第四讲 主体段扩展
主体段展开法--因果法两种套路
【主体段展开方法三：因果法】因果法就是用一些事实或理论作为依据来解释或论证某种现象或结果。
可以先把结果提出来，然后解释其原因；或先列出原因，再说明其结果。
【套路1】目前的问题或现象. There are many reasons / causes for所要讨论的主题, but in general, they come down to three major ones.For one thing/In the first place, 第一个原因.For another /In the second place, 第二个原因. Perhaps the prime / the most important reason / cause is that第三个原因 .From the foregoing, ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ __________________ .【例文1】Why Is There So Much Traffic Congestion in Big Cities?【例文2】Why Are There So Many Rural Laborers in Shanghai?请参阅资料4—5第13页【例文3】Why Are Chinese Students Admitted inUniversity through Entrance Examination?In China, students must take exams so as to enter university. If they cannot pass the specified exams or their test scores are low, they can hardly have the opportunity to studying university. There are many reasons for this practice, but in general, they come down to three major ones.For one thing, there are too many high school students but the university admission opportunities are rather limited. Therefore, they have to compete to get the limited opportunities. For another, the exam is not only a means to select students but a means to urge students to study hard, without which some students will be idle. Perhaps the most important reason is that the examination system is a deep-rooted tradition. Our education was greatly influenced by Confucianism and there was the imperial examination system in history.From the foregoing, the examination system has been prevalent for two or three thousand years in China. It has positive as well as negative effects. That’s why our examination system is being reformed to suit the educational development【套路2】.There are many factors that may account for / contribute to / responsible for the reason why所要讨论的主题, but the following are the most typical ones.First 第一个原因. Besides / Furthermore / Moreover / In addition / And what’s more, 第二个原因. Above all, / Most important of all,第三个原因 .All in all, 三个原因的概括或结论______________________________________________________________ __________________ .