生物质外文翻译
利用生物质产酒精的方法及常见工艺流程英文
利用生物质产酒精的方法及常见工艺流程英文Biofuel Ethanol Production: Methods and Common Process FlowsThe production of ethanol from biomass has emerged as a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources. Biofuel ethanol, derived from renewable biological materials, offers a promising solution to address the growing energy demands and environmental concerns associated with fossil fuels. This essay will delve into the various methods and common process flows employed in the production of biofuel ethanol.One of the primary methods for producing biofuel ethanol is through the fermentation of sugars derived from biomass. This process involves the conversion of carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, or starch, into ethanol by the action of microorganisms, typically yeast. The biomass feedstock can be sourced from a wide range of materials, including agricultural residues, energy crops, and even municipal solid waste.The first step in the biofuel ethanol production process is thepretreatment of the biomass. This step aims to break down the complex structures of the feedstock, making the sugars more accessible for the subsequent fermentation process. Various pretreatment methods can be employed, such as mechanical, chemical, or thermal treatments, depending on the characteristics of the biomass. The goal is to increase the surface area of the biomass, disrupt the lignin-carbohydrate matrix, and enhance the accessibility of the fermentable sugars.Following the pretreatment, the biomass undergoes a hydrolysis step, where the complex carbohydrates are broken down into simpler sugars. This can be achieved through enzymatic hydrolysis, using specialized enzymes, or through acid hydrolysis, using dilute acids. The choice of hydrolysis method depends on the specific biomass feedstock and the desired efficiency of the process.Once the fermentable sugars have been extracted, the next step is the fermentation process. In this stage, the sugars are converted into ethanol by the action of microorganisms, typically yeast strains such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fermentation process involves the anaerobic respiration of the sugars, where the yeast cells break down the glucose molecules and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts.To optimize the fermentation process, various parameters must becarefully controlled, including temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and the concentration of the fermentation broth. The duration of the fermentation process can vary depending on the specific conditions and the efficiency of the microorganisms involved.After the fermentation step, the next stage is the separation and purification of the ethanol. This is typically done through distillation, where the ethanol-rich fermentation broth is heated, and the ethanol vapors are collected and condensed. The resulting ethanol is then further purified to meet the desired purity standards for use as a biofuel.In addition to the primary methods of biomass pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation, there are also several common process flows employed in the production