第十一章财务报表
《财务管理》(张玉英)PPT 财务管理11
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
二、财务报表分析评价标准 (三)社会标准
行业标准
社 会
地区标准
标
准
国内标准
国际标准
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应用广泛
内容讲解
第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法 二、因素分析法 三、趋势分析法
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第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法
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第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
三、趋势分析法
(一)多期比较分析
【例11-2】表11-2是N公司连续4年的利润表资料，按此 编制的变动差额与百分比报表如表11-3所示。
表11-2 单位：万元
项目 营业收入
减：营业成本 营业毛利
减：营业税费 减：期间费用 营业利润 加：营业外损益 利润总额 减：所得税 净利润
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表分析
是以企业财务报表及其他有关财务资料为基础，
对企业财务活动的过程和结果进行的研究评价过程。
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表基 本分析内容
企业偿债能力 资产管理比率 盈利能力 发展能力分析
财务报表分析与运用 杰拉尔德 课后答案英文版第十一章
Chapter 11 SolutionsOverview:Problem Length Problem #s{S} 1 - 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22{M} 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24 {L} 6, 19, 251.{S}(i) Interest expense = 12% x $10,000 (beginning balance oflease obligation) = $1,200.(ii)The lease obligation will be reduced by $100 ($1,300 - $1,200) leaving an obligation of $9,900.(iii)Cash from Operations will be reduced by the interest payment of $1,200. Cash from investing activities willnot be affected. (However, the firm will report thecapi tal lease as a “noncash investment and financingactivity.” Cash from financing will be reduced by theamount of the principal payment of $100.(iv)Under an operating lease there is no lease obligation on the balance sheet. The only effect on income isRent Expense of $1,300. Similarly, CFO is reduced by$1,300. (CFI and CFF are not affected).2.{S}(i) In a take-or-pay arrangement, a company contracts tobuy or pay for a certain amount of a supplier’scommodity at a predetermined price over a stated timeperiod. The company, by entering the contract, incursan economic liability. However, since it is only acontract, no accounting liability is recorded on thebalance sheet – it is off balance sheet.(ii) In a sale of receivable, a company “sells” its receivables to a third-party, usually a financialinstitution. Typically, the sale is made at adiscounted price from the face value and the sellermay retain some or all of the default risk. The sale,in substance, is a financing arrangement with thereceivables being used as collateral. However, underGAAP, the transaction is treated as a sale and thedebt does not appear on the balance sheet.(iii)A joint venture represents an investment of 50% or less by one company (the “investor”) in anothercompany. Under GAAP, since ownership is not over 50%,the assets and liabilities of the joint venture neednot be consolidated with the parent’s assets andliabilities. Hence, any debt taken on by the jointventure remains off balance sheet even when theinvestor is liable for the debt.11-13.{S} Effect of choice of interest rate on lessee:4.{S}a. Pallavi must capitalize the lease because the leaseagreement contains a bargain purchase option. Notethat the lease also meets one other capitalizationcriterion: The present value of minimum lease paymentsexceeds 90% of the fair market value of the equipment(see part b for computations).b. The fair market value of the asset is $125,000. Thepresent value of the MLPs is $127,785 (at 8%, thelower of the lessee and lessor rates); the asset mustbe capitalized at the (lower) fair market value. (Notethat the lease obligation is the sum of the presentvalues of the MLPs and the bargain purchase option –the latter is not provided.)11-2c.Leases must be capitalized at the lesser of thepresent value of lease payments or the fair value ofthe lease; in this case, the lease must be capitalizedat the fair value of $125,000.d. The existence of the bargain purchase option requiresdepreciation over the estimated economic life of theasset rather than the (shorter) lease term.e. The option creates the presumption that the asset willbe held past the expiration date of the lease.Otherwise it must be assumed that use of the assetwill revert to the lessor at expiration, requiring thelessee to depreciate the leased asset over the(shorter) lease term.5.{M}a. The following states the effects of Tolrem using thecapital lease method as compared with the operatinglease method.