【例文】Why Are Our People So Keen on Saving?Chinese people are keen on saving. They lay aside a sum of money every month. To save money, they would rather live a thrifty life. If they use up all the money, they will feel worried. There are many factors that may account for this phenomenon, but the following are the most typical ones.First, in the old days most Chinese people were lived in poverty and misery. Even though they are rich now, they still lead a thrifty life because they are used to such a life. In addition, they are worried that they will be out of employment or encounter unexpected difficulties some day. Most important of all, they all have their future plans. Young people save money so as to get married. Middle-aged people save money to pay for their children’s education or improve their living condition. Old people save money to ensure their freedom from financial worry in their retirement life.In conclusion, they all save money for a rainy day. Actually our people should change their traditional idea and our government should also take measures to ensure the life of the aged and the unemployed.。
2022版新高考语文一轮总复习A版课件：专题四扩展语句压缩语段 —方法技巧
(2)提取要点 有些语段的信息是由中心句和关键句组成的。关键句是为中心句服务 的,或从反面或从侧面论述观点,但都属旁敲侧击之句,而语段的中心句才 是内容的核心。压缩时,只需将这个中心句摘取出来,然后根据要求将多 余的枝叶去掉即可。
例 将下面一段话压缩为一句话,表明作者的主张。(不超过22个字) 我绝不反对倾向诗本身。悲剧之父埃斯库罗斯和喜剧之父阿里斯托芬 都是有强烈倾向的诗人,但丁和塞万提斯也不逊色;而席勒的《阴谋与爱 情》的主要价值就在于它是德国第一部有政治倾向的戏剧。现代的那 些写出优秀小说的俄国人和挪威人全是有倾向的作家。可是我认为倾 向应当从场面和情节中自然而然地流露出来,而不应当特别把它指点出 来,同时我认为作家没必要把他所描写的社会冲突的历史和未来的解决 办法硬塞给读者。
4.审清材料——定表达 题目所提供的材料特点不同,概括重点就不同,表达方式就有别。若是新 闻材料压缩,就要紧扣陈述对象、中心事件和结果意义三要素概括,主要 采用主谓结构或动宾结构的陈述句表述;若是一般材料的压缩,除采用主 谓结构的陈述句外,还可采用并列结构、动宾结构、偏正结构的陈述句 来表述;而给概念下定义,则需要按照下定义的格式表述,其格式多为“×× ×(种概念)是×××的×××(属概念)”,多采用判断单句的形式。拟写完答案 后要认真检查,主要看答案是否存在信息遗漏、信息交叉或超过规定字 数等问题。
2.运用修辞法 经常运用的修辞手法有比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、反问等。
例 SOS儿童村是一个以家庭方式抚养孤儿的国际慈善组织,天津儿童 村是我国首批建立且规模最大的一个。儿童村中每个“家”都有一个 “妈妈”,她既要照料七八个孩子的生活,还要承担起教育的责任。妈妈 们用青春和无私的爱,使一个个孤儿享受到家的温暖。6月23日是“国际 SOS儿童村日”,请你写一段话,向儿童村妈妈表示敬意和祝福。要求:感 情真挚,至少使用一种修辞手法,不超过48个字。
议论文主体论证段的写作方法：变式与常式
厦 门 市 启 悟 中 学 李 龙 宗
一、阅读《说“安”》 将这篇文章 缩写成一个段落。
①安于平凡是我一直向往的一种境界。②安
于平凡不是消极避世，甘于平庸，不是对现实
的妥协，不是不敢面对失败的逃避；而是低调
中的进取，是不求功利，心境平和。③要做到
安于平凡就必须学会平静地看待得与失的关系。
国的残疾指挥家舟舟，残疾作家张海迪、史铁生，无
不是在残缺中获得了完美的人生。可见，缺陷并不可
厦 门
怕，残疾也无所畏惧，要成就一项事业，要对社会有
市 启
所贡献，关键是善待自己，燃烧自己，不要让自己在
悟 中
残缺中毁灭。 完美》
----《人生因残缺而
学 李
龙
宗
•
人的一生中有很多事情需要做出类似的选
择。舍弃应该舍去的，你便是智者；舍弃不该
不求名利，不争是非，一心做好工作来回报国家。
他最爱荷花的一份高洁与平和，以清荷自比道出
了他的人生哲学。安于平凡，可以告诉我们怎么
自省，怎样平衡得失。 提出分论点 叙述论据
分析论据
得出结论 厦
门
市
得出结论
启 悟
中
学
李
龙
宗
提出分 认识第三个主体段的扩展
• 要做论到点安于平凡就必须学会平静地看待得分与析失的分关系。 一时的物质损失算不得真正的失去，而不经论意点间的精
3．段落组成的常式
厦Hale Waihona Puke 门分论点+论据+议论+（结论）
市 启
悟
中
学
李
龙
宗
段落组成的常式
分论点+论据+议论+（结论）