of biofuel ethanol. One such process flow is the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) approach, where the hydrolysis and fermentation steps are combined into a single process, improving the overall efficiency and reducing the processing time.Another common process flow is the separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) method, where the hydrolysis and fermentation steps are carried out in separate stages. This approach allows for better control and optimization of each individual step, but may require additional equipment and processing time.The choice of process flow depends on various factors, such as the type of biomass feedstock, the desired production scale, the availability of resources, and the specific requirements of the biofuel ethanol production facility.In conclusion, the production of biofuel ethanol from biomass involves a series of interconnected processes, including pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification. The methods and common process flows employed in this industry are continuously evolving, driven by advancements in technology, the need for increased efficiency, and the growing demand for sustainable energy solutions. As the biofuel ethanol industry continues to develop, further improvements in these processes will be crucial in ensuring the long-term viability and environmental benefits of this renewable energy source.。
生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译
生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
2The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
生物质能源外文翻译外文文献英文文献中国的生物质能源
China’s Biomass EnergyChina leads the world in its energy reservation and is the second largest energy producer and consumer in the world. It is estimated that China has 4000 billion tons of potential primary energy reservation. However, per capita energy resource quantity and consuming quantity is far smaller than the world average level. The main characteristics of China’s energy exploration and utilization are as follows.1. Coal is the primary energy; exploration and utilization of renewable resources is supplementary. China’s explored reserves of coal resource accounts for over 90% of the primary energy total, such as coal, oil, natural gas, water energy and nuclear energy. Coal is dominant id China’s energy production and consumption.on.2. Energy consumption volume is increasing while energy utilization efficiency is comparatively low. As the economic scale expands, China’s energy consumption is on the constant increase. Under the influences of capital, technology, energy price, etc, China’s energy utilization efficiency is far lower than that of the developed countries. Energy comprehensive utilization efficiency is 32% and the overall energy systematic efficiency 9.3%. These numbers are only half of the developed country level.3. With the sustained increase of energy consumption, the coal-dominant energy structure has caused urban air pollution while with the excessive consumption of bio-mass energy giving rise to ecological destruction, the pressure on ecological environment is more and more severe. According to the World Bank, the