright: Used just the closing theme [sings] so nothing but the closing theme in this short development section. Now we are at the re-transition and you're going to hear the violins come down [sings] but if I could sing the harmony--Maybe we should all sing it together. We'll be singing [sings]. It's the implied bass line. [sings] Then it's going to go [sings] back to the tonic. Then we're going to go [sings]. Then that first theme is going to come back in here. So let's listen to Mozart write a re-transition, and I'm going to sing the implied--or then sounded dominant that's going to lead to the tonic. [music playing] [sings] So all of the first theme material coming back--nothing new. [music playing] Here goes our bridge now--movement. [music playing] And he just cut it short. The first time he went there [sings]. That was what the bass did. This time he just stops the thing and stays in the tonic key. And then the rest of the material will come back in in the proper order in the tonic key. All right, but we need not hear that. Let's go on now to the coda and we're just going to listen generally to what happens in the coda here--typical coda with Mozart. [music playing] Tonic. [sings] [music playing] It's almost stereotypical. Right? [plays piano] You could have written that. I--even I could have written that--not so hard, but as they say, it's just a load of bricks to bring this thing to a conclusion. But it's a beautiful example of sonata-allegro form. It does what our model requires in all particulars in an unusually rapid rate here--about six minutes for this particular movement.。
耶鲁大学《聆听音乐》公开课笔记(第13-16课)
耶鲁大学公开课《聆听音乐》笔记（第13-16课）目录第13课赋格：巴赫，比才和伯恩斯坦第14课帕赫贝尔，艾尔顿·约翰音乐中的固定音型第15课本尼迪克特教团圣歌和西斯廷教堂音乐第16课巴洛克音乐：巴赫的声乐作品第十三课赋格：巴赫，比才和伯恩斯坦关键词赋格（fugue）平均律钢琴曲集（The Well-Tempered Clavier）前奏（prelude）卡农（canon）复音织体（polyphonic texture）非模仿复调（non-imitative polyphony）模仿复调（imnitative polyphony）插句（episodes）复对位(invertible counterpoint) 皮卡迪三度(the Picardy third)赋格段（fugato）管风琴（pipe organ）萨克斯管（saxophone）双重赋格（double-fugue）叠奏（stretto）持续音（pedal point）导引赋格是个富有智慧的曲式并广泛出现于其它许多领域。
在诗歌领域如果你看过T.S.艾略特的诗《四首四重奏》(T.S.Eliot’s THE FOUR QUARTETS)其中就频繁参考了赋格的结构；在文学领域一本写于同时代的小说阿道斯·赫胥黎的《针锋相对》（Aldous Huxley’s POINT COUNTER POINT）是以赋格的形式来构架的；在地理学界学者们有时会说“这种晶体有特殊的赋格结构”；在绘画领域20世纪的许多画家，比如弗朗兹·库布卡（Franz Kupka）、享利·瓦伦西（Henry Valensi）、约瑟夫·亚伯斯（Josef Albers）他们都有赋格式的作品。
我阅读道格拉斯·郝夫斯台特的《哥德尔埃舍尔巴赫》（Douglas Hofstadter’s GODEL,ESCHER,BACH），大概在前25-30页还能跟上，之后的数学部分我就很难看懂了。
耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐全集
耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐全集祝福您和您的家人与喜悦平和同在！1、【公开课】耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐一（中文字幕）2、【公开课】耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐二（中文字幕）3、【公开课】耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐三（中文字幕）4、【公开课】耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐四（中文字幕）5、【公开课】耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐五（中文字幕）6、【公开课】耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐六（中文字幕）7、【公开课】耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐七（中文字幕）8、【公开课】从入门到精通的课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（八）9、【公开课】从入门到精通的课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（九）10、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十）11、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十一）12、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十二）13、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十三）14、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十四）15、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十五）16、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十六）17、【公开课】从入门到精通的音乐课程——耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十七）18、【公开课】耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十八）19、【公开课】耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（十九）歌剧20、【公开课】耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（二十）交响乐的发展21、【公开课】耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（二十一）印象派音乐22、【公开课】耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（二十二）现实主义派音乐23、【公开课】耶鲁大学公开课：聆听音乐（二十三）。
[耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐].01.Introduction.中英文字幕
![[耶鲁大学开放课程：聆听音乐].01.Introduction.中英文字幕](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/340d8fd5b14e852458fb57e4.png)
Its aim is to teach you how to listen to music
有人可能会说 稍等
Wait a minute, you say
这很荒谬
That's preposterous
我天天听音乐的
I listen to music all the time
你这个老家伙
you old goat
你说的没错
And you're right
可能真是这样
You probably do
但是你听的是什么类型的音乐呢
But what kind of music are you listening to
可能是流行音乐 也不错
Well, probably pop music and that's fine
它使我放松
It relaxes me.