小学三年级语文说课稿句子的扩展与应用
小学三年级语文说课稿句子的扩展与应用引言：语文学习对于小学三年级学生来说至关重要，它不仅能够提高学生的语言表达能力，还能够培养学生的思维能力和文化素养。
在语文教学中，句子是基本的语言单位，如何扩展和应用句子成为了培养学生语文能力的重要一环。
本文将探讨小学三年级语文说课稿句子的扩展与应用的方法和实践。
一、句子扩展的方法1.1 通过增加描述成分进行扩展在教学中，我们可以引导学生通过增加描述成分的方法进行句子的扩展。
例如，在句子“小明喜欢吃苹果。
”的基础上，我们可以引导学生加入修饰成分，如“小明喜欢吃又大又红的苹果。
”这样不仅丰富了句子的信息量，还让句子更加生动形象。
1.2 通过增加并列成分进行扩展除了增加描述成分外，我们还可以通过增加并列成分的方法进行句子的扩展。
比如，在句子“小明爱读书。
”的基础上，我们可以引导学生加入并列成分，如“小明爱读书、爱画画、爱唱歌。
”这样可以使句子更加丰满，展示学生多元化的兴趣爱好。
1.3 通过增加补充说明进行扩展补充说明是扩展句子的另一种常用方法。
例如，在句子“小红很勇敢。
”的基础上，我们可以引导学生加入补充说明，如“小红很勇敢，她勇敢地面对挑战，从不退缩。
”这样可以使句子更加具体，增强语言表达的力度。
二、句子扩展的应用2.1 语文写作中的句子扩展写作是培养学生语文能力的重要途径，而句子的扩展在写作中起到了至关重要的作用。
通过扩展句子，学生可以更好地表达自己的思想和情感。
例如，在写作中，我们可以引导学生通过增加细节、比喻、对比等手法来扩展句子，使文章更加生动有趣。
2.2 口头表达中的句子扩展口头表达是培养学生语言表达能力的重要途径，也是日常交流中的重要方式。
在口头表达中，应用句子扩展的方法可以使学生的表达更加清晰连贯，让听者更好地理解。
例如，在进行角色扮演活动时，我们可以引导学生通过增加描述、动作等方式来扩展句子，使角色更加生动有趣。
2.3 阅读理解中的句子扩展阅读理解是培养学生阅读能力和思维能力的重要环节。
教案扩展延伸万能模板范文
一、教学目标1. 知识目标：掌握本节课的基本知识，能够运用所学知识解决实际问题。
2. 能力目标：提高学生的分析问题、解决问题的能力，培养学生的创新思维。
3. 情感目标：激发学生的学习兴趣，培养学生热爱祖国、热爱生活的情感。
二、教学重难点1. 教学重点：本节课的核心知识，如概念、原理、方法等。
2. 教学难点：理解并运用所学知识解决实际问题，培养学生的创新思维。
三、教学过程1. 导入新课- 创设情境，激发学生学习兴趣。
- 提出问题，引发学生思考。
2. 新课讲授- 讲解本节课的核心知识，结合实例进行分析。
- 引导学生参与讨论，培养学生的合作意识。
3. 案例分析- 分析典型案例，引导学生运用所学知识解决问题。
- 总结经验，提高学生的实践能力。
4. 课堂练习- 设计针对性练习，巩固所学知识。
- 鼓励学生展示自己的解题思路，培养学生的表达能力和逻辑思维能力。
5. 总结与反思- 总结本节课所学内容，强调重点和难点。
- 引导学生反思自己的学习过程，提高自我评价能力。
四、扩展延伸1. 阅读拓展- 布置课外阅读任务，拓展学生的知识面。
- 引导学生撰写读书笔记，提高写作能力。
2. 实践拓展- 组织学生参加社会实践活动，将所学知识应用于实际。
- 鼓励学生参与创新活动，培养学生的创新能力。
3. 比赛拓展- 组织学生参加各类学科竞赛，提高学生的综合素质。
- 鼓励学生在比赛中展示自己的才华，增强自信心。
4. 交流拓展- 组织学生进行小组讨论，分享学习心得。
- 邀请专家学者进行讲座，拓宽学生的视野。
五、教学评价1. 课堂表现评价：关注学生的参与度、发言积极性、合作意识等。
2. 作业完成情况评价：检查学生的作业质量，了解学生对知识的掌握程度。
3. 课外拓展评价：关注学生在阅读、实践、比赛等方面的表现，评估学生的综合素质。
通过以上教学过程和扩展延伸，使学生能够全面掌握本节课的知识，提高学生的综合素质，培养学生的创新思维和实践能力。
高二语文课外拓展—扩展语句的类型及方法知识精讲
高二语文课外拓展—扩展语句的类型及方法【本讲主要内容】课外拓展——扩展语句的类型及方法【知识掌握】【知识点精析】一、扩展语句的基本类型扩展语句的形式很多，我们可以把它归纳为三种基本形式：句意丰富式、续写补写式、情景演绎式、中心阐发式。
1、句意丰富式扩展指提供一个结构简单的句子，要求考生对它变形修饰，使之具体生动。
当然要求一定的修辞手法，以克服语言枯燥、表述乏味的毛病。
例1、班里举行一次主题为“远离毒品”的班会，请你在黑板上写两句话，以彰显主题，营造气氛。
要求每句话不少于7个字，两句话字数相等，句子结构大体一致。
（6分）解析：这道题实质上是一道扩展语句题，它的核心是“远离毒品”，但扩展要求更严格，“字数相等，结构大体一致”也就是所谓的宽对，隐性地考查了修辞对仗知识。
示例：生命可贵应珍爱，毒品有害当远离。
例2、毕业前夕，班里举行一次以“友谊”为主题的班会，请你在黑板上写两句话，以彰显主题，营造气氛。
要求每句话不少于7个字，两句话字数相等，句子结构大体一致。
（6分）解析：跟全国卷一第19题一样，这道题也是一道扩展语句题。
它的核心是“友谊”，比一般的扩展要求更严格一些，上下句应符合宽对。
示例：五湖四海永为友，天长地久皆是谊。
2、续写补写式扩展指提供一句话或一段话,要求能根据所提供的具体语境续写或补写一段话或一句话。
补写或续写的句子必须做到与原文中心一致，文意相通，语境和谐，句式相类，语言风格和修辞手法一致。
例3、照应给出文句的意思，续写一段话。