economic loss caused by air and water pollution in China, approximately accounts for 3%--8% of GNP.4. The energy structure is getting more and more pluralized. By the middle of the 1990’s, energy self-sufficiency rate was 98%, while at present China is the second largest crude oil importer only after USA.The rapid development of China’s economy is based on the sufficient supply of energy, however, the higher-than-normal oil price on the international market together wit h China’s ever-increasing energy demand will be a serious subject faced withChina’s development road.More than 3200 places of terrestrial heat have been discovered in China, 225 of them could be used for power generation. It is estimated that the exploitable reserve of terrestrial heat in China is equal to the power of 462.65 billion tons of standard coal. In recent years, the use of terrestrial heat in our country has increased by 7%. We have usedChina will adopt the sustainable energy development str ategy of an “energy saving prioritized, plural structured, and environment friendly” nature in the coming 20 years. We will adopt the international energy strategy and strive to quadruple GDP with double energy consumption with the help of mechanism innovation and technological advancement. The following specific goals are expected to reach under the sustained energy development strategy: energy consumption of per unit GNP will be reduced by 20% on the level of the end of the 10th five-year plan; primary energy demand will be less than 2.5 billion tons of standard coal by 2020, saving 0.8 billion tons; coal consumption ratio is controlled under 60%, renewable energy utilization reaches 525 million standard coal (power generation by renewable energy stands at 100 million kilowatt); oil importing reliance is controlled under around 60%; the reduction rate of main pollutants is 45%--60%.The Development of New Energy in ChinaNew energy and renewable energy only started to develop in China. As pointed out in the Annual Report of China’s New Energy Industry released in January, 2007, China will largely increase the rate of new energy such as wind power, solar power, and biomass power in the overall energy consumption. The report says, our first step is; the new energy installed capacity will be 120 million kw by 2020, that is 12% of China’s total installed power capacity. We will have a boost of power generation by using wind, bio-energy and solar energy. The second step is; the percentage of new energy consumption will increased dramatically comparing to other kind of energies. By 2050, the new energy will account for 30%--40% of the total energy demand of China. Now l would like to give you a brief introduction on wind power, biomass energy, solar energy and terrestrial energy in China.Wind PowerThere are abundant wind power within our huge territory and along our long coastline. According to the survey of China meteorological Academy, based on the results of 900 weather stations, there is 253 million kw of wind power reserve 10 m below our earth. There is a great potential of wind power in the coastal area of eastern China 2---15 meters below sea level. Therefor ,we have a