好的
Oting.
国家公共广播电台问过
National Public Radio asked
完全相同的问题
exactly this question
在一次一年前的民意调查中
in a survey a year or so ago and
我听了后 接着说 好吧
So I listened to it and I said, "All right
就是这里 你听听这个然后告诉我
Here, you listen to this and tell me
你听到了什么
what you're hearing."
他在录什么
耶鲁大学的公开课
最近一朋友和我讲，YALE大学把他们上课的内容录了下来，并发布在因特网上，供网络传播浏览。
一个全世界排名第二的大学，竟然把自己课程的内容完全录了下来，并在全世界传播，在大学产业化的中国，有些人会觉得不可思议，你没交学费，怎么可以把我的课程免费的给公众提供呢？可是人家并不是这样认为的，本着人不分贵贱，教育不分你我的原则，耶鲁大学做出了这个匪夷所思的举动，实在是非常钦佩。
好了，不说大话，这个公开课真的非常的好，我有义务分享给我的朋友们首先你得会用电驴，具体怎么用百度去ps:我分享的这个是有字幕的，而且这个字幕是非常考究的，所以出的非常慢，理解一下。
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝音乐学聆听音乐Listening to Music（教授本人著述）课程简介：本课程培养在对西方音乐理解基础上对音乐的感悟。
它会介绍各种类型的音乐是如何搭配，并教导如何聆听各种类型的音乐，从巴赫，莫扎特，格里高利咏叹调到蓝调关于课程主讲人：Craig Wright在1966年于the Eastman School获得钢琴乐和音乐史双学位，在1972年于哈佛大学获得博士学位。
Craig Wright从1973年开始在耶鲁大学任教，目前是the Henry L. and Lucy G的音乐教授。
在耶鲁大学，Craig Wright的成就包括常年流行的入门课程“聆听音乐”和选择性研讨会“探索大自然的天才”。
每年夏天，他都会带领一些耶鲁大学的社团区法国，德国和意大利采风。
他的六本著述包括：巴黎圣母院中的音乐(1989)、西方文明中的音乐(2005)、聆听音乐(5th edition, 2007)、聆听西方音乐(2007).他目前的工作是在写作“莫扎特：探索大自然的天才”在2004年Craig Wright被芝加哥大学授予人文学名誉博士学位。
课程安排：1. Introduction导言2. Introduction to Instruments and Musical Genres介绍乐器和音乐风格3. Rhythm: Fundamentals节奏：音乐的基础4. Rhythm: Jazz, Pop and Classical节奏：爵士流行和古典5. Melody: Notes, Scales, Nuts and Bolts旋律：音符，音节，基本细节6. Melody: Mozart and Wagner旋律：莫扎特和瓦格纳7. Harmony: Chords and How to Build Them和声：和弦和如何创建主题8. Bass Patterns: Blues and Rock贝斯风格：布鲁斯和摇滚9. Sonata-Allegro Form: Mozart and Beethoven奏鸣曲式：莫扎特和贝多芬10. Sonata-Allegro and Theme and Variations奏鸣曲式和主题以及主题变奏11. Form: Rondo, Sonata-Allegro and Theme and Variations (cont.)