(4分)听高雅的音乐，可以陶冶人的性情，可以激励人的斗志，可以抚慰受伤的心灵。
你看，___________________________________________________。
解析：这是续写式的扩展语句。
能否领会前半句的句意，是答题的关键。
“陶冶性情”、“激励斗志”、“抚慰心灵”从三个不同侧面来说明听高雅音乐的作用，“你看”的意思，就是下面举例来说明听音乐的三个作用。
教案编写中的扩展与巩固措施
教案编写中的扩展与巩固措施教学是一项复杂而具有挑战性的任务，编写一份完善的教案非常重要。
一个好的教案不仅仅要包含基础知识的教学内容，还需要适当的扩展和巩固措施，以帮助学生深入理解和掌握所学知识。
本文将探讨教案编写中的扩展与巩固措施，并提供一些建议。
一、扩展措施扩展是指在教学中进一步拓展学生的思维和知识面，提供更深入的学习和探索机会。
在教案编写中，加入扩展措施可以帮助学生更好地理解和应用所学知识。
1. 拓展教学资源：老师可以准备一些拓展的教学资源，如图书、参考资料、视频等，供学生进一步了解和学习。
这些资源可以激发学生的学习兴趣，拓宽他们的知识视野。
2. 创设情境：在教学中，可以设立一些情境让学生进行思考和应用。
例如，对于语文教学，可以提供一个故事情节，让学生自己编写故事结局，从而培养学生的创造力和逻辑思维。
3. 组织实践活动：实践活动是很好的扩展教学的方式。
通过实践，学生可以将理论知识与实际情境结合起来，提高对知识的理解和运用能力。
例如，在物理教学中，可以组织学生进行实验，观察现象并进行分析和总结。
二、巩固措施巩固是指在教学中对所学知识进行巩固和强化，确保学生真正掌握所学内容。
编写一份具有巩固措施的教案，对于学生的学习效果至关重要。
1. 温故知新：在教学过程中，可以通过复习已经学过的知识，巩固学生的基础。
可以采用问答、小测验等方式进行巩固，确保学生对于前面的知识都有了深入的理解。
2. 练习与应用：通过大量的练习和应用，学生可以巩固所学知识，并将其运用到实际情境中。
可以设计一些练习题，让学生进行反复练习，加深对知识的记忆和理解。
3. 反馈和评价：及时的反馈和评价可以帮助学生了解自己的学习情况，并发现和纠正错误。
在教案中，可以设置一些反馈环节，例如让学生自行检查答案，或者进行互评等，以帮助学生提高学习效果。
综上所述，教案编写中的扩展与巩固措施对于学生的学习效果有着重要的影响。
在编写教案时，教师应该注重在教学中加入适当的扩展教学内容，以激发学生的学习兴趣和思维能力；同时，要设计巩固措施，帮助学生巩固所学知识，确保学生真正掌握和应用所学内容。
2024年高考语文议论文主体段落五层结构讲解
主体段落概述一个标准的议论段（语段基本结构），应该功能俱全，层次清晰，具体说来包括以下五种功能句：（1）分论点句（段首简洁提出，或者准确或者生动）（2）阐释句（阐释分论点句，用化简为繁使之清晰，用比喻、对偶、排比等修辞使之生动，用引用名言、诗句、俗语等使之更有韵味。
注意与事例的衔接。
）（3）事例句（紧接阐释句，叙述简明，剪裁紧扣分论点。
）（4）分析句（紧扣分论点，对事实进行剖析。
可用因果、假设等分析法。
）（5）小结句（联系实际，适当延伸，回应段首观点句）对于一个规范的议论语段来说，字数是相对固定的，200-300字不等（取决于用例），写法差不多，分观点句、阐释句、材料句、分析句、结论句。
当然，你也可以创新，做成更有风味的“汉堡包”，写出更有特色的议论段。
文段写作五步法议论文段的写作可采用“五步法”来完成：（1）第一步，段的首句：一定要摆放这一小节的分论点。
开门见山，使阅卷老师明白你这一节要论证什么问题。
（观点句）（2）第二步：阐释或引用名人名言。
从理论上对分论点进行论证，也就是通常所说的理论论证。
要注意名人名言与分论点有关系，如没有联系，则不能起论证作用。
（阐释句）（3）第三步：列举典型事例，古今中外，正反事例均可。
所举事例要紧扣分论点。
写法上简要叙述即可，不要过多描写。
（材料句）（4）第四步：分析说理。
这是本段最重要的一步。
因为没有分析说理，光列举一个两个事例，不进行分析说理，那这举出的事例就不能成为分论点的论据，也就没有说服力。
常用的有分析说理方法有因果法和假设法等。
（分析句）（5）第五步：本段小结。
照应本段开头，重申这一节的分论点。
可加上“因此”或“所以我认为”等字样。
这样一来，本小节就形成了一个完整的说理板块。
（结论句）示例赏析1、应知重理想，更为世界谋。
（论点）//这则家训教育子弟要有胸怀天下的凌云壮志。
（阐释，“凌云壮志”扣“理想”；“胸怀天下”是为“为世界谋”的体现）//梁启超家一门三院士，满门皆才俊，小儿子梁思礼尤为出色。
段落扩展的常见方法
• 主题句－first－扩展句－second－扩展句－etc －扩展句－连接词－结论句
• 例如: (Topic sentence) Advertisement can be beneficial to people. (Argument 1)First, it is informative and can help people buy and sell goods. (Argument 2) Second, it can widen people's knowledge, and make people more experienced. (Argument 3)Finally, people can enjoy themselves in watching those funny and interesting advertisement programs.