promising future in wind power generation there.Compiled by China Energy Comprehensive Use Association and European Wind Power Society, in a Report named Wind Force 12 in China, it is expected that China will have 40 million kw of wind power capacity in 2020, if is could develop fully. Then, the wind power will go beyond nuclear power and become the third largest power source in China. If that is true, China’s annual wind power generation would go up to 80 billion kwh, it could be enough for 80 million people. Meantime, it would reduce 48 million tons of CO2 emission.The report also says that China will need over 25 thousand of large wind generators by the year 2020, wind power sale will increase to morethan 300 billion yuan, that will create at least 150 thousand of job opportunities. It indicates that in the past 5 years, the cost of wind power will reduce by 20%, its technology cost is one of the lowest which can be decreased among the renewable energies.Biomass energyAccording to the Outline for Mid-- long Term Development of Renewable Energy in China, the goal of renewable energy development in the next 15 years is; by 2020, the renewable energy will occupy 16% in the energy structure of China. Among them, the production of ethanol is going up to 10 million tons; bio-diesel fuel 2 million tons; and the major part of the biomass energy development target are bio-energy power generation, Firedamp projects biomass liquid fuel and Biomass solid fuel. The biomass project in China has made great progress now, but it is still in an initial stages.According to the Supporting Policy of Bio-energy and Bio-chemistrydevelopment jointly promulgated by several ministries, China will give favorable treatments to support biomass energy development in the following aspects: setting up risk fund system, providing flexible loss subsidy; subsidies for raw material bases and demonstration projects; tax reduction is included. We can predict that the biomass energy in China will be developed rapidly in years to come.Terrestrial Energy12604.6 GWH of terrestrial heat till 2005 with an installed capacity of 3687 MWT, which rank number 1 and number 3 in the world respectively.We use the high heat to generate power and low middle heat to daily purposes. three thermo-power plants have been build in Tibet now, the total installed capacity in China is 29 mw. Terrestrial heat Floors have seen both economical and environmental benefit in the northern part of China as well as in big or medium cities such as: Beijing, Tianjin, Xi’an and Anshan. It is growing fast in agricultural areas like green house (terrestrial),breed aquatics, irrigation, in health care, recreation and tourism ,too China tops the world in utilization of terrestrial heat, but it is only 0.5% of our total energy. Terrestrial power is only 0.35% of the world total generation. We still have a long way to go in developing and utilizing the terrestrial heat.Ocean EnergyExperts have pointed out, while we are exploring petroleum, natural gas, coal and petrification energy, China ought to focus on the future, exploring the promising ocean energy. The clean, renewable ocean energy is the key source of