(i) Cash from operations is higher as only theinterest portion of lease expense is deductedfrom operating cash flows; total lease expense isdeducted for operating leases.(ii) Financing cash flow is lower for capital lease, as part of lease rental is treated asamortization of liability and classified asfinancing cash outflow.(iii)Investing cash flow is not affected by the lease treatment. However, the firm will report capitalleases in the statement of cash flows (or afootnote) as noncash investment activities.(iv) Net cash flow reflects the actual rental payment and is unaffected by the financial reportingtreatment of the lease.(v) Debt/equity ratio is higher for capital lease, as it records the present value of minimum leasepayments as debt and reduces net income (andtherefore equity) in first year.(vi) Interest coverage ratio is usually (not always) lower for capital lease method, which reportsinterest expense but also higher EBIT, see (vii).For coverage ratios well above 1.0, the ratiowill decline. If the increase in interest expenseexceeds the increase in EBIT, the ratio willdecline even for firms with very low coverageratios.11-3(vii)Operating income is lower for operating lease because the total lease payment is an operatingexpense; for capital lease, interest portion oflease expense is nonoperating.(viii)Net income is higher for operating lease; total lease expense (interest plus depreciation) ishigher for capital lease.(ix) Deferred tax assets are higher for capital lease;as lease treatment for tax purposes is unaffectedby accounting choice, capital lease will generatea deferred tax asset as taxable income (operatinglease) exceeds pretax income (capital lease).(x) Taxes paid are unaffected by choice of method.(xi) Pretax return on assets is higher for operating leases as pretax income is higher and no assetsare reported as the result of the lease; acapital lease reduces income and reports leaseassets. Post-tax return on assets is higher forthe same reasons.(xii)Pretax return on equity: both pretax income and equity are higher for operating than for capitalleases. The higher pretax income should increasethe ratio in all but exceptional cases. Post-taxreturn on equity should be higher for same reason.However as increase in post-tax income equals(for first year) increase in equity, there may bemore exceptional cases.b. Net income (viii) will be lower for the operatinglease after the "crossover" point. As total net income over the life of the lease is unaffected by the accounting choice, higher net income (operating lease) in the early years must be offset by lower net income in later years.c. Consistent use of the operating lease method in placeof capitalization will not change the direction of the effects shown in part A, but will increase their magnitude. In aggregate, new leases will keep Tolrem from reaching the crossover point for net income, keeping net income and return ratios higher than if the leases were capitalized.11-46.{L}a. and b.4 payment annuity of $10,000 per year at 8%). Assuming zero residualvalue, depreciation = $43,121/5 = $8,624.2Interest expense = 8% x ($43,121 - $10,000) = $2,650Caramino's EBIT is $1,376 higher; Aglianico reportsrental expense but no depreciation expense since itdoes not record an asset. Because total lease expense(depreciation plus interest) is higher than the leaserental, Caramino's EBT is lower by $1,274. After adeferred income tax offset of $510, Caramino's netincome is $764 lower.Caramino's deferred tax debit (asset) results from thedifference between financial reporting (capital lease)and tax reporting (operating lease). The $1,274 timingdifference results in a deferred tax debit of $1,274x .40 = $510c. andd. Comparison of Cash Flow Statementshave been collected by the end of the year.11-5Caramino reports higher cash from operations by $10,000. Since the tax rate is 40%, Aglianico (operating lease firm) reports aftertax operating cash outflow of $6,000. Caramino (capital lease firm) pays no interest but, since it uses the operating lease method for taxes, receives a tax deduction of $4,000 for the annual payment of $10,000. Caramino's aftertax operating cash inflow is $4,000.The difference ($6,000 + $4,000 = $10,000) is recorded by Caramino as a financing