• 第三种： 因果法(Cause and Effect)。在人类的 思维活动中, 人们常常会根据事物的原因推断其结 果, 或者根据某一结果分析其原因。写作中的因果 法正是这种思维方式在写作过程中的具体体现。 所谓因果法, 就是通过分析事物发生的原因,自然 地说明由此而产生的各种结果, 或者通过分析某一 结果, 推断导致这一结果的原因。
一个段落的中心，要求全段其他所有的文
字都围绕它展开。它指出了这段内容的主
导思想。主题句既可以用在段落的开始或 中间, 也可以用在段落的末尾, 但是对于我 们的四级考试来说, 我们应该尽量把主题句 放置于一个段落的开始, 这既有助于组织材 料, 也可以使文章结构清楚。写好段落的主 题句是写好作文的关键
英语六级作文写作技巧——主体段展开方法一罗列法
【主体段展开方法一：罗列法】罗列法是英文写作中最基本的一种，掌握此方法有助于其他方法的掌握。
要陈述一系列的事实或观点时，可以把各项内容的相对重要性、危害性或利弊等按照逻辑顺序（重要性递增或重要性递减）排列。
为了避免句型的单调重复，需要采用句子的衔接与过渡手段（transitional signals）。
一、有关事物的重要性英美人士喜欢把最次要的放在最前面，最重要的放在最后面，这种递进法使展开部分达到高潮，会给读者留下深刻的印象。
Why We Needn’t Worry Too Much About AidsNowadays people turn pale at the mention of Aids, for they think it is more dangerous than cancer in that cancer is not infectious but Aids is in infectious. Actually it can be prevented and we needn’t be frightened of it. There are many factors that may account for this statement, but the following are the most typical ones.First, the Aids virus is infected through blood, saliva（涎，唾液）and sexual intercourse. So long as we don’t abuse drug through intravenous injection（静脉注射）, kiss or have sexual intercourse with an Aids patient, we can prevent Aids. Besides, the Aids virus cannot exist out of the human body. Out of the human body it will soon die, especially in the sunlight. Therefore we will not be infected with Aids by touching the thing an Aids patient has touched. Most important of all, the Aids virus cannot spread through air. We will not be infected with Aids simply because we stay in the same room with an Aids patient. In some countries there is no special isolation ward（隔离房）for Aids patients.In conclusion, so long as we know its regularity（规律）, we can prevent Aids. If we take precautions（预防措施）, we will not contract （感染）Aids.衔接与过渡手段（transitional signals）1）表示“首先”firstfirstlyfirst of allto begin within the first place（后接in the second place）for one thing (后接for another)2)表示“第二”、“此外”、“其次”、“况且”secondsecondlybesideswhat’s morefurthermorein additionin addition to + 第一点（用名词短语概括的内容）another + 名词短语an additional + 名词短语besides + 名词短语3) 表示“最后”Finally不可用at last或in the end(4) 表示“最重要的是”The most important reason is …most important of allabove allthe most essential …（5）表示“总之，总而言之”on the wholein conclusionin shortin briefin a wordin summaryto summarizeto sum up(6)表示“纵上所述”from the foregoingfrom what has been discussed abovefrom the above analysis【Assignment】Qualities of s Good Student二、有关事物的危害性The Harmful Effects of Global WarmingIt is reported from different media that global warming could bring about a number of serious problems.To begin with, rising global temperatures are expected change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Scientific reports have already proven that rising global temperatures could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies and that there is likely to be an overall trend toward more intense rainstorms in one place and drier soils in another.To make matters worse, air pollution could get much worse. All areas, not just major cities, could see an increase in the pollutants and a higher frequency and severity of lung diseases. It could also affect animals and many types of ecosystems. Worst of all, global warming could contribute to the rising of sea level, endangering or destroying coastal areas like Indonesia, where more than 45 million people live at coastal elevations within a meter of sea level.Therefore, global warming is one of the most serious challenges facing us today. For economic and environmental reasons, and above all to save human lives, we should take drastic measures to prevent this problem becoming worse.三、有关事物的利弊讨论事物的利弊时，可采用以下套路：【套路1】Nowadays, 所要讨论的话题_(_单词或短语____)_ plays/play an important role / part in people’s life. Like everything else, ______所要讨论的话题_______ has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.First,第一个好处（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ ____________________ . Besides, ___第二个好处_（完整的句子）______________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处___（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ _______________________ .But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. To begin with, 第一个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ . To make matters worse,第二个坏处__（完整的句子）___________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ _________ .From / Through the above analysis（From what has been discussed above）, I believe /I am convinced that the positive aspects / the advantages outweigh the negative aspects / the disadvantages. Therefore, 结论_____________________________________________.【套路2】Recently, there is considerable discussion on /about / with regard to _所要讨论的话题(_单词或短语____)_______. Like everything else所要讨论的话题(_单词或短语____)_______ has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows.First, 第一个好处_（完整的句子）_________________________________________________ .In addition /furthermore /moreover,第二个好处_(_完整的句子)_____________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处__(_完整的句子)_______________________ ______________________________________________________________ ___________________ .But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. To begin with, 第一个坏处_________________________ . To make matters worse,第二个坏处_____________________________________________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处_________________________ _________ .From / Through the above analysis, （或：From the foregoing / From what has been discussed above）I believe / I am convinced that the positive aspects / the advantages outweigh the negative aspects / the disadvantages. Therefore, 结论__________________________________________.