曲式：回旋曲式，奏鸣曲式，主题变奏曲12. Guest Conductor: Saybrook Youth Orchestra客席指挥：布鲁克青年交响乐团13. Fugue: Bach, Bizet and Bernstein赋格：巴赫，比才和伯恩斯坦14. Ostinato Form in the Music of Purcell, Pachelbel, Elton John andVitamin C帕赫贝尔，艾尔顿·约翰音乐中的固定音型15. Benedictine Chant and Music in the Sistine Chapel本尼迪克特教团圣歌和的音乐西斯廷教堂16. Baroque Music: The Vocal Music of Johann Sebastian Bach波洛克音乐：巴赫的声乐作品17. Mozart and His Operas莫扎特和他的歌剧18. Piano Music of Mozart and Beethoven莫扎特和贝多芬的钢琴音乐19. Romantic Opera: Verdi's La Traviata, Bocelli, Pavarotti and Domingo浪漫派歌剧：威尔第的《茶花女》，波切利，帕瓦罗蒂和多明戈20. The Colossal Symphony: Beethoven, Berlioz, Mahler and Shostakovich巨人的交响乐：贝多芬，柏辽兹，马勒，肖斯塔科维奇21. Musical Impressionism and Exoticism: Debussy, Ravel and Monet印象派音乐和异国情调：德彪西，拉威尔和莫奈22. Modernism and Mahler现代主义和马勒23. Review of Musical Style音乐风格的回顾下载地址，电驴会用吧？/topics/2832525/＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝经济学金融市场Financial Markets课程简介：金融机构是文明社会的重要支柱。
音乐优质课听课笔记
音乐优质课的听课笔记12月17日——18日，我有机会到瑞安参加了“温州市小学音乐优质课评比”活动。
本次活动各地区都推选了优秀选手参赛，可谓百家争鸣、精彩纷呈。
一、以音乐审美为核心，重视音乐实践在今年的13节音乐课中，我们很少看到巫不实的东西，“以韵为本、以学生为本”处处体现在每个环节中，让学生在实践中体验音乐、感受音乐的表现力，教师的创新思维得到了最大程度的发挥。
二、教师独到的设计，营造了生动有趣的课堂几节优秀的课堂设计可谓新颖独特、各具匠心。
例如，来自泰顺的一节《森林的歌声》通过讲故事情景式导入，让喜欢听故事的学生模拟自己来到了森林里，进行了一次森林之旅，既调动了学生的学习积极性，为歌曲再创作打下了基础，学生在听、唱、想、画的愉快轻松的游戏中不知不觉又听懂了歌曲，并通过多种形式进行聆听，使比较长的这首《森林猜想曲》变得简单，学生学得有滋有味。
三、过硬的教学基本功是课堂上不可替代的闪光点教师过硬的专业基本功，对于课堂教学来说，是至关重要的。
本次13节课中每个老师的个人素养非常好。
例如来自温州市实验小学的周晓秋用古筝演奏《茉莉花》、《樱花》带领学生感受音乐，让学生对老师了崇拜，让学生整堂课都陶醉在音乐中。
下面附上市优质课评比听课笔记整理。
第一节：欣赏《牧童之歌》、《孤独的牧羊人》教师的目标为通过对《孤独的牧羊人》的聆听，让学生感受美国乡村音乐的轻松自如的音乐情绪。
课堂中，教师通过聆听《do re mi》导入课堂，并介绍歌曲风格。
通过反复的分段聆听以及学唱，让学生充分地了解作品内容再进行完整的作品表现。
整节课给我的第一感觉是，教师对教材的挖掘不深，欣赏的作品停留在演唱和表演中，而且演唱和表演又不精彩。