cash outflow; this is the amount of the lease payment considered a reduction of the capitalized lease liability for 2002. [Note that the lease payment made on January 1, 2002 has no interest component; there is no accrued interest as the lease has just begun. Interest accrued during the year will be paid January 1, 2003.]e. There is no impact on investing cash flow for eitherfirm. Caramino would report the present value of the capital lease as a noncash investment activity.f. The net cash outflow for each firm is the leasepayment of $10,000 less the tax deduction of $4,000 (40% tax rate). Only the classification of cash flow components is affected by the lease method used.g. By using the capital lease method, Caramino reportshigher debt and lower income. However the firm also reports higher cash from operations. The choice of method may reflect different debt covenants or simplya preference among financial characteristics.11-67.(M) a. Since it is the first year:Capital lease obligations $2,596,031Repayment of capital lease obligations 3,969Capital lease at inception $2,600,000b. Amortization expense =$2,600,000 - $2,479,570 = $120,430Assuming the asset is being amortized on a straightline basis over the lease term, the lease term =$2,600,000/$120,430 = 21.6 or 22 yearsTotal expense = interest + amortization =$120,430 + $223,733 = $344,163c. CFO was reduced by the interest expense of $223,733and CFF was reduced by the “repayment of capital leaseobligations” of $ 3,969d. Free cash flows should be reduced by $2,600,000 – the“cost” of the leased asset.e. (i) Lease expense would be lease payment =$223,733 + $3,969 = $227,702(ii) CFO would be reduced by lease payment of $227,702f. Using 1999 payment only: $223,733/$2,600,000 = 8.6%Using all the payments, we have exact MLP’s for thesix years 1999 –2004. The “thereafter” MLP’s totaling$4,596 thousand are spread over 16 years; i.e. $287.25thousand/year. Equating this stream to the presentvalue of $2,600,000 yields a rate (IRR) of 9.3%.The two methods yield rates within “range” of eachother especially when we consider that the ratederived from the first method is typically downwardbiased.11-78.{M}a. The adjustment involves the addition of the interestcomponent of minimum lease payments to stated interestexpense. The adjustment reflects a partial, de factocapitalization of operating leases.(i)Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges:Pretax earnings $ 2,363,646Interest on indebtedness 68,528Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) $ 2,432,174Fixed Charges:Interest on indebtedness $ 68,528Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges 35.5X(ii) The unadjusted ratio is almost four times the adjusted ratio. Note: the SEC rule that governsthis calculation assumes that the interestcomponent is one-third of the MLP. The trueinterest component may be higher or lower,changing the coverage ratio.b. Reported debt-to-equity = $550,000/$2,233,303 = 0.25c. Calculation of amounts adjusted for leasecapitalization:The Limited, Inc.1999 Working Capital Position and Capitalization Table1 Working capital is reduced by the principal component of the 2000MLPs calculated as$436,670 = [($643,828 - (.06 x $3,452,628)],where $3,452,628 is the present value calculated in note 2 below.2 Present value of MLPs using an interest rate of 6%. The “thereafter”MLPs are spread using the constant rate assumption; ($502,880 in 2005and 2006 and $422,102 in 2007).11-89.{S} Note: all amounts in $millionsa. Debt to equity = ($2,416 + $235)/$4,448 = 0.60b. (i) Interest portion of 2001 payment = $63-$39 = $24Therefore interest rate = $24/$235 = 10.2%(ii)Using the constant rate assumption yields theThe IRR that equates the above to $235 is 7.9%c. Under the constant rate assumption, the payment streamto be discounted at 10.2% isThe present value is $7,435d. Adjusted debt-to-equity is($2,416 + $235 + $7,435)/$4,448 = 2.27The adjustment increases the ratio almost four-fold.The real effect is greater as equity would be lower ifDelta had capitalized its operating leases at theirinception.e. After adjustment, both AMR’s and Delta’s ratios are atsimilar levels of 2.3x.Had the lower rate been used, the present value ofDelta’s operating lease would be significantly higheras would its debt-to-equity ratio.f. The adjustments are appropriate for two reasons(1)To obtain the appropriate levels of the ratio foreach firm. For both companies, the reported ratiosunderstate their financial leverage.