【套路3】Nowadays /Recently, 所要讨论的话题_(_单词或短语)____ plays an important part in our daily life / is popular with / among / around us. Like everything else, ______所要讨论的话题_______ has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.In the first place,第一个好处（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ ____________________ .In the second place,第二个好处_（完整的句子）______________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处___（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ _______________________ .But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. First, 第一个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ . To make matters worse,第二个坏处__（完整的句子）___________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ _________ .Now the conclusion is self-evident. 所要讨论的话题has both problems and benefits / （或：Along with its benefits, 所要讨论的话题has also a number of problems.Therefore, 结论_______________________________________ _____________.【例文】On the InternetNowadays /Recently, the Internet plays an important part in our daily life / is popular with / among / around us. Like everything else, the Internet has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.In the first place, internet has greatly enhanced our work efficiency, especially in our daily business activities.In the second place, the Internet enables people to collect more and more useful information within a very short period of time. Most important of all, it is the Internet that is making our world smaller and improving the unification of global economy.But every coin has two sides. The unfavorable aspects are also apparent. First, a lot of students spend an excessive amount of time on the Internet, neglecting their studies and health. To make matters worse, numerous fake products are advertised on the Internet. Worst of all, some people may commit crimes on the Internet and make some companies or even some countries suffer a severe economic loss.Now the conclusion is self-evident. The Internet has both problems and benefits / （或：Along with its benefits, The Internet has also a number of problems）.T herefore, It is advisable that some rules of the Internet be laid down to stop the Internet misconduct. Only in this way can we enjoy the advantages of the Internet.【套路4】陈述句，说明所要讨论的话题的重要性. As every coin has two sides, 所要讨论的话题is no exception. Generally speaking, the advantages of所要讨论的话题can be listed as follows.To begin with,第一个好处（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ ____________________ ,and what is more, （【注】如果用Furthermore / Moreover /In addition替换“and what is more”，习惯上将and前的逗号改为句号“.”）第二个好处_（完整的句子）______________________. Most important of all, 第三个好处___（完整的句子）______________________________________________________________ _______________________ .While we mention the advantages of 所要讨论的话题, we cannot ignore its disadvantages. Firstly, 第一个坏处__（完整的句子）_________________. To make matters worse, 第二个坏处__（完整的句子）___________________ . Worst of all, 第三个坏处__（完整的句子）_______________________ _________ .In conclusion, whether good or bad, the tendency that 具体说明什么趋势can not be stopped at least in a few years ahead. Therefore, 结论______________________________________________________________ _______.【例文】On the InternetThe Internet, as a symbol of modern civilization, is playing a vital part in the daily activities of human society. As every coin has two sides, the Internet is no exception. Generally speaking, the advantages of the Internet can be listed as follows.To begin with, internet has greatly enhanced our work efficiency, especially in our daily business activities. Furthermore, the Internet enables people to collect more and more useful information within a very short period of time. Most important of all, it is the Internet that is making our world smaller and improving the unification of global economy.While we mention the advantages of the Internet, we cannot ignore its disadvantages. First, a lot of students spend an excessive amount of time on the Internet, neglecting their studies and health. To make matters worse, numerous fake products are advertised on the Internet. Worst of all, some people may commit crimes on the Internet and make some companies or even some countries suffer a severe economic loss.In conclusion, whether good or bad, the tendency that the Internet is appealing to more and more people can not be stopped at least in a few years ahead. Therefore, It is advisable that some rules of the Internet be laid down to stop the Internet misconduct. In this way alone can we enjoy theadvantages of the Internet.