所以学生在最后表演的时候暴出了句：“还来啊！”学会的感受很好地说明了课堂效果。
二是教师在动作表现中，让学生自己创编，但在表现时，教师从头到尾都在示范，所以学生只是机械地模仿，没有主动聆听思考并创编。
三是教师多边的聆听过多关注歌曲内容，对音乐的关注太少。
(完整版)耶鲁大学《聆听音乐》公开课笔记(9-12课)
耶鲁大学公开课《聆听音乐》笔记（第9—12课）目录第09课奏鸣曲式：莫扎特和贝多芬第10课奏鸣曲式和主题以及主题变奏第11课曲式：回旋曲式、奏鸣曲式、主题变奏曲第12课客席指挥：布鲁克青年交响乐团第九课奏鸣曲式：莫扎特和贝多芬关键词曲式（form）反复（repetition）对比（contrast）主题与变奏（theme and variations）奏鸣曲-快板式（sonata-allegro form）弦乐四重奏（string quartet）协奏曲（concerto）三部曲式（ternary form）关系大调（relative major）回旋曲式（rondo form）赋格（fugue）固定低音（ostinato）呈示部（exposition）连接部（transition or bridge）发展部（development）再现部（recapitulation）尾声（coda）导引这节课我们探讨音乐形式的问题。
曲式对于所有音乐都是很重要的，它能让我们跟上一首乐曲的步伐，更形象地比喻，可以让我们在音乐之旅中明白我们身处何方。
曲式对所有音乐同等重要，无论是流行还是古典音乐。
我们周身充斥着各种复杂的素材，像音乐这种素材。
我们尝试着去理解它们的含义，甚至可以判定出它特定的结构，因而我们趋向于用建筑结构或诸如此类的事物来进行类比。
我们将进入大脑的信息分类整理，音乐带给我们的种种情绪反应是通过简单的模式达到效果的。
音乐家们喜欢运用曲式，因为曲式能告诉他们接下来如何做，怎么做更合适。
当你掌握了一种曲式并屡试不爽，它被其它音乐人经年累月地使用，你可能更倾向于使用它，以使你的听众跟随着你的音乐。
曲式曲式就是乐曲的结构形式。
曲调在发展过程中形成各种段落，根据这些段落形成的规律性，而找出具有共性的格式便是曲式。
流行音乐的曲式教授：对于流行音乐的曲式，弗雷德里克·埃文思同学给了一个很满意的答案，即主歌与副歌的结构，无论是在舒伯特的德文艺术歌曲中，还是在我们陌生的音乐中。
聆听音乐笔记3第三课节奏：音乐的基础
第三课节奏：音乐的基础课程内容：学习音乐记谱法，二分音符，四分音符等相关知识。
1.音乐记谱法是西方所特有的，将其运用于高雅音乐，除了西方地区的记谱法并没有贯穿文化的始终，比不上音乐记谱法在西方文化中的地位。
2.音乐记谱法的两大优势：(1)音乐记谱法让作曲家更精确的表达他所想表达的东西。
这种作曲方式可以记录下音乐的细节。
（作用：音乐记谱法让作曲家的地位更加突出）(2)记谱法让我们能得以保护艺术成果。
可以比较精确的吻合作曲家的原意。
（这个特点取代了传统模式里的均衡，并把这种均衡完全舍弃）3.流行音乐：爵士，摇滚，嘻哈，蓝调......4.在西方，作曲家的地位是非常重要的，其他文化不是用这样说明性的记谱法。
有一种说法是：音乐记谱法是西方文化中第一种图示法。
（最早的）5.公元九世纪至二十世纪音乐记谱法的历史形成过程，在早期，音高和时值就已经出现了。
音乐欣赏：(1)穆斯林祈祷的圣歌(2)查克曼卓林（萨克斯独奏）（印度尼西亚的加麦兰音乐）（印度经典传统音乐西塔尔音乐）没有乐谱(3)斗牛犬耶鲁的战歌科尔波特（1914 耶鲁）6.教材上第十五页的简单材料7.全音符，等其他音符代表了持续时间，也就是统称的时值。
8.音符的存在是为了证明某个特定的声音频率要持续多长时间（长度）。
附点是加一般的时值。
9.音乐中有种概念称作：拍。
将拍和节奏摆在显要的位置，会让人有音乐的律动，比如流行音乐。