solving the global energy problem, exploiting of ocean energy has been aroused much attention in USA, UK and Australia, some of the experiments have entered a phase of trial operation and evaluation. However, China, Japan and other eastern Asian counties have not realized the true meaning of ocean energy exploration.China’s Energy StrategyIn order to achieve the goal of building a well-off society and face the severe challenge of the long-term energy development, it is of overriding significance for China to adopt the right energy development strategy. Drawing upon the successful experiences of the developed countries and also proceeding from its nationalcondition, China will establish a long and middle term sustainable energy strategy that is in accordance with increasing energy efficiency and protecting the environment.中国的生物质能源中国的能源蕴藏量位居世界前列，同时也是世界第二大能源生产国与消费国。
生物质资源与生物能源 biomass and bioenergy resources
Dedicated agriculture crops such as corn, sorghum, switchgrass, etc.
Rapid fiber forest crops such as silage alder, hybrid poplar, sycamore, and willow
Total = 70.5 Quadrillion Btu
Petroleum 17%
Total = 6.2 Quadrillion Btu
− 2% Wind
Natural Gas 31%
− 45% Hydroelectric
Renewable Energy 9%
− 5% Geothermal
Nuclear Electric 11% Coal 32%
(Heat & Pressure)
Heat
Fuel Gases (CO + H2)
Liquids
Ethanol
CH4
Liquids
H2
Biobased Products from Biomass
USES
Fuels: Ethanol Renewable Diesel Electricity Heat Chemicals – Plastics – Solvents – Pharmaceuticals – Chemical Intermediates – Phenolics – Adhesives – Furfural – Fatty acids – Acetic Acid – Carbon black – Paints – Dyes, Pigments, and Ink – Detergents – Etc. Food and Feed
环境工程专业英语第二版重点课文翻译及复习
life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)化肥—chemical fertilizer 有机废物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe 衰减—attenuation阻滞的—retardant / blocking 稀释—dilution添加剂—additive 合成塑料—synthetic plastic 再生—regenerationUnit 4Precision and accuracy 精确度和准确度bulk collection 大量的搜集matric material 基体材料ananlytical sequence 分析结果Multivariate statistics 多变量的统计interactive effect 相互间的影响insofar 在...的范围overall analytical scheme 整体分析计划灵敏度sensitivity 采样sample collection 真实时间real time样品欲处理pretreatment of the sample 稳定性stability曲线拟合curve-fitting 吸附adsorb adsorption 累积accumulate accumulation 分析评价analytical evaluation 物理分离physical separation因次图dimension graph 标准方差standard varianceUnit 5primary pollutant 一次大气污染物secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮(N2O)nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO) nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)soot 煤烟dust 灰尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 杀虫剂/ 农药正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的serious polluted / heavily polluted决定因素determining factor 光化学氧化物photochemical oxidant液体微滴liquid droplet 放射性物质radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion含硫的sulfur-containing 风化wind erosion / weathering 汽车尾气automobile exhaustUnit 7出口outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone合成纤维synthetic fabric 捕集效率collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing 压力降pressure drop焚化炉incinerator 气体离子gas ion捕集板collection surface 碳黑carbon black尾气off-gas 可应用性applicability 工业规模full-scale 