(2)For comparison purposes. Before adjustment,Delta’s ratio at 0.6x is 50% lower than AMR’s 0.9x.After adjustment, that superiority is removed asboth firms have similar ratios.11-910.{M}a. The following MLP stream is assumed (€ million):At a rate of 7%, the present value is €505.3 millio nb. (i) €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09(ii)(€1,294 + €505)/€14,145 = 0.13c.Another assumption would be to find a decline ratefrom the initial payment of €166.5 such that the sumof the years 2 to 5 payments using that decline rateequals €275.2; i.e. solve for d i n the followingequation(d + d2 + d3 + d4 ) x €166.5 = €275.2The above can be solved by trial and error and thesolution is d = 67.66% with a MLP stream of €112.6,€76.2, €51.5 and €34.9.Using this MLP stream would increase the present valueof the operating lease obligation.11.{S}a. We use the constant rate assumption, yielding thefollowing payment stream (€ millions)At a discount rate of 7%, the present value is €12,543.b. (i) Reported debt-to-equity = €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09Adjusted for part a:(€1,294 + €12,543)/€14,145 = 0.98(ii) Adjusting for operating leases as well(€1,294 + €12,543 + €505)/€14,145 = 1.0111-1012.{S}a. The cash outflow of $25.6 million represents thedecrease in the balance of sold but uncollectedreceivables ($192.8 - $167.2). It represents netcollections (by Arkla as the firm continues to servicethe receivables) of receivables sold; amountscollected from previously sold receivables were paidto the purchasers of those receivables.b. Receivables sold but uncollected as of 12/31/93 can bededuced to be:Outstanding 3/31/94 $118.7 millionDecrease during quarter 107.7Outstanding 12/31/93 $226.4 millionc. The required adjustments to Arkla's CFO for quartersended:March 31, 1994 March 31, 1995 Cash outflow $107.7 $25.6These amounts are the decrease in receivables soldduring the respective quarters. The adjustment isrequired because the cash flow was recognized when thereceivables were sold rather than when customers paid.This adjustment produces a measure of CFO based onwhen the receivables were collected.13.{S} All amounts in $millionsa. (i) Current ratio was increased by 15% from 1.61 to1.86 as a result of receivable sale.Reported = $686/$369 = 1.86Adjusted = ($686 + $153.1)/($369 + $153.1) = 1.61 (ii) & (iii)Average receivables as reported =.5($546 + $312) = $429Adjusting for sale of receivables would increaseaverage receivables by.5($153.1 + $115) = $134 to $563Reported turnover = $2,951/$429 = 6.88# of days = 365/6.88 = 53 daysAdjusted turnover = $2,951/$563 = 5.24# of days = 365/5.24 = 70 daysAs a result of the receivable sale the cash cyclelooked better than it really was by (70 –53) =17 days and the receivables turnover “improved”from 5.24 to 6.8811-11b. Reported debt/equity = $1,096/$950 = 1.15Debt should be adjusted upwards by the receivablessold to ($1,096 + $153.1 =) $1,249.1 with a resultantdebt to equity ratio of $1,249.1/$950 = 1.31.c. Reported cash flow from operations increased by $154million from ($96) million to $58 million. Theseamounts were inflated by the increase in receivablessold and should be adjusted by that increase:Adjusted CFO 1998 = ($96) – ($115 – $103.3) = ($107.7)Adjusted CFO 1999 = $58 - ($153.1 – $115) = $19.9After removing the effects of the receivable sales,CFO increased by $127.6 million from ($107.7) millionto $19.9 million. The actual level and trend in CFO isconsiderably lower than the amounts reported.14.{M}a.11-12The sale of receivables allowed the company to show an improved receivable turnover and cash cycle; the improvement was more significant for 1999 as the amount of receivables sold increased and sales declined.b. The effect on the current ratio is minimal as the sameamount is added to both numerator and denominator of the ratio and that ratio is close to 1. The debt-to-equity ratio adjustment is more significant in 1999 due to the increase in receivables sold and the lower equity amount.c. As the calculation below indicates, both the level andtrend in CFO are overstated as a result of the sale of receivables.11-1315.