从十五世纪晚期到现在的音乐理论家们，像弗朗西斯加福瑞说，音乐的律动和人类的脉搏节奏基本一致。
（要把素材依照我们的理性有机地整合）10.低音会非常直接地告诉我们乐曲是几拍子。
11.切分音：提前跳入切分节奏，提前介入，并在非常短的时间里打破拍子的平衡。
12.尽管所有音乐都有重拍，不是所有音乐都从重拍开始。
13.作曲家如何将音乐传送到我们的听觉皮层的（四条主要的途径）(1)这和时值有关，音符的时值延长，单纯把持续时间延长，我们就知道哪里是重拍。
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耶鲁大学公开课《聆听音乐》笔记（第9—12课）目录第09课奏鸣曲式：莫扎特和贝多芬第10课奏鸣曲式和主题以及主题变奏第11课曲式：回旋曲式、奏鸣曲式、主题变奏曲第12课客席指挥：布鲁克青年交响乐团第九课奏鸣曲式：莫扎特和贝多芬关键词曲式（form）反复（repetition）对比（contrast）主题与变奏（theme and variations）奏鸣曲-快板式（sonata-allegro form）弦乐四重奏（string quartet）协奏曲（concerto）三部曲式（ternary form）关系大调（relative major）回旋曲式（rondo form）赋格（fugue）固定低音（ostinato）呈示部（exposition）连接部（transition or bridge）发展部（development）再现部（recapitulation）尾声（coda）导引这节课我们探讨音乐形式的问题。
曲式对于所有音乐都是很重要的，它能让我们跟上一首乐曲的步伐，更形象地比喻，可以让我们在音乐之旅中明白我们身处何方。
曲式对所有音乐同等重要，无论是流行还是古典音乐。
我们周身充斥着各种复杂的素材，像音乐这种素材。
我们尝试着去理解它们的含义，甚至可以判定出它特定的结构，因而我们趋向于用建筑结构或诸如此类的事物来进行类比。
我们将进入大脑的信息分类整理，音乐带给我们的种种情绪反应是通过简单的模式达到效果的。
音乐家们喜欢运用曲式，因为曲式能告诉他们接下来如何做，怎么做更合适。
当你掌握了一种曲式并屡试不爽，它被其它音乐人经年累月地使用，你可能更倾向于使用它，以使你的听众跟随着你的音乐。
曲式曲式就是乐曲的结构形式。
曲调在发展过程中形成各种段落，根据这些段落形成的规律性，而找出具有共性的格式便是曲式。
流行音乐的曲式教授：对于流行音乐的曲式，弗雷德里克·埃文思同学给了一个很满意的答案，即主歌与副歌的结构，无论是在舒伯特的德文艺术歌曲中，还是在我们陌生的音乐中。
弗雷德里克同学将给我们演示一段我并不了解的音乐。
弗雷德里克·埃文思：这是超级男孩表演的歌曲《再见》。
它采用的曲式是很多流行音乐的典型模式。
首先是以半截副歌开始，然后是主歌-副歌-主歌-副歌，接下来是连接段部分，在其中达到情绪的高潮，最后部分是段相当有感染力的副歌带回到歌的主题，然后音乐逐渐淡出。
教授：这个想法就是变换歌词，然后回复到相似的歌词和相似的乐章，接着再变化回到新歌词，接下来又回归到相似的副歌。
这样算公平分配吗？（弗同学答“是”）★示范曲目：超级男孩'N Sync《Bye Bye Bye》这首歌曲的曲式是很多流行歌曲的原型。
首先从24秒听到40秒是一个主歌的例子，在这里展开了叙事；在第56秒时听到副歌，这是被反复的地方，整首曲子都是建立在复述的基础上。
最后情绪被推高，背景音乐与和声行进变得有些庄严，最后的副歌将曲子带回到主题（副歌进行到一半→开始独唱→副歌→独唱→副歌→过渡音节(就像情绪的高潮)→最后是有力的副歌回到原点，再慢慢的减小消失）。
有趣的是，它用了一个巴洛克固定低音——哀叹低音（挽歌低音），以后会讲授此内容。
古典音乐的曲式古典音乐的曲式稍显困难，因为音乐本身更加复杂。