土壤床soil bed生物过滤器biofilter 固定资本fixed capital 易生物降解的easily biodegraded VOC 挥发性有机化合物APC 大气污染控制Regulatory program 调整项目Financial support 财政支持Operating cost 操作成本Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力Environmental media 环境介质Biological 生物学的Technologies 技术、工艺Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物Unit 10treatment facilities 处理设备municipality 市政当局, 自治市population equivalent 人口当量basement flooding 地下室浸水per capita per day 每人每天runoff 排水domestic sewage 生活污水type of terrain 地形种类Unit 12land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路aquatic life 水生生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期Unit 13flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕手动控制operator control/ manual control 最优化minimize the effects微处理器microprocessor 统计分析statistical analysis质量衡算mass balance 动力学dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox 停留时间residence time模拟simulation 参数parameter 水解hydrolysis 积分integralUnit 1 环境工程本书的内容：本书的目的是使工科和理科学生对环境问题的跨学科的研究有所了解：环境问题的起因，环境问题受关注的原因，如何控制环境问题。
外文翻译--生物质作为替代燃料用来发电-精品
生物质作为替代燃料用来发电前言电能有许多不同的产生来源而且可用不同的方式来生产。
然而，各国竞相寻找能源，并试图寻找的无限能源来生产电能。
此外，生产电能而使用的矿物燃料，如石油，煤炭等，都会产生一些从能源成本到环境的污染等重大问题。
在上世纪末，工程师们开始寻找新的能源，这些能源既具有与化石燃料相同的优点势外，同时也避免了其弊端。
事实上，有一些能源因来自自然而著称，这就是所谓的可再生能源。
之所以称它是可再生能源，是因为它不能耗尽并且可以重复使用。
这种能源有不同种类和不同的形式，例如风能，太阳能，水能，水电能源，生物质能等。
“在美国，自1973年以来便开始大量利用生物质，特别是木屑在热能及电力应用的利用上”。
本文将探讨利用生物质作为电力行业中使用的替代燃料。
文章开头，将涉及生物质的背景和它的历史来源。
其次，将对利用生物质能发电的电厂进行调查。
再次随后，陈述一些利用生物质的优点和缺点。
最后，一个结论将总结全文。
生物质能简介生物质是世界上最古老的可再生能源之一。
虽然我们一直在使用它，但很少有人知道它的学名。
生物质学名为活着的物质，或具体地讲，它是在死亡的树木，树枝，木材，农作物，甚至动物能量存储能源的转换，从而让我们可以使用它。
例如，“在今天的美国，物质燃料的使用范畴，包括木屑，花草残叶，农业残留物和城市碎木”。
因此，生物质能源可在任何时间和地点找到。
事实上，如果生物质不转换成其它形式的话它将一无是处。
因此，如果任何公司想利用生物质能作为石油或天然气的替代能源，就必须收集生物质（植物，木材等）并将它在某一地点燃烧，燃烧产生的热量可用于推动汽轮机发电。
同样，电厂可以使用生物量在的燃烧中的气化过程。
在这种情况下，将把生物量加热到极高温度而产生可燃气体，可用于推动涡轮旋转从而产生电能。
据加州能源委员会的网页介绍，加州每年生产约60万吨的生物质，这意味着2000兆瓦的电能。
事实上，这些能量足以满足市场需求和约2百万户人家使用。
生物质术语-最新国标
生物质术语1范围本文件界定了生物质通用术语、原料分析与理化性能检测、生物质来源、生物质转化和加工、生物质利用等相关的术语。
本文件适用于生物质及其相关领域的标准化文件和技术文件，用于定义通用的术语。
2术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
2.1通用术语2.1.1生物质biomass一切直接或间接利用绿色植物光合作用形成的有机物质，包含植物、动物和微生物以及由这些生命体排泄与代谢所产生的有机物质等。
可分为农业生物质、林业生物质、城市固体废弃物、动物废弃物等。
2.1.2农业生物质agricultural biomass农业生产和加工过程中产生的以及海洋中生长的生物质。
主要包括农产品、农业剩余物(如玉米秸、高粱秸、麦秸、稻草、豆秸、棉秆和稻壳等)、畜禽粪便、能源植物和海藻、海草等水生植物等。
2.1.3林业生物质forestry biomass林业生产和加工过程中产生的生物质。
主要包括林产品（如木材、竹材、藤材等）、林业剩余物(如枝丫、锯末、木屑、梢头、板皮和截头、果壳和果核等采伐剩余物和加工剩余物、造纸废弃物以及废弃木材)、能源林、森林和草原上的草类植物等。
2.1.4城市固体废弃物municipal solid wast(MSW)城镇消费者消费后产生的固体、半固体废弃物。
主要包括餐饮消费废弃物、垃圾、畜禽粪便、食品加工废弃物、建筑与装修、拆迁产生的废弃木材等。
2.1.5初级生物质primary biomass直接由光合作用产生的生物质，如森林中获得的木材、竹材、藤材及其采伐剩余物，农作物、草类植物,或海草、海藻类等水生植物等。
次级生物2.1.6质secondary biomass以初级生物质为原料,加工目标产品过程中产生的副产品和剩余物，如锯末、秸秆、制浆黑液、禽畜粪便等。
2.1.7三级生物质tertiary biomass消费后产生的剩余物或废弃物。
如餐饮消费废弃的动植油、建筑和拆迁产生的木构件、木碎片等废弃木材，以及废弃包装、城市固体废弃物和填埋区产生的沼气等。
生物质翻译
生物质在高温压缩水下水解的一些进展和与其他水解方法的比较生物质水解提取物对于能更进一步转化生产生物燃料是重要的产品，特别是糖和其他游泳的派生物。
用高温压缩水水解和转化纤维素，半纤维素和木质纤维素生物质材料在过去的二十年已经被证实是有重大意义的研究和发展。
.在这篇文章总结了不同压缩水条件下这些材料的分解机里和水解产物。
压缩水中决定水解行为的关键因素同样也被讨论。
比较了高温压缩水的水解和用其他方法水解的不同，包括酸水解，碱水解和酶水解。
总结了这种方法的优势，缺点，典型的操作条件，产物的性质和应用型。
提出了高温压缩水水解存在的主要研究问题，讨论了为了进一步完善此技术进一步研究的前景。
简介以化石燃料位原料的能源生产产生了大量的二氧化碳排放物，而它正是温室效应和与气候变化有关[1]的问题的主要原因。
2006年的世界能源展望总结了当今能源消费的趋势既不是安全也不是可持续性2。