{S}a. The cash from investment amounts are equivalent to thechange in the “Receivables sold by Funding topurchaser”. (Reca ll that 1997 was the first year ofreceivable sales.)b.receivable balances 17% to 21% less than their actuallevels.c. The sale of receivables should be reported as cashfrom financing as they are, in effect, borrowings(using receivables as collateral).16.{S} Aluminum producers that have take-or-pay contracts forenergy and/or bauxite have converted significantvariable costs into fixed costs. Therefore, theirmarginal costs are much lower than if these contractshad not been entered into. Under these conditions,aluminum producers will continue production as long asrevenue exceeds marginal costs, even though they losemoney based on total costs.17.{M}a. By transferring receivables to a (unconsolidated)subsidiary, Lucent removed the receivables from itsreceivable balance and reported them as “Investments,”a somewhat different asset category. Analyticaladjustment is required to eliminate the artificialreported “improvements” in receivables turnover, thecurrent ratio and the cash cycle.b. The adjustment requires adding $700 million (inaddition to the balance of uncollected receivables) tothe 1999 accounts receivable and current assets. Theeffect is to increase the growth in receivables,reduce the receivable turnover and increase the numberof days receivables outstanding. This adjustmentreinforces the conclusion (see text page 381) thatLucent’s receivables growth outpaced the growth insales. On the other hand, the adjustment improves the1999 current ratio.11-14Note: The bold values indicate which amounts were altered from Exhibit 11-4. The Exhibit 11-4 amounts for those items affected by the adjustment are shown in parentheses.11-1518.{M}a. Debt should be increased by:$ 20 million (present value of operating lease)5 (guarantee)7 (present value of take-or-pay agreement)$ 32 millionThere is no effect on equity as each obligation isoffset by a corresponding asset:Leased assets for operating leaseReceivable for Crockett's obligation to repay debtSupply agreementThe recomputed debt-to-equity ratio is:($12 + $32)/$20 = 2.2X as compared to .6X beforeadjustmentb. Additional interest expense is:Lease (effective interest rate is about 18%).18 x $20 = $3.6 millionBond guarantee .10 x 5 = 0.5Total $ 4.1 millionBefore adjustment, the interest expense is $1.0 millionand the times interest earned ratio is 5.0, implyingEBIT of $5.0 million.After adjustment, the ratio is:($5.0 + $4.1)/($1.0 + $4.1) = 1.78XNo adjustment has been made for the take-or-paycontract, as it does not affect 1993 interest expense.Adjustments in future years will be based on theimplicit interest rate of 21%.c. Reasons for entering into off-balance-sheet obligations:1. Avoidance of or mitigation of the risk of violatingdebt covenant restrictions.2. Leased assets revert to lessor after eight years,limiting risk of obsolescence.3. Guarantee of Crockett's debt may lower interestcosts, increasing profitability of investment.4. Contract with PEPE secures source of supply andpossibly advantageous pricing.11-16d. Additional information needed for full evaluation:1. (Lease) Useful life of leased assets; conditionsunder which lease can be canceled; nature ofleased assets.2. (Guarantee) Financial condition of Crockett; bondcovenants.3. (Take-or-pay) Alternate sources of supply;quantity to be purchased relative to total needs;price provisions of contract.19.{L}a. As the table below indicates, the declining paymentassumption using a 92% declining rate (the averagerate over the first five years (2000 - 2004)) is agood approximation for JC Penney. The present value is$3,320; a deviation of one-half of one percent fromthe stated present value of $3,302. If the constantpayment assumption is made, the error is about fourpercent.11-17b. Using only the first year payment: Payment = $66 andcurrent portion = $16; therefore interest portion = $50 and interest rate = $50/$417 =12%.Using all payments:Constant payment assumption implies MLP’s of $54 from 2004 through 2017 and $12 in 2018. Equating this payment stream to $417 yields an IRR of 11.8%For the declining payment assumption, we would use a declining rate of 95%, the average of (2000 - 2004).Using this rate yields an