四、解决问题的方法（How to…题型）【套路1】目前的现象及存在的问题（2至3个句子）______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ .Many ways can contribute to 要解决的问题，but the following ones may be most effective/quite effective. First oof all, 第一种方法__（完整的句子）__________________________________________________________. In addition, 第二种方法（不定式短语）_____________ . Finally, 第三种方法__（完整的句子）_________________________________________Those /These are not the best and the only three ways we can adopt. But it should be noted that 使用这些方法时要注意的事项____________________________________________.【例文】How to Eliminate Fake DiplomasNowadays, in job markets, employers in all walks of life lay great/considerable emphasis on their candidates’educational background. A growing number of candidates, however, are using a variety of fake diplomas. It’s unfair that one fails to get his job just because his rival has got a fake diploma or certificate. Therefore, fake diplomas do great harm to the job market.Many ways can contribute to solving the serious problem，but the following ones may be most effective/quite effective. First of all, companies and universities should have a close contact so that fake diplomas cannot play tricks. In addition, the one who fabricates the fake diplomas should be severely punished by law and totally exposed through media. Finally, the one using a fake diploma in seeking employment should be disqualified from the job market for at least one or two years. That may teach a lesson to others.Those /These are not the best and the only three ways we can adopt. But it should be noted that we should take strong /vigorous/effective actions to prohibit fake diplomas.【例文】How to Eliminate Fake DiplomasIt is reported the flooding of fake diplomas is becoming a serious problem recently. When employers lay much emphasis on their candidates’ education background, a variety of/ different kinds of diplomas emerge / appear in society. It is unfair that one fails to get his job just because his rival has got a fake diploma or certificate. Therefore, fake diplomas do harm to the job market.Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones, in my opinion, may be most effective.First of all, companies and universities should have a close contact so that the fake diplomas cannot play tricks. In addition, those who fabricate the fake diplomas should be severely punished by law and totally exposed through media. Finally, those who turn to/ use/ resort to fake diplomas in finding jobs should be disqualified from the job market for at least two or three months. That may give a lesson to others.These are not the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to prohibit fake diplomas.【套路2】目前的现象及存在的问题. In order to solve this problem, several methods might be adopted.One of these is 第一种方法. Another approach is __ 第二种方法 . The most effective method is第三种方法.In conclusion, the methods I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other. 希望..【例文】How to Solve the Housing ProblemNowadays a large number of people are flooding into big cities. This phenomenon contributes to the difficulty and shortage of urban housing.In order to solve this problem, several methods might be adopted.One of these is that more houses should be constructed to satisfy the need of the dense population in cities. If, however, there is not enough space in the center of cities, the suburb may be considered. And in order for suburban houses to become better places for people to inhabit, it is necessary/advisable To establish /build / set up correspondent facilities such as bus lines, schools, hospitals and supermarkets. Another approach is to renovate all thoseshabby houses. It is time to enhance the quality of houses and to improve the living conditions of citizens. The most effective method is the improvement of the welfare system. Bank loans for buying houses should be accessible to ordinary people. And the government should make rules to decrease the rent so that vacant rooms can be available to low-income tenants.In conclusion, the methods I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other. I sincerely hope that effective actions should be taken by the government. The sooner, the better.【Assignment】How to Solve the Problem of Overpopulation【作文预测】How to Eliminate False AdvertisementsNowadays, some advertisers take advantages of newspapers, radio and television programs to do false advertisements which boast their products by over-praising their quality or exaggerating their function. These advertisements mislead consumers and damage the credit of business.Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all, before they are published, all the advertisements must be censored by the authorities concerned to see whether they conform to their products. The advertisements must be objective and scientific and irrelevant propaganda must be forbidden. Besides, the mass media should be advised not to accept any advertisements merely for the sake of money. They should be selective and discriminating in publishing advertisements. Finally, laws should be passed to restrain false advertisements. Whoever publishes false advertisements must bear the legal responsibility.These are not the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to eliminate false advertisements and protect consumers’ interests.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Practice -- Numbers
Even though many members of the student congress were absent, the motion still passed.