可再生的能源，特别是生物质在可持续发展中将会变得越来越重要。
在全球主要能源供应中生物质贡献了大约12%，在许多是发展中国家3达到了40%-50%。
根据联合国环境与发展会议所作出的分析，到20504年世界主要能源消费中生物质可能会提供一半。
因此，生物质将会被看作一个重要的战略组成部分用于解决与化石燃料使用有关的环境问题2.5。
最近世界油价的增长反映出国际市场的结构性转变，主要因为世界能源需求的快速增长，在主要的资源区域由于政治原因所危害到的能源供应，在过去十年限制了新石油的发现2。
生物燃料特别是乙醇已经变得越来越重要6。
目前，大部分的乙醇从甘蔗和玉米中生产，从而就与我们的粮食产生竞争7。
迫切需要开发一种可行的技术从大量的廉价的木质纤维生物质中生产安全和能负担得起的乙醇用来保证能源和地区发展8。
对于未来碳基材料的可持续供应同样重要的是生物质被认为是唯一的可预见的直接资源。
生物质资源的持续供应对世界社会和经济的可持续发展是至关重要的。
生物质农作物通过二氧化碳和水的光合作用获得和转化太阳能为化学能作为碳水化合物。
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生物质外文翻译Safety first, quality second. November 21, 2021
China’sBiomassEnergy
中国的生物质能源
中国的能源蕴藏量位居世界前列,同时也是世界第二大能源生产国与消费国;
中国远景一次能源资源总储量估计为4万亿吨标准煤;但是,人均能源资源占有量
和消费量远低于世界平均水平;中国能源开发利用呈现出以下主要特点;
一是能源以煤炭为主,可再生资源开发利用程度很低;中国探明的煤炭资源占
煤炭、石油、天然气、水能和核能等一次能源总量的90%以上,煤炭在中国能源生
产与消费中占支配地位;
二是能源消费总量不断增长,能源利用效率较低;随着经济规模的不断扩大,中国的能源消费呈持续上升趋势;受资金、技术、能源价格等因素的影响,中国能源
利用效率比发达国家低很多;能源综合利用效率为32%,能源系统总效率为%,只有发达国家的50%左右;
三是随着能源消费量的持续上升,以煤炭为主的能源结构造成城市大气污染,
过度消耗生物质能引起生态破坏,生态环境压力越来越大;世界银行认为,中国空气和水污染所造成的经济损失,大体占国内生产总值的3%~8%;
四是能源结构正在向多元化转变,上世纪90年代中期以前还是能源自给率达98%,而目前已经成为仅次于美国的第二大原油进口国;
中国经济的高速发展是建立在能源共给充足的基础上的,但国际市场趋高的原油价格和中国日益增加的能源需求将成为摆在中国发展道路上的严峻课题;
中国的能源战略
为实现全面建设小康社会的目标和应对能源长远发展遇到的严峻挑战,中国采取正确的能源战略具有决定性意义;中国将吸取西方发达国家的成功经验,根据具
体国情,建立符合中国特色的能源效率不断提高和环境保护日益加强的中长期可持续发展能源战略;
未来20年中国将实行“节能优先、结构多元、环境友好”的可持续能源发展战略;将依靠体制创新和技术进步,实行能源国际化战略,力争实现GDP翻两番,能源消费翻一番的目际;通过实行可持续发展的能源战略,有望达到如下理想目标：单位国
内生产总值能源消耗比“十五”期末降低20％左右；到2020年一次能源需求少于25亿吨标准煤,节能达到8亿吨标准煤；煤炭消费比例控制在60％左右,可再生能源利用达到亿标准煤其中可再生能源发电达到1亿千瓦；石油进口依存度控制在60％左右；主要污染物的削减率为45％—60％;
新型能源在中国的发展
新型能源及可再生能源在中国方兴未艾;2007年1月发布的中国新能源产业年度报告指出,中国将大幅度提高风能、太阳能、生物质能等新能源在整个能源消费中的比例;报告指出,第一步,在2020年达到新能源发展装机亿千瓦,占全国发电装机总容量的12%,大力推进风力发电、生物质发电、太阳能发电;第二步,大幅提高
新能源在整个能源消费中的比例,在2050年实现新
能源满足能源需求的30%-40%的战略目标;以下就中国在风能、生物质能、太阳
能、地热能等领域的发展作简要介绍;
风能
我国幅员辽阔,海岸线长,风能资源比较丰富;中国气象科学研究院根据全国900多个气象站的测量结果计算出中国陆地10m高度层实际可开发的风能储量为亿kw;另外,中国东部沿海地区水深2～15m的海域面积非常巨大,中国海上风电开发
前景更加广阔;
由中国资源综合利用协会可再生能源专业委员会与绿色和平、欧洲风能协会共同
编写的名为风力12在中国的报告指出,如果充分开发,中国有能力在2020年实现4000万千瓦的风电装机容量,风电将超过核电成为中国第三大主力发电电源;如果
这一目标能够实现,中国风电年发电量将达到800亿千瓦时,可满足8000万人的用电需求,同时每年减少4800万吨二氧化碳排放量;
报告说,到2020年中国市场将需要超过万台大容量风机,风电业销售额将超过3000亿元,并创造至少15万个就业机会;报告还指出,在过去5年里,风电成本下降约20％,是可再生能源技术中成本降低最快的技术之一;
生物质能
我国在可再生能源中长期发展规划中,提出了未来15年可再生能源发展的目标：到2020年可再生能源在能源结构中的比例争取达到16％,其中燃料乙醇的年
生产能力达到1000万吨,生物柴油的年生产能力达到200万吨;根据规划,今后15
年我国生物质能发展的重点是生物质发电、沼气工程、生物液体燃料和生物质固
体成型燃料;目前,我国生物质能开发利用已经取得一定成绩,但从总体上看,大多
数生物质能技术尚处于初期发展阶段;我国促进生物质能替代石油将主要通过发展燃料乙醇、生物柴油、生物材料三个方面来实现;
财政部、发展改革委、农业部、税务总局、国家林业局近日联合印发关于发展生
物能源和生物化工财税扶持政策的实施意见,国家将在四项财税政策上扶持生物质能源的发展;一是建立风险基金制度、实施弹性亏损补贴;二是原料基地补助;三是项目示范补助;四是实行税收优惠;可以预见,中国的生物质能产业在200年以前将走上一条高速发展的快车道;
地热能
我国已发现的地热区有3200多处,其中可用以发电的高温地热有255处;初步估计,我国地热可采储量约相当于亿吨标准煤;近几年我国地热开采利用量每年以7%的速度增长;截止到2005年,我国直接利用地热资源的热能为,设备容量3687MWT,分别居世界第一和第三位;
我国利用地热资源的方式主要是高温地热发电和中低温地热直接利用;现在我国西藏已建成3座地热电站,全国总装机容量29MW;在华北、东北、西北地区,北京天津西安鞍山等大中城市的地热采暖已取得良好的经济效益和环境效益;此外地热温室、地热养殖、地热灌溉等农业利用地热资源也在迅速发展;地热资源还普遍应用于医疗保健、娱乐和旅游;
我国地热资源利用虽然占据世界首位,但在我国能源结构中不足%,地热发电也仅占世界地热发电的%;大力开发和有效利用地热资源已成为我国当前能源问题形式下
一个新的命题;
海洋能
专家提出,中国在当前努力挖掘石油、天然气、煤炭等化石能源的同时,更应
该着眼未来,开发富有潜力的海洋能源;海洋能源是清洁、可再生的能源,是解决全球能源问题的关键,在美国、英国、澳大利亚等海洋国家,海洋能源的开发利用日
益受到重视,一些开发概念已投入小规模试用或评估;而中国、日本等东亚国家,目前还没有充分认识到海洋能源开发的重要意义,尤其是中国作为有着漫长海岸线的
海洋资源大国,在利用开发海洋能源方面有先天优势,应加快对这一领域的研究步伐;。