1、音乐体裁与曲式的区别体裁：简单来说就是一种常规的音乐类型。
标准古典乐体裁：交响乐、弦乐四重奏、协奏曲、芭蕾、歌剧等；流行乐体裁：经典新奥尔良爵士乐、布鲁斯、摇滚等。
一种特定的音乐类型预示着一种特定的表现力，特定的乐章长度甚至特定的演出服饰，以及观众或者听众的行为模式。
曲式：每一种体裁的音乐都由乐章组成，每个乐章由特定的曲式来表现。
曲式让我们知道，我们进行到了乐曲的哪个部分，是开头、中间还是结尾。
交响乐：有四个乐章：快乐章、慢乐章、然后是小步舞曲或谐谑曲、终曲也是快乐章。
其中每个乐章可能是不同曲式中的一种。
弦乐四重奏：同交响乐一样四个乐章，快、慢、小步舞曲或谐谑曲、快，每个都能采用特定曲式。
协奏曲：通常有三个乐章，快、慢、快。
奏鸣曲：如钢琴奏鸣曲、小提琴奏鸣曲、小提琴加钢琴伴奏，三个乐章，快、慢、快。
2、古典音乐的曲式古典音乐中音乐元素行进的速度很快，很不容易把握，我们也不喜欢迷失。
我们习惯于知道我们身在何方以及正发生着什么，这也正是曲式可以帮助我们做到的。
当音乐奏响各种信息纷至沓来时，通过了解自身所处位置来把握这首乐曲。
是在开头、一半或是接近尾声？在这个特定的点上我该做何反应？我们将会涉及六种曲式，可以把它想象成模板，当聆听音乐时先用学术的眼光做判断：这段音乐使用了哪种曲式，就把那种曲式的模型套下去，然后用这种模版来过滤我们的听觉体验。
六种曲式模板：三部曲式、奏鸣曲-快板式、主题和变奏曲、回旋曲、赋格、固定低音。
它们是音乐史上不同时期发展起来的，变奏曲式相当古老，奏鸣曲-快板式更近代些。
这些曲式中我们今天仍然会用到的是三部曲式和奏鸣曲-快板式。
奏鸣曲-快板式是这些曲式中最难、最复杂的。
它经常出现在奏鸣曲、协奏曲、弦乐四重奏或交响乐的第一章，第一乐章节奏相当快，也被称为“奏鸣曲快板式”，最重要是它能与奏鸣曲理念相协调。
奏鸣曲快板式并不一定源于奏鸣曲，交响曲也是其发源地之一。
但由于历史的原因和它与奏鸣曲相关联，我们才称之为奏鸣曲快板式。
交响曲中第一乐章是快板，因此称为奏鸣曲快板式，而第二乐章是慢板可以是主题与变奏曲式、回旋曲式或是三部曲式。
小步舞曲和谐谑曲几乎总是三部曲式，最后的快板乐章可以是奏鸣曲快板式，也可以是变奏曲式，或者回旋曲、或者赋格，有时也可是固定低音。
了解这些可以控制每个乐章的进行。
○音乐知识：奏鸣曲与奏鸣曲-快板式的区别奏鸣曲是多乐章的体裁，而奏鸣曲-快板式是一个乐章；古典时期的奏鸣曲是指一部为钢琴独奏或其它独奏乐器加钢琴伴奏而作的作品。
典型的古典奏鸣曲包括三个乐章（快-慢-快）。
一些其它的古典体裁并不叫做奏鸣曲，一般由四个乐章组成：快板-慢板-小步舞曲-快板。
例如，如果以这种乐章顺序写成弦乐四或五重奏，它就叫做弦乐四/五重奏，如果是为大管弦乐队创作就叫做交响曲。
我们有个大概的体裁的概念，每种体裁的乐章最后是由曲式决定乐章的进行。
三部曲式三部曲式与我们介绍的奏鸣曲式很相似，它表达音乐的形式为：呈示、变化、再现，或者说陈述、变幻、再陈述诸如此类，用字母来表示：A-B-A模式，总、分、总。
关系大调和关系小调。
在音乐中，调都是成对出现的。
成对的调有共同点，即它们用同一个调性符号表示(五线谱上有相同的升降号数目和位置)。
我们可以用任何一个音符做调性，但必定有一个调性是包括了三个降号的。
白板上的谱例是三个降号的小调音阶，同样的大调音阶也是三个降号。
这个谱例是C小调，如果我们把它升高三个半度，就是降E大调。
因此，关系大调要比和它成对的关系小调高出三个半音。
白板上的另一个例子，有一个升号的大调是G大调，如果我们降低三个半音，就得到了G大调的关系小调E小调。
一般情况我们没能听出音高的相对关系，但当音乐转调时候总还是能听出来的，对于受过训练的人是可以猜到的。
假如音乐是从小调转到大调，也就是转到了它的关系大调上，或者从大调转调也会转到它的关系小调上，这种情况很常见。