IRR of 10.44%The rate seems to be between 10.4%-12%. Given that two of the methods yield estimates closer to the high end of the range, using a rate of approximately 11.5% would be an appropriate estimate.c. The rate used by Sears is somewhat higher than that ofJ.C. Penney. That may be a function of (1)higher credit rating for Penney, (2)differing risk characteristics of the leased properties, or (3) Sears leases were entered into in periods of higher interest rates.d. Given the rapid decline over the first four years, wechoose to use the declining payment assumption. Usinga decline rate of .86 (the average over the first fiveyears) and a discount rate of 11.5% (from part b), the present value of the operating leases is $1,375 million.11-1820.{M} Adjusting for the operating lease results in adeterioration of the ratios in each case.* Year 2000 MLP = $352. Interest portion is equal to 11.5% x $1,325 = $158; Therefore, current portion of debt = $352 -$158 = $194** Present Value of operating leases as calculated in Problem 19 part d.† Assumes interest this year (1999) is approximately equal to next year’s (2000) interest levels.Note: No adjustment is made for pretax income, which maybe higher or lower depending on the age” of the lease.The earlier (later) in the lease term, expense is higher(lower) for the capital lease. On average the expense isidentical.As we do not know the relative age of theleases we assume no change.11-1921.{S} Sears’ MDA reports securitized (credit card) balancessold of $6,579 and $6,626 million in 1999 and 1998respectively. Adjusting for these balances (in 1999)requires adding $6,579 to accounts receivable andcurrent liabilities (assuming the debt is short-term)and increasing CFO by ($6,626 – $6,579) $47 million. Asthe table below indicates, the impact on these threeratios is considerable.22.{S} The adjusted ratios are poorer than those based on Sears’reported data. The adjustment for securitization ofreceivables accounts for far more of the impact than theoperating leases.Note: See problems 11-19, 11-20, and 11-21 for explanation of these adjustments11-2023.{M}a. Using th e constant rate assumption (MLP’s of $59million from 2004 - 2017 and $8 million in 2018), theimplicit interest rate is 4.19%.Note that Texaco has not guaranteed all of this lease.The total present value of the guaranteed portion ofthe lease is approximately ($336/44%) $764 million.b. The rate is somewhat lower than the 5% - 5.5% ratecalculated for Texaco in the chapter (page 385).c. Equilon may have less debt (in relation to theirassets) than Texaco, or the nature of its business (orof the leased assets) may be operationally less risky.The leases may have been entered into when interestrates were especially low.Assets are higher because inventory is replaced with (higher) receivables because of the recognition of manufacturing profit. Assets remain higher throughout the lease term.Revenues are higher in Year 1 as the sales-type lease recognizes a sale whereas the operating lease method does not. In later years, interest revenue from the sales-type lease should be lower than lease revenue for the operating lease. This effect is more pronounced over time; in year 9, interest income is low given the small remaining receivable.The revenue effect increases the asset turnover ratio in the first year. But the revenue effect reduces turnover in the ninth year.11-21Expenses are higher in year 1 due to the recognition of cost of goods sold. In later years, there is no expense for the sales-type lease; the operating lease method reports depreciation expense in every year, however.Initial period income and income-related ratios are higher for the sales-type lease because the sale (and income) is recognized at the inception of the lease. In later years, however, income is higher for the operating lease.Income taxes paid are the same since the lease cannot be considered a completed sale for tax purposes.Cash from operations is higher for the first year due to recognition of the sale (the investment in the lease is classified as an investing cash outflow). In later years the operating lease method shows higher cash from operations as rental income exceeds the interest income recorded for the sales-type lease (income taxes paid are the same).