3/5 members Even though of the student congress were absent, the motion still passed.
RENN 目的
- 增加可信度 增加说明的清晰度 ENN – 说服力 提到事物就给名字 提到数量就说具体
R
写例证第二种主体思路
HCNC
H - HOOK C - Contrast N - Narration C - Connection
Movies, good or bad?
beneficial
Due to
Practice -- Examples
The handbook is a good guide for using material
name is a The handbook good guide for using material cited in the book XX
Practice -- Name
2、语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的 科学。
语言学：linguistics 人类的语言：the language of human race
2、语言学可以定义为研究人类语言的 科学。
Linguistics is a kind of science which studies the language of human race.
2、中国父母对独生子女的态度不同， 可以分为三类。 独生子女：only child in the family 不同态度：different attitudes
2、中国父母对独生子女的态度不同， 可以分为三类。 In China, parents can be divided into 3 categories in light of their different attitudes on the only child in the family.
III.定义法 Definition 正式定义：
form of … is a species of kind of
…which/who …
练习：
1、牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙 齿的医生。 牙医：dentist 护理：treat 经过专业训练：be professionally trained
The governor of Minnesota enacted legislation that decreased the amount of aid available to college students.
The governor of Minnesota name , enacted legislation that decreased the amount of aid middle-income available to college students.
1、牙医是经过专业训练去护理人类牙 齿的医生。 A dentist is a kind of doctor who is professionally trained to treat people’s teeth.
2、铜是一种容易成形的软性 金属。
铜：copper 金属：metal
2、铜是一种容易成形的软性金 属。 Copper is a sort of soft metal which is easily shaped.
practice - RENN
Practice -- Reason
Student parking is becoming an important issue on many college campuses
the increasing numbers of students commuting to college, parking is becoming an important issue
original
In a conversation, when a person brings up Harry Potter, he might find the others have the same interest, and it would be very easy for them to communicate successfully
I.罗列法Listing： This book will have a major impact on both politics and economics in China. In politics,… In economics,…
I.罗列法Listing： Reading extensively is obviously of great benefit in learning a new language. For one thing, … For another, …
第一（首先）： First and foremost, To begin with, to start with, in the first place, For one thing, 第二（其次）： in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, 第三（最后）： Last but not least, more importantly
Harry Potter
promote communication provide a common language for people from different countries
写例证第一种主体思路 Show with details
RENN
R– E– N– N–
reason example name number
• 例证法——万法之母
• 每个论点都要有理由，每个理由都要有例 子，每个例子都要有细节。 • 要事实，更要雄辩！
Books can tell us a lot about life, choose one of your favorite books and explain why you think it is important
deepen friendship and disencumber misunderstanding / break down barriers
movie is a universal language without boundary and describes the emotions incisively
名词： kind, sort, category, group, class
分类法的段落主题句：
1、总体来说，根据地理位置的不同， 酒店可以分为四大类。 总的来说：Generally speaking 不同的地理位置：different locations 酒店：hotel
1、总体来说，根据地理位置的不同， 酒店可以分为四大类。 Generally speaking, hotels can be classified into 4 groups based on their different locations.
逻辑词
总之： to sum up, all in all, generally speaking, in general 结论: to conclude, in conclusion, in short,
II.分类法Classification 表示分类的常用词语 动词： be divided into, be classified into, be grouped into, fall into
主体段
（main body）
正文部分的六种写作方式 1、罗列法Listing 2、分类法Classification 3、定义法 Definition 4、例证法Examples 5、因果法Cause and Effect 6、对比和类比法 Comparison & Contrast
正文部分(Main body)： I.罗列法Listing： The importance of taking outdoor exercises cannot be overemphasized. To begin with,… In addition,… Finally, …
学术定义： …is a kind of science which … ……是一种…的科学。
1、地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的 科学。
地理学：geography 研究：study 地球表面：the surface of the earth
1、地理学可以定义为研究地球表面的 科学。 Geography is a kind of science which studies the surface of the earth.
HCNC 方法
对比事实+ 解释+ 结论
IV. 例证法Examples
例证的常用表达： As an illustration, A case in point is that… To take … as an example, … To consider…as an example, …
例证的常用表达： For example, For instance, As the present situation shows in our country, …
逻辑词
逻辑词
必须一起出现的短语：
In the first place, In the second place, In the third place,
For one thing, For another,