★示范曲目：贝多芬《致爱丽丝》 (三部曲式)A很短，是小调，进入B，转调，是大调,又回到A。
我弹奏的是这部乐曲的开篇，后面还有很多内容，这是一部很典型的三部曲式音乐。
三部曲式通常是一个介绍更宏大的曲式方式，即奏鸣曲式。
奏鸣曲式的形式由三个重要部分组成：呈示部、发展部和再现部，可以将它看作由三部曲式A-B-A发展而来的，但是它比三部曲式更复杂，其中包含其它很多因素。
这只是个抽象的模式，但并非所有奏鸣曲式的音乐都包括列出的所有部分。
作曲家也不会完全这样做，他们更想体现的是独到的想法和原创的因素。
这三个部分可以称作必要因素，剩下的是可选择部分（前奏、尾声），以后的课程会涉及到这两部分内容。
奏鸣曲的每个部分都有更细致的结构划分。
呈示部通常从主题主调Ⅰ开始，然后是过渡转调，转到属调Ⅴ上去。
过渡部分是不稳定的，给人一种向某方向移动的感觉（作曲家通常称作“桥段”，这与弗德里克提出的“连接段”相似）。
如果交响乐是从小调开始，副部主题就是在关系大调上了。
例如贝多芬第五交响曲从C小调开始，但在第二主题就是它的关系大调降E大调，这两个调都有三个降号。
作曲家通常在小调开始第一主题转调时不是向属调转，而是变到关系大调上，即音阶上升三个半音。
副部主题开始通常音乐会更抒情更甜美，还经常会出现填充段或插部，然后就是结束主题了。
这里是缩写CT，呈示部结束主题通常比较简单，无非是在主音和属音之间变换，最后能以主音结束，给人一种呈示部结束的感觉。
这里有双竖线加点（‖: :‖）表示反复。
展开部就是将主题变化，但不仅是发展和延伸，也可能是缩减成几个音，贝多芬就喜欢去掉一部分只保留表现主题的某些特别部分，或者只表现某部分动机。
展开部的特点是频繁转调，这种转调通常以织体的形式体现，是乐曲中复调程度最高的部分，可以发现大量的对位手法。
展开部的结尾部分回到主调的主题和主调上。
因此作曲家会使用一个和弦，即使用属（Ⅴ）和弦，因为我们想要一大段由属音构成的准备，从属音Ⅴ推向主音Ⅰ。
再现部由属音回到主音后，主部主题与前面的都一样。
这里也有连接段，但没有转调，乐曲保持在主调上，因为要用主音作结束，可以说是“不通往任何地方的桥”，回到主调并停留在主调上，进入第二个主题再进入结束主题。
莫扎特会在这里结束主题，但有些作曲家会再加上一个尾声。
尾声通常是要告诉听众，乐曲要到这里结束了。
尾声在和声上通常是很稳定的，换句话说就像把锚抛出去一切都慢了下来，该结束了。
Coda这个词来自拉丁语cauda，意大利语coda的意思是尾巴。
引子大约有50%的古典音乐使用引子。
★奏鸣曲示范曲目一：莫扎特《G大调弦乐小夜曲》主部（呈示部）主题是跳进和类似的东西，这段音乐基本上只是一个大三和弦。
如果我们在音乐中想记住音高和旋律，需要在相应的位置标记许多小“X”，因为我们没时间一一记录旋律，所以要用这些标识出音高和走向。
在大三和弦的跳进之后，有一个小切分音，然后这里算是对位。
这段主部主题里有这样一些乐思：A、B、C。
在一段兴奋、运动后，低音出现然后是暂停，这里有个终止式，它是A主题乐思的结尾，就像戏剧一样看到场景变化，一些演员离场、空台，然后其它演员即将上场。
一个更为抒情的副部主题（B）出现，以下行的级进方式呈现。
在主题进入结束时最值得注意的是，非常连续地保持在同一音高上最终走到一点（结束主题是乐思C）。
展开部的开头降到了属音上，然后有个不协和的转变是个标志——进入新乐章即展开部。
莫扎特在不同的调性中迅速转换，然后会听到一个再过渡的开头，只用了结束部的主题（即连续地保持在同一音高上，但在不同调性转换），即这个短暂的展开部是用的呈示部结束时的乐思C，现在我们进行到再过渡时会听到小提琴下行了，隐含的低音线是属音走向主音，然后回归到主部主题，所有主题材料没有创新，到了连接部分，运动的，他用了较短的篇幅。