[See Exhibit 11-8 and the accompanying text for further explanation of these effects.]25.{L}a. The present value of the minimum lease paymentsreceivable of $170,271 (at 10%, the lower of lesseeand lessor rates) is more than 90% of the fair marketvalue of $185,250. Therefore, the lessee, Baldes,should capitalize the lease. It would be useful toknow whether the lessee has guaranteed the residualvalue of the leased asset.b. Leased assets $ 170,271Long-term lease obligation 167,298Current portion of lease obligation 2,973Total lease obligation $ 170,271Note that there are no income or cash flow statementeffects at the inception of the lease.11-2211-23c. (i) Balance sheet effects of capital lease:No impact on balance sheet if operating lease method applied. [Deferred tax assets reflecting the difference between total expense under the two methods would also be reported.](ii) Income statement effects of capital lease:1Interest expense for: 2001 = .10 x $170,271 2002 = .10 x $167,298 2Deprecation expense = $170,271/20 for each yearThe income statement would show lease expense of $20,000 each year under the operating lease method.(iii) Statement of cash flow effects of capital lease:The operating lease method reports $20,000 cash outflow from operations for each year.。
《审计学：原理与案例》教学课件11舞弊
C 已向注册会计师披露了已知的涉及管理层、在 内部控制中承担重要职责的员工以及其舞弊行为 可能对财务报表产生重大影响的其他人员的舞弊 或舞弊嫌疑
D 已向注册会计师披露了从现任和前任员工、分 析师、监管机构等方面获知的、影响财务报表的 舞弊指控或舞弊嫌疑
释与心态）
- 漠视监控和降低盗用 资产风险的需要。
- 凌驾于现有控制之上， 漠视对盗用资产的控 制。
- 容忍不重要的偷窃行 为。
机会
- 对资产的内部控制不足，例如职责分离或独立核查、管理层对员工 的监督等。
- 有大量现金经手。 - 固定资产体积小，适于销售，或者缺乏显而易见的所有权标识
思考1（单选题）下列哪项属于侵占资产的手段（ ）。 A 贪污收入款项 B 隐瞒可能影响财务报表金额的事实 C 滥用或随意变更会计政策 D 构造复杂的交易以歪曲财务状况或经营成果
询问 待续
1.注册会计师应当向管理层询问的事项包括：（1）管理层对舞 弊导致的财务报表重大错报风险的评估；（2）管理层对舞弊风 险的识别和应对过程；（3）管理层就其对舞弊风险的识别和应 对过程与治理层沟通的情况；（4）管理层就其经营理念及道德 观念与员工沟通的情况。
2.向内部审计人员询问的主要内容包括： （1）内部审计人员对被审计单位舞弊风险的认识； （2）内部审计人员在本期是否实施了用以发现舞弊的程序； （3）管理层对通过内部审计程序发现的舞弊是否采取了适当的 应对措施； （4）内部审计人员是否了解任何舞弊事实、舞弊嫌疑或舞弊指 控。这里，舞弊事实是指已经实际发生的舞弊行为的有关情况； 舞弊嫌疑是指怀疑可能会构成舞弊行为的有关情况；舞弊指控是 指对舞弊行为的举报、投诉等方面的有关情况。
会计学11章习题及答案
第十一章财务报表一、单项选择题1.会计报表中项目的数字直接来源于（）。
A.原始凭证B.记账凭证C.日记账D.账簿记录2.财务报表是指企事业单位对外提供的反映企事业单位某一特定日期财务状况以及某一会计期间经营成果、现金流量等会计信息的文件，主要是由（）组成的。
A.资产负债表和利润表B.资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表C.会计报表和财务情况说明书D.会计报表和附注3.将报表分为静态报表和动态表示按报表的（）划分的。
A.服务对象B.编报主体C.编报时间D.经济内容4.资产负债表中的报表项目（）。
A.都是根据账户余额直接填列B.都是对账户发生额进行分析计算后填列C.大多数项目可以直接根据账户余额填列，少数报表项目需要根据有关账户发生额分析计算后才能填列D.大多数项目可以直接根据账户余额填列，少数报表项目需要根据有关账户余额分析计算后才能填列5.资产负债表中，“应收账款”项目应根据（）填列。
A.“应收账款”总分类账户期末余额B.“应收账款”总分类账户所属明细账的期末余额C.“应收账款”和“应付账款”中所属各明细分类账户的期末借方余额合计D.“应收账款”和“预收账款”总分类账所属各明细分类账户的期末借方余额合计6.多步式利润表是通过多步计算来确定当期损益的，通常把利润的计算分解为（）。
A.营业利润、利润总额、净利润和每股收益B.营业收入、营业利润、应税利润和净利润C.营业收入、营业利润、利润总额和净利润D.营业利润、利润总额和净利润二、多项选择题1.会计报表主要包括（）。
A.资产负债表B. 利润表C.现金流量表D.所有者权益变动表E.报表附注2. 财务报告的使用者有（）。
A.投资者B.债权人C.捐赠者D.上级主管部门和财税部门E.其内部管理人员和广大职工群众3.下列报表中，属于内部报表的是（）。
A.单位报表B.商品产品成本表C.制造费用明细表D.期间费用明细表E.产品成本明细表4. 资产负债表中的“存货”项目应根据（）等账户的期末借方余额之和填列。
陈国辉基础会计第三版第十一章财务会计报告
资产项目：借方余额
教材P216 编制单位： 表11—3
教材P215 表11—2
负债、所有者权益项目：贷方余额
资产负债表
会企01表
年月日
单位：元
资产
期末余额 年初余额 负债和所有者权益 期末余额 年初余额
流动资产：
流动负债：
货币资金
交易性金融资产 其他应收款
应收票据 期末余额 160 000 应收账款
正常 （预付性质）
总账
预付账款
期末余额 94 000 （预付性质）
教材P215 表11—2
编制单位：
教材P216 表11—3
资产
期末余额
流动资产：
货币资金
交易性金融资产
应收账款
预付账款
200 000
存货 预付账款－D企业
（略） 期末余额 100 000 （预付性质）
非流动资产：
固定资产 应付账款－H企业
资产
期末数 负债和所有者权益 期末数
正 流动资产：
★
货币资金
资产
交易性金融资产 总额
及其
应收票据
结构
表 应收账款
状况
（略）
流动负债：
短期借款
应财付票务据 应状付账况款
实收资本
（略）
★ 负债总额 及其结构状况
★ 所有者权 益总额及其结 构状况
（三）资产负债表正表的格式 1.账户式 ★因其外表形式像“T”形账户而得名。
财务会计的目标
（三）财务会计报告的种类 ●按编报时间可分为年度财务会计报告 和中期财务会计报告。
资产负债表
（财务状况）
资产 负债
会计 所有者权益 主体
1234
第十一章行政单位财务报表解析
一、“年初各项资金结转结余”项目及其所属各 明细项目，反映行政单位本年初所有资金结转 结余的金额。
应当与上年度收入支出表中“年末各项资金结 转结余”中各明细项目的数额相等。
收入支出表年报的填列
二、“各项资金结转结余调整及变动”项目 及其所属各明细项目，反映行政单位因发 生需要调整以前年度各项资金结转结余的 事项，以及本年因调入、上缴或交回等导 致各项资金结转结余变动的金额。
预算会计
第十一章 行政单位财务报表
财务报表的概念及分类
财务报表是反映行政单位财务状况和预算执行结果等的书面文 件，由会计报表及其附注构成。会计报表包括资产负债表、收 入支出表、财政拨款收入支出表等。
资产负债表：反映行政单位在某一特定日期财务状况的报表。 应当按照资产、负债、净资产分类、分项列示。
?一年初各项资金结转结余?六年末各项资金结转结余财政拨款收入支出表年报项目年初财政拨款结转结余调整年初财政拨款结转结余归集调入或上缴单位内部调剂本年财政拨款收入本年财政拨款支出年末财政拨款结转结余结转结余结转结余结转结余一公共财政预算资金项目年初财政拨款结转结余调整年初财政拨款结转结余归集调入或上缴单位内部调剂本年财政拨款收入本年财政拨款支出年末财政拨款结转结余结转结余结转结余结转结余一公共财政预算资金一基本支出1
第11章 分部报告 中期财务报告
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二、分部报告的意义
提供分部信息的主要目的，在于评估不同因素对 企业的影响，以便更好地理解企业以往的经营业绩， 并对其未来的发展趋势作出合理的预测和判断。
1．通过分部报告，可以更好地理解企业的业绩。
2．通过分部报告，可以更好地评估企业的风险和 回报。
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三、业务分部的确定
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企业在确定地区分部时，应当结合企业内部管 理要求，并考虑下列因素： （1）所处经济、政治环境的相似性; （2）在不同地区经营之间的关系; （3）经营的接近程度大小; （4）与某一特定地区经营相关的特别风险; （5）外汇管理规定; （6）外汇风险。
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五、报告分部的确定
基本每股收益和稀释每股收益应当在中期利润表 中单独列示。
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三、在中期财务会计报告中编报合并报表
和母公司报表的要求
1、上年度编制合并财务报表的，中期期末应当 编制合并财务报表。
2、上年度财务报告除了包括合并财务报表，还包 括母公司财务报表的，中期财务报告也应当包括母公 司财务报表。
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二、中期财务会计报告的内容和格式
中期财务报告——至少应当包括资产负债表、利 润表、现金流量表和附注。
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中期资产负债表、利润表和现金流量表应当是完 整报表，其格式和内容应当与上年度财务报表相一 致。
当年新施行的会计准则对财务报表格式和内容作 了修改的，中期财务报表应当按照修改后的报表格 式和内容编制，上年度比较财务报表的格式和内容， 也应当作相应调整。
对于理解本中期财务状况、经营成果和现金 流量有关的重要交易或者事项，也应当在附注中 作相应披露。
第十一章 财务报表趋势分析方法
第二节 趋势报表分析方法
趋势报表分析方法的含义
（一）趋势报表分析方法的基本含义
趋势报表分析是将一定时期内（两期或连续数期）的财 务报表数据在同一报表上予以并列列示，直接观察比较 各期有关项目的增减变动的方向、数额和幅度，以判断 企业的财务状况和经营成果变动情况及发展趋势的一种 财务报表分析方法。
财务报表分析方法
陈少华/主编
厦门大学出版社
21世纪会计学系列教材
Hale Waihona Puke 第十一章–第一节 –第二节 –第三节 –第四节
财务报表趋势分析方法
财务报表趋势分析概述 趋势报表分析方法 财务报表时间序列预测方法 预测财务报表及其敏感性分析方法
第一节
财务报表趋势分析概述
财务报表趋势分析的含义
（一）财务报表趋势分析的基本含义
趋势报表分析方法的类型
通过表11-3财务比率的趋势比较，结合财务比率视角一章 的内容，我们可以对春兰公司作出如下的判断： （1）净资产收益率：1999年度春兰公司净资产收益率 为18%，2000年度为16%，降低了2个百分点，春兰股 份指标值的下降反映了运营效益的降低。 （2）主营业务毛利率：春兰股份在家电行业竞争激烈 的情况下仍能取得1999年的获利水平，在行业中排名 亦属于前列。主营业务比率与1999年基本持平，仍达 到97%的水平，说明若2001年行业情况变动不大，企 业收益可保持相对稳定。
趋势报表分析方法的类型
（3）总资产报酬率：春兰股份2000年总资产报酬率较 1999年略有下降，但是在同行业中仍保持相对较高的 水准。另外，春兰股份2000年该指标值高于市场资本 利率，说明企业可适当扩大举债规模，充分利用财务杠 杆为股东赚取更多的收益。 （4）流动能力和现金能力：根据表11-3，春兰股份短 期偿债能力和现金能力的各项比率中，2000年度的流 动比率、速动比率比1999年度显著提高。 （5）资产负债率：春兰股份的资产负债率2000年不超 过30%，一方面反映出企业的经营稳健，另一方面也反 映企业未能充分利用财务杠杆。
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第十一章财务报表
1. 经营活动的现金流入量 P424 2. 经营活动的现金流出量 P424-
425
（二）投资活动产生的现金流量
投资活动的定义：投资活动是指 企业长期资产的购建和不包括在 现金等价物范围内的投资及其处 置活动。
（2）非流动性资产 P408 2. 负债 P409 （1）流动负债 P409
第十一章财务报表
（2） 非流动负债 3. 所有者权益 P409
三、资产负债表的编制方法 （一）一般项目的填制依据 根据总分类账户的期末余额填列 （二）需要分析计算调整的项目
1. “货币资金”项目 P409
第十一章财务报表
2. “应收账款”项目 P412
（三）筹资活动产生的现金流量各 项目的填列方法 P431-432 （四）汇率变动对现金及现金等价 物的影响项目的填列方法 P432 （五）现金及现金等价物净增加额 项目的填列方法 P432 （六）期末现金及现金等价物余额 项目的填列方法 P432 （七）补充资料 P433-435 （八）具体编第十制一章财务报P表 435-441
金流出量和现金流量净额的方
法。
第十一章财务报表
间接法是指以净利润为基础， 以非现金费用和债权债务以及 存货的变动额加以调整，结算 出现金流量净额的方法。
（一）经营活动产生的现金流量 各项目的填列方法 P428-430 （二）投资活动产生的现金流量 各项目的填列方法 P430-431
第十一章财务报表
第十一章财务报表
19. “应付账款”项目 20. “预收账款”项目 21. “一年内到期的非流动性负 债”项目 22. “其他流动负债”项目 23. “长期借款”项目 24. “应付债券”项目 25. “长期应付款”项目 26. “专项应付款”项目 27. “未分配第十利一章财润务报表”项目
四、应交增值税明细表
第十一章财务报表
二、利润表的结构和内容 P417-418
三、利润表的编制方法 P419-420
四、利润分配表 （一）利润分配表的意义和作用
1. 定义 Leabharlann 4202. 作用 P420
第十一章财务报表
（二）利润分配表的内容和结构 P420
（三）利润分配表的编制方法 P421-422
第十一章财务报表
第四节 现金流量表
二、资产负债表的结构和内容
第十一章财务报表
（一）资产负债表的结构 P407-408 资产负债表的正表采用账户式 结构
（二）资产负债表的内容 1. 资产 P408
（1）流动资产 a. 流动资产的定义 P408
第十一章财务报表
b. 现金等价物的定义：现金等价物 是指企业持有的期限短、流动性强、 易于转换为已知金额的现金、价值 变动风险很小的投资。 c. 流动资产的内容 P408
1. 静态财务报表 P406
2. 动态财务报表 P406
（三）按照财务报表编制的时期分
类 P406
第十一章财务报表
（四）按照财务报表母子公司的关 系分类
1. 个别财务报表 P407 2. 合并财务报表 P407
第十一章财务报表
第二节 资产负债表
一、资产负债表的意义和作用 1. 定义：资产负债表是指反映 企业在某一特定日期财务状况 的报表。 2. 作用 P407
第十一章财务报表
1. 投资活动的现金流入量 P425-426
2. 投资活动的现金流出量 P426 （三）筹资活动产生的现金流量
筹资活动的定义：筹资活动是指 导致企业资本及债务规模和构成 发生变化的活动。
第十一章财务报表
1. 筹资活动的现金流入量 P426-427
2. 筹资活动的现金流出量 P427
（四）汇率变动对现金及现金等价 物的影响 P427 （五）现金及现金等价物净增加额
P427 （六）期末现金及现金等价物余额
P428 第十一章财务报表
三、现金流量表的编制方法
编制的方法有直接法和间接法 两种。
直接法是指以利润表中各主要
经营收支项目为基础，并以实
际的现金收入和现金支出进行
调整，结算出现金流入量、现
（一）应交增值税明细表的意义 和作用
1. 定义 P414 2. 作用 P414
（二）应交增值税明细表的结构 和内容 P414-415 （三）应交增值税明细表的编制 方法 P416第-十4一1章财7务报表
第三节 利润表
一、利润表的意义和作用 1. 定义：利润表是指反映企业在
一定会计期间经营成果的报表。 2. 作用 P417
第十一章 财务报表 第一节 财务报表概述
一、财务报表的意义
1. 定义：财务报表是指企业对外提 供的反映企业某一特定日期财务状 况和某一会计期间经营成果、现金 流量的文件。
第十一章财务报表
2. 为何要编补财务报表 P404 二、财务报表的作用 P404-405 三、财务报表的组成和编制要求 （一）财务报表的组成
一、先金流量表的作用
1. 现金流量表的定义：现金流量表 是指反映企业一定会计期间现金和 现金等价物流入和流出的报表。
2. 现金流量的定义：现金流量是指 企业在一定期间的现金和现金等价 物的流入和流出。
第十一章财务报表
3. 现金流量表的作用 P423
二、现金流量表的结构和内容
现金流量表的正表部分采用多步 式，它由以下六个部分组成。 （一）经营活动产生的现金流量
1. 资产负债表 2. 利润表 3. 现金流量表
第十一章财务报表
4. 所有者权益（或股东权益）变 动表 5. 附注 （二）财务报表的编制要求
1. 数字真实 2. 计算准确 3. 内容完整 4. 报送及时
第十一章财务报表
四、财务报表的分类
（一）按照财务报表反映的经济内 容分类 P406 （二）按照财务报表反映的资金运 动形态分类
3. “其他应收款”项目 P412
4. “预付款项”项目 P412 5. “存货”项目 P412 6. “一年内到期的非流动资产” 项目 7. “其他流动资产”项目 8. “可供出售金融资产”项目 9. “持有至第到十一期章财务投报表 资”项目
10. “长期应收款”项目 11. “长期股权投资”项目 12. “投资性房地产”项目 13. “固定资产”项目 14. “在建工程”项目 15. “生产性生物资产”项目 16. “油气资产”项目 17. “无形资产”项目 18. “长期待摊费用”项目